IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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PhotogTdphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREr 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14S«0 

(716)872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul6e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


D 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 


r~^    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 


D 


g[ 


along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 

distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film6es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 

HALF-TITLE  PAGE  MISSING. 


L'Institut  a  microfiimd  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I~~|   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  peilicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I   Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r^  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdec 


rO^  Showthrough/ 
LjlI   Transparence 


'~pi   Quality  of  print  varies/ 

JlJ    Quality  indgaie  de  I'impression 


I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


D 


Comprend  du  materiel  suppldmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  faqon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  th<»  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


SOX 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


e 

6tails 
IS  du 
nodifier 
ir  une 
ilmage 


9S 


errata 
to 


I  pelure, 
[>n  d 


n 

32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Thomas  Fisher  Rare  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


1 

2 

3 

L'exemplaire  film^  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6nArosit4  de: 

Thomas  Fisher  Rare  Book  Library, 
University  of  Toronto  Library 

Las  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  fiimi,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soil  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — '»>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  de  heut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1:1 

-     Mr-    '' 

9 

4 

5 

6 

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t-^^- 


0 


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1. 


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THE  BREVOORT  HOUSE, 

FIFTH    AVENUE, 

CORNER    OF    EIGHTH     ST.,    NEW    YORK, 

Strictly  upon  tlio  European  plan,  furnishing  meals  at  all  hours,  guests 
paying  only  for  what  they  call  for. 

ALBERT    CLARK,  Proprietor. 


Clarendon  Hotel, 

UNION   PLACE,  COR.  OF    18TH  STREET, 

NEW    YORK. 

Tliirf  Hot<'1  is  (Idiglitfiilly  fitiuUod  nonr  tlio  Union  I'ark,  Aciidomy  of  MiiMc,  nnd  other 
]iln('e:<  i)f  lUti'ftetioi).  Tile  aiiartniciit.-',  from  llie  sinijle  room  to  tiie  suite  of  nnj' nunibor 
cii'siri'il,  nre  lunply  ]>riiviili'tl  witii  Uatii  JIihims,  iiiul  all  the  modern  eoiivoniences.  It  is 
coiidiiotid  on  the  Tahle  d'lloto  system,  or  meals  are  served  in  rooms.  The  euisiue  is  uuder 
the  directions  of  one  of  the  tirst  chefs  in  the  United  States. 

Tcriniii:  $2.50  per  dny.    No  cbargfc  for  Baths. 

KERNER   Sl   BIRCH,    Proprietors. 

LTrXirGE    HOUS^, 

BROADWAY, 

Opposite  Bond.  St.,  N"e"w  York. 

This  new  and  elegant  Hotel  is  located  in  the  most  fashionable  part 
of  Ih'oadway,  and  is  furnished  Mith  all  the  modern  improvements, 
rendering  it  the  most  desiral)le  Hotel  in  the  Metropolis, 

HENRY  WHEELER,   Proprietor. 
W.  W.  HILL,  (formerly  of  the  Irving  House,)  Superintendent. 

W.    CHASE    &    SON, 

MAXLKACTfHKRS  OF 

SCHOOL  FURNITURE, 

OF     VARIOUS    DESIGNS. 

Chase's  Patent  Iron  Back  Clialr,  Office  Desks, 
and  new  design  of  Settee ;  a  supply  kept  con- 
stantly on  hanil  at 

198  SEVENTH  8TEEET,  BUFFALO,  N.Y., 

and  194  Lako  Street,  Chicago,  HI. 

WYLIE.    &    LOGHEAD, 

BUCHANAN  STREET,  Glasgow,  SooUand. 

Illustrated  Ciitaloguet  »ent  by  applying  at 
above. 


d:  ' 


'Z 


THE  lERCANTEE  AGENCY, 

314  &   316   BROADWAY, 

SUB  OFFICE,   111  BROADWAY,    TBII¥IT¥   BITILDIIVG, 

NEW    YORK. 

B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO,  PROPRIETORS. 


Establtshed,   June,    1§41. 


Tliis  establishment  supi)lie8  (to  subscribers  only)  all  necessary 
information  as  to  the  standing,  responsibility,  &c.,  of  Merchants, 
Traders,  Maniifactm-ei-s,  Public  Companies,  &c.,  throughout  the 
United  States,  their  Territories,  and  British  North  America. 

Also  makes  collections  and  attends  to  legal  business  generally.  ) , 
is  the  oldest  and  by  far  the  most  complete  and  extensive  system  ever 
organized  for  the  accommodation  of  Banking  and  Mercantile  interests, 
and  for  the  general  promotion  and  protection  of  trade. 

BRANCH   AND   ASSOCIATE    OFFICES. 
IN    THE    ITNITED    STATES. 


B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  New  York. 
B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  riiiladflpliia. 
E.  RUSSELL  <fe  CO.,  Boston. 
J.  D.  PRATT  &,  CO.,  Baltimore. 
B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Cincinnati. 
B.  DOUGL.\SS  &  CO.,  Pittsburg. 
B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Cleveland,  Oliio. 
B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Detroit,  Mich. 


B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Chieago,  HI. 
B.  DOUOL.LSS  &  CO.,  DuliiKiue,  Iowa. 
B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Milwuiikee,  Wis. 
B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Now  Orleans. 
B.  DOUGLASS  «fe  CO.,  Charleston. 
PRATT  &  CO.,  Riclimond,  Va. 
B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Louisville,  Kv. 
B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


IN    CANADA. 

B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Montreal.        |        B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Toronto. 

IN    ENGLAND. 

B.  DOUGLASS  &  CO.,  Unity  Building,  10  Connon  Street,  London,  E.  C. 

1^^  This  Institution,  of  long-tried  utility  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  British 
Provinces,  has  lately  been  extended  by  branch  to  London.  A  continued  and  con- 
stantly increasing  patronage  of  18  years,  is  a  sufficient  proof  of  the  advantages  its 
subscribers  have  derived  from  it.  To  those  Houses  in  the  United  Kingdom  which  arc 
doing  an  American  or  Canadian  trade,  it  affords  facilities  such  as  they  liavc  never 
before  had  access  to,  and  it  will  bo  found  as  well  adapted  in  its  operations  to  "  Inter- 
national Trade"  as  it  lias  hitherto  been  found  within  narrower  limits. 

Any  reasonable  test  of  the  correctness  of  the  information  on  the  records,  will  he 
given  to  parties  contemplating  subscribing,  by  apjdication  at  the  Office  in  London, 
where  also  the  terms  of  subscription  will  be  made  known. 


:etoiis. 


all  necessary 
of  Merchants, 
u-ougliout  the 
I'ica. 

}  generally.    I 
vc  system  ever 
;antile  interests, 


FICES. 


I,  Cliii'iiii".  II'- 
.,  Diiliuipu',  lown. 
Mil\viiuk<"»',  ^Vis. 
).,  New  OrU'iina. 
).,  Charleston. 
nonJ,  Va. 
).,  Louisville,  Ky. 
).,  St.  Louis,  JIo. 


CO.,  Toronto, 
joixlon,  E.  C. 

■  America  and  British 
continued  and  con- 

,f  the  advantap!e.s  its 
Kingdom  which  are 

.  as  they  have  never 

operations  to  "  Intcr- 

>it.s. 

m  the  records,  w'M  &« 

the,  Office  in  London, 


I 


CINCINNATI  AND  ST.  LOUIS! 

Tlirough.  "VT'ith.ou.t  Oliange  of  Oars. 

OHIO    AND    MISSISSIPPI 

BROAD   GAUGE  RAILROAD! 

Louisville,  Vincennes,  Evansville,  Cairo,  and 
SA.I:N^T    LOUIS! 

CONNEC'Tl.N(i    AT   ST.    I.0UI8   FOB    AI.I,   PLACES   I\ 

MK.MIMIIS,  VICKSBIKG,  NATCHEZ,  AND  NEW  OULEANS ;  AT 

CAIRO! 

For  Memphis,  Vicksburg,  Natchez,  and 


AT  NEW   ORLEANS  FOR 


GALVESTON  &  ALL  PLACES  IN  SOUTHERN  TEXAS. 


IVolicc. — Tlic  attention  of  jjorsons  cmiftruting  West  is  called  to  the  fine  Timber 
Lmiils  between  Cincinnati  and  Vincennes.  Hickory,  Black  and  AV'liite  Walnut,  Sugar 
Maple,  l'oi)lar,  Oak,  and  Ash,  abound.  To  those  wlio  prefer  Prairie  liands  of  a  supe- 
rior (juality,  and  at  iavorable  rates,  a  fine  opportunity  is  ofTered  for  selection  between 
Vincennes  and  St.  I^ouis,  witli  all  the  l)enetits  of  a  mild  climate.  Fanners  on  the  line 
of  the  Ohio  &  Missi^sippi  Railroad,  have  the  advantage  of  the  two  great  western  mar- 
kets— Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis. 


ASK  FOR  TICKETS  VIA  OHIO  AND  MISSISSIPPI  RAILROAD. 


Broad  Gauge  Saloon  Cars  through  from  Cincinnati  to  St.  Louis  without  ciiange. 
Oni.v  one  Change  of  Caijs  between  Cincinnati,  Louisville,  Evansville  or  Cairo. 


Trains  Leave  CincioQati  in  Connection  with  Trains  of  all  the  Eastern  Railroads. 
ONE  THROUGH   TRAIN   ON   SUNDAY. 


THROUOH     TICKETS 

To  tlio  Wo.st  and  South,  via  Cincinnati  and  Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad,  can  be  procured 
at  nil  tlio  Eastern  Raih-oad  Ticket  OtHcos,  and  at  all  tlie  prineipal  Stations  on  Heads  oast 
of  Cineinnati,  and  at  the  several  Oflices  of  the  Company  at  Cincinnati. 

W.  H.  CI.EMENT.  P.  1¥.  STRADER, 

General  Superintendent.  General  Ticket  Agent,  Cin. 


r 


y/>, 


IMPORTANT  TO  EMIGRAKTS 

GOINO   TO 

THE   CANADAS   AND  THE   WESTERN   STATES. 


Laml  Atjnu-y  and  lixjlxiry  ffffiW.'*  for  t/i,' ^fr  of  Cmada  Lamh, 
jmiili'ulai's  of  w/ilc/i,  (r^  u'<f/  <'*'  r>n'(i/>/,'  !>fono<ifw/i,  ran  now  Iw  <,h- 
ta'inid  at  Ukooks  6c  J'.dal,  209  ricciulilly,  J.oiidoii,  Engluud,  whh-h 
House  is  in  connection  iclth  the  wcll-hwwn  Land  Aijency  and  Agri- 
cultural h\tahl'tshnunt  of  iTV.o.  Fillkk  it  Co.,  Hamilton  and  Toronto, 
Canada  West. 

The  Kn'disli  Keijistrv  for  Properties  in  Canada  can  now  lie  inspected 
at  209  riccadilly,  London,  England,  free  of  expense,  which  contains 
the  particulars  of  various  farms  for  sale  in  I'^pper  and  Lower  Canada, 
(varying  from  M.^  to  £12  and  £'.'30  sterling  per  acre).  I5reweries,  flour 
and  saw-mills,  houses,  and  all  descrijitions  of  property ;  also  1(»,0()(>  acres 
of  land  covered  with  capital  growing  oak,  elm,  ash,  and  heecli  timber, 
at  from  $0  to  !?2(>  i)er  acre,  or,  in  English  money,  from  i;l  4*.  to  £0 
sterling  j^er  acre. 

In  the  State  of  Illinois,  the  property  of  Martin  Zimmerman,  Escj., 
the  eminent  railway  contractor,  are  I0(»,(iu(»  acres  of  the  very  best 
prairie  lands,  from  £1  to  £3  sterling  per  acre.  This  soil  produces  -to 
bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre,  besides  Indian  corn  and  other  crops.  The 
very  best  of  shooting  and  fishing  in  the  district. 

There  are  also  1,350  acres  of  excellent  land,  some  400  under  culti- 
vation, 7  miles  from  the  Cornwall  station,  on  the  Grand  Trunk  line ; 
G8  miles  from  Montreal.  This  is  for  sale  at  £5  jter  acre,  in  farms  of 
200  acres,  or  in  one  lot  at  .£4  p«.r  acre. 

People  emigrating  should  inspect  the  Register,  at  which  ])lace  can 
be  obtained  the  most  useful  information,  as  well  as  a  letter  of  introduc- 
tion to  George  Fuller  &  Co.,  the  agricidtural  auctioneers,  James  street, 
Hamilton,  and  at  Komain  Uuildings,  King  street,  Toronto. 

Persons  will  find  it  most  desirable  not  to  settle  until  after  an  inter- 
view with  Mr.  George  Fuller,  either  at  Toronto  or  Hamilton. 


Moneys  received  from,  and  transmitted  to,  England,  Ireland  &  Scotland. 


OEO.     FULL3<:il    &    CO., 
Agaric  11  If II i*al   AiiflioiieerM  and   Ijniiil   Valuers, 

HAMILTON    AND    TORONTO,    0.    W., 

Who  are  the  Importers  of  "  Thohlky's  Cattlk  Food,"  luul  "Downs'  Farmer's  Fiiiend,"  a  pre- 
ventative to  Smut  in  Wheat  and  Wire  Worm. 


IfTS 


^    STATES. 


Canada  Laiuh, 
I,  ctiii  nino  he  oh-  I 

Kiigliiml,  v'hich 
(jcni'ij  and  Atjrl-  . 
on  ami  Toronto, 

iu)\v  1)0  insi»cetecl 

■,  which  contains 

il  Lower  Ciinmhi, 

IJrt'Wcries,  Hour 

ulsol(V><>*'ii('''^'^ 
md  beech  timber,  j 
from  £1  4*'.  to  £0  j 

'/immerman,  Ks<i., 

of  the  very  best 

s  soil  ])rocbices  40 

other  crops.    The 

e  400  under  culti- 
rrand  Trunk  line; 
r  acre,  in  farms  of 

it  which  jilace  can 
,  letter  of  introduc- 
leers,  James  street, 
oronto. 

mtil  after  an  inter- 
lliimilton. 

Ireland  &  Scotland. 

O., 

ii«l   Valuers, 


Farmer's  Friend,"  a  pre- 


J 


THE 


BRITISH  AMERICAN  GUIDE-BOOK: 


DKINO    A    CDNDKNSKK 


GAZETTEER,   DIRECTORY   AND   GUIDE, 


CANADA,  TJIE  WESTEM  STATES, 


A  \  I) 


|)riuci])a(  (fitic$  on  tijc  ^ralioail 


IN  FOUR  PARTS. 

PART    I.— THE   UNITED   STATES. 
PAllT   II.— SCENES   AND  SCENERY. 
PART  III.— UPPER  AND   LOWER  CANADA. 
PART  IV.— THINGS   AS  TIIEY   ARE   IN   1859. 


ILLUSTliATKl)   WITH    UPWARDS    OF 


NEW   YORK: 

XL  BAILLIERE,  200  BROADWAY,  AND  210  REGENT  ST.,  LONDON. 

MONTREAL:  15.  DAWSOX  &  SON.     GLASGOW:  D.  JACK  &  CO. 


•I 


I 


! 

"  T 


^^ 


Kiiloieil,  anciiliiit;  I"  Act  nf  (■..n^.'l•<■•<^  111  IIm^  .var  In.'.I, 

Uy   ('.    K,    lllll.l.imiK, 

In  Mie  .Ink's  Office  of  the  Di.-trk't  Court  ..r  tl,.  Tnif-.l  Siiitei.  for  the  ;^o,i.he,ii  Dbtiiot  of  Ne.v  V"il:. 


1 


4  J 


■^< 


NB\r  TOHK:— BILLIN   AND   OROTUEA,   PRINTKR8  AND  STBRROTYPKR^f   90,    NOUTll    WILLIAM   STRKKT. 


TO    THE    READER. 


rr 


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♦V 
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V..rl:. 


Ah  llii^  WDik  is  ilisi^'iu'il  In  In-  u-rfiil  luid  iiiUTi'^tiiii,'  li>  rciultT-'  on  liolli  j^iiUv^  el'  tlic  At- 
lantic, 111"'  imllmi',  ill  (•diiiiiiliin;  ii,  lin»  i  iiil.iiMMiicd  to  |iii>vtit  it  in  sn.li  a  iiianm  r  as  will 

niici  iJKit  (11.!,      Wliil-t  il  limy  1 rr^.-lly  sii|)|)ih,.,1  tli.it  tlic  illiistnilinns  ;,'iv('i.  <if  Aiiht- 

ieati  aiiil  Can.i'rmii  cili.'i  aii>l  MTiiri-y  will  l»'  new  In  ri'a<li'f.s  ^'I'liiTiiUy,  in  Kuropc,  still  it 
is  liiHivcil,  tliat  rv.n  in  Anicriia  llnv  ai''  tlinu^iinils  to  wlioni  niiiliy  of  siicli  scenes  will 
Ic  1HU  ;  lui.l  lliiil,  whiNl  llic  iiitirlis,  cniiilcl  ••  'I'liiii'.'s  as  tlicy  arc  in  isr)".»,"  arc  iiioi'i'  ini- 
iiiciliiili'ly  <'iiiiiirciiMl  with  iiiathr-  willi  wliicli  c\i  ry  resident  in  America  is  sii|i|i(isecl  to  lie 
Cdiiversant,  yet,  iVnin  the  iiilr.nliielion  of  iiilnniiatioii  liiiviii'.'  special  reference  to  tlip  same 
Milijeets  as  tlicy  esi^t  in  lirilain — ami  liy  a  eempurison  of  tliese  as  tlicy  are  in  tlie  two 
countries — it  is  liopeil  tlial  American  readers  will  liiiil  siidi  articles  lotli  interesting;  ami  in- 
ttrneii\  e. 


In  tlic  oiiinioiis  ex] 


ir  (lescriiitions  of  ••men  and  tliinjis"  i;ivon,  tlio  author  docs 


lilt  lay  claim  to  cither  infaHiliilily,  or  any  !,'reat  literary  merit  ;  hut  to  a  sincere  desire  to 
iresent   ^llell  ill  an  inlelliijihle,  miliiassed,  and  di>iiiteicsled  manner;  and  where  he  has 

^sed— 


!'l" 


to  err  as  toaiiv  iiartieidar  fact- — or  dill'er  from 


my  in  the  o|iinions  ex|iie 


he  claims  that  such  niav  he  attrilnileil 


ir  in  inforiiiation  received,  and  in  judLrment  — 


than  to  error  of  intention,  tn^ratifv 


any  |ier;onal,  or  p 


reiudiced  pfcconocivcd  noli 


In  altempliiiLr  to  deseiihe  and  illustrate  so  vast  a  territory  .Ts  this  work  cnihraccs,  it  lias 
liccn  found  iniiiossihh — even  with  eonsiderahk'  assistance  rendered  him — for  tho  author  to 


iitiecd  in  time  for  this  edition  of  tho  work  ; 


jirodiu'c  orit;iiial  dcseriptions  of  (very  jilai'c  m 
coiisei|ueiitly,  he  has  availed  himself  of  exiraols  from  some  of  the  most  reliable  authori- 
ties havini;  refercnee  to  the  disii'n-ts  not  yet  visited  iicrsonally  by  him.  Ainon;i;st  those, 
lie  iiKiitions  l,i|>|iencot's  and  1  lay  ward's  (ia/.eltoors,  the  Cosmopolitan  Art  Journal,  Francis's 
(iiiiile  to  New  York,  and  Hunt's  Merchants'  Ma^azino,  and  to  a  work  by  Mr.  W.  V.  Smith 
of  IJalliniore,  on  the  "Railroad  Celebration  of  1857,"  for  information  pertainint;  to  the 
Slaies,  and  "  l.ovell's  Directory"  and  "  Key  to  Canada,"  as  regards  Canada.  Any  other 
sources  of  inforiiiation  are  mentioned  whore  extracts  from  them  occur.     By  this  moans, 

a  com] 

tioii  in  future  o<lition3  of  this  work,  to  briiii,'  the  information  respecting  particular  districts 
down  to  later  dates,  from  personal  observation  nnd  oxperionce. 


tho  information,  iiivcn  as  a  whole,  is  rendered 


iplote.     It  is,  however,  the  inton- 


6 


TO  TIIK    l{KAI)KI{. 


TIk'  iiullmr  lull*  <'<intii|i'iu't)  in  »iil>tiiittitif^  tlu*  illiiotnilinii')  lor  piililii'  ii|>|>r(>\iil.  i\*  In-  lini 
«n<It'nvoiirf(|  to  Hi'diro  thu  bent  nt  roiiiiiiiiticl  wlu'i'i'  iilrciiily  in  oxNlciicn,  iiml  iiIko  dy  linv- 
ini{  (illiciHcnjfnivril  frimi  |iliipti>i.'ni|i)ii<'  niid  |n'iicil  i.ki'ii'lii*  tiiki'ii  fpi'i'liilly  for  tlil-<  work. 
Til  pi'c^ii'vi',  IIS  f;ir  lit  ]i(is<iMi',  all  llic  Inillil'iil  ililiiiN  ol'  tin'  |iliii|ii'.'rn|iliir  view?',  llicy 
liiivi'  lici'ii  ic|i|i(i|(ii,'rii|p|ii'il  ii|niii  wciimI  liy  .Mi>.,'i!<.  Wiilir:^  it  f'n.  nf  Nrw  Yiirk,  l>y  I'rice'n 
pnti'fit  [irooe^n,  1111(1  crif,'!'!! veil  fi'iiin  siii'li  Ky  lluiii,  p^u  ilmt  tlic  illiiHtriitii>iii  iirricntrd  fniiii 
tlii'si'  fiiitlifiilly  illiinlriilc  nirli  sci-nc  rrpi-c'^i'iilril. 

A  fiw  ly|"i:.'ni|ilii('iil  iiikI  cliriciil  irroi'^  ncciir  lici'i'  iiml  llnic.  wliicli  wiTr  nut  (ilmiTVctl 
till  uft>'l'  liiini,'  |p|'iiitc(l  tt/r;  iIh'cc,  lidWcvir,  will  lir  iTitilinl  in  I'iiUiit  riliiinrH,  uliii'li,  it  U 
intrnili'il,  to  I'xti'nd  iiml  iTn|ii'iiv<'. 

Till'  Work  lias  Immii  (li\icltil  into  partJ,  radi  part  containini;  one  <ia--'  of  matter  iiml  an 
index  to  oonlrnt!',  so  tlnit,  rcadi'ri*  may  all  tin'  more  easily  tiinl  ont  any  pMilicMlar  infonnii- 
lion  or  illnstnition,  tliev  are  in  srareli  of. 


#«i 


ipi.ri.viil,  n*  l««  liiw 
,.,  iiii.t  ul-<>  i>y  ii«v- 
iiilly  f">"  '•''■'  ^*"''''' 

-inpliii-  vifWH,  tlu'y 

w  Yuik,  l>y  VrW* 

,„„  ],r.'s.iiti'.l  from 

I  wiTi'  not  o\i'<rrv<'tl 
...liiioiw,  wliifli,  it  \'^ 


,H  ,,f  ninttcr  nml  ">" 
•  |.:\itii'iiliir  iiiforiim- 


GENEKAL    INDEX    OF    CONTENTS, 

AKIlAN(H:i)    TN    PARTS. 


CONTENTS   OF   PART   I. 


PAdR 

HullillKIIV,  C\\\-  of .'ill 

lloiliiii,  Cil.v  of. M 

111 iif  Aficiiiiil  of  r.  Stiitoit.  1" 

lliiU'.ilo,  Cilv  of. h7 

Cliicii^o,  City  of. 'X\ 

CiiKiiMmli,  Cilv  of T-'i 

Cily  nl'  UnlliiMun' Ml 

"     !lii«liiii .'iii 

"     liiill.ilo h7 

"     Cincimmti "'> 

"     Cliirimii '.il! 

"     CIcVi'Inml >^^ 

"     Dfiroil '.iJ 

"    Miiiliitoii loo 

"     Mihuoilii'i' W 

"     .NrW  Viilk !!■■> 

"     I'hilacli'lpliiii ."._' 

"    I'oMluii.l m 


(icoiyo  Wasliiiitflon lH 

IIoii.  .Iiiiiii's  Kiii'lmiiiiii \i'^ 

Now  York  - 

View  of  City \i'> 

Ilroadwav 'J7 

I'atk  and  (Uty  Hall '-'s 

I'nivoi'sitv -J'.! 

Halls  ol  ."liLslicc .'10 

Custom  lloiiso .'!o 


Mffcliaiils'  Kxiliaiigi' 

Krcf  Acailcniy 

I'livatc  KcsidiMioc 

The  Cooper  liislitiilc. 

The  Hospital 

La  Furge  Uuiitte 


:si 


.•i-t 


PA(;ii 

City  of  l'ittsl>m-« 71 

'  "    St.  I.otiis 7.1 

"     CItv  ol'  \Vasliiiij;ton  .17 

Dotioit,  City  of. ii'J 

Kli'Vatioiis,  ill   Aiiifiica. . . .    Is 

tii'oii,'!'  \Va>liiiiuloii in 

(io\  I'l'iiMiciit  of  I'.  .Stales..   ^1 

Uon,  .lames  lloelianan 'Ji' 

llli'ioi-..  State  of. lol 

In.va,  Sliiti'  of |o.'! 

Mailison,  Cilv  of loo 

.Mieliinaii,  Stale  of loii 

Mihviiuki'e,  Ci  y  of 1»1 

Minnesota,  Teriilory  of.  ...II'J 

Missouii,  Stale  of. ." lo',) 

.Moiinlaiiis  ill  .Vmeriea 17 

.Mount  N'eriioii .'^lO 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  FABT  I 

Volk 


New 


iiitv  Cliiireli :Vi 


All  SoufV  CImieli 

Hi^li  ltriil;;e     A(|Ue(liiel . 

{tank  of  llie  Kepiililie. .  .  . 

I'lielaii's  Itilliat'd  Itooms. 
Wasliin'^loli     Tlie  Capitol. 

The  Patent  Olliee 

Haltiinoit' -View  of  City.. 
New  Orleans   - 

View  of  Canal  Street .... 

The  Kreiieh  Cathedral.  . . 

Avenue  in  the  Cemetery. 
Ohio  Kiver — Siisii.  llridgt 


Wheeling,  Virginia 70 


PAOI 

Xt'w  Orloiuiii,  City  of (J;) 

I'atent  Olliee,  Washington.,  fil 

I'liiladelpliM,  Cilv  of rfi 

Pittsburg,  Citv  of 71 

Poitlttiid,  t  ily'of HI 

Presidents  .  l'  I'liilfd  Stttten  22 

Rivers  in  Ai   erica 1.1 

St.  Louis,  Ci  s  <if 7'-i 

The  Capitol  iil  Washingtun.  4ft 

The  (ireat  l.ukes 'Jd 

I'ni.ed  .States,  .Xcimnt  of..  17 
L'liiled  States' (JoMrnnieiit.  21 
United  States'  Presidents..  'J'2 
United  Stated  (;ov,  Deparl's  2il 

Wasliiiigtoii,  City  of. 4i 

Wheeling,  Virginia 7o 

Wiseoiisin,  State  of. 104 


Pittshiirg— View  of  City...  71 

Cincinnati  -View  of  City.  SO 

Third  Street 77 

Fourth  Street 80 

.Masonic  Temple 78 

Xutumal  Theatre 81 

Clevelund  — 

View  of  Superior  Street.  8.5 
l!u  Halo- 
Looking  up  Main  Street.  88 

Fr(Hii  the  (."reek 89 

Detroit  -View  of  (^ity 112 

(Miicago — View  of  (Uly....  9i) 

.Milwaukee— View  of  City..  '.t7 

Madison,  View  of. '. . .  9U 


CONTENTS   OF    PART    II. 


Albany,   Scenery  between 

New  York  and 

Alleghiuiy  Mountains,  The. 

Altaniount,  Alleghanies 

.Vvoii  Springs 

Itallston  Spa 

Haltiniore  lo  Cincinnati .... 
lialliinore  and  Ohio  Railroad 
Ueanharnois,  St.  Lawrence. 
Itottom  lands  in  Missouri.. 
IJrce/.es  on  the  Prairies. . . . 
Burning  SpringK,  Niagara.. 
Couadiaa  bout-8uug 


Canandaigua  Lake iVJ 

04    Cape  May 4S 

7    (-"assidv's  liidge l.'i 

1;!    (."atskill  .Mountains M 

(ij    Canghnawauga,   St.  Law- 
ill  I      rence 45 

7  I  Cedar  Rapids,  St.  Lawrence  45 

iiJ  '  Crooked  Lake ,")2 

4."i    Chauderie  Falls,  Ottawa. . .  82 

2S    Cheat  Kiver  and  Valley 1;J 

21)    (Mncinmiti  to  Columbus. . .  lU 

77    Clarksburg 17 

7U    Clifton  Springs 51 


Climafo  of  Missouri  Valley.  29 

("ohoes  Falls 48 

Columbia  HridgeSuscpielm.  2.3 

Columbia  Sliiings tVi 

('olnmbus  lo  Cincinnati. . . .  I'.i 
Columbus  I  Haltiniore....  21 
Columbus  lo  I'hiladelpliia. .  21 
Columbus  to  New  Ycuk. ...  21 

Cranberry  Summit 1;J 

Cumberland,  Alleghanies..   12 

Davenport,  Iowa." 30 

Descending  the  Rapids....  43 
Fulls  of  the  Chauderie 82 


GENERAL  INDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


Jj. 


Falls  of  the  Ridcau.. 

Fulls,  Little 

Fulls  ol'Colioi's 

Fnlls  ol'tii'iu'st'P 

Fiills  (if  Kaiitorskill 

Falls  of  Miiiiu'lialia 

Falls  (if  Mdiitiiiiiionci 

Falls  of  Niairara 

Fulls  of  the  I'assaic 

FallsdfSt.  Aiitli(jn_v 

Falls  of  Trenton 

(k'liesee  Falls 

(Jeiieva  l.iil-" 

(iiafton  ,1  miction 

(Ileal  ('ohinil)ia  Itridire 

llaiper's  Feriy,  Viifiinia. .  . 

lindson  Kivei 

Indian  Lake 

Indian  .Moinid,  Jlouiidsville 
Iron  l!i-idi;e — the  largest  in 

America 

Iron  Momilain,  Missouri. . . 

Islands,  llie  Tlionsand 

.lell'erson'.s  Uoek 

Junction  to  Wlieeling  and 

I'arkerslnirjr 

Juniata,  Seenerv  of  tlie 

Kansas  and  Neliraska 

Kauterskill  Falls 

Kinfjwood  Tunnel 

Lu  L'liine,  St.  ],a\vrence 

J^ake  (,'anandaiL{ua 

Lake(ieor},'e..". 

Lake  Maliopae 

Lakeof  tli(!  Thousand  Isl'ds 
Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains 
Lake  I'epiii,  Mississi|)pi. , . . 
Lakes  I'leasant  and  Crooked 

liUke  Saranacs 

Lakes  (ieiieva  and  Seiu'ca. . 

Luke  St.  Francis 

J/akeSupeiioi' 

Luke  Svhan,  Calskill  Mt'iis 

Lake  Winnipiseo>!;ce 

Lebanon  Springs 

Little  Falls 

Little  Miami  Uiv'raiid  Val'y 

Long  Sault  Rajiids 

Lumber  in  Missouri 

Jluiden  Hock,  Mississippi.. 


P.IGE 


•IS 

(III 
.'i.i 
;;'.' 

i;i 

:.r  j 

4ii 
CO 
li:; 
l.-i  ' 

Ill 

(M 
liii 
IT 

10 

-') 
4:; 
li» 

l.-i 


llL' 

■p; 

■|o 
."i4  !  1 


111' 
4;!  ■ 


I'.VfiK 

jManimoth  Gave,  Kentucky.  4S 

.Miami  Valley  and  River I'.i 

Minnehaha  Falls •"''.• 

Mississipiii  irdge.Hock  Isl'd  .".n 

,\lississi|ipi  Trip  (111  L'pper.  ol 
>lissouri.  Mineral  Hesour- 

ces  of '-;j 

Missouri,  Valley  of  the -7 

Moiiongaliela  and   Tvgart's 

Valley  Kivers ' 10 

.Montinorenei  Falls "^T 

.Montreal  to  Ottawa,  per  Kail  S:! 

Montreal  to  Ottawa.perU I  v'r  T'.i 

Mountain,  the  Iron -  ' 

Mount  Vernon -Ill 

Nahanf -I'.i 

Nebraska  and  Kansas '1'.^ 

New  J,ebaiiiin  S|ii'ings HI 

.Newport,  Hliiide  Island. .  . .  'i- 

New  York  to  .Mbaiiy ''l 

Niauara  Ifnrning  Splines. .  77 

Niagara  Falls 7- 

Niagara  Falls,  K(nites  to..  .  7s 

Niagara  ."Susiiension   liridge  7ii 

.Niagara  to  Thousand  Isl'ds.  4ii 

Ottawa  Hivcr,  'flip  up  the.  7'.' 

rarriersbiiig Is 

I'assaic  falls 01 

I'aiapsco  liiver,  .'Scenery  of.  S 

riiiiadclphiato  I'ittsliuriX. . .  'IZ 

I'ietiired  Uocks,  Lake  Siip'r  -to 

I'icdmont,  Alh'^lianv  .Mi'iis  1l' 

I'itt>burg  to  riiiladel]ibia..  -Jl 

I'latle  l\i\er  and  Vallei-. .  . .  I's 

I'ly.iiouth  Hock ' 4'.i 

I'dint  of  Rocks '.I 

Potomac  Valley  and  River. .  in 

Prairies,  liree/es  on  the. . . .  'J'.i 

Prairies  in  MisMinri 'Js 

River  Hudson,  Scenery  of.  li.') 

River  lliulsoii.  Source  ul...  li^l 

River  .luniala.  Pa 'IK 

fiver  Mississijiiii ",1 

River  .Missouri •J7 

River  Ottawa 7',i 

River  Passaic (11 

Kiver  Palapseo 7 

River  Platte,  Missouri L'S 

River  Poloinac lo 

River  Sagucnav s,", 


PAQR 

River  St.   Lawrence   and 

Rapids 4'J 

River  Siisipiehanna,  I'a. . . .  i;:i 

River  (Cpiier)  Ottawa ^4 

Rochester 40 

Roekawav  lieaeli 4'.) 

. . .  ;'.(» 

.  .  .    0'.' 


4'.1 

7 


Rock  Island  liridge 
1  Rondout  Creek,. . . 
I  Saguenay  River.. . 
]  Saratoga  Springs. . 
j  Seenerv  of  Alleghany  Mt'iis 

I  Scenery  of  ("at>kill  Slt'iis. .  W■^ 

'  Scenery  of  the  Potimiae !i 

^\eller^•  of  White  Mount'ns  .I" 

.Scenes  and  Scenery .'i 

."Seottisli  and  .\iii.  Scenery..  7 

.Sharon  Springs ,"ii) 

Si.ooting  the  Rapids 4:i 

Sleep     ilollow oO 

.Soil  cf  the  .Missouri  Valley.  "7 

.•Source  of  the  Hudson 0;i 

Springs  it  Watering  places.  4s 

St.  Anthony,  .\Iinnesota.. .  .  :',7 

Steaming  up  the  Mississip|)i  ;U 
Steaming  u]i  the  .Missouri.. 

.•St.  Francis'  Lake 

.■St.  Lawrence  River,  Rapids. 

Si.  I'aul, .Minnesota 

St.  Pan!  to  St.  .Vntlioiiv's 

;      Falls :... 

'  Superior  Lake. 

■Suerineh&niia  River •!'■', 

Sylvan  Lake .^4 

Tip-Toji  House .'.H 

Trenton  Falls ^i; 

Trip  up  the  Ottawa 7 'J 

Tri])  up  the  .Saguenay s,". 

Trip  through  tliu  Thousand 

Islands 4:i 

Trip  up  the  Cjiper  Miss'ppI  ".1 

j  Tnppcr's   Lake Oii 

I  Turk's  face,  on  the  Hudson  US 

I  I'pper  Mississip(ii  Ifiver...  .".1 

I'liper  Ottawa  River s4 

Vallev  of  the  Missouri 1^7 

Watering  Places 4S 

White  .\(ountaiiis 07 

White  .^uliihur  .Springs. , . .  ,',i) 

Willey  House .'is 

Winiiipiseogec  Lake .'lO 


4.-I 
4-2 


40 


AUf'jliani/  3IountaiiiK. 
Viaduct    across  the    Pa- 

tapsco 8 

Scenery  at  Ellysvillc  and 

Iron  Bridge 7 

Harper's  Ferry In 

Point  of  Roclis y 

Mountain  View,  Cranber- 
ry Grade 13 

Grand     Potomac    Valley 

View 11 

Scenery  on  the  I'otomiic 

River 11 

The  Cheat  River  Grade. .  14 

Cheat  River  Valley 14 

Grafton     Junction      and 

Iron   Bridge 1.", 

riedmont— "  Foot  of  the 

Mountuin" 1;> 

Tygart's  Valley  and  Mo- 

iionguhela  Rivers 10 

Indian    Mound,   Mounds- 

Tille 17 


ILIUSTRAnONS  OF  PART  n, 

Cat-sl-Ul  ^f(lullillill.t. 
Scene  in  the  Mountains.  .".", 
The    Kaiiter.skill    Falls.,   o.", 
View  down  Sleejiy  Hollow  ;"ii'i 

.Sylvan  Lake t)\ 

at)/ 11/ SI.  J'linl,  Jfin/imntd.  ;iO 
<'/!//'lii  S/iri/i'jK  U'.i/ir  Ckiv  ,"i1 

(u/ii.icr  t-'idh Oil 

JiDiiiiln,  Sri  ne  iin  th<' 24 

JmI'c-  Siipi'i-ior. 

The  Pictured  Rocks 41 

LUlh'  Miinnl  /I'ir/r  ii/k/  I'li/lei/. 
View  near  Fort  Ancient  .   ill 

Miamiville '21) 

MiiDflmliii  Fiillf ;is 

Mniittnori  iici  Ftillx s7 

X'lrport,  h'hiiile  Isiiiiil ,"i'J 

Si'ii/iirii  Fnlh. 
.Suspension    Rridge,    full 

view 70 

Railroad   Track   on   Sus- 
pension Bridge 72 

Terrapin  Tower 75 


Xliii/ard  Fiill-t. 
The  American  and  Horse- 
shoe Palls 7^ 

Table  Rock 7.'i 

Hill  niiit;  .Sprinirs 77 

/>,(.«,(/,■  Fdl",  .V</('././wy...    01 

A'ifir   //i/i/smi. 

Source  of  the  Hudson... .  0;i 

The  Palisades 04 

The  Turk's  Face OH 

Rondout  Cieek O'.t 

,  Interior  Hudson  Steamer  O.i 

liil-ff  Mix  :,.>.ijl/ii. 

Steamin  ;■   up   the  Missis- 

.^iipi'i    :■  "'l 

View  b(  Iwi  en  Lake  Pepin 

and  St.  Paul "1 

The  .Maid.^n  Rock........  :i.-; 

Hridge  across  the  .Missis- 
sippi   '■'■•') 

liirt  r  SI.  I.txu'n  ii('i\ 

Descending  the  Rapids..  4J 

The  Thousuud  Islundii...  i'i 


Hi 


GENERAL   INDEX   OF   CONTENTS. 


9 


PAQB 

'iicc  tuid 

42 

im,  I'll....  liO 

ttiiwii 84 

4(i 

4'.) 

Ige "•'» 

il'.i 

8') 

i 49 

li;ii)V  Mt'iis  7 

;ill  Sll'iis.  .  'I'i 

jtoiiiiic. . . .  '•' 

0  MiHiiit'ns  TiT 

lury f> 

1.  Scenery..  7 

W) 

pills 4:5 

.Ml 

iiiri  Vulloy.  27 

ulscin t>3 

riiiH  places.  4H 
iitU'SdIii.. .  .   :!" 

Mississippi  ;U 
^  Missouri..  28 

Le 4.'> 

vor,  Kiipiils.  4-2 
:(itu !!o 

Antliiiiiv's 

:...  :;7 

40 

iver -■'• 

.Vt 

.'ill 

:iwii I  'J 

iiii'imy '^■") 

10  Tlioiisaml 

4.! 

fMiss'ppi   ".I 

(;-j 

till-  lllMlsdIl    tiS 

pi  Kiver. . .  .'U 

lUvcr.. .S4 

issoiu'i ■J7 

4S 

lis TiT 

Spi'inj;s. . . .  .'>i) 

:,H 

Lake .''O 


II  and  Horse- 

7?. 

7.'> 

iiLTs 77 

Xtic  Jirsii/.. .  I'll 

Iliidsdii....   iV-\ 
, lit 

KV 'IH 

ok i'''.» 

Sim  Sloaiiier   'i.i 

.   Ilie  Missis- 

:;l 

11  Lake  I'epiii 

ml -I 

Uii.'k "■•• 

<s  tlie  Missis- 
;iu 

■t'IK'C. 

the  Rapids..   4 J 
ul  Islands.. .  4;S 


r.iuK 
lilivr  St.  Laurence. 
Hlidotiiif;  tlio  Long  Sault 
Rapids .  42 

SU'iiiiiiii'j  ii/i  the  MfsmirL. .   ;is 
^t.  Anthoiiy's  l\dh uS 


.'iii-iqinhdiimi,  View  on  the..  23  I 

T/it.  /roil  Moiiiiliiiii,  MuKoiiri  M  1 

Tmitoii  F11U.1.  i 

Tlie  IU''U  Falls 47  I 


PAOB 

Trenton  Fidh. 
The  Cascades 47 

While  .Uiiiiiililinx. 

Tip-Top  llousc 59 

The  Wdley  House 68 


CONTENTS   OF   PART   III. 


Addinfrton  Road,  tree  lands.  :!7 

A;;ri;iiltiiii'  of  ( 'aiuiila :!t 

li, inks  ill  Canada  and  aLi'ls.  1:; 

i'.iLiks  ill  (!.  iii'it.iiii  anil  Ire  4- 

('iiiada,  f;eiirr'l  iiilorinatioii  ill 

Ciiiisuls  at  .Montreal lii 

Clllnale .M 

Cundiliiins  of,   free  hi  nl*. .  .  "■'.' 

(.'iMWii  land  aLjen;i "■'.' 

Caiiailiaii  hanks  ami  .e;"iit-i.  lii 

('rii|i~,  riitation  of •'■•' 

Disliiliiilion  of  iiitesl.  e>t's.  4.' 

Kx|iense  of  a  lUniily .'M 

Kiiuiiraliiin  ^^ov.  nllieers,  .  .  11 

I'lve  lands  lit   iroveniineiit .  ."iT 

Free  lands,  eundilimis M'J 


Qnehi'0 7 

Montreal    • 

The  entire  City 12 

(ireat  St.  .lames  .Street..  .  l.'i 

I'laee  d'.Vrines l.". 

Reaver  Hall l-". 

Ronsi'i'onr's  Market I'l 

Victoria  liridufe 14 


(iame  of  the  eonntry 

(ioveinnient  free  lands 

(ioverninent   land  agents., 
(iovernnient  einii;l'n  ollie's. 

llaniilloii,  C.  W. 

Ilastin;;s  Road,  free  lands.. 
Iiii'ome  A  expend,  of  prov. 

KiiiLtstiiii,  (,'.  W 

haws.  Municipal  Institution 

hoii  house,  cost  of 

hondon,  C.  \V 

l.anil  asii'iits,  governineni . . 
hands,  wild,  eust  of  errinij;. 

Montreal,  (;.  K ;. 

Money -order  ollicc  systoni.. 
Natiirali/ation 


Ottawa,  C.  W 

Ollices  held  hy  settlers 

I'ostal  reiriihitions  in  Can.. 

I  Qiiehee..' 

j  Rideiiii  canal  and  locks 

I  Reliixion 

I  Settlers,  infornialion  lor..  . 

Sale  and  oeeiipation  of  lands 

School  lands  for  sale 

Toronto,  C.  \V 

Trinity  Collcfje 

Taxes  jiayahle 

Victoria  Uridiie 

Wild  heasts,  it  trouhlesonie 

Wanes  to  ai;ricuUnrists.. ,  . 

Work  during  w  inter 


ir 

36 
45 
7 
21 
34 
35 
40 
41 
22 
22 
36 
13 
37 
38 
36 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  PAUT  III 

I  Toronto. — The  entire  Cilv  .  22 

I      St.  Lawrence  Hall '. . .  22 

The  Normal  Academy  .  .  .  24 

I      King  Street 'JO 

I      Trinity  College 24 

'      Vonge  Street Si 

Crown  ]/inils'  Olliee,  and 

Mechanics'  Institution.  22 


Ottawa.— 
Lower  and  Central  Town.  18 

Upper  Town 19 

Locks  on  Rideau  Canal. .  21 

Kingston 23 

London 27 

Hainiltoii 25 


CONTENTS   OF   PART    IV. 


American  Auction  Rooms.. 

.\inericim  Bank  Notes 

.'iinerican  Hanks,  Ranking. 

.\niericaii  lintel- 

American  Houses 

.\nierican  People,  Degeiie'y 
.\nierican  Railroi.d  Cars. .  . 
Ainerican  Kailroad  Condiic. 
American  Kailr'd  Loeonio.. 

Ar..ericnii  Uailrnads 

.\mnsements  and  Spurts.  . 

Attendance  at  Clmri'li 

Anetioneer,  the  .Viin-riean. . 
.\uction  K'loms  in  X.  York. 

Automaton  Ovni 

Hakeries,  Mcclianical 

Rallot  Voliii.;  in  Aineriea.  . 

Rank-Note  Uepnrters 

Rank  Notes  of  America,  ,  ,  . 
Ranking  Llt'ture,  Cnr'ties,. 

Hanking,  Wild-Cat 

Ranks  and  Hanking 

Rilliards  and  ('he<s 

RiKiksilIrr,  The  Kailroad... 
]!ooksellers'  Trade  Sales, .  . 

Rroken  RaTiks 

Rusiness,   Fast,   I'resent   it 

Future 

Canada,  Trade  with 

Cars  on  .Vmerican  Railr'ds. 
Cars,  Kailroad  Sleeping.... 

Church  Attendance 

Churches  in  America 


:;! 


Church  Psalmody 

Citizenship 

Clergymen  in  .\merica 

Clothing  and  Dress 

Cominercial  Agencies 

Coinmereial  Cunegci 

Cominercial  Ki'trosiiect. . , . 
Ciim]iaraliveTiine  Indicator 

Consnniption  of  Ice 

Ciiriositii's  in  Rank  Lil'tnre 
Cutting  Iceou  Koekl'd  L'ko 

Deht  Collecting 

Declaration  of  liiteutiniis, . 
Degeneracy  of  Am.  People. 
Dillcrcnce  in  Time,  Canada. 
Dilference  iii  Time,  I'.  S. . . 
Distances  (i'om  New  \'ork. 
Dislances  from  liuehee  .... 

Domestic  Servants 

Dress  and  Clothing 

Drinking  Cnstonis 

Drinking.     Water 

Drinks,   Kefreshing 

iMlneational  Inst,  of  Am. .  . 

Klectiuns  in  .America 

Kxchauire  and  \'.\.  Ollices.. 
Kxemptinn  Laws  of  IJ.  S... 

Express  1 

Kxjiress  Companies 

Kxiraets  from  Rk-Note  Rep 
Failures  in  ls,"i7  and  1--.'jS.  . 

Fares  from  New  Vork 

Fares  from  (Jiiebec 


,>ii 
li! 
1  2 
4 '.I 
17  ; 

,s^  1 

,s,-i! 
■to : 

r'l 

lis  , 
V.I 

t;4 
1^2 ; 

si; : 

S."i  I 

',12 

VI 

4!i  i 


74:  1 


'Jo 


Farmers  in  AVinter  Time,..  58 
Fire  Fngiiie  Fstahlishment.  53 

I'ire  Kngine,  Steam 55 

Friiil,  Pi  ices  of 70 

Knrniture  Manufacturing..  S3 
Hoe  ,t  Co.'s  I'rint.  Machine    7 

Hotels  in  America 11 

Household  Alfairs 07 

Hon-ekei']iing,  Expenses  of.  03 

lee   Triide.  .'. 38 

Indicator,  Time 86 

Intention-;,  Declaration  of. .  04 

Interest,  Legal 2.S 

Laws,  Ilxemplion,  of  U.  S.   S3 

Law  s,  I'sury u'S 

Leviatlian  Print.  Machine. .  7 
Locomotive,  The  American.  4-"> 
Liii'iher  and  Lnmbernien  . .   .">1 

.Meat,  Prices  of 70 

.Mechanical  Rakeries ;i3 

.Mercantile  Agencies 18 

Newsman,  The  Railroad. . .  45 
New  Vork  Auction  Kooms.  30 
eter  Fnuk  Auction  Rooms  32 
Printing  ,\Iaclr,  Hoe  it  Co,.  7 
Prolessioiial  .Men  in  Ainer, ,   71 

Protection  to  'frade 17 

Psalmody  in  Chnrches. . .  ..  50 
Pnshiiiir  Trade  on  the  Curs.  46 

(Quaker  Settlement 79 

Railroad  (,Vni,)  Locomotive  43 

Railroad  Cars 41 

Railroad  Conductor 45 


^■ 


10 


GENERAL  IXDEX  OF  CONTENTS. 


PiOK 

Railroad  Refreshment  Sta- 
tions   47 

Railroad  Sleeping  Cars. . . .  48 

Railroads  in  America 40 

Railroad  Neivsman 4") 

Rupids,  Rafts  running TjI 

Refreshing  Drinks 38 

Refreshment  Stat'ns  in  Am  47 

Rejjorters,  Bunk-Note 'J4 

Shakers,  The 7U 

Sleeping  Cars  on  Railroads.  48 


PAGE 

Sleighing  in  Winter  Time. .  l)! 
Sports  and  Ainiisenients. ..  C>9 

Steam  Fire  Engine i>!^ 

The  Shakers 79 

Time  Indicator Hi> 

Time  in  Euroi)e  and  Amer.  h'i 

Trade  Sales !!  1 

Trade  with  Canada Si 

Trade  Protection  Societies..  18 

Trotting  Matches !>\) 

"Tn-o  Forty" CO 


American  Locomotive 41 

American  "  Racker" 00 

American  Railroad  Car. . . .  42 
Hoe  &  Co.'s  Print.  Machine    6 


niUSTEATIONS  OF  PABT  IV. 

Ice-ciitting  at  Uockl'd  Lake  .■!'.>  i 

Running  tlio  Rapids ov! 

Shaker  Costume 80 


PAoa 
Usury  Laws  of  America. . .  iiS 

Vegetables,  Prices  of 70 

Voting  by  Ballot 7(i 

Water  and  Water  Drinking  20 
Wayside  Refresh.  Station..  48 

Who  are  Yankees ? :},') 

Wild  Cat  Banking i;l 

Winter  Evenings "i8 

Winter  Time  in  America  . .  .I? 

Worthy  of  Credit . .    18 

Yankees,  Who  are? So 

.Shakers   Dancing 81 

Steam  Fire  Engine [in 

Time  Indicator 86 


ADVERTfSEMENTS   AND   BUSINESS   DIRECTORIES 

Will  le  found,  on  rrfercnce,  as  /oUoich  : — 


pxr.K 

Baltimore cl' 

Butt'alo i«i 

Cana<la,  generally 7s 

Cleveland sii 

Cincinnati 74,  7s,  711 

Chicago ii;j 

Detroit .'."."  ;i-j 

Grand  Rapids '  iiio 

Hamilton,  C.  VV '21; 

Kalamazoo,  Mich luo 


London,  C.  W 1,; 

.Milwaukee,  Wis us 

.Mcmtrcal,  C.  E ]i; 

New  Orleans i;s 

New  York .]  r, 

.Nianara  Falls 7s 

Ottawa,  C.  W '..'..'.   -^i) 

I'rairie  du  Chien \(\,) 

St.  Louis 7,3 

St.  Paul iiji) 


1 


rAoa 

America. . .  28 
;es  of 70 

t ro 

cr  Drinking  tO 
h.  Station.,  48 

e.sV 3.5 

"g "1 

rs f>8 

Ami'ricii . .  M 

lit 18 

iircV S5 

np; 81 

rine ."iS 

86 

RIE8 

Irt 

its 

li! 

I')S 

^li 

78 

20 

100 

73 

100 


jpiirt  Jfirst. 


UNITED    STATES. 


CITIES   OX  THE  SEABOARD, 


AND 


NOliTlI   AX  I)  NORTHWESTERN  STATES. 


1 


] 


'lb 


cojn-tejstts  of  part  I 


PAQB 

rmltiinoiv,  City  of, 59 

Ho^stdii,  City  of 5t) 

Hiii'f  Aofoiuit  of  UniUnl  Stiitos 17 

Uiid'alo,  City  of, 87 

<  'iiic'iiijo.  City  of, it;j 

Ciiiciiiiiati,  City  of, 7,-, 

City  of  J5:iltiiiioro ,-,<» 

"       lioston ot) 

•'        IJlllliilo H7 

"       Ciiiciiiiiiili 75 

Ciiioiii;o 93 

Clcv.'liiiul 8t 

Detroit 92 

"       Maiiisoii 100 

"       Milwiuikce 9(1 

"       Now  York 25 

I'iiiliiilclpjiia 52 

"       i'ortliiiid 91 

"       i'ittslxiri,' 71 

"      St.  i,onis 7:j 

"       City  of  Wiisiiiiiirtoii 47 

Detroit,  City  i>(, 92 

Elevations,  |iriiici|)al  in  Aiiiciica 18 

Oeoi'iie  AVa.-liiiiirtoii iCi 

(ioveniineiit  of  riiiteil  States 21 

lion,  James  liuehanaii .  22 


PAtiB 

Illinois,  State  of, lol 

Iowa,  State  of, Idl! 

Madison,  City  of,  . liio 

Mieliigan,  State  of, Kiii 

Jlilwaukee,  City  of, 9t') 

Minnesota,  Territory  of, 112 

Missouri,  State  of, Idii 

Mountains  in  America,  principal 17 

Mount  Vernon 50 

New  Orleans,  City  of, (i:! 

Potent  Office,  AVushington ;"j1 

I'hiladelpliia,  Ci'y  of, 52 

Pittsliuri;,  City  of, 71 

Portland,  City  of, tU 

Presidents  of  United  States 2li 

Pavers  in  America,  principal is 

St.  Louis,  City  of, ... .    ":> 

The  Capitol  at,  AVashingtoii 4S 

The  Great  Lakes  in  America 2ii 

United  States,  Brief  Account  of 17 

United  States'  Oovornnieiit 21 

United  States'  Presidents 22 

United  States'  Government  departments  2.'i 

Washington,  City  of 47 

Wheeling,  Virginia 70 

W^isconsin,  State  of, 104 


illustrations. 


PAGK 

George  Washington 10 

]  (on.  James  Buclianan  22 

Now  York,  Mew  of  City  ...    25 

"  IJroadway 27 

Park  and' City  Hall 28 

"  University 29 

"  Halls  of  .justice 30 

"  Custom  House so 

'  Merchants'  lOxchange  ....  ;U 

"  I""''^  Academy 32 

"  Private  Kesideiico ;{)! 

"  The  Cooper  Institute li;! 

Tlie  Hospital 34 

La  Farge  House 35 

"  Trinitv  (Church 3() 

All  Souls' Church 37 

"  High  Bridge— Aqui-duet..  41 

"  Bank  of  the  Kcpuhlie 42 

"  Phelan's  Billiard  Itooms  . .  42 

Washington— Tlie  Capitol 48 


PAOH 

Washington — The  Patent  Office 51 

Baltimore — View  of  City (10 

New  Orleans — View  of  Canal  Street. .  .  64 

The  French  Cathedral  .  60 

"                Avenue  in  the  Cemetery  67 

Ohio  River — Susjicnsion  Bridge 69 

Wheeling,  Virginia 70 

I'ittshurg— View  of  City 71 

Cincinnati — View  of  City 80 

Third  Street 77 

Fourtli  Street 80 

"             JIusonie  Temple 7S 

"              National  Theatre 81 

Cleveland — View  of  Sujierior  Street  .  .  85 

Buft'alo — Looking  up  Main  Street 88 

I'Voni  the  Creek 89 

Detroit— View  of  City 02 

Chicago — View  of  City 95 

Milwaukee — View  of  City 97 

Madison,  View  of 99 


^^ 


I 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON— FIRST  AMERICAN   PRESIDENT. 


"tIIK    KATIIKlt    <ll'    HIS   (OINIUV. 


George  WAsniJJGTON  was  born  at  ItriiL'c's  Cffck,  ^"n•L,'iIliil,  Feb.  'J'Jil,  ITIS'J.  Al  tlm  ago 
of  19,  lie  was  appointed  one  of  tlio  a<ljiitant-i;i'ncriils  of  N'ii'Lrinia.  In  17.")  I,  lif  joined  tlic  ix- 
])edition  of  General  Bniddoek,  wlio  was  killed,  when  tlic  ciiiMiiiiiiid  divolved  ou  Washing- 
ton, whose  masterly  conduet  of  the  retreat  is  e(lel)ratcd  in  history.  He  was  sonn  aii])oint- 
cd  comiiiander-in-eliief  of  the  forees  of  Virijinia,  aii<l  in  ITTiS  led  the  exjiedilion  to  I'urt 
Du  Quesne,  (Pittsburg,)  whieh  repelled  the  French  from  the  western  IVontiir.  In  1774,  he 
was  sent  to  the  Continental  Congress,  and  was  nppointrd  eomnianderin-ehief  of  the  Ameri- 
can army,  and  served  through  the  Revolution,  refusing  to  receive  any  ]iay  for  his  services, 
and  only  reimbursement  of  his  expenses.  In  17K7,  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  the 
national  convention  for  forming  the  Constitution,  and  was  clios<'n  its  ]iresident.  In  17s'.i, 
he  was  unanimously  elected  President  of  the  United  States  for  4  years,  and  unanimously 
re-elected  in  17u;?.  lie  decried  a  lliinl  re-election,  and  issu((l  his  farev,  ill  address.  Aflir 
Mr.  Adams's  inauguration,  he  retired  to  Mount  Vernon,  near  AVashington  City,  ]>.  C,  where 
he  died  on  the  14th  of  December,  1709,  in  the  OSth  year  of  lii.s  age. 

His  virtues  and  patriotism  have  won  for  him  the  imperishable  title  throughout  the  world 
of  "  The  Father  of  his  Country." 


,1 


Vl'' 


DENT. 


At  the  as?*" 
W  jdiiu'il  tho  ix- 
Iv.mI  (.11  Wu^lii"':^'- 
^Vi\s  sium  uiil.oliit- 
,.>.|,oaition  to  I'oi't 

,r„  r.     I>i  i"i-  I'f 
U-uforth.-AiiK-n- 

,y  for  lii^  s.■t•v■u■<■^ 
,i  ,l.l.-:it>'  to  tho 
...4,l.M,t.  1"  l'^''- 
iuiil  >iiiiUii>i>"""b' 
,.n  ii.ldvos^.  At'tn" 
,(i(v,  l).C.,^vl"■■'•" 


vouirhout  the  wor 


U 


BRIEF  ACCOUNT  OF  TIIE  UNITED  STATES. 

TiiK  United  States,  ti  conftnli  racy  of  sovereign  StJites,  and  the  most  influential  Republic 
of  tlie  world,  oecujnes  tlie  middle  portion  of  North  Aiiieriea.  Tiiis  confi'deratit)n,  consist- 
ing originally  of  thirteen  States,  but  now  of  thirty-one  States,  the  federal  district,  and  sev- 
eral territorial  apjH'Mdages,  lies  between  tiie  parallels  of  24°  and  4D°  north  latitude,  and  the 
meridians  of  10"  east  and  48 '  west  from  Washington,  or  (17°  and  125°  from  tireenwich,  ex- 
tending from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  from  the  Britisit  colonies  on  the  north, 
to  tho  Republic  of  Mexico  and  the  great  Gulf  on  the  south.  The  whole  extent  of  this 
boundary  is  now  definitely  settled  by  treaty.  The  greatest  width  of  this  country,  from 
east  to  west,  is  21t0()  miles,  and  tlie  greatest  depth,  from  nortii  to  south,  17S0  miles.  Ita 
urea  may  be  estimated  at  a,260,00U  sipiare  miles,  including  CalifVirnia,  Texas,  etc.,  recently 
acquired.  It  lias  a  frontier  of  about  10,(M)0  miles,  of  which  4400  is  sea-coast,  and  1500  lake- 
coast. 

Its  siiores  are  Avashed  by  three  seas,  tho  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
on  the  soutii,  and  tiie  Taeitie  Ocean  on  tiie  west.  The  principal  bays  and  sounds  on  the 
Atliiiitie  liorder  are  I'assaiiuKjuoddy  Bay,  wiiich  lies  between  the  State  of  Maine  and  the 
British  |)rovinee  of  New  Brunswick  ;  Massachusetts  Bay,  between  Cape  Ann  and  Cape  Cod ; 
Long  Island  Sound,  between  Long  Island  and  the  coast  of  Connecticut ;  Delaware  Bay, 
which  sets  up  between  Cape  May  and  Cape  Ilenlopen,  separating  the  States  of  New  Jersey 
and  Delaware;  Chesapeake  Bay,  which  communicates  witli  tiie  ocean  between  Cape 
Charles  and  Cape  lieiiry,  extending  in  a  nortliern  direction  for  200  miles,  through  the 
Statcti  of  Virginia  and  Maryland ;  Albemarle  Sound  and  Pamlico  Sound,  on  the  coast  of 
Nortli  Carolina,  There  are  no  large  bays  or  sounds  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
On  the  Pacific  coast,  however,  there  are  several  excellent  l)ays,  but  the  principal  and  only 
one  necessary  to  mention  is  the  Bay  of  San  P'rancisco,  in  the  State  of  California.  It  is  one 
of  the  finest  bays  in  the  world,  and  capable  of  containing  the  navies  of  all  the  European 
powers  at  one  time. 

MOUNTAINS. 

The  territory  of  the  United  States  is  traversed  by  two  principal  chains  of  mountains,  the 
Alleghanies  on  the  east  side,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  west.  Tliese  divide  the 
country  into  three  distinct  regions,  the  Atlantic  slope,  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the 
declivity  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific. 

The  Alleghanies  are  less  a  chain  of  mountains  than  a  long  plateau,  crested  with  several 
chains  of  mountains  or  hills,  separated  from  each  oth^r  by  wide  and  elevated  valleys. 

East  of  the  Hudson  the  mountains  are  chiefly  granitic,  with  rounded  summits,  often  cov- 
ered at  their  tops  with  bog  and  turf,  and  distributed  in  irregular  groups  without  any 
marked  direction.  Some  peaks  of  the  Green  Mountains  in  Vermont,  and  the  White  Moun- 
t<»ins  in  New  Hampshire,  rise  to  the  height  of  5000  to  0400  feet  above  the  sea.  After  pass- 
ing tlie  Hudson,  the  structure  of  the  mountains  seems  to  change. 

In  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  they  assume  the  form  of  long  parallel  ridges,  varying  in 
heiglit  from  '2500  to  4000  feet,  and  occupying  a  breadth  of  100  miles. 

In  North  Carolina  the  highest  culmination  is  6476  feet ;  but  in  the  northern  part  of 
Georgia  and  Alaiiama,  wiiere  they  terminate,  they  again  lose  the  form  of  continuous  chains, 
and  break  into  groujis  of  isolated  mounttiius,  touching  at  their  base,  some  of  which  attain 
a  considerable  elevation. 

Tlie  Rocky  Mountains  are  on  a  much  grander  scale  than  the  AUeghi  s.  Their  base  is 
300  miles  in  breadth,  and  their  loftiest  summits,  covered  with  everlasting  snow,  rise  to  the 
height  of  10  to  14,000  feet  These  vast  chains  may  be  considered  as  a  continuation  of  the 
Cordilleras  of  ^lexico.  They  are  distant  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  500  to  600  miles,  btit 
between  them  and  the  coast,  several  minor  ranges  intersect  the  country,  of  which  the  Mari- 
time Range  is  the  most  conspicuous. 


*:    I 


*i 


|g  ELEVATIONS  AND  RIVERS. 

KIKVATI0N9   MORE  TIIA.V    1000   FEKT    AIK.VE  TIIK    LEVEL   Of  THE   «KA. 

Fi'et. 


Rocky  Moimfnins i4,("") 

Sierra  Navadu "'-'^" 

South  I'nss 7,(is.) 

Santa  Fe «.'^"" 

Mount  WasliiiiKlon  (Wliite  Mouiituins). .  C.^'jl* 

Mount  Ailanis f),( .>y 

Mount  JcHVrson •''."•'7 

Mount  Madison ^M'< 

Mount  Monroe 5,.'U',i 

Mount  Franklin iy<''* 

Mount  Lafavette 5,.W0 

Mount  .MarcV ( Adirondacka; ri,ti!7 

Mount  Maclntvre.  "  •'''.1^=' 

Mount MeMartin..  "  S.'W 

Dittl  Mountain....  "  4,'.too 


Fett. 


White  Face..  .(Adirondack*) 4,S.'>S 

Mount  Seward  "  -t.^*^ 

Mount  l,y"n..  "  •'."^•0 

North  ri'ak (Green  Mountainni. ..  i.'Si'i 


Cainel's  Hunii) 

Slirewsburv  .Mountain . 


4,1S8 


4,fwfl 
;i,lej4 


South  Teak " 

Killinjiton  I'ink...  " 

IviuiiKix  .Mountain.  " 

A^eulnev  Mountain  " 

I'eaks  of  Otter  (Allenhanics) 4,'JilO 

Catukill  .Mountains JJ.^^nO 

blue  Kidfte l.r.iM) 

Sources  of  the  Missi.ssippi 1,4<^'0 


RIVERS. 

The  principal  rivers  of  tlie  United  States  may  be  divided  into  four  classes.  Fimt,  the 
Mississippi  and  its  wide-spread  liranohes,  which  drain  the  waters  of  the  whole  country  in- 
cluded between  the  Alleghany  and  Kocky  Jlountains;  stcimd,  the  rivers  east  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  which,  rising  from  their  eastern  declivity,  water  the  Atlantic  plain,  and 
hence  flow  into  the  ocean;  </((>(/,  the  system  of  rivers  flowini,' into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
which  may  be  subdivided  into  those  flowing  from  the  soutiiern  slope  of  the  Allet,'hnnie», 
and  those  having  their  source  in  the  north-western  highlands  of  Texas;  and,/oMW/(,  those 
streams  on  the  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  which  flow  into  the  Pacific  t)cenn. 

The  Mississippi  rises  west  of  Lake  Superior,  in  latitude  47°  47'  north,  amid  lakes  and 
swamps,  dreary  and  desolate  beyond  description;  and  after  a  south-east  course  of  al)out 
600  miles,  readies  the  Falls  of  the  St.  Anthony,  where  it  descends  perpendicularly  IC.  feet, 
and  where  are  numerous  rapids.  From  these  falls  it  pursues,  at  first,  n  south-easterly,  and 
then  a  southerly  direction ;  and  after  forming  the  boundary  between  Iowa,  Missouri,  and 
Arkansas  on  the  west,  and  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Missis.sippi  on  the 
east,  passes  through  Louisiana,  and  discharges  itself  through  a  delta  of  many  mouths  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  nearly  3200  miles  in  length,  and  is  navigable,  with  few  obstruc- 
tions, to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

Its  principal  tributaries  from  the  east  are  : — 

1.  The  Wisconsin,  which  joins  it  between  the  parallels  42°  and  43'  north  latitude, 

2.  The  Illinois,  a  navigable  river,  which  joins  it  near  latitude  38°  and  40'  north. 

8.  The  Ohio,  which  is  itself  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Moiiongnhela 
Rivers  at  Pittsburg.  It  flows  in  a  south-westerly  direction  for  945  miles,  separating  the 
north-western  States  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  in  37°  north 
latitude.  The  chief  tributaries  of  the  Ohio  are  the  Wabash,  the  Cumberland,  and  the  Ten- 
nessee, which  last  is  formed  of  several  streams  from  the  western  parts  of  Virginia  and  the 
Carolinas,  which  unite  a  little  west  of  Knoxville,  in  the  State  of  Tennessee,  and  runs,  at 
first,  south-west  into  Alabama,  where  it  turns  and  runs  north-west,  through  Tennessee  into 
Kentucky,  and  joins  the  Ohio  10  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Cund)erland. 

4.  The  Yazoo,  which  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  and,  running 
south-west,  joins  the  Mississipjii  100  miles  above  Natchez. 

The  tributaries  from  the  west  are: — 

1.  The  Jlinuiwota,  or  St.  Peter's,  which  joins  it  about  9  miles  below  the  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony, after  a  south-east  ciuirse  of  several  hundred  miles. 

i>.  The  Des  Moines,  which  joins  it  near  the  parallel  of  40°  north  latitude,  after  ft  south- 
easterly course  of  more  than  8(iO  miles. 

3.  The  Missouri,  which  is  formed  by  three  branches,  called  Jefferson's,  Madison's,  and 
Gallatin's  Rivers,  all  of  which  rise  and  unite  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  whole  length, 
from  the  highest  point  of  Jefferson's  River,  to  the  confluence  with  the  Mississippi,  is,  by 
actual  course,  about  2600  miles,  and  to  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico  about  4350  miles;  during  the 
whole  of  which  distance  there  is  no  cataract  or  considerable  impediment  to  the  navigation, 


RIVEK3  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


19 


Fttl. 

■   4,<W0 

■■',  4,11(10 

"'»''''""••;  4  Js 
4,0Sfi 

.  3,3'JO 
8,K00 

;■.  l,r.oo 

1,400 


w\iolc  country  w 
g  east  of  tl.c  A»l«- 
Mliintic  i.lni".  n"'^ 
,0  Oulf  «'f  >'''''""^"' 

^  Ocean. 

,rth.  nn"^^  l"^''*  "" 
.oftjt  course  of  ftl-o"* 
..n.liculnrly  10.  f''»'t. 
a  8outh-cft»tcrly,  Mn\ 
,  lowrt,  Mis^""".  niHl 
,„\  Mis^is^^'MT'  ""  *''® 
of  innuv  m->"t'"'  '"^" 
,le,  wiiU  few  oLstruc- 

■  north  IntAtu.le. 
nnd  4i>'  u'""!!!. 
n„y  ftud  Mouoniinbela 
i  n.ilc.,  .eparutiu-  the 

,\,erl.uul,  an.l  the  Ten- 
■19  of  Virginia  and  tl>e 
r^,„„ei>sec,  ftU'l  runs,  at 
through  Tennessee  into 

i\)erlan<l. 

rusisrfppi.  and,  running 

eiowtheFallBofStAn- 
h  latitude,  after  a  south- 

.ffersonV,  MadisonV,  and 
nins.    The  wl>ole  length, 
\th  the  Mi8«**irP'.  '*•  ^'^ 
-  4»50  miles;  during  the 
dhaent  to  the  navigation, 


except  at  Great  Full*,  whlcli  are  above  2000  miles  from  the  Mississippi.  At  those  falls  the 
river  ih'sccncln,  in  tlie  dli'tanee  of  18  miles,  Hti'2  feet.  The  prineipal  trihut^iriesof  the  Missouri 
are  the  Yellow  Sti.-  .  whieli  rises  in  the  Roeky  Monnluiiis,  and  joins  it  after  a  north-east- 
ly  course  of  (lii(»  nuies;  the  Nehrtiska  or  I'latt*',  which  rises  also  in  those  mountains,  and, 
lifter  an  j-nsterly  course  of  800  miles,  joins  the  Missouri  in  latitude  41°  north;  and  the 
Kansii-.  which  joins  it  near  latitude  !f'J '  north,  after  an  easterly  course  of  more  than  tlOO 
miles. 

I'rohahly  no  district  in  the  United  States  will  shortly  he  attracting  the  attention  of 
settlers,  if  not  already  doing  so,  than  portions  of  the  vast  region  connected  with  the  Mis- 
souri llivcr  and  ViilK-y.  The  opening  of  the  great  I'acifie  mail  route  last  ( )ctol)er,  will  tend 
very  materinlly  to  the  development  of  that  portion  of  the  country,  which  is  found  to  be 
suitable  for  coloni/ation.  The  route  referred  to  now  joins  St.  Louis  (Missouri)  with  San 
Francisco,  (California,)  or  in  other  words,  forming  a  continuous  chain  of  rajtid  coinmuniea- 
tion  from  the  shores  of  the  Taeific  Ocean  to  those  of  the  Atlantic — the  great  barrier  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  dreary  wastes  of  its  "  bad  lands,"  forming  no  longer  any  impedi- 
ment to  the  determination  of  American  enterprise.  The  time  occupied  by  the  mail  route 
referred  to  is  2.")  ilays. 

4.  Tiie  .\rkansHs,  wliieh  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  pursuing  a  south-easterly 
course,  forms,  for  some  distance,  the  boundary  between  the  Indian  Territory  nnd  Texas; 
after  which,  its  course  lies  principally  in  the  State  of  Arkansas,  till  it  joins  the  Missis.sippi 
in  :{4'  north  latitude.     Its  longth  is  more  than  i:{ii(i  miles. 

5.  llie  Keil  River,  which  also  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  below  Sante  F6,  and,  after  a 
south-easterly  course  of  more  than  1im»o  miles,  fulls  into  the  Mississippi,  in  latitude  31°  north. 

The  principal  rivers  east  of  the  Alleghanies  are: — 

1.  The  Connecticut,  which  rises  in  the  highlands  separating  the  United  States  from  Can- 
ada, nnd,  running  southerly,  divides  New  Hampshire  from  Vermont,  and  passing  through 
-Massacliu-etts  and  Connecticut,  falls  into  Long  Island  Sound.  It  is  navigable  for  sloojis  for 
5o  miles  to  Hartford,  and,  by  means  of  canals  and  other  improvements,  has  been  rendered 
passable  for  boats  2.50  miles  further. 

2.  The  Hudson,  which  rises  west  of  lake  Cliamplain,  and  pursuing  a  southerly  course  of 
more  tlian  tfoo  miles,  falls  into  the  Bay  of  New  York,  after  receiving  numerous  affluents. 
It  is  navigable  for  ships  to  Hudson,  ISO  miles,  and  for  sloops  nnd  steamboats  to  Troy,  40 
miles  fiirtlier.  It  is  connected  with  Ijikes  Champlain,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  by  means  of  canals 
from  -Mliany,  and  with  the  Delaware  by  a  canal  from  Rondout. 

'A.  The  I)elaware,  which  rises  in  New  York,  and  flowing  southerly,  separates  Pennsyl- 
vania from  New  York  and  New  .lersey,  and  falls  into  Delaware  Bay,  after  a  ccmrse  of  300 
miles.  It  is  navigalile  for  ships  of  the  line  40  miles,  to  Philadelphia,  and  for  sloops  35  miles 
farther,  to  the  head  of  the  tide  at  Trenton  Falls. 

4.  The  Susipiehanna,  which  also  rises  in  New  York,  and,  pursuing  a  southerly  zig-zag 
course  through  Pennsylvania,  falls  into  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  near  the  north-east 
corner  of  Maryland.  During  the  last  50  miles  the  navigation  is  obstructed  by  an  almost 
continued  series  of  rapids. 

5.  The  Potomac,  which  rises  in  the  Alleghanies,  and  after  forming,  during  its  whole 
course,  the  boundary  between  Maryland  and  Virginia,  falls  into  Chesjipeake  Bay.  It  is 
uavigalde  for  shij)s  of  the  largest  dimensions  to  Washington,  the  federal  capital,  about  200 
miles  from  the  ocean;  but  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course  there  are  numerous  obstacles, 
many  of  which,  however,  have  been  overcome  by  canals. 

f).  James  River,  which  rises  in  tiie  mountains,  and  falls  into  the  southern  part  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

7.  The  Savannah,  which  forms  the  dividing  line  between  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
ond  falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  latitude  32°  nortli.  It  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Savan- 
nah, 17  miles;  and  for  boats  to  Augusta,  130  miles  farther. 

The  principal  rivers  which  rise  south  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  fall  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
ore: — 


20 


RIVEKS  IN  AMERICA. 


i  I 


) 


'^ 


1  T1.C  Appalachlcok,  which  dischurKea  itnelf  into  Apalaohee  Buy.  in  Flon.la  It  w 
forn.cl  l,y  tho  union  of  the  (■|,«U»h..oc.h«  un.l  Flint  rivr.,  Ih.  for.n.r  of  which  ri.-n  in  the 
uorthcrn  part  of  Ut.or^M«.un.l  llowinj?  south,  receive*  the  I'lint  at  the  .outh-w...t  ex.r.nu.y 
of  the  State.  During  the  latter  part  of  its  course,  the  Chattahooche  forn.8  the  boun.lary 
hetweon  Oeorf^ia  and  Alabama. 

2  The  Mobile,  which  .liHclmrKea  itself  into  Mol/ile  Bay.  It  i«  fornie.!  by  two  ]arf?e  rivers 
the  Alalauia  andTonibi-bee.  which  unite  near  latitude  Jil '  n..rlli,  after  having' pursued 
each  a  separate  courne  of  many  hundred  •.niles.  There  i»  another  Hyrtem  of  riverH  flowin(j 
into  the  (iulf  from  the  highlands  of  north.rn  Texan,  consisting  of  the  Sabine,  Trinity,  I'.razoH, 
etc.,  which  need  only  be  mentioned  here,  as  tlie  geograpliy  of  Texas  will  be  minutely  de- 
scribed elsewliere. 

The  rivers  flowing  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  tlie  Pacific,  consist  of  :— 

1.  The  Columbia,  which  rises  near  latitude  h■^'  north,  ami,  running  south-west,  falls  into 
the  ocean  in  latitude  4B°  15',  after  a  course  of  IS.iO  miles.  Its  principal  tributaries  are 
Clark's  River,  Lewis'  River,  and  the  Multnomah  or  Willamette,  all  of  which  join  it  on  its 
left  bank.  This  river  was  discovered  in  17»2,  and  settlements  were  nnide  in  the  neighbour- 
hood by  Americans  in  1810.  The  month  of  the  river  is  obstructed  by  flats,  but  vessels  of 
mH)  tons  can  ascend  to  the  distance  of  125  miles,  and  large  sloops  farther. 

2.  Tiie  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin,  emptying  into  the  Hay  of  San  Francisco. 

3.  Tlie  IJuenaventura,  rising  in  the  coast  range  of  the  California  Mountains,  em]ities  into 
Monterey  Bay. 

4.  The  Colorado,  and  River  Oila  (which  separates  Mexico  from  the  United  States),  How 
from  the  mountains  near  Santa  Fe,  and  would,  if  not  received  by  the  (iulf  of  California, 
empty  into  the  I'aeitie;  they  belong,  however,  to  the  same  system  »f  rivers. 

5.  The  St.  I^wrence.  I'articulars  regarding  this  river,  which  for  iis  the  tjoundary  be- 
rw.eii  the  United  States  and  Caiuida,  wi'l  l)e  found  in  another  portion  of  this  work. 


Missouri  . 


[willi  Lower  Mississi|)piJ 


Mississippi  [Upper] 

[L( - 


OK   THE    IlIVKHS    AllOVK    K(t()    MILKS,    \Vi:    ANNKX    A    LIST. 

St.  Lawrence "•"''• 

"  [including  Orent  Lakes] i',.'!oo 

Tennessee V'JO 

Susipiehanna 'i'>0 

Kansas •>'•'! 

Yellow  Stone 'i'") 

Connecticut 3''i') 

Delaware ^^''O 

Hudson '^'M 

Potomac ">10 

James iilO 


.  4,8r)0 

,  1,1132 

Jiowerj 1,21() 

Arkansas I,r)ri0 

Del  Xortc l.^.W 

Ohio  [with  Alleghany] I,i»:i0 

Oregon  or  Columbia l,4ii(i 

Red  River l,Oiio 

Ottawa ...  WO 

Nebraska  or  Platte 800 

DesMoincs 800 

Sliowing  a  total  of  2(>,238  miles  in  all,  and  only  of  the  rivers  above  3oo  miles  long  each. 

TIIE  GREAT  LAKES. 

With  the  exception  of  Michigan  and  Champlain,  none  of  the  great  lakes  of  Nortli  Amer- 
■i,>n  lie  wholly  -within  tlie  territory  of  the  United  States ;  the  others  are  on  the  northern 
boundary,  where  they  form  a  connected  chain,  extending  through  a  distance  of  more  than 
1200  miles.  The  first  in  the  chain  is  Lake  Superior,  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  on  the 
globe.  Few  persons  are  really  aware  of  the  magnitude  of  these  great  lakes;  they  are  truly 
inland  seas,  and  navigation  is  as  dangerous,  and  subjected  to  all  the  vicissitudes  which  are 
connected  with  the  navigation  of  the  Baltic,  the  Black  Sea,  or  the  Mediterranean. 

Lake  Champlain,  lying  between  Vermont  and  New  York,  is  128  miles  long,  and  from  1 
to  16  miles  wide,  and  discharges  its  waters  throngh  the  Sorel  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  It  is 
computed  that  the  lakes  contain  above  14,000  cubic  miles  of  water — a  quantity  more  than 
nve-sevenths  of  all  the  fresh  water  on  the  earth.  The  extent  of  country  drained  by  the 
lakes,  from  the  north-western  angle  of  Superior  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  including  also  the  area 
of  the  lakes  themselves,  is  estimated  at  335,616  square  miles. 


LAKES — aOVERNMENT  OF  UNITED  STATES. 


21 


Florida.  It  i« 
lilch  t\»p*  i"  tl"* 
-wi'Kl  fXti'i'iiiity 
i,H  till'  l.oiiiKliiry 

two  lar^e  rivors, 

,,f  rivers  tlowing 
,  Trinity.  ISrazox, 

be  minutely  Jc- 


Ih-west,  fiill«  i"*^** 
111  trilmtiiriei«nr« 
iolijoiii  it  on  lt« 
in  the  neiijliliour- 
UK,  but  voasfl*  of 

nini'ii'oo. 

liiiii!',  fuiptii'S  into 

nitcd  Stiit.'s).  How 

[iulf  of  C'alit'oi'niii, 

vers. 

,  l)i('  boiindiiry  l^-'''- 

)1'  tliis  work. 


i.-.O 

ntLiikwl....  -^^"l 
...     t~^ 

iWO 

■■/_ i;o() 

lioO 

,'.    sriO 

...     K.MJ 

' :vM 

■"...    :no 

'''''/,[ aio 

liles  long  each. 


likes  of  North  Amer- 
are  on  the  northern 
istance  of  more  thau 

f  fresh  water  on  the 
lakes;  they  are  truly 
/icissitudes  which  are 
Mediterranean. 
lik's  long,  and  from  1 

St.  Lawrence.  It  is 
a  quantity  more  than 
untry  drained  by  the 
acluding  also  the  area 


The  foll()win>?  in  a  taimlar  utatement  of  the  extent  of  these  fresh-water  8cas,  with  the  mean 
dei>th  of  their  waters,  and  their  elevation  almvo  the  ten : — 


Jfamtn. 


Jfeiin  Length.        Menu  Breiidth,  Artti, 


Meiin  Hf/ith.        Xttp,  iihoee  Sfii. 


Lake  Siiporior 4iiii  niiles so  inlies .TJ.onOsq.  m !<oo  feet ."mi  feet. 


Mieliij;im .'i'ju 

lluriin 'Jill 

(ircon  lliiy  .. .  loo 

Krie '.MO 

Ontiirio Iso 

.St.  Cluir i!0 


70 

HO 
!iO 

40 
14 


'-"J,4oo 

20,4110 
y.ooi) 

rt,;ioo 
yc.o 


1,000 
1,00(1 

l.ooo 

H-l 

.    .loo 
w 


.'.7s 
.'.7s 
.■■ill.', 

670 


GOVERNMENT  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

Tiir  gnvernniont  of  the  United  States  is  a  federal  democratic  Republic.  It  Is  based  on 
the  Constitution  of  1787,  ond  amendments  thereto. 

The  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  several  State  Legislators  ore  qualitied 
eleetors  in  tiie  States  respectively  for  all  elective  odieers  of  the  fjeneral  i^overnment. 

All  lej;isliitive  powers  are  vested  in  Congress,  which  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives. 

Tile  "  House  of  Representatives"  (occupyini;  the  position  of  "House  of  Commons"  of 
Ilritain)  is  composed  of  members  chosen,  ever}'  second  year,  by  tiie  people  of  tlie  several 
States,  and  in  number  in  'icoordanco  with  the  population  of  each,  and  in  order  to  ascertain 
the  nuinl)er  each  Slate  is  entitled  to,  a  census  is  taken  every  ten  years,  e.xchidiiii;  from  the 
enumeration  for  this  object  two-thirds  of  the  slaves,  and  all  Indians  not  taxed.  Kaeh  State 
is  entitled  to  at  least  (uie  representative.  Vacancies  are  tilled  by  intermediate  elections. 
The  House  chooses  its  s])eaker  and  other  officers.  No  person  under  '25  years  of  aifc,  who 
has  been  less  than  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  is  not  a  resident  of 
the  State  electing  him,  is  (|ualifle(l  for  ri'presentative. 

The  Constitution  j)roviiled  for  a  speciHc  number  of  representatives  from  each  State  to 
compose  the  House  until  the  ascertainment  of  the  population  under  the  census  of  1700 ;  but 
since  tlieii  lei{islation  has  decennially  fixed  the  number  to  be  elected.  From  the  3d  of 
March,  17'.iH,  the  apportionment  was  one  representative  to  every  33,00(1  of  the  representa- 
tive population ;  after  18fi3,  one  to  every  33,000  also;  after  1813,  one  to  every  35,000; 
after  1S'>3,  one  to  every  -lO.tMiO;  after  1833,  one  to  every  47,000;  after  1843,  one  to  every 
70,t;Ki);  and  after  3d  of  March,  1853,  233  representatives  to  be  divided /)ro  rata  to  the  sev- 
eral States. 

In  addition  to  these  representatives  from  States,  the  House  odmits  a  delegate  from  each 
organized  territory,  who  has  the  right  to  debate  on  subjects  in  which  his  territory  Is  inter- 
ested, but  cannot  vote.     California  has  two  members  by  a  special  act. 

Tlie  "Seiuite"  (or  U|)per  House)  consists  of  two  members  from  each  State,  elected  by  the 
Legislatures  thereof  respectively  for  six  years.  One-third  the  whole  body  is  renewed  bien- 
nially, and  if  vacancies  happen,  by  resignation  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  any  Stjite,  the  executive  of  such  Sfilte  makes  a  temporary  appointment  until  the 
next  meeting  of  the  Legislature,  which  fills  such  vacancy.  Senators  must  be  at  least  thirty 
years  old,  must  have  been  citizens  of  the  United  Stotes  for  nine  yeors,  and  be  residents  of 
the  State  bj-  which  chosen.  Each  senator  has  one  vote.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States  is  ex  officio  President  of  the  Senate,  but  a  president  pro  tempore  is  elected  by  and 
from  among  the  senators,  who,  in  the  absence  of  the  president,  acts  in  his  stead. 

The  Constitutional  governtnent  went  into  operation  on  the  4tli  of  March,  1789,  but  a 
quorum  of  the  first  Congress,  which  met  at  the  city  of  New  York,  was  not  formed  until  the 
6th  of  April,  nor  was  the  first  President  of  the  United  Stotes  inaugurated  before  the  3()th 
of  April. 

Besides  its  ordinary  legislative  capacity,  the  Senate  is  vested  with  certain  judicial  func- 
tions, and  its  members  constitute  a  High  Court  of  Impeachment  No  person  can  be  con- 
victed by  this  court  unless  on  the  finding  of  a  majority  of  senators,  nor  does  judgment  ex- 


1 


{ 


I 


I 


sr;nt 


m 


22 


rUKaiUKXTS  of  the   united  8TATE8. 


t.'iid  fiirllicr  tlmn  to  ruinovul  from  oIIIim)  iukI  «lU(iimllHdillori,  Uopr.'UPiitiitlvcii  tiavf  tlic 
»ol«'  power  of  iiiipi'iiclinictif. 

Tin- Kxwiitivo  I'owt'r  in  v.'nto.l  in  ii  I'rc«i'l.'iit,  who  W  I'loci.d  l.y  iiii  Kl.'ctonil  ('oll.'«.'. 
choHt'ii  l.y  popular  vote,  or  liy  tin-  b'^i.-liiliirf  of  tlio  Stiilf,  tin-  iiuiiilu'r  of  tlfclor«  luiiig 
tqiml  to  the  niiiiilHTof  wimtorrt  iiikI  roprfHcntiillvo*  from  thoSiati'H  to  ( 'oiii,'r<'w.  IIIh  term 
of  ollicc  i»  four  yciirn,  Imt  lie  Ik  cliijllplf  for  r"<'leclioii  irwl.'fiiiilcl)-.  Thf  I'liotorn  foriiiiiii^ 
the  colli gf,  iiro  themselves  chtwcn  in  the  immiier  prenerihed  l.y  the  Iiiwh  of  the  Hevenil 
Htiites.  A  limjority  of  the  agj^regate  number  of  votes  ){iveii,  \»  iiooenmiry  to  tlio  election  of 
President  and  VieepreHident,  an<l  if  none  of  the  eandidutes  has  siieh  a  nmjorlly,  I  lien  tlio 
eleetiim  of  IVesideMt  is  determined  hy  the  Iloiiso  of  Kepresenlalives,  and  that  of  the  Vieo- 
Presidont  by  tlie  Senate,  from  oiiioiij?  tlio  three  cundidateH  haviiii,'  the  liiu'li.st  niiml>er  of 
electoral  Votes,  and  in  doing  bo,  the  vote  is  taken  by  States,  the  representatives  of  each 
State  having  only  one  vote,  whicli  must,  of  course,  bo  determined  by  a  inajorily  of  tlii'ir 
number.  No  person  can  bo  I'resideiit  or  Vice  President  who  is  not  a  nativeborn  ('itizen, 
of  the  age  of  tliirtyfivo  yeara,  and  who  Ims  been  a  resident  of  the  United  States  for  fourteen 
vear*.  The  President  U  cominander-incliief  of  the  army  and  navy,  and  of  the  militia  when 
in  the  service  of  the  Union.  With  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  Si'imle,  he  has  llio 
|x>wer  to  make  treaties,  a|>poiiit  civil  and  military  otlicers,  levy  war,  conclude  peuci',  ami 
do  all  that  rightly  belongs  to  the  Executive  Power.  He  has  a  veto  on  all  laws  passed  by 
Congress,  but  so  (pialitied,  that  notwithstanding  his  disapj.roval,  any  bill  beeomes  a  law 
on  its  being  afterward  approvcil  of  by  two-tliii'<lf  of  both  Houses  of  I 'on nn  ss.  The  I'resi- 
deiit has  a  salary  of  ijc.>5,0(K>  per  annum,  and  "  tho  White  House"  at  Washington  for  n  resi- 
dence, during  his  otticial  term.  The  Vice-President  is  fx  iitjirio  Presid4'nt  of  the  Senate; 
and  in  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  or  other  disaliility  of  the  I'ri'sident,  the  powers  and 
duties  of  that  ofKce  devolve  u]ion  him  for  the  reriiainder  of  the  tiTiii  for  wliieli  the  Presi- 
dent had  been  elected.  In  case  of  the  disability  of  tlie  Vice-President,  the  I'resideiit  of  the 
Senate  pro  tempore  takes  his  jilaee. 

The  present  President  is  the  Hon.  James  IJuchannn. 

Annexed  is  a  list  of  Presidents  from  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  in  ITH'.t,  to  the  jiree- 
ent  "  reign"  of  the  Hon.  James  Buchanan,  now  President  of  the  United  States  : — 

PRESIDENTS   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


2i'ame», 


When  Born,    i   IniiiiguraM. 


George  Washington.  Feb.  )i->,  IT^-..  April  .'!,    17--II.. 

John  Adams Oct.  In,  IT.'i-'). .  .March  4,  IT'JT. . 

Thomas  JcHeison. ..  Ainil  'J,  17-t;!. .      "       4,  l«ul.. 

James  .Miidison March  li>,  17")1.     "       4,  Isir.t,. 

James  Monroe April  ••,  17')'.'..      "       4,  1x17.. 

John  Qiiincv  Adunis.  July  11,  17t'>7. .      "       4,  Isii,').. 

Andrew  Jackson March  l.";,  1707     "      4,  lS2y.. 

Martin  Van  IJuren..  Decern.  r>,  1782  "  4,  ^37.. 
William  II.  Harrison  Feb.  U,  1773. . .     "       4,  fNl. . 

\  ' (    Succeeded  1 

John  Tyler March  aO,  171)0  i  to  the  ollice  >■ 

I  (  of  President  ( 

James  K.  Polk ;Nov.  2,  179.5. . .  March  4,  1X4'). . 

Zachary  Taylor Nov.  24,  1790.  .■    "       4,  lH4y.. 

I  !  I    Succeeded   | 

Millard  Fillmore IMuy  7,  1800. . .  -^  to  the  otUce  V 

I  I  of  President ) 

Franklin  Pierce Nov.  2.'?,  1804. .  March  4,  1803. . 

James  Buchanan JApril  23,  171(2.:    "       4,  1857. . 


Con  fill  iiiincf  Pieil,  Xiilire  of 

\        ill  (ifflrf, 

s  years Dec.   M,  17'.''.i.  Virj;liiia. 

4'    "     Iiilv  4,  Is-.'ii.  .  .Muss. 

H      "     lul'v  4,  lM'7..  Virginia. 

s      "     lunu  2S,  ls;t(!. 

■  i      "     lulv  4,   ls:ll.. 

4      "     Feb.  23,  Is  is..  Mass. 

,C      "     lune  8,  1845. .  S.  Carolina. 

\i      "     Xc(v  Vork. 

I  month April4, 1841..  Virginia. 

3  years  and  )  i  i        i. 

II  months  f  i I 

!  '  I 

4  yeara June  \f>,  1849.  N.  Carolina. 

1  yr.4  mos. .  July  9,  isr.u.  .Virginia. 

2yearsand)l 'xew  York. 

8  months.  |  j  I 

4  years ! New  Hump. 

iAt  present.. I ,Peiin. 


Tlie  administrative  business  of  the  nation  is  conducted  by  several  ortieers,  with  the  title 
of  secreUries,  etc.,  who  form  what  is  termed  the  "  Cabinet"  Tliese  ore  tlie  Secretary  of 
State,  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  the 
PostmaBter-General,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  the  Attomey-Genei-ul— the  last  being 


tJve»  have  tlio 

;reii».     Hi*  •»•'■'" 
Icotori*  foriniiii? 
Hof  llir  c.'Vflill 
1,  ill.'  clci'liim  "( 
j..rily,  tlK'ii  '•'*-' 
iiiit  of  tlif  Vlce- 
;li.r.t  iiuiiil»'r  "f 
nlalivi'it  (if  I'iK'li 
iinj.iriiy  of  ttii'lr 
ivi'lmni  cilia!'''!, 
iiti's  riii'l'imrifi'ii 
til.'  mililiii  wlu'n 
I'imic,  li>'  liiiA  tlio 
chill.'  pini'.',  nixl 
1  liiws  |iiiss.'(l  liy 
Ih'CHikm  II  Irtw 
■r,  ^^.     Tlio  Presl- 
liiiirtoii  fi>r  IV  i'<'si- 
I  of  tlu'  S.'iiat.'; 
I,  the  powiTi*  niitl 
•  wliicli  III.'  I'rt'^i- 
0  I'v.siil.-iil  of  llie 


1780,  to  the  pre«- 
att'S : — 


Xiitlre  of 

'.''.'.  Virninirt. 
I'l. .  Mass. 
^•.i7. .  Viiniiiirt. 
ls:!i;. 
s:n.. 

sis ..  Muss. 
s4.^. .  S.  Ciiroliim. 

Now  York. 

yl\..  Virginia. 

I  ** 

1S4'J.  N.Carolina. 

8r)0..  Virginia. 

Sow  York. 

Now  Hump. 

IVnn. 

icrs,  with  the  title 
'e  the  Secretary  of 
,f  the  Troftsury,  tlie 
erul— the  last  being 


THE  HON.  JAMF]S  BUCHANAN, 

rnHSlDKNT   OK    THE    ll.NlTKD    ST.\TM. 

IIavino  fjivrn  a  portrait  of  tlio  greftt.<'9t  nmonijst  the  dopnrted  of  America's  public  men, 
we  siilii.iin  what  is  coiiM.l.'r.'d  to  b.'  an  .'xooUcnt  lik.'ii.'ss  of  the  greatest  man  in  political 
Hlandiiij;  at  the  ])r.'s.'iil  tiiii.',  we  nieuii  the  Hon.  James  IJiichanan,  who  now  tills  the  presi- 
dential chair  .>f  tli.'  rnitcd  States,  ami  who  j)revioiisly  held  the  jiosition  of  arabassador  to 
(ii'cat  l')rit:rni,  diiriiii;  the  (ieiieral  Pierce  adniinistration,  up  to  IS.'iO. 

Mr.  HiU'haiiaii  is  about  (It)  years  of  aije,  and,  although  his  head  is  of  snowy  whiteness,  he 
steius  t.>  bear  his  age  rt'iu'irkubly  wellj#klli>  has  n.  vor  ticen  married.  His  vital  tempera- 
ment is  |)re.loTiiiiianf,  iiiul  all  the  .  lemcnts  of  health  ami  louircvity  are  very  apparent.  He 
is  not  a  man  of  iiit.'iisity  an.l  euthusiusm,  like  Jackson  and  Clay,  but  is  cool,  self-possessed, 
careful,  iiDii-i'omiiiittiil  and  ])riid.'iit,  like  Van  lUiren ;  more  disposed  to  go  with  circum- 
stnuees  than  to  ste])  forth  and  control  and  moidd  them  on  the  basis  of  his  own  will. 

He  was  born  iu  the  c.iuiity  of  Franklin,  I'eiinsylvania,  of  comparatively  humble,  but 
honest  and  industrious  parents.  Although  he  obtained  a  classieal  and  academical  educa- 
tion, he  may  b.-  ealled  the  arehiteet  of  his  own  fortune.  He  studied  for  the  profession  of 
the  law  in  Lancaster  county,  I'ennsylvaniii,  which  has  ever  remained  as  his  home,  and 
wlierc  he  rose  to  a  high  posilinn  in  the  legal  jirofession. 

He  remain. 'd  as  a  member  of  Congress  for  10  years,  from  1820  to  1831 ;  afterwards  he 
filled,  with  great  aliility,  the  post  of  ambassador  at  the  Court  of  Hussia,  and  was  instru- 
mental ill  s.'euring  fin'  his  country  the  eommerce  of  the  Uussian  ports  in  the  Baltic  and 
Black  Seas.  Aftci-  l..j  return  from  Uussia  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate,  to  which  he  was 
twice  re-el.'cteil,  and,  in  184.5,  tilled  the  first  seat,  as  Secretary  of  State,  in  the  Cabinet  of 
the  Polk  administration.  After  returning  from  being  ambassador  at  Greot  Britain,  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  United  States  on  the  4th  of  March,  1867. 


UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS. 


23 


the  official  law  authority  for  advisement  in  administrative  affairs.     Each  of  these  presides 
over  a  separate  department. 

Tlie  "  Department  of  State"  was  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  16tli  of  September, 
1789  ;  by  a  previous  Act  of  the  27th  of  July,  1789,  it  was  denominated  the  Department  of 
Foreign  Affairs.  It  embraced,  until  tlie  establishment  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  in 
1849,  what  in  some  other  governments  ore  styled  the  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs  and 
Home  Department;  but  the  duties  now  being  divided,  it  confines  its  operations  almost  en- 
tirely to  foreign  matters,  and  hence  its  original  title  might,  with  propriety  and  convenience, 
be  restored. 

The  Sevreiari/  of  State  conducts  all  treaties  between  the  United  States  and  foreign  pow- 
ers, and  corresponds  officially  with  the  public  ministers  of  the  government  at  foreign  courts, 
and  with  ministers  of  foreign  powers,  resident  in  the  United  States.  He  is  intrusted  with 
the  publication  of  all  treaties  with  foreign  powers,  preserves  the  originals  of  all  treaties  and 
of  the  public  correspondence  growing  out  of  international  intercourse;  grants  passports  to 
AmeriiMin  citizens  visiting  foreign  States,  etc.  He  has  charge  of  the  Great  Seal  of  the 
United  States,  but  cannot  affix  it  to  any  commission  until  signet'  by  the  President,  nor  to 
any  instrument  without  authority  of  the  President.  Salary  of  Secretary  of  State,  $6,000 
per  annum  (£1200  stg.) 

Tliis  department  has  subject  to  it  the  Diplomatic  Bureau,  and  the  Consular  Bureau.  The 
United  States  are  represented  by  Ministers  Plenipotentiary  at  the  Courts  of  Great  Britain, 
France,  Russia,  Prussia,  Spain,  Mexico,  Cen  ral  America,  Brazil,  and  Chili ;  by  Commission- 
ers at  the  Court  of  Pekin  (Ciiina), and  at  the  Sandwich  Islands;  by  a  Minister  Resident  at 
the  Sublime  Porte,  and  to  the  Swiss  Confederation,  and  at  other  courts  by  Charges  des  Af- 
faires ;  and  United  States'  Consuls  are  stationed  ot  oil  the  important  commercial  ports  iu 
the  world.  Foreign  Ministers  accredited  to  tho  Government  of  the  United  States,  are  En- 
voys F.xtrnordinary  and  Ministers  Plenipotentiary  from  Great  Britain,  Russia,  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  France,  Spain,  Chili,  New  Grenada,  Brazil,  Mexico,  and  Peru;  Ministers 
Resident  from  Portugal,  Prussia,  and  Belgium  ;  and  Charges  des  Affaires  from  Denmark, 
AuPtrin,  Holland,  Sweden,  Naples,  Sardinia,  Venezuela,  and  Nicaragua.  Foreign  Consuls 
from  all  eomniercial  nations  reside  in  the  several  collection  districts  of  the  Union. 

Ilic  "  Department  of  the  Interior"  was  established  V)y  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  30th 
of  March,  1849.  The  Sccretari/  of  the  Interior  is  intrusted  with  the  supervision  and 
nuinagi'iu'"  ';  of  all  matters  connected  with  the  public  domain,  Indian  affairs,  pen- 
sions, patents,  public  buildings,  the  census,  the  penitentiary  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
the  expenditures  of  the  Federal  Judiciary,  etc.  Each  of  these  interests  is  managed  in  a 
separate  bureau  or  office,  the  inunediate  head  of  which  is  styled  Commissioner,  Superin- 
tendc'Ut,  or  Warden,  as  tiie  case  may  be.  Salary  of  Secretary  of  Interior,  $6000  per  annum 
(£1200  stg.) 

Tiic  "  Department  of  the  Treasury"  was  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  2d  of  Sep- 
tember, 1789.  The  Secretari/  of  the  Treasury  superintends  all  the  fiscal  concerns  of  the  gov- 
ernment, and  upon  his  own  responsibility  recommends  to  Congress  measures  for  improving 
the  condition  of  the  revenue.  All  public  accounts  are  finally  settled  at  this  department; 
and,  for  this  purpose,  it  is  divided  into  the  office  of  the  Secretary,  who  has  the  general 
superintendance,  the  offices  of  the  two  Controllers,  the  offices  of  the  six  Auditors,  the 
office  of  the  Conmiissioner  of  Customs,  the  Treasurer's  office,  the  Registrar's  office,  the  Soli- 
citor's office,  and  the  office  of  the  Coast  Survey.  Assistant  Treasurers'  offices  are  alsr  es- 
tablished at  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Charleston,  New  Orleans,  and  St»  Louis.  Sal- 
ary of  Secretary  of  tin;  Treasury,  $6000  per  annum  (£1200  stg.) 

The  '  Department  of  War"  was  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  7th  of  August,  1789, 
and,  at  first,  embraced  not  only  military,  but  also  naval  aft'airs.  The  Secretary  of  War 
superintends  every  branch  of  military  affairs,  and  has  under  his  immediate  direction  the 
Adjutnnt-tieneral's  office,  the  Quartermaster-General's  Bureau,  the  Paymaster's  Bureau,  the 
Subsistence  Bureau,  the  Medical  Bureau,  the  Engineer  Bureau,  the  Topographical  Bureau, 
tlie  Ordnance  Bureou,  etc.,  and  the  department  has  the  superintendence  of  the  erection  of 


I 


'A 


'!( 


HI;' 


24  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  DEPARTMENTS. 

fortifications,  of  making  public  surveys,  and  other  important  services.    Salary  of  Secretary 
of  War,  $6000  per  annum  (£1200  stg.) 

The  "  Department  of  the  Navy"  was  created  by  an  Act  of  Congress  of  the  80th  of  April, 
1798.  The  Scn-etary  of  the  Navy  issues  all  orders  to  tlie  naval  forces,  and  superintends  na- 
val affairs  generally.  Attached  to  the  Department  nro— a  Bureau  of  Docks  and  Navy 
Yards,  a  Bureau  of  Ordnance  and  Hydrography,  a  Bureau  of  Construction,  Equipment,  and 
Repairs,  a  Bureau  of  Provisions  and  Clothing,  a  Bureau  of  Medical  and  f^urgicnl  Instru- 
ments, etc. ;  and  the  National  Observatory  at  Wasliington  is  under  the  control  of  the  Navy 
Department.  The  ministerial  duties  of  these  several  Bureau.x  were  formerly  exercised  by 
a  Board  of  Navy  Commissioners.  (Salary  of  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  $0000  per  annum 
(£1200  stg.) 

Tiie  "  Department  of  the  Post-Oflice"  was  established  under  the  authority  of  the  Old  Con- 
gress. The  Postmaster- General  has  the  chief  direction  of  all  postal  arrangements  with  for- 
eign states,  as  well  as  within  the  federal  limits.  The  general  business  is  managed  by  three 
Assistant  Postmasters-General,  who  preside  respectively  over  the  Contract  oftice,  the  Ap- 
pointment office,  and  the  Inspection,  etc.,  offices.  Salary  of  Postmaster-General,  f  OOOO  per 
annum  (£1200  stg.) 

The  "  Attorneys-General,"  who  are  considered  as  forming  a  part  of  the  Cabinet,  and  who 
are  the  constitutional  advisers  and  defendants  of  the  government,  are  generally  men  of  the 
greatest  acquirements  i'.i  their  profession.  Salaries  of  Attorneys-General,  $4000  per  annum 
(£800  stg.) 

The  judicial  powers  of  the  United  States  are  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  and  in  sueh  other 
inferior  courts  as  Congress  maj',  from  time  to  time,  establixh.  The  present  judicial  estal> 
Hshment  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court.  Circuit  Courts,  and  District  C<iurt8. 

Tiie  "  Supreme  Court,"  the  highest  judicial  tribunal  of  the  Union,  is  eomjiosed  of  a  Chief- 
Justice  and  eight  Associate  Justices,  tlie  Attorney-General,  a  Reporter,  and  (Merk.  This 
court  is  held  in  Woshington,  and  has  one  sesy-ion  annually,  commencing  on  tiie  first  .Monday 
in  December.  Salary  of  Cliicf  Justice  of  tlio  Supreme  Court,  $5,000  per  annum  (£l,()0ii 
stg.) 

The  appointment  of  all  judges  of  the  United  States  is  made  by  the  President,  by  and  with 
the  advice  of  the  Senate  ;  and  tlie  judges  hold  their  several  offices  during  good  beiiaviour, 
ond  can  be  removed  only  on  impeachment.  Their  compensation  is  fixed  by  law,  and  can- 
not be  diminished  during  their  period  of  office. 

The  foregoing  account  of  the  United  States,  for  the  most  part,  is  from  "  Colton'n  Gazetteer 
of  America." 


T 


e  80th  of  April, 
luperintends  na- 
ooks  and  Navy 
Equipmont,  and 
Suriiicnl  Iiistru- 
Irol  of  the  Navy 
rly  exercised  by 
iUOO  per  annum 

y  of  the  Old  Con-  . 
ements  with  for- 
innniied  by  three 
t  ottice,  the  Ap- 
ncral,  f  OrtOO  per 

:5abinet,  and  who 
'rally  men  of  the 
i!4uOO  per  nnnum 

and  in  pueh  other 
it  judicial  oi^tab- 

iiwsed  of  a  Chief- 
nnd  I'lerk.  Tliis 
I  the  first  Monday 
■r  annum  (t'l.dOO 

dent,  by  and  with 
good  behavi(Uir, 
by  law,  and  oan- 

Colton's  Gazetteer 


NEW  YORK. 


Is  our  di,3c;iption  of  the  great  city  of  the 
western  world,  we  slmll  avoid,  ns  far  as  possi- 
ble, nil  statistical  matter,  regarding  wliicti  am- 
ple information  may  be  had  in  works  exclusively 


devoted  to  such  details.  We  prefer  giving  a 
brief  account  of  tlie  citv  from  the  earliest  to  the 
I)resont  time,  and,  with  the  views  given  of  its 
magniticent  streets  and  buildings,  we  hope  to 


I— t 
ft 


5    w 


convey  to  our  readers  at  n  distance,  an  idea  of 
its  importance  ns  the  most  populous  cit3'  on  the 
whole  contiiient  of  America.  As  nuiy  be  known 
by  many.  New  York  was  discovered  in  \6W,  by 


an  Englislimnn  nnmod  Henry  Hudson,  at  that 
tin;e  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch— and  in  ItilS, 
the  settlement  of  the  Island  was  commenced, 
under  the  title  of  New  Amsterdam.    In  IG^l,  a 


€ 


26 


CITY  OF  NEW   YORK — LOCALITIES — BUSINESS,   ETC. 


/ 


A 


I    i 


Dutch  West  India  compuiiy  commenced  opeiii- 
tions  upon  it,  and  in  HJL'iJ,  pnrcliased  tlie  whole 
island  Ironi  the  Indians  (llie  Manhattans)  (or 
the  paltry  sum  of  i':;.".,  (£.')  st(;.  i  the  exports 
alone  that  vcar  aniountinj;  to  .»ilV0(i.  It  was 
thus  held  t"ill  }M-i,  when  it  was  taken  by  the 
English.  Charles  the  lid,  then  king,  changed 
its  name  to  that  of  New  York,  in  honour  of 
James  the  ;id,  who  then  bore  the  title  of  Duke 
of  York  and  Albany.  In  lOMJ,  James  the  -Id,  then 
king,  abolished  the  representative  .system,  and, 
as  ali'ording  one  of  the  numerous  ])roofs  of  his 
kingly  bigotry,  took  it  into  his  head  to  pro- 
hibit'the  use  of  the  printing-press. 

It  was  retaken  from  the  hnglish  by  the  Dutch 
in  liiT.'i,  retaken  again  in  I'lTl  by  the  Knglish, 
and  held  by  them  till  the  Revolutionary  ])eriod 
of  177tJ-17N3,  when  it  was  tinally  evacuated  by 
the  British  armv,  thus  ending  British  rule  on 
the-J.Mh  Xovemljer,  ir-*;!.  In  lsl2-13,  another 
war  broke  out  between  Great  Britain  and  Amer- 
ica, but  not  leading  to  New  York  changing 
hands  once  more.  Notwithstanding,  tlierefore, 
war.s,  fevers,  fires,  great  commercial  disasters, 
cholera,  etc.,  etc.,  the  city  has  gone  on  progres- 
sively, fnmi  u  iiopiihition  of  lia,i)14  in  ITs'i,  to 
upwards  of  O(ni,0oo  in  18.VJ. 

New  Yolk  is  situate<l  upon  what  is  called 
Maiiliattan  Island — a  strip  of  land  1;!J  miles 
long,  by  one  mile  and  three-liflhs  average 
width,  (ireatest  breadth,  at  »3d  street,  is  two 
miles  and  one-third.  In  all,  about  '22  square 
miles,  or  14,0o0  acres.  It  rises  gradually  above 
the  level  of  the  water  around  the  sides,  whilst 
the  greater  part  of  it  is  level,  or  been  rendered 
SO.  It  is  very  compactly  built  upon  for  about 
•5  miles,  in  straight  lines  from  the  point  at  the 
Battery  end  of  it.     The  streets,  for  the  most 

Sart,  are  laid  out  in  a  convenient  and  easily  un- 
erstood  plan.  The  streets  commenciug  at 
Houston  street,  (one  mile  from  the  City  llall,  i 
are  classed  into  14  regular  "avenues,"  as  they 
are  called,  which  are  crossed  at  right  angles  by 
iriO  streets,  numericallv  designateil.  Some  of 
the  streets  are  crooked  and  narrow,  but  gene- 
rally speaking,  they  are  wide  and  spacious — 
rungiug  from  OO  to  'VM  feet  wide.  The  greatest  i 
fault  a  stranger  is  likely  to  find  with  th'j  streets  i 
is  the  hithy  state  the  most  of  them  are  in — as 
if  there  were  neither  scavengers  nor  paviours 
in  the  city. 

New  York  is  bounded  on  fiie  north  by  the 
Uarleiu  River — which  separates  Manhattan  Is- 
land from  the  main  land ;  on  the  east  bv  the 
East  River,  which  separates  it  from  Long  [sfand ; 
on  the  south  by  the  harbour,  and  o-i  the  west 
by  the  North,  or  Hudson  River,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  New  Jersey. 

The  width  of  the  East  River  is  from  one-third 
to  half  a  mile,  and  that  of  the  North  River  from  , 
1  to  1|  miles.  | 

Navigation  is  open  throughout  all  the  year. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  the  harbour  of 
New  York  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the 
world— presenting  one  of  the  finest  speelaeles 
on  a  fine  day — with  its  ])iers  crowded  with  ships 
of  all  nations — the  numbers  of  dean-looking 
steamers  passing  up  and  down,  and  the  beauty 
of  the  .scenery  on  the  opposite  shores,  and  on 
every  side.  ; 

The  defences  are  placed  at  the  Narrows— on 
Long  Island  side,  and  on  Stateii  Island  -and  in 
the  East  Uiver  at  Throg's  Neck  ;  whilst  within 
the  harbour  are  batteries  on  Bedloe's  and  Ellis 
Islands,  Governor's  Island,  Castle  William,  and 
South  Uattery — commanding  every  point  of  en- 
trance.   We  may  safely  say,  that' nearly  every 


branch  of  manufactures  is  carried  on  in  New- 
York,  excepting  in  the  great  items  of  cotton 
and  wool— whilst  its  commerce  extends  to  ev- 
erv  corner  of  the  American  continent,  as  well 
as"  all  over  the  woihl,  wherever  the  iiaturjl 
l)r()diicts  of  the  earth,  or  manufactures,  are  to 
be  bought,  sold,  ov  exchanged.^  The  public 
buildings  are  very  numerous.  We  anne.x  a  list 
elsewhere,  together  with  engravings  of  a  tew  of 
the  principal  ones,  together  with  a  list  of  such 
l)laces  of  interest  and  amusenient  as  the  stran- 
ger will  be  pleased  in  visiting. 

The  streets  where  the  private  residences  are, 
are  elegant  in  the  extreme.  We  allude  more 
])articularly  to  such  as  4th  and  .'ith  Avenues, 
and  Unioii  and  Madison  Sciuares,  where  the 
most  stately  mansions  will  be  found,  tinislied 
off  ill  first-rate  style,  mostly  built  of  a  browii- 
coloiiivd  stone.  In  sumiuer,  with  the  rows  of 
trees  along  each  side  of  the  streets,  their  fine 
apiiearance  will  at  once  attract  the  adiniratioii 
of  the  stranger. 

The  jirineipal  street  for  bankers,  ingurance 
ollices,  etc.,  is  Wall  street— the  Lombard  street 
of  America. 

For  wholesale  dry  goods  stores — Pearl,  Wil- 
liam, Broad,  i'ine,  "Ceilar,  Liberty  streets.  Col- 
lege Place,  and  Vesey  street. 

For  wholesale  grocers,  and  coniniission  and 
shi|i|iing  merchants — Water  and  Front  streets. 
1'  or  heavy  dry  goods  and  variety  stores,  Grand 
and  Catharine  streets., 

For  hardware— Beekman,  Piatt,  John  and 
I'earl  streets. 

For  booksellers  and  publishers,  binderies, 
etc.— Nassau  and  William  Streets. 

For  Jewellers— .Maiden  lane,  Courtland  street, 
and  Broadway. 

For  boot  liiid  shoe  materials.  Ferry,  Jacob, 
and  Gold  streets 

Wl'.ilsl  Uroadway,  like  (!heapside  in  I^mdon, 
contains  an  oitiiiinni  i/iif/icn/m  of  all  sorts — 
from  the  selling  of  a  cup  of  cotlce  in  a  restaurant, 
to  a  ship  load  of  "Yankee  notions." 

The  wharves  extending  all  riMiiid  New  York 
nearly — the  vessels  placed  with  their  bows 
all  ])ointing  towards  the  city,  and  so  situated 
verv  eonvenientlv  for  loading  and  unloading, 
an<f  when  ready  for  sea,  have  only  to  drop  into 
•he  stream  and  are  carried  dow  n  and  out  to  sea, 
the  magiiilicent  river  and  bay  ali'ording  no  ob- 
structions in  the  shape  of  bars,  etc. 

The  stranger,  however,  who  has  been  accus- 
tomed to  look  at  the  shipping  in  the  stupendous 
docks  of  London  and  Liverpool,  will  at  once 
discover  the  poor  aecomiuodatiou  New  Y'ork 
affords  in  comparison  with  the  facilities  afliirded 
for  the  harbouring  or  dockage  of  vessels  in 
(ireat  Hritain.  Notwithstanding  this,  however, 
the  immense  shipping  business  of  the  |iort  of 
New  York  is  carried  on  somehow — the  ingenuity 
of  the  Americans  finding  ways  and  nieaii.s  to 
clear  their  vessels  with  promptitude  and  ease. 

Broadway  is  the  great  main  artery  of  the 
city,  through  which  people,  oiniiibuses,  wag- 
ons, and  carriages,  rush  in  one  incessant 
stream,  surging  backward  and  forward,  from 
the  earliest  hour  in  the  morning,  to  the  latest 
hour  at  night. 

A  walk  along  Broadway  will  disclose  pictures 
of  society — men  and  things,  in  all  conceivable 
variations  and  degrees,  fhere,  the  slouching 
"loafer"  will  be  seen,  close  to  the  "Broad.N-ay 
swell" — the  successful  miner.  Just  arrived  froiii 
the  Californiau  diggings,  alongside  of  the 
wealthiest  and  most  liandsoniely  dressed  lady 
in  li'ew  Y'ork,  who  is  out  for  her  walk  on  that 


od  on  in  New 
lonis  of  cotton 
I'Xtt'nds  to  ev- 
itini'ut,  us  well 
or  tlif  natural 
ractiiri's,  nil'  to 
1.  Till!  public 
^Vc  annex  a.  list 
ini;3of  a  lew  of 
h  11  list  uf  such 
lit  us  the  strau- 

rcsidtMices  nif, 
\,\ti  allude  more 
d  .Mh  Avenues, 
iiros,  where  the 

found,  finished 
iiilt  of  a  brown- 
rith  the  rows  ot 
treets,  their  line 
t  the  admiration 

nkers,  insurance 
.  Londjard  street 

,res— Pearl,  Wil- 
orty  streets,  Col- 

conindssion  and 
nd  Front  streets, 
itty  stores,  Grand 

I'latt,   John    and 

ishors,  binderies, 

•eets. 

,  Courthvnd  street, 

lals.  Ferry,  Jacob, 

unside  in  I^ndon, 
11,1  of  all  sorts- 
lice  in  a  restaurant, 

itions." 
round  New  \  ork 
with  their  bows 
V,  and  so  situated 
I'.r  iind  unloiidint;, 
.'only  to  drop  into 
,\vn  imdout  to  seu, 
ly  alVording  no  ob- 
li-s,  etc. 

lo  has  been  uccus- 
r  in  the  stupendou.l 
■pool,  will  at  once 
.datiou   New  York 
(■icililies  ullorded 
^;ilze   of  vessels  in 
lioi;  this,  however. 
,i,.>s  of  the  port  ol 
,,w— the  ingenuity 
IV s  and  means  to 
ijaitu<le  and  ease, 
iiain   artery  of  the 
omnibuses,  wai;- 
iu    one    incessant 
and  forward,  from 
irning,  to  the  latest 

■ill  disclose  pictures 
in  all  eonecivalde 

here,  the  slouchinj; 
to  the  "  Uroad.vay 

■I-  just  arrived  from 
aloni^side    of    the 

,„melv  dressed  lady 

or  her  walk  on  that 


NEW  YORK — BROADWAY   AND   CITY   HALL. 


27 


great  "vanity  fair" — the  newly-arrived  emi- 
grant from  Cireat  liriUun,  as  he  ({oes  papin^ 
along  ut  what  he  secM,  whilst  he  is  almost 


stupefied  with  the  bustle  anil  confusion  around 
liim.  It  is  entirely  dilh'rent  from  any  one  of  the 
great  thoroughfares  of  London,  whilst  it  com- 


IIROADWAY,  NEW  YORK. 


bines  the  features  of  all — the  bustle  und  throng 
of  Cheapside,  in  its  incessant  stream  of  onnii- 
buses  aiul  velileles  of  all  sorts — of  Ueiient  street, 
with  its  faslii(>iiat)le  jirotnenade  and  Imii  tan  of 
society— of  Oxford  street  und  Holborn,  with 
niiddre-clais  stores,  as  well  as  elegant  ware- 
houses, including  the  exclusively  wholesale 
stores  of  a  St.  Paul's  churchyard,  as  well. 
"The  other  chief  artery  of  the  city  is  tliat  of 
the  Howery  -partaking  very  much  of  Holborn, 
with  a  mixture  of  the  Whitechai)el  of  London^ 
where  a  large  amount  of  retail  business  is 
transacte<l. 

"  Thr  Citv  Hall  of  New  York— from  its  central 
position,  and  classic  marble  frontage -is  one  of 
the  finest  and  must  prominent  buildings  iu  the 


city.  The  front  and  two  ends  are  of  white 
marble,  and  the  back,  which  is  never  shone 
\i|)on  by  the  sun,  of  brown  sandstone.  The 
City  Hall  contains  n  gallery  of  historical  art, 
invaluable  to  the  lover  of  Knickerbocker  times. 
In  the  Oovernor's  Room,  enjoyed  by  the  public 
only  on  reception  days,  are  the  portraits  of  all 
the  governors  of  the  Stuto,  from  the  time  of 
Lewis,  and  of  the  mayors  of  the  city,  with 
several  of  the  presidents,  painted  by  artists  of 
national  reputation.  There  may  be  seen  Henry 
Hudson,  Columbus,  and  boats  of' other  worthies, 
while  the  archives  of  the  city  contain  u  vast 
amount  of  information  of  great  interest  to  the 
historian.  Resides  the  rooms  of  the  aldermen 
and  common  council,  there  was  in  former  times 
a  uoble  banqueting  hull  foi'the city  luagnatea." 


28 


THE  PARK  AND  CITY  HALL,   NEW  YORK. 


M 


i 


» 


THE  PARK  AND  CITY  HALL,  NEW  YORK. 


AdJBcent  to  the  City  Hull  is  the  old  Dchtor'a 
Prison,  now  the  Hall  of  Records,  the  old  Alms 
Ilouse,  entirely  appropriated  to  governnientul 
use. 

In  the  Park  are  held  public  meetings,  and  in 
front  of  the  Ci!y  Hall  are  planted  cannon,  which 
are  fired  by  the  respective  political  parties,  on 
the  achiev'enient  of  anv  party  victory,  us  well 
as  on  other  general  public  rejoicings.  The  Park 
forms  a  great  resort  for  the  citizens,  and  in  the 
hot  months  of  summer,  forms,  by  its  trees,  a 
delightful  shady  retreat. 

Last  year,  the  City  Hall  took  fire,  and  a  large 

fortion  of  tlie  upper  part  of  it  was  destroyed, 
t  is  now  being  re-built,  however. 

The  Nbw  York  Univehsitv,  situated  between 
Washington  Place  and  Waverly  Place,  fronts 
Washington  Square  towards  the  west,  forming 
a  noble  ornament  to  the  city,  being  built  of 
Westchester  marble,  and  exhibits  a  specimen 
of  the  English  collegiate  style  of  archifecture. 

The  building  is  isO  feet  long,  and  100  wide. 
It  was  founded  in  1831. 

"  In  front,  this  oblong  is  divided  into  five  parts 
— a  central  building,  with  wings  flunked  by 
towers,  one  rising  on  each  of  the  four  corners 
of  the  edifice.    Tnis  central  building  or  chapel 


is  superior  to  the  rest  in  breadth,  height,  and 
character,  and  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  England— a  master- 
piece of  pointed  architecture,  and  a  model  for 
succeeding  ages.  It  is  ,5>')  feet  broa<l,  and  85 
feet  deep,  including  the  octangular  turrets,  one 
of  which  rises  at  each  of  the  four  corners.  Tho 
two  ends  are  gabled,  and  are,  as  well  us  tho 
sides,  crowned  with  an  embattled  jjarupet.  The 
chapel  receives  its  jirincipal  light  fimn  a  win- 
dow in  the  western  end.  This  window  is  'l^ 
feet  wide,  and  ")ii  high.  From  the  central 
building,  or  chaiiel,  wings  project  right  and 
left,  the  windows  of  which  have  .s(|uaie  heads, 
witli  two  lights,  a  plain  transom,  and  the  upper 
division  trefoiled.  The  princijiul  entrunee  ia 
under  the  great  westeiu  window.  The  doors 
are  of  oak,  richly  ))unelled,  and  filled  with 
tracery  of  open  "work,  closely  studded  with 
bronze. 

"  The  institution  has  a  chancellor  and  eleven 
professors.  It  has  in  its  collegiate  dejiartment 
ITiO  students,  and  a  valuubh^  libraiy  nnd  i)hilo- 
sophicul  apparatus.  Connected  with  it  is  an 
extensive  grammar  school,  and  a  nourishing 
medical  department.  The  whole  number  of 
students  is  about  Too.  Commencement,  third 
Monday  in  July.  (See  next  page  for  engraving.) 


-^- 


NEW   YOKK   UNIVERSITY. 


29 


%^ 


W  .P^' 


'^•:-tr 


UNIVERSITY,  NEW  YORK. 


bremWi,  heiglit,  nnd 
it  siinilivr  to  tlint  ol 
Kimlanil-unmstcr- 
iire.uiul  u  luoileltor 
,  foot  brou<l,  and  *^^ 
tiins{ulurturieta,one 

,e  tour  corners.     1  no 
1  rtvo,  us  well  rts  <  '0 
buttled  paniiiet.     1."*- 
nul  lijil't  ''";n>  'v.win- 
Tliis  window  is  -* 
From    the    centriU 
irs  project   rinht   and 
^1  have  siiuiiie  lieaas, 
ransom,  and  the  upper 
iirincipal  ent ranee  18 
/window.    The  doors 
■Ued,   and   tilled   wi  h 
closely  studded  with 

chnneellor  nnd  eleven 
,  collefrinte  department 
able  lil)rarv  nnd  pln'o- 
,„„,,.t,.d  with  it. 18  an 
„„1,  nnd  n  tlourishmg 
l,c  whole  number  ot 
Commencement,  thiru 
ixtpnge  for  engraving.) 


S 


I'l 


"Tlie  chapel  i.s  probably  the  most  beautiful 
room  of  the  kind  in  America.  It  is  ojien  to  the 
public,  on  Sundays,  tor  reliixious  worship.  The 
Library  and  roonis  of  the  S'ew  Vork  Ilistorieal 
Societv  are  in  the  buildiiiji.  The  building  is 
accessible  to  the  visitor  at  all  times." 

"Tub  Tombs  occui)y  the  .space  between 
Centre,  Kim,  Leonard  and  Franklin  streets, 
tlie  site  of  an  old  tilthy  pond,  which  had 
its  outlet  through  Canal  street.  The  Halls  of 
Justice  is  a  mucTi-admired  specimen  of  modern- 
ized Egyptian  architecture.  It  is  built  of  light 
granite  from  Hallowell,  Maine.  It  is  2o3  feet 
long,  and  200  wide,  and  occupies  the  four  sides 
of  a  hollow  square,  with  a  large  centre  building 
within  the  area.  The  front  is  approached  by 
eight  steps,  leading  to  a  portico  ot  lour  massive 
Egyptian  columns.  Tlie  windows,  which  extend 
to  tlie  heiglit  of  two  stories,  have  massive  iron 
grated  frames,  surmounted  with  cornices,  orna- 
mented with  a  winged  globe  and  serpents.  The 
two  fronts  on  Leonard  and  Franklin  streets 
have  each  two  entrances,  with  two  mussive 
columns  each.  The  gloomy  aspect  of  this  build- 
ing has  won  for  it  the  general  name  of  "  The 
Tombs."  It  is  occupied  by  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sions, a  police  court,  nnd  some  other  court- 
rooms, besides  a  prison  for  male  and  female 


offenders  awaiting  trial.  The  open  court  within 
tlie  walls  is  used  as  u  place  of  execution  for 
State  criminals. 

Persons  can  gain  admittunce  on  application 
for  a  written  permit,  ut  the  keepers  room, 
between  10,  a.  m.  and  3,  i".  m." 

In  the  fore-ground  of  the  view  will  be  seen 
one  of  the  "  City  Railroad  Curs,"  noticed  else- 
where. 

Custom  House. — The  lower  engrnvmg  on  the 
following  page,  represents  the  Custom  House 
of  New  York,  situated  at  the  corner  of  Nas- 
sau and  Wall  streets. 

"The  Custom  House  has  the  form  and  solidity 
of  a  Greek  temple,  and  is  as  enduring  as  the 
jiyramids.  The  edifice,  of  white  marble,  is  200 
teet  long,  by  UO  in  width,  and  80  feet  high. 
Some  ot  the  blocks  weigh  .30  tons.  The  two 
fronts  have  S  Doric  columns,  nearly  0  feet  in 
diameter ;  the  sides,  1(5  heavy  pilasters.  A 
tlight  of  18  steps  from  Wall  street,  brings  the 
visitor  to  the  main  entrance.  The  Rotunda  is 
60  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  dome,  under  which 
the  four  deputy  collectors  have  desks,  is  sup- 

fiorted  in  part  by  16  Corinthian  pillars.  In  the 
ittlo  room  of  the  treasurer,  near  at  hand,  is  re- 
cei"ed  two-thirds  of  the  revenue  of  the  country. 
The  Custom  House  was  erected  between  the 


) 


J 


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HALLS  OF  JUSTICE,   OK  TIIK   TOMUS,   NEW   YOUK. 


f 


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1 

1 ' 

■ 

! . 

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n 

i 

i 

CUS.TOM-IIOUSE,   WALL  STKEET,   NEW   YORK, 


MKRt'n.VNTS'  EXCHANOK. 


ai 


MEKCUANTS'  EXCHANGE,  WALL  STREET,  NEW  YOUK. 


years   l«:i)-lHn,  and   cost,  inchuling  the   lot, 

if  1,1 '.!'), (11.111." 

The  iiiiumiit  of  iiccdiimiodiition  provided  for 
tlie  traiisaetioiis  (if  tlie  Custom  House,  appears 
to  he  totally  iiiadecjuale  to  the  iiiinieiise  amount 
of  business  luniished  by  the  poit. 

MKuriTAXTs'  ExcnANfiE. — The  above  engrav- 
inj^  repie>ents  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
eiistly  buildinsjs  in  America,  and  suriiassinp;  any 
other  in  the  eity  in  size  and  solidity  of  construc- 
tiiin.  "It  occupies  a  whole  square  of  jrround, 
and  has  a  front  of  'joo  feet  on  Wall  street,  with 
an  average  depth  of  MO  feet;  is  n  stories  hijj;h, 
ineludintc  the  basement,  aud  tire-proof  through- 
out, the  tloors  and  roof  being  entirely  of  masonry 
and  metal.  The  principal  material  is  brick-faced, 
with  massive  blocks  of  granite,  chielly  from  the 


inexhaustible  quarries  of  Quincy,  Massachu- 
setts. The  most  remarkable  features  of  this 
huge  building  are  its  graceful  i)ortico,  present- 
ing to  the  eye  a  facade  of  IH  Ionic  columns,  each 
nearly  40  feet  in  height,  and  upwards  of  i  feet 
in  diameter,  the  shafts  of  whicli  are  each  a  sin- 
gle stone  (wrought  in  the  most  perfect  manner, 
at  a  cost  of  ^.'iOOO, )  and  the  Rotunda,  or  Ex- 
i  change  Room,  which  is  Km)  feet  in  diameter, 
with  k  double  dome  of  brick,  surmounted  by  a 
vertical  sky-light,  with  njovable  sashel,  which 
allows  thorough  and  complete  ventilation. 
'  The  dome  is  supported  partly  by  8  massive 
'  Corinthian  columns  of  Italian  marble,  weigh- 
ing41  tons  each,  in  very  large  sections,  imported 
expres.sly  for  the  purpose."  The  floor  is  llaggod 
with  tbesame  nuiterial,  and  altogether  the  room 
is  one  of  the  linest  in  America. 


y 


J 


Is 


'VI 


I      S^ 


82 


NEW   YOKK  FKKK  ACADEMY. 


"TnB  FiiEK  iVcADEMY  IS  On  Lexington  avenue, 
corner  of  Tsventy-tliird  street,  una  may  eiisilv 
be  reached  by  taking;  a  Uroiic'way  and  Fonrtli 
avenue  onniibus,  or  the  Harlem  rail-cars,  ojmo- 
site  the  Astor  House.  The  buildinj;  is  Hd  feet 
wide,  by  125  feet  deep,  and  is  intended  to 
accoinmbdate  1,000  pupils.  It  is  in  the  style 
of  the  town-halls  of  tlie  Netherlands,  and  is 
well  adapted  for  its  purpose,  besides  being  a 
conspicuous  ornameut  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
city. 


The  coat  of  the  ground  was  A-'iT.siO,  of  tlie 
building,  i*75,00o,  while  the  various  appliances 
of  apparatus  and  furniture  have  cost  ifsaO.HfiT. 
The  only  requisites  for  admission  are  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  branches  taught  in  the  public 
schools;  it  being  also  required  that  the  appli- 
cant should  have  been  a  i)\ipil  in  one  of  tliese 
schools  for  at  least  one  year. 

It  may  be  added  that  the  graduates  of  the  col- 
leges can  pass  the  tinal  examination  at  the  Free 
Academy. 


fei. 


f:'V^v\ 


ik\''    S 


i.  >■ 


ii  iii 


I 

I 
I 


iii 


COKNER  OF  FIFTH  AVENUE  AND  FIFTEENTJI  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


lul  WHS  iriT.wiO,  of  tlie 
the  viirious  uppliiinws 
lire  have  cost  iJSCSfiT. 
uiliiiissioii  lue  a  kiiowl- 
1:iiii{lit  in  tliu  public 
cqniriMl  that  tlie  unpli- 
i\  |)\ii)il  in  onu  of  tliese 
voar. 

i^nuhmtesof  thecol- 

exainination  at  the  Free 


■"  "  -      -  -  l.\F.      - 

,,'i>.-,J,»  -'-  fr!,,-.. 


:^;. 


PETER  COOPER  INSTITUTE,  NEW  YORK. 


If. 


h 


\t 


u 


NEW   VOKK   llOSriTAL, 


NEW   YUUK  IKWl'lTAL,   IIHOAIJWAY. 


On  the  precoding  piiRP  we  (live  ttn  illustrn- 
lioii  of  II  jirivato  rcsidoiicc  in  one  of  the  prinei- 
nal  Htreets  in  Now  Yoric,  viz.,  the  Fifth  uvenne. 
In  tliis  street  may  Ijo  seen  sonic  of  tlie  lurjjest 
and  handsomest  of  the  private  residences  ot  the 
New  York  merchants. 

In  .snnimcr,  when  tlie  trees  whicli  line  each 
side  of  the  avenne  arc  in  full  bloom,  the  street 
then  has  all  the  appearance  of  a  beautiful  (rrove. 

The  green  blinds,  outside  of  the  windows, 
when  cl()scd,  which  they  generally  are,  detract 
very  much  from  the  elejjaut  appearance  of  the 
houses.  The  custom  of  Keeping  the  blinds  so 
much  closed,  is  very  common  in  New  York,  and 
often,  we  think,  unnecessary,  when  there  are  no 
rays  of  the  sun  to  occasion  such  an  infringe- 
ment, in  that  respect,  on  one  of  the  greatest 
laws  of  health. 

The  Cooper  IxsTiTriE. — This  institution  de- 
serves H  place  among  our  illustrations  of  public 
buildings  of  the  city,  not  only  on  aceouiit  of  the 
magnificence  of  the  edifice, "as  a  building,  but 
as  a  memento  of  a  most  princely  act  on  the  |)art 
of  a  New  York  merchant — Mr." Peter  Cooi)er — 
who,  out  of  his  wealth,  has  built  this  house 
with  the  view  of  founding  an  in.stitution  to  be 
called  "The  Union,"  for  the  moral,  social,  and 
physical  improvement  of  the  youth,  not  only 


belonging  to  the  City,  or  Stntr,  hut  of  any  part 
of  theworlil.  The  .sum  donateil  to  such  a  noble 
puriiose,  amo\iiits  to  <!;.;iiii,(iiiii  ( i.'i;ii,ii(iii  .ttgi. 

"Trie  building  is  in  Astor  Place,  opjiosite  the 
new  Itible  House.  The  editice  is  si.'c  stories 
higli,  occupying  a  sjiace  e((ual  in  extent  to  I'ight 
full  lots,  each  '25  feet  by  loii,  or  lid.ooo  s(|uaiv 
feet.  Ill  the  basement  is  a  coiiiiiiodious  leeture- 
rooiii,  l;!.')  feet  long,  mid  in  the  upper  story  an 
ob.servatory.  The  Uuioii  provides  free  courses 
of  lectures,  a  free  library,  rooms  for  debating 
and  other  societies,  and  an  ollice  for  the  benelil 
of  jiersons  seeking  literary  ein|)loynient,  wlieie 
their  names  and  wishes  may  be  registered,  and 
applicati(/ii  for  their  services  received. 

"The  School  of  Design,  for  females,  have 
rooms  in  this  building,  aiiiiily  supplied  with 
the  materials  for  instruction. ' 

Mr.  Cooiier  is  a  manufacturer  of  Isinglass,  by 
trade— one  of  the  most  noted  men  in  the  city 
for  public  sjiirit  aii<l  benevolence,  and  n  leading 
member  of  the  Swedenborgian  denomination. 


The  Nkw  YoitK  IIospitai,  is  one  of  the 
principal  benevolent  institutions  of  New  York, 
which  the  stranger,  as  he  walks  along 
liroadway,  cannot  fail  to  notice,  standing 
back  from  oti'  the  stream  of  the  great  thorough- 


^is.^. 


I, A    FAI{()K   irOL'SE,    HHOADWAV. 


35 


'.T> 


%. 


or  Stiitc,  lull  i)f  luiy  jpiirt 
I  ildimlfil  to  siK'li  a  iiolili- 
:.;(io,(Mio  I  ti'>li,ooo  sin  I. 
\stor  I'liiec,  ojiposito  the 
It"  ulilicf   is  six   storii'S 
•Ofquiil  iiioxtfiit  to  ^■i^'llt 
1>V  li"'>  <"'  'J"."""  si|\iiiro 
is  11  coiiinioiliDUS  Icoture- 
iil  in  till'  iippi'i'  f^tovy  iii» 
ion  proviclis  IVoe  conrsoH 
■ary,  rooms  tor  lU'liatini; 
(1  liu  ollico  for  tlic  biMii'tit 
>rury  t'niplovim'nl,  vvlu'ii- 
■s  niiiy  l)e  rcnisturi'd,  «nil 
urvifos  ri'Cfivi'il. 
si|j;n,   for    feiiiiilr!',   Iinvf 
11(1,  aniiily  supiiliiil  witli 
•iiction. ' 

nifartiirfr  of  Isiunlass,  liy 
^t  notiMl  men  in  tlie  city 
K'nevolencc,  and  u  leaiUni,' 
iiborgiun  denomination. 

IIosi'iTAi-  is  one  of  the 
institutions  of  Xi'W  ^  oik, 
r,  as  lie  walks  aUmii 
'ail  to  notice,  standiiii; 
am  of  the  great  tborougli- 


■^ 
* 


l.A  FAlUiE  HUL'SE,  UIIOADWAV. 


fare,  and  in  sninnicr  bcantifnily  shaded  by  the 
trees  in  front  of  it. 

"This  institution,  located  in  Hroadway, between 
Duaue  and  Worth  stiects,  was  fiMiiided  in  1771, 
by  the  Karl  of  Dunmore,  at  that  time  j;overnor 
of  the  colony.  The  institution  has  an  annual 
revenue,  fnnii  various  sources,  of  about  :?-iH,iiimi, 
which  is  expended  in  llie  siipiiort  of  tlie  estab- 
lialiinent.  The  hospital  buildings,  to  which 
lar({e  and  cosllv  additions  have  recently  been 
made,  are  titteil  up  in  excellent  style  lor  the 
accommodation  of  patients,  who  can  have  the 
best  of  medical  attendance,  and  the  convenience 
of  nursiii!,'  and  medicine,  for  i^A  a  week.  Ue- 
spoctabU"  persons,  without  families,  will  tind 
this  a  very  desiralde  asylum  .luring  sickness. 
Patients  can  have  single  rooms  if  they  desire 
them.  In  cases  of  sudden  acci<lents,  jiatients 
are  received  bore,  and  their  wants  immediately 
attended  to.  Medical  students  are  permitted  to 
the  rounda  with  the  attending  surgeoua  for  the 


annual  fej  of  |8.  Annual  lectures  are  given  by 
all  the  attending  physicians  and  surgeons. 
The  buildings  will  accommodate  ;!.')0  patients. 
Application  for  admission  must  be  madu  at 
the  ollici^  within  the  Hospital.  There  are  ten 
attending  and  consulting  physicians  and  sur- 
geons." 


La  Fa  hoe  HofSE.— One  of  the  mommoth- 
sizeil  hotels  of  New  York.  It  has  a  magnificent 
white  marble  frontage  of  200  feet  on  IJroadway, 
and  stands  out  in  strong  relief  with  all  the 
buildings  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  fiUed  up  for 
fully  4uo  guests,  in  a  comfortable  and  gorgeous 
manner,  and  is  conveniently  situated  tor  busi- 
ness, as  well  as  pleasure,  being  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Astor  Library,  and  the  Reading  Kooih 
of  the  Mercniitilo  Library  Association,  which 
arc  free  to  strangers.  The  La  Farge  House  is 
kept  by  Mr.  Wheeler,  on  the  American  plan. 


' 


86 


TRINITY   CHURCH,    BROADWAY. 


"  Situnted  on  Broadway,  fmiitiri)?  Willi 
street,  with  its  portals  invitingly  open 
every  day  in  the  year,  stands  Trinitv 
Church,  a  beautiful  temple  of  worship,  ft 
is  the  third  edifice  of  the  kind  erected 
upon  the  spot,  the  first  haviuji  been  de- 
stroyed in  the  frrcat  fire  of  ITTfi.  The 
entire  lenj;th  of  the  building  is  130  feet,  of 
which  i!)  are  due  to  the  chancel.  Width 
of  nave,  r)4  feet ;  of  chancel,  38  feet.  Ileiiiht 
to  eaves,  !>0  feet,  and  to  ridj^e,  W  feet,  with 
a  tine  open  roof.  The  inside  walls  of  the 
cliurch  are  of  Caen  stone,  brought  from 
Normandy  in  Franco — a  material  of  an 
agreeable  colour,  and  easily  \>orked,  being 
soft  enough  to  be  cut  with  a  saw  or  knife. 
The  windows  are  of  richly  stained  glass ; 
the  ceilings  painted  blue,  and  the  roof  lim- 
bers covered  with  polychromatic  deeora- 
tions.  The  floors  are  tiled  throughout, 
with  tasteful  ornamental 

patterns  in  chancel.  The 

building  will  seat  about 

Hoo,  its  cost  having  been 

#-.'«0,uOO.    The  architect  • 

of  this  splendid  church 

is  Mr.   Lpjohn,   a  cele- 
brated Scotch  architect. 
"The  lofty  opire  of  the 

church  is  the  Pomiiev's 

I'illar  of  New  York— tlio 

most    i)roniincnt  obji-ct 

th'it  lirst  ar.ests  the  at- 

tenlion  of  tlie  stranger, 

as  lie  appiciaches  the  city 

f'ldin  llie  Atlantic.     The 

view  from 

tlio  top  of 

the    spire 

is  without 

doubt  tlie 

hiiest     to 

bo  had  in 

the  citv." 


TRINITY  CHURCH,  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK. 


CHURCH  OF  ALL  SOULS,   NEW  YORK. 


37 


r--*-.- 1 '•-"■■ 


This  mngniflcent  building,  recently  ercctctl,  is  remarkable 
for  its  pcculi'ir  architecture — being  built  in  the  style  of 
many  of  the  Italian  churches  of  tliu  middle  ages — of  brick, 
and  cream-coloured  stone,  alternately. 

Adjoining  the  church  is  tlie  parsonage,  situated  on  Twen- 
tietli  street.  Included  in  the  design  tor  this  church,  is  the 
magniticent  spire,  or  campanile,  8UU  feet  high,  the  foundation 
only  of  it  being  at  present  built. 

1*110  church,  inside,  is  fitted  up  elegantly  and  most 
comfortably,  in  small  and  large  pews,  to   suit  the 
families  of  members.     The  peculiar  hue  of  the  paint 
on  the  walls,  the  magnilicently  stained  glass  win- 
dows, partially  ob.scured  by  a  huge  arch,  facing  the 
ecjually  gramt-looking,  an({  powerful  organ  in 
the  gallery  opposite,  the  light  streaming  do^vn 
from  the  cupola,  bctiind  the  pulpit — the  well- 
planned  position  tlie  congregation  occupy  for 
seeing  and  hearing — the  rich  and  gay  dresses 
of  the  yast  crowd  of  hearers— form  altogether  a 
cdiip  il'  (EU  seldom  to  be  met  with. 

This  liaudsome  edifice  belongs  to  one  of  the 
Unitarian  congregations  of  New  York,  oyer 
which  the  Key.  Dr.  Uellows  is  pastor. 

It  liiis  cost  already  ljil70,000,  including 
the  ])arsonage.     The  campanile  is  esti-  ^''' 

mated    to   cost   ?40,(I00 ;    so   that   when 
it  is  completed,   the  whole  edifice  will  /J     i 

liaye  cost   the   largo  sum   of   ji2l0,000,  :"    -' 

^  €4^,0(10  stg.).  ""-;  . 

The  architect  is   Mr.  Jacob  Wrev  i' 

Mould. 

It  is  situated  on  the  Fourth  Ayenuo, 
near  to  Union  S(iu;ii'c— one  of  the 
most  beautiful  localities  in  the  city. 
The  cars  wliicli  .start  from  opponte 
the  Astor  House,  puss  the  entrance 
to  the  church. 


At.U%iltL.        -   ^— 


THE  CHURCH  OF  ALL  SOUIi»-NEW  YORK. 


UK. 


m 


\ 


) 


y 


i  ( 


88 


PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS. 


The  Mercantilb  Lidbart.— One  of  the  fin- 
est and  most  useliil  institutions  in  New  Yorlc,  is 
tlie  library  and  rcadinjf  room  of  the  Mercantile 
Library  Association,  situated  at  Clinton  Uall, 
Astor  Place,  a  little  way  out  of  Broadway  (west 
end).  The  reading  room  is  a  magniticent  ajjart- 
ment,  equal  to  the  reading  rooms  of  the  clubs 
in  London  and  elsewhere.  It  is  attended  by  a 
voung  lady  waitress.  There  is  a  brnnch  ollice 
'in  the  city,  for  the  convenience  of  parties  resid- 
ing in  Brooklyn  and  places  adjacent— where  or- 
ders ibr  books  are  received  and  delivered.  From 
a  report  we  quote  : — 

"  The  Library  now  contains  80,000  volumes,  U  rlcli 
in  every  popular  and  scientific  department,  and  is 
catalogued  to  the  end  of  the  year  1S58.  Nearly  i.'i.Olilt 
volumes  Here  delivered  to  members  in  1S50.  .More 
than  •2(1,1100  of  these  were  distributed  through  the 
lirancli  ollice,  at  No.  10  Nassau  street.  Tlie  reading 
rooms  Are  the  most  e.f  tensive  In  the  United  States,  and 
conti'hi  nearly  .SlK)  magazines  and  iiewspai)er»  selected 
from  .dl  parts  of  the  world,  full  flies  of  all  the  princi- 
pal newspapers  from  their  commencement,  and  a  large 
number  of  boo',  of  reference.  There  are,  beside, 
classes  in  variolic  branches,  and  lectures  in  the  win- 
ter, all  for  |'2  a  year." 

Its  members  number  upwards  of  4,500 
In  the  vicinity  is  situated  the  well-known 

AsTOB  LiBRART— named  after  Mr.  Jacob  As- 
tor, one  of  the  most  successful  and  wealthy 
merchants  of  New  York,  who  has  be({ueathcd 
this  splendid  legacy  as  a.  free  library,  for  the  use 
of  the  citizens  of  the  city,  where  he  amassed  a 
large  fortune,  although  he  entered  the  city— as 
it  is  said — a  poor  boy. 

We  find  from  n  recent  report  of  the  librarian, 
that  the  fund  invested  for  carrying  on  the  insti- 
tution yields  about  $13,000  a  year,  of  which 
6^7,000  goes  for  expenses,  leaving  $i),00i>  for 
books.  More  than  20,000  volumes  have  been 
added  since  lSo4,  including  some  exceedingly 
rare  and  valuable  books. 

During  the  day,  it  is  frequented  by  inany 
whoso  time  and  opportunities  permit  visiting 
it.  As  a  free  library,  however,  we  confess  we 
felt  disappointed  at  finding  that  it  is  shut  one 
hour  after  sunset— the  only  time  when  so 
many  citizens  have  it  in  their  power  to  fre- 
quent such  an  institution,  and,  of  course,  to  thou- 
sands it  must  prove  of  no  use  whatever. 

It  is  most  comfortably,  and  even  gorgeously 
fitted  up,  and  for  ail  who  can  atteu '  .^unng  the 
day,  it  must  prove  a  great  boon. 

Post-office,  Nassau  Street,  betwebx  Cedab 
AND  Liberty  Streets. — The  whole  business 
correspondence  of  this  immense  city,  and 
through  which  passes  the  entire  foreign  corres- 
pondence of  the  United  States  and  Canada— is 
conducted  in  this  miserable  shanty-looking 
building,  which  appears  to  us  to  be  a  disgrace 
to  a  country  village — far  less  a  city  like  New 
York.  It  has  been,  successively,  a  Dutch  church, 
a  riding-school,  a  prison,  and  an  hospital.  It  is 
worthy  of  a  visit,  if  only  to  see  such  a  glaring 
instance  of  neglect,  connected  with  so  import- 
ant a  matter  as  a  proper  establishment  ht  for 
conducting  the  postal  business  of  this  great 
city,  and  which  ought  to  be  an  honour  to  the 
city  instead  of  one  of  its  monuments  of  neglect, 
or  stupidity- we  know  not  which. 

The  New  Arsenal.— Noticed  elsewhere. 


Hian  Bbidor.- 

cngraviug). 


-Harlem,  1400  feet  long  (see 


Castle  Gaede.v  EMioBATio>f  Depot.— At  the 
Battery,  east  end  of  Broadway.  (Siee  notice  of 
it  elsewhere.) 

Naval  Drt  Dock.— Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn, 
said  to  bo  the  largest  in  the  world— built  in  ten 
years,  at  a  cost  of  ^•J,l.".0,uOO.  Docks  the  larg- 
est ship  in  4  hours  20  m. 

Amongst  the  finest  churches  in  the  city,  wu 
may  mention — 

,\ll  Soul's  Cihrcii. — 1th  Avenue- Unitarian. 
(See  engraving  and  notice  elsewhere.) 

Trixitv  CiirBCn.- Broadway,  fronting  Wall 
.Street — Episcopal.  The  nearest  approach  to  a 
cathedral  in  New  York,  about  20O  feet  long  by 
nU  wide,  in  the  llorid  Cxothic  style,  with  u  very 
beautiful  tower  and  spire,  Svl  feet  high,  con- 
taining a  visitor's  "view-point"  of  -."io  feet  in 
height.    (See  engraving.) 

St.  I'ai'l's  Chapel.— Broadway,  between  Ful- 
ton and  Vesey  streets — Episcopal. 

Grace  Ciicbcii. — Broadway,  above  Tenth  st. 
— Episcopal. 

St.  Patrick's  Cathedral. — Corner  of  Prince 
and  .Mott  -Roman  Catholic.  I.jO  feet  by  80,  ac- 
coninodating  2U00  persons— Byzur.'.ine  style. 

Fourth  U.niversali.st  Chiihcu— Broadway, 
above  Spring.  Ilemarkable  for  the  exquisiio 
Gothic  tracery  of  its  carved  wood-work,  espe- 
cially on  the  pulpit  and  canopy. 

The  Great  Sr.VAGOGUE. — Greene  street,  near 
Houston — II';brew. 


BENEVOLENT  INSTITUTIONS. 

New  York  Hospital.— Broadway.  (See  en- 
graving.) 

Bli.nd  Asylum.- 'Jth  avenue,  near  3.3d  street. 
A  massive  Gothic  structure,  covering  one  entire 
block.  About  100  pupils  are  educated  and  taught 
appropriate  trades. 

Deaf  and  Dumb  lNaTiTt;TioN. — 4th  avenue 
and  50tli  street,  on  Washington  Heights,  cov- 
ering 37  acres.  About  2.30  mutes  educated  and 
taught  trades. 

Orphan  Asylum.- 

200  inmates. 


-Bloomiugdolc,  near  80th  st. 


EDUCATIONAL   INSTITUTIONS. 

New  York  University.— Washington  .S(|. 
A  noble  marble  building,  with  a  beautiful  cha- 
pel—mediaival  Gothic.  (,See  engrcving.) 

Columbia  College.— Park  Place,  near  Broad- 
way. A  president,  10  professors,  and  150  stu- 
dents. 

Free  Academy.— Corner  Lexington  avenue 
and  23d  street.    (See  engraving.) 

Union  Theological  Seminary.— Universitv 
•  'ace,  near  Washington  Square.  Six  profes"- 
Bors— 100  students. 

Bible  House. — An  immense  building,  occu- 
pyingonc  entire  triangular  block,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  3d  and  4tb  avenues,  with  a  froutaue  of 
700  feet.  * 


PUBLIC  INSTITUTIONS — BUILDINGS— MARKETS. 


89 


OK  Depot.— At  the 
av.    (!<ee  notice  ot 

y  Yard,  Brooklyn, 
worltl— built  in  ten 
0     Docks  the  lurg- 


ches  in  the  city,  we 

Avenue— Unitarian, 
ilsewlieve-) 

iwiiV,  frontiuL'  Wall 
iirest  ajiproiioh  to  u 
3ut  '.iOu  teet  U)n«  by 
ic  stvle,  witli  a  very 
"•5I  feet  liii;h,  cou- 
loint"  of  -oO  feet  in 

)adway,  between  Ful- 

iscopal. 

way,  aliove  Tenth  st. 

L.— Corner  of  Prince 
,c..  IM  feet  by  H(\  ac- 
s— Byzur.'.ine  style. 

CiuiRCii— Broadway, 
.ble  for  the  excinisite 
ved  wood-work,  espe- 
iinopy. 
.—Greene  street,  near 


s-STITUTIONS. 
Broadway.     (See  en- 

,  enue,  near  3.3d  street, 
re,  covering  one  entire 
ire  educated  and  taught 

riTiTTioN. — 4th  avenue 
diington  lleishts,  cov- 
,jO  mutes  educated  and 

imingdale,  near  80th  st. 


INSTITIjTIONS. 

;,.j,y._\VRshington  Sq. 
r,  with  a  beautiful  cha- 
'See  engraving.) 


.'ark  Place,  near  Broad- 
rofessors,  and  150  stu- 


iicr  Lexington  avenue 
ngraving.) 

Seminart.— University 
n  Square.    Six  profea- 

nmenae  building,  occu- 
dar  block,  near  the  jvnic- 
lues,  with  tt  frontage  ot 


GeNEKAL  TllEOLOCICAl,    SEMISAUy. — 20th   St., 

corner  Uth  avenue — Episcopal. 

Univebsivv  Medicai,  School. — 14th  street, 
near  3d  avenue.  Extensive  and  well-arranged 
u])paratu3. 

College  op  Physicians  and  Simioeons. — 1th 
avenue,  corner  'Jod  street — Medical  Museum. 

New  York  Medical  Collehe. — East  ISth 
•street.  Fiv(!  niontlis'  course.  Pathological 
Museum,  and  Labora'.orv  for  tlie  practical 
study  of  Analytical  Clemistry. 

SCIEMTIFIC    AND    LITEIUUY    INSTITUTIONS. 

Amertcan  In.stitute. — ."40  Broadway.  For 
the  general  advancement  and  applicatioii  of  sci- 
ence. Admission  free.  Holds  an  Annual  Fair 
at  Crystal  Palace,  and  a  Cattle  Show. 

Mechaxks'  Institute. — iiO  4th  avenue.  Gives 
popular  scientific  lectures.  Mechanical  Mu- 
seum and  reading-room — schools  attached. 

Cooi'KU  "  Union." — Astor  Place,  opposite 
Bible  House.  Built  by  Peter  Cooper,  Esq. 
Free  lectures,  library,  observatory,  debating 
I'Doms,  and  literary  employment  oflice.  (See 
engraving.) 

New  York  Society  Library. — University 
Place,  near  12th  street — 30,U00  volumes— vis- 
itors admitted. 

Lycei-m  op  Natural  History. — 14th  street, 
near  4th  avenue.  Appropriate  library  and 
cabinet. 

New  York  Law  Institute. — City  Hall.  Yery 
complete  collection  of  4.')0(J  volumes. 

New  York  Historical  Society. — University 
Building — 20,000  volumes,  cabinet  of  coins,  etc. 

Api'rentice.s'  LinuARV. — Mechanics'  Hall, 
Broadway,  near  Grand  street— 40,000  volumes. 


FINE    AUT    INSTITUTIONS. 

National  Academy  of  Desion. — .'iS  East  l.^th 
street.  Spring  exhibition  of  the  works  of  liv- 
ing artists  only.     Much  resorted  to. 

DussELDORP  Gallery. — .■)48  ]5roadway.  Good 
collection  of  the  Flemish  and  German  schools. 

Bryan  Gallery. — Corner  Broadway  and  l;!th 
street.   Sor'.e  fair  originals  and  excellent  copies. 

PUBLIC    BUTI.DINOS. 

Cixr  Hall  and  Park. — (See  engraving.) 

Ci;STOM  House.— Corner  Wall  and  Nassau. 
An  exquisitely  pure  Doric  building  of  white 
marble,  modelled  from  the  Parthenon.  (See 
engraving.)    Admission  free. 

.Merchants'  Exchanc.e. — ^Yall  street.  Ele- 
gant Ionic  exterior.    (See  engraving.) 

Halls  o^  Justice. — Centre  i^treet — popular- 
ly known  as  the  "  Thmha."    (See  engraving.) 

RAILROAD  STATIONS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

Hudson  River  Railroad. — Depots  :  corner 
Warren  street  and  College  Place ;  Canal  street, 


near  Washington;  West  street,  near  Christo- 
nher;  Thirty-First  street,  between  Tenth  and 
Eleventh  avenues. 

The  time  is  marked  for  Thirty-First  street 
depot — ditlerciic^  from  others,  25  to  30  minutes. 

Long  Island  Railroad. — Depot :  foot  of  At- 
lantic street,  Brooklyn. 

New  Jersey  Railroad.— Depot :  footof  Court- 
landt  street. 

New  York   and    Erie    Railroad.— Depot : 
West  street,  foot  of  Duane  street. 

New  Jersey  Central  and  Steamboat  Line. — 

Oflice— 6'J  Wall  street. 


PUBLIC   BUILDINGS. 

Post-office,  (Nassau  street.)— Proceed  to  140 
Broadway,  and  east  through  Liberty  street. 

Cu.STOM  House,  (Nassau,  corner  Wall  street.) 
— Proceed  to  Sfi  Broadway,  and  east  in  Wall 
street.    (See  engraving.) 

Assay  Office,  (Wall  street.)  —  Proceed  as 
above  for  Custom  House. 

Merchants'  Exchange,  (Wall,  corner  William 
street.)— Proceed  as  above.     (See  engraving.) 

City  Hall,  (in  the  Park.) — Proceed  in  Broad- 
way to  2(30,  and  east  in  the  Park.  (See  engrav- 
ing.) 

Board  op  Education  Rooms  (Grand,  corner 
Elm  street). — Proceed  to  458  Broadway,  and  east 
in  Grand  street. 

Free  Acadesiy,  (23d  street  and  Lexington 
avenue.)— Take  1  ."id  or  4th  avenue  car  to  23d 
street.  The  Acai'emy  is  located  between  those 
avenues.    [See  enj;raving.] 


PUBLIC   MARKETS. 

Fulton,  (South  and  Fulton  streets.)—'  roceed 
in  Broadway  to  No.  20y,  and  east  in  Fulton  street 
to  the  river. 

Catharine,  (South  and  Catharine  streets.) — 
Proceed  in  Broadway  to  No.  222,  and  cast  in 
Park  Row,  Chatham  street,  and  East  Broadway 
to  No.  15,  and  southeast  in  Catharine  street  to 
the  river. 

Washington,  (Fulton  and  West  streets.)— 
Proceed  in  Broadway  tc  No.  207,  and  west  hi 
Fulton  strjct  to  the  river. 

Centre,  (Grand  and  Centre  streets.) — Proceed 
to  No.  45S  Broadway,  and  east  in  Grand  street 
to  No.  162. 

Essex,  (Grand  and  Essex  streets.) — Proceed 
in  Broadway  to  No.  458,  and  east  in  Grand  street 
to  No.  334. 

Tompkins,  (Bowery  and  fith  street.) — Proceed 
to  698  Broadway,  east  in  4th  street  to  No.  394, 
and  north  in  Bowery  to  No.  393. 

Jefpersox,  (6th  and  Greenwich  avenues.) — 
Proceed  to  No.  769  Broadway,  and  west  in  9th 
street  to  No.  1. 

Spring  Street,  (West  and  Spring  streets.) — 
Proceed  to  527  Broadway,  and  west  in  Spnng 
street  to  the  river. 


Mtsssr 


wssssm 


h 


II! 


11 

1^1 


40 


PLEASANT  DRIVES— LINES  OP  TRAVEL. 


Houston  Sthket,  (Pitt  and  Houston  streets.) 
— I'rocccil  in  Uroiidwiiy  to  No.  tJOS,  and  east  in 
Houston  street  to  17-i. 

PUBLIC   PARKS. 

Battery,  (Foot  of  Urondwny.)— Proceed  to 
No.  1  Broadway,  iu«i  cross  Battery  Place. 

Park,  (corner  Cliambers  street  and  Broad- 
way.)—Proceed  to  U71  Broadway. 

WASUiNfiTox,  (Fourth  and  Wooster  streets.) 
—Proceed  to  (J'JS  Broadway,  and  west  to  Wooster 
street. 

Union,  (14th  street.)— Proceed  in  Broadway 
to  No  8tlii. 

Madison,  (23d  street.)— Proceed  in  Broadway 
to  No.  y4S. 

Tompkins,  (Avenue  A.)— Proceed  in  Broad- 
way to  No.  754,  and  east  in  Eiglitli  street. 

Central,  (5!ith  street.)— Procred  in  Brond- 
wav  to  its  junction  with  bth  avenue— or  take  a 
2d,"  nd,  or  4th  avenue  car  to  86th  street,  and 
proceed  west. 


PLEASANT  DRIVES. 

To  Hinii  Bridge,  viaBloomingdale. — Proceed 
north  in  IJroadway.tliroughBloomingdaleroad, 
into  the  Ninth  avenue. 

To  High  Bridge,  via  McCoinb's  Dam. — Pro- 
ceed nortli  in  Broadway  to  Ne.  Ii48,  and  nortli 
in  Fifth  avenue  to  Harloin  Uiver;  after  crossing 
the  river,  proceed  west. 

To  Fort  Washington. — Proceed  north  in 
Broadway,  flirough  Bloomingdale,  Manhattan- 
vilie  and  t'arinansville,  along  the  King's  Bridge 
road  to  17r)th  sti'oet,  and  west  to  tlie  river. 

To  Jamaica,  via  Cvpress  Hills'  Cemetery. — 
Proceed  to  No.  458  Broadway,  east  in  (Ji'aud 
street  to  the  river,  cross  Division  avenue  ferry; 
pass  througli  South  7th  and  South  (Ith  streets 
and  Broadway,  east  into  Johnson  street,  which 
leads  to  the  plank  road. 

To  Fli'siiing,  via  Green  Point  and  Newtown, 
— I'roceed  in  Broadway  to  No.  7Rt,  and  east  in 
Tenth  street  to  the  river;  cross  the  ferry,  and 
proceed  east  along  the  plank  road. 

To  Paterson,  via  Hoboken.  —  Proceed  to 
either  No.  227,  417,  or  7«tl  Broadway,  and  west 
through  Barclay,  Canal,  or  Ninth  and  Christo- 
pher streets  to  the  river,  and  cross  the  ferry- 
taking  the  plank  road  to  the  west. 


OBJECTS  OF   ISTEHEST. 

Hion  Bridge,  (over  Harlem  River.)— Drive 
out  Broadway  and  Bloomingdale  road,  and  into 
the  yth  avenue  beyond  Bloomingdale— or  take  a 
car  to  Harlem,  from  4tli  avenue  and  27th  street, 
and  then  take  stages  west  from  Harlem,  (See 
engraving.) 

DisTRinuTiNn  Reservoir,  (5th  avenue  and 
42d  .street.)— Take  a  Broadway  and  42d  street, 
or  a  5th  avenue  stage,  or  a  (ith  avenue  car  from 
Broadway  and  Vesey  or  Canal  street,  to  42d 
street. 


Receiving  Reservoir,  (86th  street,)— Take  a 
2(1,  .Id  or  4th  avenue  car  to  86th  street,  and  pro- 
ceed west. 

Greenwood  Cemetery,  (South  Brooklyn.)— 
Proceed  to  20S  Broadway,  and  east  in  Fulton 
street  to  the  Kast  River;  cross  the  ferry,  and 
take  the  Court  street  cars,  which  go  to  the 
Cemetery  gate. 

HonoKEN  AND  Elysian  Fi ELDS. —Proceed  to 
either  227,  417,  or  7ii'.t  Broadway,  and  west 
through  Barclay,  Canal,  or  Ninth  and  Christo- 
pher streets  to  the  river,  and  cross  the  ferry, 

IIoW   TO   LEAVE   NEW    VOUK. 

For  PiiiLADBLPniA,  via  New  Jersey  Railroad 
Depot  at  Jersey  City.— Proceed  to  171  Broad- 
way, thence  to  the  foot  of  Courtlandt  street,  and 
cross  the  ferry. 

For  Philadelphia,  via  Camden  and  Aniboy 
Railroad.- From  Pier  No.  1  North  River.  Pro- 
coed  to  No.  1  Broadway,  and  west  in  Battery 
Place  to  the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  Stonington  and  Providence. 
— Fiom  I'ier  .\o.  2  North  River.  I'roceed  to 
No.  1  Broadway,  and  west  through  Batteiy 
Place  to  the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  Fall  Rivor  and  Newport.— 
From  I'ier  No.  .'i  North  River.  I'roceed  to  No. 
1  Broadway,  and  west  through  JJattery  Place  to 
the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  Norwich  and  Worcester. — 
From  foot  of  Courtlaiult  street.  I'roceed  to  No. 
171  Broadway,  and  thence  through  Courtlandt 
street  to  the  river. 

For  Boston,  via  New  Haven  Railroad.— Depot 
27th  street  and  4th  avenue.  Take  a  4lh  uveime 
car,  which  starts  from  the  Astor  House,  or  a 
Broadway  and  4th  avenue  stage,  north  to  27th 
street. 

For  Albany,  via  Hudson  River  Railroad.— 
De|)ot,  Warren  street  and  College  i'lace.  Pro- 
ceed to  L'llO  Broadway,  and  west  in  Warren 
street  to  College  Place! 

For  Alrany,  via  Harlem  Railroad.— Depot 
27th  street,  corner  4th  avenue.  Take  a  4tli 
avenue  car,  which  starts  from  the  Astor  House, 
or  a  Broadway  and  4th  avenue  stage,  north  to 
27th  street. 

For  Albany,  via  People's  Lino  Steamboats.— 
From  foot  of  (;ourtlandt  street.  I'roceed  in 
Broadway  to  No.  171,  and  west  in  Conrtlandt 
street  to  the  river. 

For  Albany,  via  Merchants'  Line  Steam- 
boats.—From  foot  of  Robinson  street.  I'roceed 
to  No.  2.'i7  Broadway,  and  through  Park  Place 
west  to  the  river. 

For  Bi'ffalo  or  Dpnkirk,  via  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad.— Dejiot,  foot  of  Duaiie  street. 
Proceed  in  Broadway  to  No.  303,  and  west  in 
Duane  street  to  'he  river. 

For  New  Have.v,  by  steamboat.— From  Peck 
hlij).  Proceed  to  ^os  Broadway,  and  east  in 
Fulton  street  to  the  river;  thence  northeast 
two  blocks. 


% 


HIGH  BRIDGE,   HARLEM. 


41 


S6th  street.)— Take  a 
;  86th  street,  and  pro- 

(SoMth  15r()oklvn.)— 
•  ami  east  in  Fulton 
l' cross  tlic  ferry,  and 
Irs,  which  go   to  the 

f  FiuLPS.— Proceed  to 
IJroiidwav,  and  west 
or  Ninth  and  Clinsto- 
and  cross  the  ferry. 


3  NEW   YOKK. 

II  New  .Tersev  Railroad 
|>r()cec(l  to  in  liroad- 
1  Conrtlandt  street,  and 

a  Canulen  and  Aniboy 
0. 1  North  River.  I'ro- 
:    and  west  in  Battery 


iii<'tiin  and  Providence. 
itlT  River.  Proceed  to 
west  through   Battery 


River  and  Newport.— 
River.  Proceed  to  No. 
Iirough  Battery  Place  to 

•wich  and  Worcester.— 
t  street.  Proceed  to  No. 
nee  tlirongh  Courtlandt 

Haven  Railroad.— Depot 

nne.    Take  a  ttli  avep.ue 

llio  Astor  House,  or  a 

lue  stage,  north  to  '27tli 

idson  River  Railroad.— 
nid  folU'ue  Place.  Pro- 
and  west  in  Warren 


arlcni  Railroad.— Depot 
avenne.  Take  a  4tli 
Is  from  tlie  Astor  House, 
1  avenue  stage,  nortli  to 

)ph''s  Line  Steamboats.— 

mdt  street.     Proceed   in 

and  west  in  Courtlandt 


Merchants'  Line  Steam- 
lobinson  street.  I'roceed 
and  through  Park  Place 

•SKiHK,  via  New  York  and 
)t,  foot  of  Duane   street, 
to  No.  S03,  and  west  in 
ver. 

IV  steamboat.— From  Peck 

s  Broadway,  and  east  in 

river;  thence  northeast 


iv-^W-V^W  \<vV« 


THE  HIGH  BRIDGE,  CROTON  AQUEDUCT. 


HifjH  BninnE. — Connected  with  the  water  .sup- 
plv  of  Now  York,  we  give  the  above  engraving 
of  the  AcpuMhict,  over  wliichtlie  water  is  bronglit 
in  pipes  into  tlic  city  to  the  great  reservoir  at  Mith 
St.,  from  Croton  River  nearly  -10  miles  ott'.  By 
this  means.  New  York  is  sujiplied  by  an  abun- 
dant, and  nover-fiiiling  stream  of  tlio  best  water 
which  can  be  do.sirea  It  is  brought  to  a  re- 
ceiving reservoir,  on  York  Hill,  about  P>  miles 
from  the  City  Hall.  Tlie  quantity  capable  of 
being  supplied  and  distributed,  is  GO  millionx  af 
(jaU'ins  ill  cue  <l<i>/. 

The  Bridge,  represented  above,  crosses  the 
Harlem  Yalley  and  River,  and  is  14."i0  feet  long. 
There  arc  S  arches,  with  a  span  of  SO  feet  each, 
springing  from  jiiors  -JO  feet  wide,  at  the  sjjring 
line,  wliicli  's  fio  feet  above  tlie  surface  of  the 
river,  at  high  water.  Tliere  are  several  other 
arches,  sprniging  from  the  ground,  of  50  feet 
each. 

The  whole  works,  in  connection  with  bring- 
inir  the  water  bv  this  n-jans  to  the  citv,  has 
cost  upwards  of  ^l.'i,000,000  (£-2,400,000  stg.). 


On  the  next  page  will  be  found  illustrations 
of  one  of  the  banking  establishments  of  the 
city,  as  well  as  of  the  celebrated  billiard-table 
rooms  of  M.  Phelati,  the  largest  establishment 
of  the  kind,  we  believe,  in  the  United  States, 
where  thirty  nuigniticent  tables  are  fitted  up 
for  play,  alTthe  numufacturo  of  Messrs.  O'Con- 
nor &  CoUinder,  of  New  York,  the  largest  bil- 
liard-table makers  in  the  country. 


BROOKLYN. 

ACROS.S  the  East  River  is  the  suburban  citv 
of  Brooklyn,  where  thousands  of  the  New  York 
merchants,  and  others,  reside.  The  ferry-boats 
cross  every  three  or  four  minutes.  From  Brook- 
lyn "Heights,"  some  of  the  finest  views  of  New 
York  and  neighbourhood  are  obtained.  Brook- 
lyn is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  a  board  of  18 
aldermen — publishes  daily  newspapers,  and  has 
about  it  all  the  characteristics  of  a  city,  although 
it  forms,  in  reality,  only  a  suburb  of  the  great 
"Ootham,"  with  "which  it  i.s  so  closely  allied. 
The  population  is  about  ;is,000. 

Strangers  will  find  the  Rev.  H.  W.  Beecher's 
church  (named  I'lvmouth  Church)  in  Orange 
street,  between  Hic'ka  and  Henry  streets.  Take 
the  ferry  foot  of  Fulton  street. 

Brooklyn  has  nearly  80  churches  in  it,  of  all 
denominations,  and  tlience  has  been  styled  the 
"City  of  Churches." 


Grkenwood  Cemetery,  the  largest  public 
burial  ground  in  the  world,  is  situated  on 
(lowanus  Heights,  about  2i  miles  from  South 
Ferry. 

The  various  avenues  in  the  ground  extend 
for  about  1.")  miles— and,  with  its  hills  and  dells, 
forms  a  scene  of  great  beanty,  whilst  the  mag- 
nificent monuments,  and  the  eminent  individ- 
uals buried  there,  render  it  a  place  peculiarly 
interesting. 


; 


i;i 


M.  PHELAN'S  BILLIABD-TABLK  ROOMS,  BROADWAY. 


m 


NEW   YORK   STREETS — CORPORATION   AND   POLICE. 


NEW  YORK  STREETS  AND  CORPORATION. 


48 


One  of  tlie  wnMt  things  coniicotcd  with  New  York,  wliich  strikes  n  strftiiger  at  once  on 
his  coiniii<;  oitiicr  from  Groat  IJritaiii,  or  siioh  a  city  as  T'liilaJelpliia  or  Boston,  is 
tiio  nbomiiialily  disgraceful  state  wluoli  tlie  public  streets  are  in,  for  the  most  part.  It 
matters  not  wlicliier  it  is  fine  a  day  or  foul  day,  tiierc  the  gutters  reek  with  stagnant  water 
and  filth  to  such  an  extent,  that  we  are  only  surprised  that  the  mortality  is  not  greater 
tiian  it  is  in  New  York,  although,  who  can  doubt  but  that  that  has  something  to  do  with 
the  great  mortality  whidi  takes  place  among  young  children,  compelled  as  tiiey  are,  to  in- 
hale the  poisonous  miasma  from  stagnant  dirty  water,  etc.,  before  the  doors.  Again, 
in  the  paving  of  tlio  streets,  they  are  equally  bad.  With  the  exception  of  such  as  Broad- 
way, there  is  scarcelj-  a  street  in  New  York,  but  in  driving  along  which  you  have  to  be 
Very  careful,  or  either  the  springs  of  your  iiuiehine  will  snap,  or  you  will  be  j)itched  out, 
owing  to  the  ruts,  ludes,  and  stones  laying  about.  The  condition  of  the  public  streets  of 
New  York — as  regards  scavengeringand  paving — are  at  present,  and  we  believe  long  have 
been,  a  standing  memorial  of  an  etl'ete,  or  disgracefully  disregardless  corporation.  Ask  any 
one,  high  or  low,  rich  or  poor,  as  to  why  it  is  so,  and  you  will  gel  the  one  universal  answer 
— "  We  are  swindled  out  of  tlie  money  which  ought  to  keep  the  streets  in  better  order. 
Instead  of  paying  to  do  that,  it  finds  its  way  into  the  pockets  of  a  corrui)t  corporation." 
We  Could  scarcely  believe  such  to  be  possible,  but  "  what  every  body  says  must  be  true." 
We  are  so  far  glad,  however,  to  be  borne  out  in  these  remarks  by  a  quotation  which  we 
make  from  the  New  York  Daili/  Herald,  the  editor  of  which  paper  (20th  September,  1858) 
np[)ears  to  be  indignant,  when,  in  referring  to  the  enormous  taxation  of  the  city,  he  says: — 

"  In  return  for  the  vast  expen<liture  of  5110,000,000,  the  citizen  gets  comparatively  little 
advantage;  over  ii,000,(iO(>  of  it  goes  into  the  pockets  of  a  set  of  thieving  oificicls,  small 
politicians,  rowdies,  and  fighting  men ;  filthy  streets,  with  the  germ  of  pestilence  in  every 
gutter;  schools  so  inadequate  to  the  population,  that  lO.OOn  children  are  refused  admittance 
in  one  week;  a  police  department  so  grossly  mismanaged  that  life  is  continually  in  danger, 
and  property  almost  wholly  unprotected;  a  city  goverimient  more  abominably  corrupt  and 
inetHcii'Ut  than  any  otlier  on  the  face  of  the  globe — these  are  the  benefits  which  the  citi- 
zens of  New  York  get  for  all  the  money  tiiat  is  s(iuandercd  and  plundered  every  year. 
And  such  conmients  will  remain  true  of  th<'  condition  of  this  city  until  its  government  ia 
taken  out  of  the  hands  of  dishonest  politicians." 

And  again,  talking  of  the  taxpayers,  says: — 

"  They  are  the  sufferers  from  all  our  corporation  corruptions — they  are  the  parties  who 
are  fleeced  by  the  robbers  and  jobbers  of  all  tiie  rotten  cliques  and  parties  in  the  field  ;  and 
the  wrongs  of  the  taxpaj-ers  can  only  be  riirhted  by  themselves.  They  can  clean  out  our 
treasurj-  suckers  if  they  will,  and  a  half  dozen  men  may  put  the  ball  in  motion.  Will  no- 
body take  the  hint,  and  move  in  this  important  matter  of  reducing  the  fees  and  perquisites 
of  our  corporation  sharks  and  jobbers  to  the  extent  of  ^2,000,000  or  j;i,000,000  a  year  ?  Can 
any  man  enumerate  the  loafers  and  vagabonds  now  subsisted  out  of  tiie  pockets  of  the  tax- 
payers, but  who  would  be  drivc'n  to  honest  labour,  or  driven  out  of  the  city,  if  our  corpo- 
ration expenses  were  cut  down  to  the  extent  of  some  82,000,000  or  $3,000,000  a  year? 


POLICE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

From  what  we  have  seen  and  heard  of  this  body,  their  efficiency  or  discipline  is  very 
questionable,  when  compared  with  the  well-regulated  system  of  any  of  the  British  cities. 

The  policeman  of  New  York  is  apparently  a  very  gentlemanly  man,  and  will  be  found 
now  and  then  at  corners  of  streets,  etc.,  dressed  up  with  blue  frock  coat,  and  white  pants, 
wilJi  blue  cloth  cap  (in  sunmier). 

If  you  ask  him  a  question,  regarding  your  way  to  any  particular  point,   perhaps 


44  POLICE  OF  NEW   YORK — DINING  SALOONS. 

he  will  with.lrftw  tho  cignr  from  ]m  mouth,  and  give  you  a  quiet,  civil  answer;  or 
lie  will  answer  you  with  the  ci-nr  stuck  in  the  corner  of  hi*  mouth,  as  he  stands  enjoyint: 
his  "  weed,"  and  it  may  he,  he  answers  not  ov.t  civilly,  and  rather  carelessly.  It  is,  how- 
ever, in  the  catching  of  pickpockets,  for  example,  where  we  have  seen  him  shine,  to  p,.si 
tive  disadvantagc-when  in  having  some  "  rowdy"  pointed  out  to  him  to  secure,  lie  would 
(cigar  in  mouth)  give  chase,  and  j.ossibly  run  after  his  game  for  prohal.ly  100  yards— when, 
either  fancying  it  too  much  trouble,  or  from  some  other  cause,  he  would  give  up  the  ehaso, 
and  bo  laughed  at  by  the  by-standers,  as  well  as  by  the  scoundrel  he  was  in  pursuit  of. 
We  need  not  say  what  the  effect  of  such  an  exhibititm  must  be,  upon  the  more  vieioub 
members  of  society,  when  they  see  such  laxity  in  ap]irehension9.  Compare  this  with  the 
determined  vigilance,  courage,  and  perseverance  of  a  London  policeman,  who,  in  sueli  cii^ 
cumstances,  would  chase  his  man  from  Hammersmith  to  Bow,  rather  than  be  .hfcated, 
once  he  had  started  in  pursuit.  The  case  wo  have  mentioned,  as  regards  New  York  p(dicc- 
men,  is  only  what  wo  have  borne  witness  to,  (in  what  is  termed  the  "mayor's  sfpiad,")  and 
is  a  sample,  from  what  we  hear,  of  the  etticiency  of  the  protectors  of  the  public  saf.ty  and 
peace— who  are  elected  to  their  situations,  it  is  atflrmed,  more  to  serve  private  or  political 
interest,  than  with  an  eye  to  the  etticiency  of  the  public  service. 

The  inefficiency  <if  the  police  of  New  York  cannot  be  better  illustrated  than  by  refereiiee 
to  the  fact  of  murders,  robberies,  burglaries,  assaults,  etc.,  taking  place,  daily  and  nightly, 
without  the  offenders  being  brought  to  justice — together  with  the  fad,  that  almost  tho 
whole  of  the  largo  stores  and  factories  are  obliged  to  have  private  watchmen,  during  the 
tdght,  to  protect  their  property. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  wealth,  intelligence,  and  experience  which  exists  in  New  York, 
we  are  sur|irised  that  such  a  want  of  protection  to  person  and  property  exists,  in  the  sys- 
tem, at  present,  which  aBsimilales  to  that  in  e.\istence  in  Loudon  100  years  ago. 


DmiNG  °ALOONS,  ETC. 

No  city  is  better  oflf  than  New  York  for  the  conveniences  it  affords  for  men  of  business 
and  the  thousands  of  assistants  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as  strangers,  getting  a  good,  comfort- 
able, and  economical  dinner.  Much  as  Manchester  may  boast  of  its  "  Merchant's,"  in  Mar- 
ket street;  London,  of  its  "Gresham,"  in  Aldermanbnry ;  (Jlasgow,  of  its  "  McLoary's"  or 
"  Pippett's;"  or  Liverpool,  of  its  "  Anderson's"  or  the  "  Crooked  Billet,"  tiie  stranger,  when 
he  becomes  acquainted  where  to  go,  in  New  York,  can  dine  better  there,  for  less  money, 
than  in  any  of  tho  cities  referred  to.  The  dining  saloons  are  conducted  on  the  same  style 
as  those  in  Manchester,  where  the  system  of  tickets  are  given  by  the  waiter,  stating  the 
amount  you  have  to  pay  as  you  retire.  There  are  printed  Inlls  of  faro,  and  an  immense 
variety  of  eatables  and  edibles  are  there  mentioned,  with  the  price  stated  opposite  each. 
For  example,  you  can  have  a  plate  of  soup,  roast  mutton,  potatoes,  bread,  butter,  pickles, 
and  pudding  for  29  cents,  or  Is.  2^(1 — information,  perhaps,  worth  knowing  by  the  stranger 
who  has  not  much  money  to  s|)end. 

Strangers,  on  arriving  in  New  York,  will  do  well  to  bear  in  mind,  that  it  matters  not 
how  finely  furnished  or  expensive-looking  the  rrataurant  or  dining  saloon  maybe — such  aru 
as  economical  as  the  meanest  places  of  the  same  sort.  Emigrants,  arriving  in  New  York, 
make  a  great  mistake  in  that  respect,  by  going  to  second  and  third-rate  dining  rooms — at 
the  request  of  interested  parties — near  the  wharves,  which  are  the  most  expensive  and 
most  unsatisfactory  of  any.  They  should  go  to  a  first-class  restaurant,  or  to  a  hotel  (m  the 
European  plan,  and  by  going  into  the  coffee  room,  they  can  liave  what  they  want,  of  the 
very  best  description,  and  at  the  most  moderate  charges. 

Tho  fittings  of  some  of  these  dining  saloons  exceeds  any  thing  of  the  kind  we  ever  saw 
in  Groat  Britain,  and  what  with  plate-glass  all  round  the  walls,  rich  and  expensive  drapery, 
carving  and  gilding,  with  marble  tables,  all  in  a  style  of  palatial  magnificence  nowhere 
excelled,  and  yet,  as  we  have  said,  the  charges  at  such,  are  as  low  as  at  many  very  in 
ferior  places  of  the  same  kind. 


3. 

•t,  civil  nnswer;   or 
ghcBtniulrteiijoyiiir 
■olos^ly.     It  is  I'o^v- 
.„  liiiu  Mm\  to  l'i)»i 
1  to  scfiiiro.  lif  woul.l 
lylOO  ynrils— wlieii. 
Id  give  I'l'  t''^'  »^1"»*''' 
lie  was  in  i«ursuit  of. 
poll  tilt'  im.vi'  vioiout> 
.niiuiro  tliis  with  tbn 
nan,  who,  in  sucli  oir- 
ler  tlinn  he  .l.'f«ate(1, 
irds  Now  York  polioo- 
'mayor's  siiiiml,")  and 
the  puMic  «it.ty  and 
vc  jirivftte  or  jMilitienl 

uted  than  hy  r.'f>'Voncc 
ace,  daily  and  ni^'litly, 
!  fact,  tliat  almost  tho 
watchmen,  durinij  tho 

di  exist*  in  Now  York, 
lerty  exist*,  in  the  sys- 
0  years  ago. 


rds  for  men  of  businphs 
Tcttins  11  good,  comfort- 

"  Merchant's,"  in  Mar- 
,  of  its  "  McLoary's"  or 
llet,"  tlie  8trani?cr,  when 
■r  there,  for  less  money, 

etcd  on  tlie  same  style 

the  wait.r,  stating  the 
of  fare,  and  an  immense 
ue  stated  opposite  each. 

,  bread,  butter,  pieklcB, 
snowing  by  the  stranger 

i,i<l,  that  it  matters  not 
ealoon  may  be— sneh  are 
,  arriving  in  New  York, 
•d-ratc  dining  rooms— at 
the  most  expensive  and 
lant,  or  to  a  hotel  on  the 
what  they  want,  of  the 

of  the  kind  we  ever  saw 
di  and  expensive  drapery, 
al  magnificence  nowhere 
low  as  at  many  very  in 


STOKES — STREET  UAILUOADS. 


WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL  STORES. 


45 


TiiK  retail  stores,  in  extent  Bnd  chnrncter,  range  from  the  ronghest  and  most  primitive 
"  ijhaiity"  to  the  most  gorgeons  marble  palace  situated  in  Uroadway. 

The  wholesale  stores,  in  general,  occupy  only  floors  (called  "  flats,"  in  Scotland).  In  one 
block  of  building,  from  30  to  40  feet  wide  and  200  feet  long,  there  will  be  found  3  or 
4  wholesale  storekeepers.  There  are  scarcely  any  colossal  establishments,  sueli  as  Morrison, 
Dillon  ifc  ("o.'s.  Cook.  Sons  &  Co.'s,  Leaf,  Coles  &  Co.'s,  of  London;  S.  <t  ,1.  'Watts',  ][.  IJnn- 
nerman  it  S<ins',  I,  it  X,  IMiillips  &  Co.'s,  or  Potters  &  Norris,  in  Manchester;  or  J.  ik  W. 
Campbells,  Stewart  &  McDonald's,  or  Arthur  &  Frascr's,  in  Glasgow.  There  may  be  said 
to  be  really  no  monster  dry  goods  stores  in  New  York,  which  can  take  rank  with  any 
of  the  foreLfoing  houses,  excejiting  A.  T.  Stewart  &  Co.'s,  on  Broadway — certainly  the 
largest  concern  of  the  kind  in  America.  It  is  both  wholesale  and  retail.  There  ore 
smaller  ostablishmeiits,  more  splendid  in  arehiteetural  desij^n,  and  with  more  elaborately 
carved  marlde  fronts,  but  not  one  of  them  can  compare,  as  regards  extent,  or  amount  of 
business  turned  over,  with  Messrs.  Stewart's  house.  As  regards  the  interior  magniticenoe 
of  its  retail  departments,  it  can  vie  with  any  in  London  or  Paris. 

THE  STREET  CARS,  OR  RAILROADS. 

As  may  be  well  known,  some  of  the  principal  streets  in  New  York,  are  laid  with  a  doublo 
line  of  rails,  over  wliieli  are  run  railroad  ears,  each  drawn  by  two  horses.  The  car  is  a  low- 
set  riiihvay  carriage,  with  an  entrance  and  a  platform  at  each  end.  At  one  end  stands  tho 
drivi  T,  with  a  brake  at  his  sidi',  whieh  lie  uses  with  one  hand,  and  pulls  the  reins  with  the 
other,  whin  he  wishes  to  allow  a  passenger  to  get  off  or  on.  If  you  are  in  the  car,  you 
have  nu  I'cly  to  jimII  tlio  stra|>,  on  the  roof  of  the  ear,  and  it  rings  a  bell,  on  hearing  whieh 
tiie  ibivrr  pidls  up.  There  is  a  conductor  who  takes  the  fares,  and  it  is  astonishing  with 
what  eiii^li  -<'\  rd  simrpness  he  detects  a  fresh  passenger,  who  may  have  jumped  oi'  whilst 
the  car  was  in  motion,  ami  mixed  amongst  a  crowd,  most  probably. 

These  ears  are  seated  for  about  24,  but  on  the  platform,  there  is  standing  room  for  10  or 
12  at  each  end,  so  that  in  tlie  morning  and  evenings  they  will  be  seen  howling  along  with 
a  load  of,  sometimes,  as  many  '-.s  fr-mi  40  to  50  people,  the  centre  of  the  car  inside  being 
lined  with  passengers  sta.iding.  Tluy  are  very  wide  and  roomy,  well  cushioned,  and  easy 
to  riile  in.  They  vum  the  full  distance  from  jioint  to  point,  whieh  is  about  ."i  miles,  for  5 
cents,  (or  21'/.  stg.,)  going  at  the  rate  of  fully  ti  miles  per  hour.  NotwithstandiiiLr  that  tho 
ordinary  street  omnibuses  run  on  the  same  lines,  and  that  they,  as  well  as  carts  and  vehicles 
of  uU  sorts,  cross  and  re-eorss  the  rails,  there  is  never  any  accident  with  them.  Attached 
to  the  liorsi's  are  small  bells,  whieh  warn  all  of  their  approach,  and  with  tho  powerful  drag 
in  the  hands  of  th>'  driver,  a  collision  can  be  promptly  prevented. 

There  are  several  eompanies  interested  in  these  cars.  Each  one  has  a  sepanite  route, 
and  ki'eps  to  its  own,  runninir  baek  and  forwards,  day  after  day,  every  day  in  tho  week. 
Tin'  iMiii  who  are  eoii<luetors  and  drivers  are  employeil  1.")  to  10  hour.-'  ]ier  day,  and  are 
reipiired  to  ki'cp  their  time  to  a  minute,  in  arriving  and  ileparting  from  each  terniiiius, 
whieli  they  do  every  2  minutes.  The  horses  are  employed  only  about  '4  hours  per  day, 
running  in  that  time  18  to  2o  miles  per  day.  On  the  ringing  of  the  bell,  tiiey  are  so  train- 
ed, that  they  understand  to  jmll  up  and  start,  as  the  case  may  be. 

One  line  of  these  cars  belongs  chiefly  to  one  of  the  most  celebrated  men  in  New  York, 
au  .\meriean  by  lirth,  named  (ieorge  Law,  the  son  of  a  Scotchman,  who  is  said  to  be  one 
of  tho  most  successful  s])eculators  in  the  United  States,  and  a  man  who  has  always  work- 
ed, like  many  of  his  countrymen,  more  with  his  head,  than  his  hands.  To  see  the  stables 
belonging  to  him,  where  the  horses  belonging  to  his  line  are  housed,  is  one  of  the  sights 
of  New  York.  There  nearly  800  horses  are  to  be  seen,  all  well  cared  for  and  made 
comfortable.  The  feed  for  them  is  laid  in,  on  the  best  terms,  and  machinery  assists  ia 
cutting  and  bruising  it  to  render  it  as  profitable  as  possible. 


46 


NEW  YORK:  STREET  RAILROADS. 


fl^ 


We  fnncj'  that  Wilson,  of  the  "Favourite"  linu  of  Iuimor  in  London  ;  firconwiioil  .t  Tur- 
ner's, of  ManchrBtcr,  with  tlidr  3  liontc  nl)r('8i»t  Scofoli  Ihish;  or  Androw  Mt'nzii>8,  of  OIiih- 
gow,  cnn  flcnrcoly  honst  of  iloiii).'  this  |mrti«'iilar  hrnni'li  of  city  trade,  on  no  cxtciifivo  u 
st'MJi',  as  that  now  doflorilicd,  far  less  oonvcyini,'  iMissciiLtcrs  ."i  iiiilcs  lur  'JJ(/. 

We  understand  tiial  each  ear  niaiies  \i>  journeys  per  day,  and  earries  on  an  average,  nliout 
30  pas.tentjers  eaeh  trip.  TJiere  an^  al)out  7<t  ours  on  one  line,  U'vini;  notnethinj,'  like  tii« 
following;  result; — Total  nuniiier  of  cars,  7o,  Running,'  e(|iial  to  ri.Jfiu  miles,  and  carrvinif 
Uli.tiod  passeiiifers  per  day.  Income  at  fi  cents  each,  >>l.(;sii,  or  t'lliitl,  st;;.,  in  one  day,  or 
iill,7()ii  i)er  Week,  or  in  one  year  Soil.ri'io,  {£l\l-l,i')i'>,)  on  one  line  of  streets  alone  !  Tho 
line  of  Gcorf(«  Law's,  it  is  said,  pays  at  le-.:,^  12  per  cent  dividend,  l)esides  lionuses. 

A  new  desci'iption  of  one  horse  railroad  car  was  started  in  New  York  last  .Autrust,  and 
a  most  conifortalile  car  it  is.  Connected  with  it,  there  is  no  eouiiuelor,  'I'lie  driver  pulls 
up^yon  enter — jmt  the  amount  of  j-onr  fare  ilown  a  slip  near  the  roof,  and  it  drops  into 
a  !;las.s  case.  AVhen  the  driver,  who  sees  through  the  jrlass  that  the  amount  is  cornet,  he 
touches  a  s])i'inir,  and  the  coin  falls  down  into  a  lockiil  drawer  nndernealh  ;  ijic  mourv 
never  heini;  touclied  hy  the  driver,  and  heyond  his  reach.  If  you  have  no  chanife,  the 
driver  will  ^^ive  you  full  chanife,  throUi.'h  a  lude  in  tin  top  of  the  omnilms.  On  enlerin" 
the  car  you  deposit  tho  projier  amount  of  fare  oa  stati'cl.  The  door  is  openeil  and  shut  l>v 
a  strap  in  the  hands  of  the  driver,  attache<l  to  the  iloor. 

In  the  city  oninihuses,  (called  stajjes)  the  only  attendant  is  the  driver,  who  attends  to 
its  manaifcnicut  in  the  same  manner  as  abovf  deserilied. 


T>S. 

I,(maon;  Ort'onwo.ul  A  Tiir- 
i„.  Aiiclivw  ^K■nz•u•^  of  (ilii^- 
•ity  triiac,  on  co  txtfiifivi-  n 

It.iini.'soiiiiuiiv.niirc,  nlioiit 
;.,  nlvinjf  noini'tliiiii.'  likf  t'l" 
to  r>,'.i'Jo  iniU'x,  mill  I'lin-yi'ii; 
,  or  .i'AM.  "»!.'■.  >»  ""«  ''">'•  "'' 
0  line  of  stiv.'tr.  iilonr  !     Tlio 
U'lul,  Ih'/kK''*  lioiiu^'t  ^ 
,  N.w  York  li>i*t  Au^'imt,  iiii.l 
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« 


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AND   THENCE    BY    CONNECTING   RAILB0AD9  TO 


l¥hccllaff, 
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Cincinnati, 

€iiiciiKO, 

Burlington, 


Louisville,  St.  liOnis, 

Indianapolis,      Cleveland, 
St.  Paul,  Nebraska, 


AND  ALL  OTHER  POINTS  IN  THE  GREAT  WEST. 


Tlio  completion  of  tho  Western  connection  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  to  Chicago  makes  this  the  shortest  line  between  the  East  and 
tJie  Great  NortJnoest. 

Close  connections  are  made  with  this  railroad  line  at  Philadelphia 
by  all  the  passenger  lines  running  westward  from  Boston  and  New 
York.  The  rates  of  faro  are  always  as  low,  tho  time  as  short,  and 
accommodations  at  least  equal  to  any  other  route. 

Tliis  company  also  maintains  an  Emigrant  Accommodation  Line,  by 
which  parties  emigrating  westward  enjoy  a  cheap  and  comfortable 
!  mode  of  conveyance. 

The  rates  of  freight  to  any  point  in  tho  west  by  the  Pennsylvania 
j  Railroad  are  at  all  times  as  favorable  as  are  charged  by  other  railroad 
j  comjianies,  and  for  speed  and  safety  this  line  is  not  excelled  by  any  in  , 
'  the  United  States. 


mim 


A 


■5 


KJSriOKEHBOCKEIl     ]N/I.A.a--A.ZITTE. 

THIRTY  THIRD  VOLUME  bcRlnnlng  with  the  January  Number,  18M.  Lor.rf  (Uyi-okd  Ci.ark  and  Dr. 
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variety  of  talent  that  have  ever  been  enlisted  '"-"^ -«8-  - '"   •'^,  ™"     /^. 


Gullan  V.  Verplanok, 
II.  T.  Tui'kernian, 
George  W.  Curtis, 
John  (i.  ?axe, 
Alfred  V.  gtreet. 


Prof.  Edward  North, 
Alanton  M.  Marble, 
Fltz  James  O'Urlen, 
T.  B.  Aldrlch, 
James  W.  Morris, 


Fltz  Greene  IlaUeck,  E.  L.  Ooilkln, 

Donald  G.  Jlltchell,  John  PluKni.t, 

I'ark  Benjamin,  A.  Wilder, 

Kev.  K.  W  Shelton,  Mrs.  E.  Key  Blunt, 

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TE. 

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lopular  authors  for  coii- 
u  greater  amount  and 

Prof.  Kdward  North, 
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\merlca." 

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9 

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g  on  Wood  pron.ijtiy,  and 

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and  other  Stamps,  Uius- 

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-uer. 

reet,  New  York. 

ONS, 


^ET, 


ODEOIT, 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON.  47 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON. 

"  Wasiiinotov,  the  Capital  of  the  United  States,  is  benutifully  and  conveniently  situated  on 
the  nortli  bank  of  the  River  I'otoniae,  I)istfict  of  Columbia.  Tlie  city  is  nearly  surrounded 
by  a  fine  ampliitiieatre  of  liills  of  moderate  elevation,  covered  with  trees  and  slirubbery, 
and  conimandin;^  from  many  points  picturesque  scenery,  and  extensive  vi.!\vs  of  the  "  River 
of  Swans,"  which,  descending  front  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  winding  its  waj-  for 
nearly  400  miles  through  a  fertile  and  most  attractive  country,  expands  into  Ciiesapeake 
Bay.  Tiie  environs  of  tiie  city  alioiiiid  in  elegant  villas  and  country  seats. 
"Lat.  38°  5.5'  48"  north,  and  long.  77°  1'  30 "  west  from  Greenwich.  It  is  the  first  meri- 
dian of  American  geographers. 

"  The  site  lias  a  g<'iitly  undiiliiting  surface.  Tiie  city  extends  X.  W.  and  S.  E.  about 
4i  miles,  and  E.  to  S.  about  2^  miles.  The  ptiblic  buildings  occupy  the  most  elevated 
situations.  The  slreets  run  \.  and  S.,  and  E.  and  W.,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles, 
with  the  exception  of  l.i,  whicli  point  to  tiie  States,  of  wliicli  they  severally  bear  the 
iinnies.  Tlie  Capitol  commands  the  streets  called  Maryland,  Delaware,  and  Pennsylvania 
avenues  ;  the  President's  House,  Pennsylvania,  Vermont,  New  York,  and  Connecticut 
avenues,  and  all  tiieso  dill'erent  intersections  form  1170  squares.  Pennsylvania  avenue, 
which  stretches  in  a  direct  line  from  Georgetown  to  the  Eastern  Brancli,  passing  the  Presi- 
<lent's  House  to  tlie  Capitol,  is  4  miles  in  length,  and  1(50  feet  wide  between  those  edifices, 
and  iieytind  tliem  130  feet.  The  streets  are  from  70  to  lOt)  feet  wide.  Tiie  whole  area  of 
tlie  city  is  about  301(5  acres,  and  its  jteripliery  about  14  miles. 

"Tiie  city  was  founded,  and  the  coriior-stoneof  the  Capitol  was  laid,  with  masonic  honours, 
on  tlio  18tli  Sept.,  17'.i.'i,  and  tlie  city  was  first  occupied  as  tlie  seat  of  government  in  1800. 
"The  pul>lie  buildings  of  AVashington  are  the  Capitol,  the  Executive  Mansion,  the  State 
OtHces,  Treasury  UiiiKiings,  AVar  Ofliccs,  Navy  Ottices,  Offices  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior, Patent  Office,  Post-office,  Otfieo  of  the  Attorney-general,  National  Observatory,  the 
.Arsenal,  .Navy  Yard,  Smiilisoiiia'.  Institute,  Nation.'d  Medical  College,  Colunibian  College, 
Coast  Survey  Office,  City  Hall,  National  Institute,  numerous  churches,  tlie  hotels,  and  many 
others  devoted  to  a  variety  of  useful,  literary,  nnd  benevolent  purposes. 
"  I'rm-ii-  ScjiAitKs  AM)  Parks. — We  condense  the  following  from  Miss  Lyncli'o  ucscrif)tion 
of  Washington :  "  The  open  waste  lying  between  the  Capitol,  the  President's  House,  and  the 
Potomac,  is  about  to  be  converted  into  a  national  pork,  upon  a  plan  proposed  by  the 
lamented  A.  J.  Downing.  The  area  contains  about  150  acres,  and  the  principal  entrance 
is  to  be  tlii'oiigh  a  superb  marble  gateway,  in  the  form  of  a  triumphal  arch,  which  is  to 
.-tand  at  the  -wcste-"  side  of  Pennsylvania  avenue.  From  this  gateway  a  series  of  corriage 
drives,  forty  feet  wide,  crossing  the  canal  by  a  suspension  bridge,  will  lead  in  gracefully 
curved  lines  beneath  lofty  shade-trees,  forming  a  carriage  drive  between  5  or  6  miles  in 
circuit.  The  grounds  will  include  tiie  Sniitlisonian  Institute  nnd  Washington's  monument. 
The  porks  round  tlie  President's  House  and  the  Capitol  hove  already  been  mentioned. 
Lafayette  Park,  on  tlie  north  side  of  Pennsylvania  avenue,  in  front  of  the  executive  mansion, 
is  laid  out  and  planted  with  shrubbery,  etc.,  and  contains,  as  we  have  elsewhere  stated,  a 
bronze  equestrian  statue  of  President  Jackson.  To  avoid  the  unpleasant  angularity,  caused 
by  th'»  peculiar  intersection  of  the  streets,  open  spaces  ore  to  bo  left  at  these  points,  which 
are  to  be  laid  out  and  planted  with  trees,  etc.  There  are  extensive  grounds  around  the 
City  Hall,  called  Judiciary  Square." 

"  Objects  of  Interest  in  the  Vicinity. — Fifteen  miles  south  of  Wastiington,  on  the  Poto- 
mac, is  Mount  Vernon,  once  the  home,  and  now  the  tomb  of  AVashiugton.  Thirteen  miles 
above  Georgetown  are  the  Great  Falls  of  the  Potomac,  thought  by  many  to  equal,  in  wild- 
ness  and  picturesque  interest,  any  in  the  country.  The  Little  Falls,  which  descend  15  fed; 
perpendicularly,  are  only  3  miles  above  Georgetown.  The  latter  was  a  favourite  fishing 
resort  of  Daniel  AVebster.  Measures  are  being  taken  to  supply  AVusliington  with  water 
from  one  of  these  falls. 


™e  capito.  of  the  unitep  states. 


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49 


somely  laid  out,  niiJ  planted  with  trees  niid  shrubbery,  presenting,  during  the  spring  and 
guininer,  n  scene  of  exquisite  beauty.  The  extensions  will  comprehend  two  wings,  288  by 
140  feet,  which  are  to  be  surrounded  on  throe  sides  by  colonnades,  and  to  communicate  on 
the  fourth  by  corridors  44  feet  long,  and  5f)  wide,  with  the  main  building.  The  whole  will 
be  7.')1  feet  long,  and  cover  an  area  of  S^  acres.  The  grounds  around  tiieCapitol  embrace 
from  23  to  30  acres,  forming  an  oblong  on  three  sides,  and  a  semicircle  on  the  west. 
'•TiiK  ruKsiDKNTs  ]\Iansion  lias  a  front  of  170  feet  by  80  feet  deep,  is  2  stories  high,  and 
built  of  freestone,  painted  white,  hence,  we  presume,  it  is  named  the  "  White  House."  The 
north  front  has  a  portico  orinuucnted  with  4  Ionic  columns  facing  Pennsylvania  avenue, 
and  ,'!  at  the  sides;  under  this,  carriages  drive  to  deposit  their  visitors.  The  Potomac 
fi-iMit  has  a  circular  coloninide  of  (i  Ionic  columns.  In  the  same  enclosure  with  tlie  Exe- 
cutive ilansion  arc  the  edifices  ajipropriated  to  the  State,  Treasurj-,  War,  and  Navy  De- 
piiitiiii'iits.  The  .State  and  Treasury  buildings  ar«  directly  east  of  the  President's  House, 
and  those  of  War  and  \avy  west  of  it. 

'"The  State  Depautmknt  is  a  plain,  brick  structure,  160  feet  long,  55  wide,  and  2  stories 
high,  iu  which  are  employed  lit  clerks,  2  messengers,  and  5  watchmen.  The  department 
contains  a  largo  liljrary  of  books,  maps,  charts,  etc.,  and  in  tlie  cojiyright  bureau  are  de- 
posited from  10,000  to  12,000  volumes  of  works  copyrighted  in  the  United  States.  Imme- 
diately soutli  of  the  State  Department  is 

"Tin:  TiiKAsniY  Dki'aiitmknt,  oecu]iying  an  imposing  edifice  of  stone,  340  feet  long,  and 
170  wide,  and,  when  eom|)leted,  will  be  457  in  length.  The  east  front  (on  the  north  bend 
of  Pennsylvania  avenue,  caused  by  tlie  interru])tion  from  tlie  park  around  the  President's 
House)  has  a  colonnade  of  Ionic  columns,  300  feet  long,  and,  when  the  north  and  south 
wiii^s  arc  added,  will  number  42  columns.  The  north  and  south  ends  of  the  building  will 
alsii  have  priijccting  porticos.  Tliis  edifice  has  about  150  apartments,  in  which  are  em- 
ipliiycd.  l)e^i(l<•s  tlie  seoretary  and  his  assistant,  3  auditors,  2  treasurers,  1  register,  1  com- 
missioner of  customs,  about  3imi  clerks,  and  pei'ha|)S  30  other  employees.  The  building  of 
"TiiK  Wau  1'i:i"A1!TMi:nt  is  precisely  similar  to  that  of  the  State,  and  is  the  headquarters 
of  I  he  iiiiiiy  otli'crs.  In  it  are  om|iloyed,  besides  oftieers,  '.fj  elerks,  and  other  employees, 
"Tin:  .Navv  1)i:i'aiitmi:nt,  in  the  rear  of  the  War,  employs  more  tiian  40  clerks,  besides 
messeiigirs,  etc.     The  Indian  Hureau  is  also  in  this  buiUling. 

"TiiK  Pknsion  Oki'iik  is  a  very  large  but  |>lain  structure,  immediately  west  of  the  Navy 
Deparlnieiit,  About  halfway  lielwcen  the  Capitol  and  President's  House,  north  from  Penn- 
sylvania avenue,  fronting  VI  street,  is  the  structure  occupied  by 

"TuK  (inNKHAL  PosT-oKKioE,  oiio  of  tlio  fiucst  cdificcs  lU  Washington.  It  is  of  white  mar- 
ble, 204  feet  long,  and  102  dee|>,  contains  over  80  rooms,  and  employs,  besides  the  postnins- 
ter-general,  his  3  assistants,  more  than  50  clerks,  and  the  sixth  auditor,  with  over  100 
clerks.  ()ccu])yiiig  the  sipuire  between  8th,  Oth,  and  F  aiid  (1  streets,  is  the  building  of 
the  Hepartment  of  the  Interior,  or  Homo  Department,  generally  called  (from  one  of  its 
bureaus)  the  Patent  Office.     (See  Engraving.) 

".Siutli  from  Pennsylvania  avenue,  west  of  the  Capitol,  and  south-east  from  the  Presi- 
dent's House,  on  a  gently  rising  ground,  in  the  midst  of  the  new  park  now  being  laid  out, 
stands 

"TiiK  Smithsonian  Instititk,  one  of  the  noblest  institutions  and  finest  structures  in  Wash- 
ington. The  I'difiee  is  4r)0  feet  long  by  140  wide,  is  built  of  red  sandstone,  iu  the  Roman- 
escpie  or  .NoriMan  style,  eiiibellished  by  9  towers  of  from  75  to  150  feet  in  height,  and  when 
viewed  from  Ca])itol  Ilill,  has  an  im])osing  etfect.  In  the  building  will  be  provided  a  lec- 
ture room,  sutliciently  ea])acioiis  to  seat  from  1200  to  2000  person;",  a  museum  for  objects  of 
natural  liisto'.y,  200  feet  long,  one  of  tiie  best  supplied  laboratories  in  the  United  States, 
a  gallery,  lor  paintings  and  statuary,  120  feet  long,  and  a  room  capable  of  containing  a  lib- 
rary of  100,000  volumes,  and  actually  numbering  21,701,  in  1853;  of  which  4539  were 
cojiyright  works.  This  institution  was  endowed  by  James  Smithson,  Esq.,  an  Englishman, 
who  left  to  the  United  States  .f  olo.KiO,  (according  to  the  W(U'ds  of  the  will,)  "  to  found  at 
Washington  an  establishi'-.oiii  for  the  increase  and  difi'usion  of  knowledge  among  men." 


1 


bo 


WASHINGTON  AND  MOUNT  VERNON. 


Sraithson  died  in  1829,  nnd  in  1846  wna  commenced  the  structure  which  has  been  built  by 
the  interest  accumulated  up  to  that  time,  viz.,  $242,129.  The  fund  yields  an  annuol  in- 
come of  more  than  $30,000.  The  will  makes  no  restriction  as  to  (he  kind  of  knowledge  to 
be  jiromulgnted.  Works  on  etiinology  and  antiquities  have  already  been  published  by  the 
institution. 

"  TiiK  National  OBSERVATORy,  one  of  the  institutions  mo.'it  creditable  to  the  government, 
occupies  a  commanding  site  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac,  south-west  from  the  President's 
House.  The  Observatory  is  under  tlie  direction  of  Lieutenant  JInury,  of  the  Navy.  ]k'- 
sidcs  the  astronomical  observations  constantly  made  here,  chrommioters,  for  the  use  of  the 
navy,  are  thoroughly  tested,  researches  made  as  to  tides,  currents,  etc.,  and  longitudes  de- 
termined witli  greater  accuracy  by  the  aid  of  the  electric  telegrnph. 

"The  Arsenal,  on  Greenleafs  Point,  at  the  junction  of  the  Eastern  Branch  with  the  Poto- 
mac, is  one  of  the  principal  arsenals  of  construction  in  the  United  States. 
"About  IJ  miles  north-east  from  tlie  arsenal,  and  the  same  distance  south-east  of  the  cap- 
itol,  on  tlie  East  Branch,  is 

"  The  Navy  Yard,  which  covers  about  20  acres,  enclosed  by  a  wall.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  extensive  yards  in  the  Union,  and  employs  more  than  400  liands  in  the  manufacture 
of  anchors,  chain-cables,  steam-engines,  and  boilers,  pyrotechnics,  in  brass  nnd  iron  foun- 
dries, etc.,  etc. 

"TnE  National  Cemetery,  or  Congressional  Burying-grouiid,  is  situated  about  1  mile  east 
of  the  capitol,  on  an  elevation  conmianding  tine  views  of  tlie  surrounding  eountiy,  which 
is  beautified  with  trees  and  shrubbery.  Here  have  been  deposited,  for  a  short  time  at 
least,  tiie  remains  of  some  of  the  most  distinguished  men  in  the  nation,  and  here  are  erected 
cenotaphs  to  all  members  of  Congress  dying  while  in  office. 

"Tlie  buildings  of  the  Coast  Survey  do  not,  in  themselve?,  deserve  any  notice,  but  the 
operations  carried  on  here,  under  the  superintendence  of  Professor  A.  1).  liaehe,  a  name 
well  known  to  science,  are  of  the  most  im]Tortant  nature. 

"The  resident  population  of  the  city  is  about  55,000,  but  much  more  when  r()ngres,s  is  sit- 
ting, by  a  large  influx  of  strangers  and  others  connected  with  the  national  atlairs." 

PROM  THE  EAST  TO  WASHINGTON  AND  MOUNT  VERNON. 

Passengers  destined  for  the  tomb  of  the  immortjil  hero  of  Independence— Washington- 
take  the  cars  at  the  Camden  Station  at  Baltimore,  and  proceed  direct  to  Washinirton  City. 
Next,  proceed  in  a  steamer  bound  for  Jlount  Vernon,  passing  on  the  way  the  Washinirton 
Navy  Yard  :  in  about  an  hour  and  a  half  reaching  the  wharf  of  Mount  Vernon.  From 
there  any  one  will  point  out  the  roid  to  the  tomb,  which  is  close  at  hand. 

Mount  Vernon,  once  the  home,  but  now  the  tomb,  of  Washington,  is  15  miles  south  from 
the  City  of  Washington,  on  the  Hiver  Potomac. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  has  a  branch  from  the  city  to  Baltimore,  and  connect- 
ing with  all  points  north  and  east. 


PATKNT  OFFICE,  WASHIXGTON, 


51 


vhich  lins  been  built  by 
a  yields  an  unnnal  in- 
10  kind  of  knowledge  to 
y  been  published  by  the 

ble  to  the  government, 
,ost  from  the  Tresident's 
tury,  of  the  Navy.  Be- 
leters,  for  the  use  of  the 
,  etc.,  and  longitudes  de- 

I. 

•u  Branch  with  the  Toto- 

il  States. 

,ee  south-east  of  the  eap- 

.•ftll.  This  is  one  of  the 
lands  in  the  manufacture 
,  ill  brass  and  iron  foun- 

iituated  about  1  mile  cast 
rnninding  oounti-y,  which 
led,  for  a  short  time  at 
ilioii,  and  here  arc  erected 

iserve  any  notice,  but  the 
essor  A.  D.  Bach.',  a  name 

■novo  when  Congress  is  sit- 
e  national  affairs." 

VERNON. 

epcndenee— Washington- 
direct  to  Washington  City, 
the  way  the  Wasldngton 
■  of  Mount  Yernon.  From 
ic  at  hand. 
;ton,  is  15  miles  south  from 

to  Baltimore,  and  connect- 


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62 


PHILADELPHIA. 


CITY  OF  PIIILADELPIIIA. 

The  city  of  Pliilnd.lpliiii  ranks  seeoiid  in  importance  as  a  city,  in  tlie  United  States.  But 
as  a  mining  and  maniifaotnrini,'  cciitns  jiroKaMy  liold^  tlio  first  ].oMlion. 

It  is  situated  on  a  poninsula  soMRthiuf,'  liiie  wJiat  New  Y<-rii  is,  l.nt  lu'twoon  tlie  Dela- 
ware and  Soliuylkill  liivers.  Tlie  former  extending  its  course  of  MO  miles,  to  the  sea,  and 
all  the  way  affords  d.'i.lh  of  water  suftieient  to  float  the  larg.'st  shi]is  at  its  wharve:»;  the 
Schuylkill,  on  the  other  hand,  afi'ording  excellent  water  communieiition  witli  the  mining 
regions  of  Pennsylvaiiia. 

The  population  of  the  city  by  the  last  census,  was  423,(100,  being  an  increase  of  83,055 
over  that  of  1850— .showing  a  jiopulation  of  2f)l,-t7]  greater  than  that  of  Boston,  and  of 
200,1)04  less  than  that  of  Xew  York.  In  thi'  latter  estimate,  however,  it  ought  to  be  liorne 
in  mind,  that  the  populati<m  of  >"ew  York  is  nnich  more  of  a  migratory  and  unsettled— 
therefore,  unproductive  character,  than  that  of  probably  any  city  in  the  States— but  par- 
ticularly so  in  comparison  with  the  character  of  the  p()])ulation  of  Philadelphia,  which  is 
of  a  much  more  permanent  and  productive  chanicter.  The  nundier  of  Irish  alone  in  New 
York,  engaged  in  domestic  employment — consequently,  unproductive  labour — is  175,375. 
Since  the  last  census  was  taken,  the  jKipulation  of  Pliiladi'lphia  has  increased  to  neai'ly 
600,000. 

Ap])roacliing  Philadelphia  from  New  York,  you  arrive  nmst  ])robably  jier  rail  from  Am- 
boy,  at  Camden  station.  From  there  you  cross  the  River  Delaware  in  the  ferry  steamer 
wliieh  hinds  you  at  Walnut  Street  Wiiarf.  Appniaehiiig  the  city  from  the  west  or  north 
you  arrive  at  the  station  on  the  western  side  of  the  Seliuylkill  Kiver,  where  the  loecuiiiitive 
will  leave  the  train.  Your  carriage  will  be  drawn  by  six  or  seven  mules  for  tibinil  1 1  miles 
into  the  centre  of  the  city,  at  which  you  will  find  ''O  carriages  of  the  piineipiil  hotels 
waiting,  as  well  as  calis,  and  ]ilenty  of  coloured  p-.ners. 

The  stranger,  on  visiting  Philadelphia,  cannot  but  be  struck  with  the  vast  dimeiisidus  <if 
the  citj- — its  immense  manufacturing  productive  powers — its  spacious  streets,  laid  out  with 
the  mathematical  precision  of  the  foot-rule — its  ])ublic  and  juivate  palatial  buildings — its 
vast  wholesale  and  magnificent  retail  .stores — its  gaily  dressed  holies — all  eombining  to  u|)- 
set  our  previous  conceptions  of  a  "Quaker  city" — not  presenting  in  its  external  character, 
almost  any  thing  akin  to  the  quiet  staidness  of  the  worthy  representatives  of  its  fdunder, 
Quaker  'William  Penn. 

Friends  in  the  east  would  have  us  to  believe  that  Philadelphia  was  a  eity,  no\vh«'re — that 
as  much  business  was  done  in  New  York  in  one  day,  as  was  done  in  Philadelphia  in  one 
year — that  the  people  of  Philadelphia  were  asleep — behind  the  age — and,  as  Londoners 
would  say,  (when  they  talk  of  such  cities  as  Manchester,  Liverpool,  and  lilasgow)  a  place 
"  in  the  country" — conveying  the  idea  of  some  suburban  town. 

Our  visit  to  Philadelphia,  then,  was  an  agreeable  surprise  in  every  i-espeet. 

We  visited  some  of  the  streets  where  the  stores  are  located,  and  found  in  them,  every 
one  busier  than  another — nailing  up  boxes,  hauling  them  out  on  trucks,  and  into  wagons 
at  the  doors.  Dry  goods  salesmen  we  found  neck  deep  in  mazes  of  prints  and  calicoes, 
displaying  them  to  western  customers,  and  these  nuirking  their  jMirchases;  hanlware  men 
quoting  the  lowest  for  some  of  Sheflield's  best  productions;  gmeers  and  their  customers, 
buried  beliind  huge  piles  of  boxes  of  tea,  whilst  tfisting  their  samples ;  ]iublishing  houses 
crammed  full  of  books  of  all  sorts  and  sizes,  from  "Jack  the  riiant  Killer"  to  Lipjien- 
cott's  ponderous  "  Gazetteer," — with  their  floors  jammed  full  of  cases  being  packed  to  si'ud 
ott'  to  enlighten  the  natives  as  well  as  foreigners,  in  all  quarters  of  this  mighty  continent. 
Young  men  would  be  seen  labelling  immense  cases  of  goods  for  the  chief  cities  in  the 
west  and  south,  ond  even  east,  as  far  as  Boston  ;  carters  loading  and  unloading  every  con- 
ceivable kind  of  package,  all  betokening  an  amount  of  business,  despatch,  ami  bustle,  wliich 
made  us  begin  to  consider  whetlier  we  were  in  New  York  or  Philadelphia. 

Entering  some  of  the  immense  factories  in  iron  work,  the  large  letter-press  printing  es- 


PHILADELPHIA. 


69 


he  United  States.   But 

iiiii. 

lUtbftwoen  tlio  l>fli'- 
)  miles,  to  tl»e  sen,  niul 
il.Aiit  itH  wlmrve:*;  the 
iiticii  witli  the  iiiiniii!,' 

r  nil  ineveasc  of  83,055 
that  of  Boston,  ami  of 
.r,  it  oiii;ht  to  lie  liorne 
initory  and  unsettled — 
in  the  States— but  par- 
r  Philadelphia,  whieh  is 
■r  of  Irish  alone  in  New 
tive  hiliour— is  l';r.,;57."). 
las  inereased  to  nearly 

liiilily  i«'r  mil  fnun  Ani- 
,iu-i'  in  the  ferry  steamer 
tVom  the  weM  or  north 
,.,.,  where  the  loeoiiiotive 
mill,  s  for  ahout  U  mih's 
I  (if  tlie   i.rineipal  hotels 

h  the  vast  dimensions  of 
10119  streets,  laid  out  with 
te  palatial  l.\iildin:_'s— its 
,^_all  eomhiniuLT  to  up- 
11  its  external  eharaeter, 
jsentatives  of  its  founder. 

.vasaeity.nowh.'re— that 
ic  in  I'hila.h'lpliia  in  one 
n,^ro— and,  as  Londoners 
,ol,  and  (;lasi;ow)a  plaee 

evy  respeet. 
1,1,1  f.innd  in  them,  every 

trneks,  and  into  vva^'ons 
■s  of  prints  and  ealieoes, 
mrelmses ;  hardware  men 
,eers  and  their  customers, 
imples;  puhlishing  houses 

(liant  Killer"  to  Lipl'en- 
eas.'Hheint;  packed  to  send 
)f  this  mit;hty  continent, 
for  the  chi.'f  cities  in  the 

and  nidoading  every  con- 
h'spateh,  and  hustle,  which 

iladelphia. 

;e  letter-press  printint;  es- 


M 


tnblislimenfs,  both  book  nnd  newspajuT — aeeini,'  them  throwintr  olf  their  dnillos  by  their 
lens  of  tiiousands,  as  fast  and  as  eiieap  as  human  skill  can  accomplish — the  immense  bind- 
eries, ami  many  other  lar^o  and  busy  hives  of  industry — we  found  the  same  naignitude  of 
•■Derations  i^owj^  on,  all  clearly  h'ttiiii,'  us  know  that  we  were  in  one  of  the  largest  manu- 
facturing cities  in  tills  country — ([uestioning  if  it  was  not  likely  some  day  to  rival  its  more 
populous  neighbour — New  York — in  manufacturing  enterprise.  If  the  stranger  should 
ha]i]ien  to  visit  Philadelphia  about  the  time  we  ditl,  (August)  or,  in  fact,  at  any  time  du- 
ring the  summer  moiitiis,  he  will  find  the  scene  We  iiave  endeavoured  to  portray. 

Where  tliere  are  so  many  spacious  streets  in  the  city,  tilled  with  elegant  stores  of  all 
kinds,  it  is  difriciill  to  mention  any  one  in  ]>i  rlicular ;  but  t'iiestnut  street  appears  to  be  the 
principal  main  street,  and  forms  the  "  Itroi  dway"  of  the  city — in  which  some  retail  stores 
ore  situated,  which,  for  size  and  elegance,  arc  not,  we  believe,  excelled  by  any  city  in  the 
world.  Tiie  streets  generally  are  clean  and  in  good  order,  and  in  that  res|)cet  forms  a 
])leasing  contrast  to  those  cesspools  of  tilth  which  characterize  the  streets  of  the  "  Empire 
City."  Tiie  houses  in  many  of  the  streets  in  the  city  arc  neat,  compact,  brick  houses,  re- 
sembling very  much  those  to  be  seen  in  the  neighbourhood  of  London  and  ilanchester — but 
instead  of  being  built  in  rows  all  joined  together,  many  in  Philadelphia  are  detnched  along 
with  a  iiiece  of  ground,  and  all  jiarticularly  clean  and  tidy  in  appearance. 

The  suburbs  of  I'iiiladelphia  are  studded  with  neat  cottages,  villas  and  stately  mansions, 
beautifully  situated,  surrouiuled  by  pleasure-grounds,  and  inhabited,  for  the  most  part,  by 
the  manufacturers,  merchants,  and  eonnnereial  classes  who  ire  engaged  in  business  in  tiiocity. 

From  "  Lip|icncotl's  (!a/cteer"  we  <piote  the  following  information. 

"  There  is  but  one  park  (Independence  S(juare,  in  the  rear  of  the  State  House)  or  public 
s(iuai'i'  in  the  dense  part  of  the  city  (bcsidis  the  five  enumerated  in  the  general  plan)  of 
much  importance.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Fairmount  water-works  (themselves  form- 
ing a  fine  promenade,  with  an  extensive  view  from  tiie  basin)  is  Lemon  Hill,  formerly 
Pratt's  Garden,  and  once  the  resilience  of  Robert  Morris,  of  Revolutionary  fame.  These 
grounds  are  very  e.\tensive,  covered  with  fine  old  trees,  possess  great  variety  of  surface,  and 
deseeiul  on  the  west  nnd  soutii-west  by  steep  banks  to  the  Schuylkill  River.  The  squares 
within  tiie  city  cover  caeii  an  extent  of  from  5  to  7  acres,  are  enclosed  by  tasteful  iron  rail- 
ings, are  beautifully  laid  out,  and  planted  witli  a  great  variety  of  trees.  Squirrels,  pea- 
fowls, anil  deei'  are  domeslieated  in  tliem.  Five  of  these  sipiares  are  named  Wasliington, 
Rittenhonse,  I'eiin,  Logan,  and  Franklin.  Tlie  latter  has  a  tine  fountain  nnd  basin,  with 
40  jets  of  water." 

In  ]inblie  buildings,  the  city  can  lioast  of  some  unsurpassed  in  eleganoe  and  in  historical 
interest. 

Ini>i;i'KM)i:n(K  Hai.i.,  t'liestnnt  street,  sho\ild  be  visited  by  every  stranirer.  In  that  vener- 
able editice  was  held  the  Convention  which  framed  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
also  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States — the  veritalile  desk  and  chair  of  Washington 
and  Franklin  standing  as  they  did  on  those  menu)rahle  days;  tiie  old  bell,  with  its  procla- 
mation of  liberty  upon  it — "  Proclaim  liberty  throughout  tliis  land,  to  all  the  iuliabitants 
tiiereof,"  and  the  steps  from  wiiieh  the  Declaration  was  signed,  on  the  4th  of  Julv,  177ii,  from 
wiiicli  Wasliington  delivered  Ids  "  Farewell  Address,"  on  his  retirement  from  public  life. 
From  the  top  of  tlie  steeple,  a  most  magniticeiit  view  of  the  city  is  obtained,  giving  a 
stranger  the  most  adequate  conception  of  tiie  magnitude  nnd  importance  of  tiie  cit\'. 

GiUAun  Cin.i.Kci:. — I'hiladelphia  possesses  in  Ciranl  College,  situated  about  2  miles  nortii- 
west  from  the  State  House,  the  linest  specimen  of  (irecian  architecture  in  the  United  States, 
if  not  of  modern  times.  It  is  in  the  Corintliian  style  of  arciiitceture.  Tlie  entire  cost  of 
buildings,  wall,  and  embellishments  of  the  grounds  was  .f  l,it?,:!,8'21.78,  or  iffiCODO  less  than 
was  donated  by  Stephen  (iirard  for  tiio  erection  and  eiidownieiit  of  the  institution.  Sir. 
Girard,  wlio  made  this  magnificent  bc(iuest,  was  a  native  of  France,  wlio  came  poor  and 
friendless  to  Philadeljiliia  in  lioyhood,  and  by  industry  and  good  management  accumulated 
n  fortune  of  several  millions,  the  greater  portion  of  which  he  left  to  tiie  city  for  the  erection 
nnd  endowment  of  Girard  College  for  Orphans,  and  for  improving  the  city  in  various  ways. 


-♦'♦  I.  ■ 


54 


PHILADELPHIA. 


The  Custom  House,  on  Cliestnut  street,  is  a  niiignifii'ent  marble  buililinj?,  in  iniiUition  of 
the  I'lirtlieiion  of  /.thens,  and  a  sploiiditl  sample  of  tlie  Ihino  style  of  nirliitecliire. 

TiiEMKitciiANis' E.  ilANfiK,  trout iiii,'  Wiilnut,  Doek,  and  Tlii 'il  streets,  is  also  u  iimrblo 
buildiii!,',  of  tiiK'  jiroportioiLS  villi  ii  cciiii  eiletiliir  poi-tico  of        ...tiiiaii  eohiimis. 

Tin;  U.MTKi)  ST.vrts  Mint,  in  Chest luit  street,  is  a  liuiKlsome  editiee  of  brieii  faeed  with 
marble,  in  imitation  of  a  tirceian  temple  of  tlie  lonio  order. 

Our  sj)aee  prevents  ii  from  noticini,'  imre  of  the  many  otiier  magnificent  buildings  in 
tlie  city. 

I'liiladelphia  appeals  tcj  be  well  supplied  with  cliurehes— tliere  being  upwards  of  230  iu 
the  city — embracing  all  deuominationi'.  The  city  long  preserved  great  simplicity  in  her 
churcli  ariliiteetiire;  i'Ut  of  late  a  gradual  eliange  Inn  talien  ])Iaee  in  the  style  of  the  relig- 
ioi  as  W'll  i.s  of  tlie  prival.' .  diliees  of  tin'  eity.  Iteteiilly,  a  number  of  costly  and  highly 
ornnmented  cliurchcs  have  been,  and  are  now  being,  erected. 

Ckmeteuies. — The  environs  of  I'hiladelphia  abound  in  places  of  sepulture,  anion;,'  wliich, 
for  lieauty  of  position,  are  tlie  two  prinei]ial  eciiieteries  of  No-tli  and  South  Laiiicl  Hill, 
situi  ted  on  the  Schuylkill  river,  l  miles  north-west  from  the  State  lloiisi'. 

Wateh  WoiiKs. — lairniount  Water  Works,  situated  in  tlie  district  of  Spring  Garden,  ou 
the  Schuylkill  Uiv.r,  about  2  miles  north-west  of  the  State  House,  were,  previous  to  tlie 
erection  of  tlie  t'roion  Wurks  in  New  York,  the  envy  of  tlie  other  cities  of  tlie  Union — Phil- 
adelphia having  been  for  a  long  time  the  only  city  in  tlie  United  Stales  sujiplied  with  water 
in  this  way — and  are  still  justly  tlie  pride  and  boast  of  I'hiladelpliiii,  not  more  for  tlieir 
utility  than  for  the  j)ietures(|ne  attractions  of  the  jdaee.  It  w^oiild,  perhajis,  be  difficult  to 
point  out  anywhere  a  spot  concentrating  in  liie  same  space  so  muny  elements  of  tlie  lieiiiiti- 
ful  and  picturesque. 

LiuiiAiiii-s,  Colleges,  Scimoi,*,  and  LiTEaABV  Institutes. — I'hiladelphia  had  long  the  hon- 
our of  possessing  the  largest  libniry  in  the  Uiiitei'  Mates.  Itiit  now  the  I'hiladelpliiu 
Library,  to  which  we  allude,  is  surpassed  in  this  respect  by  the  library  of  Harvard  College, 
and  tlie  Astor  Library  in  New  York.  It  occupies  a  plain  biick  edifice  in  Fifth  street  below 
Chestnut,  and  was  founded,  through  the  iiitluence  of  Dr.  I'ranklin,  (whose  statue  adorns  a 
iiiclie  in  front,)  in  173^.  The  rhiladelj)hia  and  l>oi,'aiiian  Libraries  are  in  tin  same  buildi'iir. 
and  owned  by,  and  l./aned  to,  the  same  lockliolders.  They  hu  ■,  united,  about  ';o,ihiu 
vdumes.  The  income  of  the  library  is  Sti,.jiMi.  Strang"rs  are  allowed  the  use  of  bi\)ks 
while  in  tli"  building,  but  they  are  nit  to  be  taken  out  except  by  stockholdci-s,  or  on  deposit 
of  their  value. 

Among  a  host  of  other  libraries,  may  be  mentioned  tlie  AthcnaBuni  Library  and  Reading 
Room,  occupying  a  beautiful  biiiidiiig  of  light  sandstone,  in  the  lulian  style,  on  Si.xtli  street, 
opposite  Washington  sijuare.  It  has  about  12,i)U0  voluni' .»  on  its  slielves,  and  is  i.'Xtensively 
supplied  wUh  maps,  charts,  and  periodicals.  « 

The  Mercantile  Library,  situated  in  Tif  h  street,  opposite  Independence  square,  was  es- 
tablished in  1821,  for  the  lienelit  of  merchants'  clerks  and  oilier  young  men. 

The  Apprentices'  Library  'lus  over  14,(iU(i  volumes;  loaned  in  1852  to  UK7  boys  and  670 
giris. 

The  Friends  Lave  an  extensive  iibrary  in  Arch  street  above  Third,  and  one  in  Race  below 
Fifth. 

The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  located  on  Lond  street,  near  Chestnut,  has  the  largest 
museum  of  natural  history  in  America.  Professor  Agassiz  pronounced  this  institution  the 
best  out  of  Europe  in  its  collections  of  subjects  of  natural  historv. 

The  Franklin  Iii.stitute,  for  the  pronioti.jii  of  manufactures  and  the  useful  arts,  occiijiies  i> 
large  building  with  a  marble  front,  in  Seventh  street,  above  Chestnut.  It  holds  an  annual 
exhibition  of  American  manufactures. 

The  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  locaied  in  Chestnut  street,  is  the  oldest  institu- 
tion of  the  kind  in  the  United  States,  and  was  established  in  i8()7. 

The  Art  l^nion,  an  association  for  the  promotio  i  of  art.  ha-,  rooms  open  to  the  public, 
where  are  exhibited  annually  ibout  1,000  paiutingi. 


PHILADELPHIA. 


66 


il.Unj;,  ill  iniitiiti'i"  *>' 

f  arehltoctui'f. 

eots,  is  also  ii  marble 

liau  columns. 

;o  lit"  brick  fucoJ  with 

l^r|,ificl■llt  buiblins^s  lu 

■iiiif  viinvavJs  of  230  iu 
irivat  Miiiplicity  in  lier 
nili.'styl.'ofUiorclig- 

itr  of  costly  ami  liigbly 

■pulture,  anionic  which, 
mil  South  Uuiril  Hill, 
House. 

It  of  Spring  OarJon,  on 
u,  were,  previous  to  the 
ties  of  the  Union— Phil- 
lies supplicil  with  water 
|iliia,  not  more  for  their 
,  p.'rhaps,  be  <liffioult  to 
y  elements  of  the  beauti- 

•Ijihia  had  lonir  the  lion- 
t    now  the   I'hila.Klpliia 
rary  of  Hurvunl  College, 
(tiee  in  Fiflli  street  below 
(whose  statue  adorns  it 
nreinthi  sameiiuihlinir. 
,  uniloil,  about  ';i),i»)i» 
owed   ine  use  of  bivjks 
.■khohlei-s,  or  on  deposit 

m  Library  and  Ueading 
lum  style,  on  Sixth  street, 
lioUes,  and  is  oxteusivcly 

■ndence  squRre,  wiis  es- 
DUiv^  men. 
[85-2to«37  boys  and  670 

il.  and  one  iu  Uace  below 

hestnut,  has  the  largest 
imccd  this  institution  the 

llu'  useful  arts,  occupies  o 
inut.     It  holds  an  annual 

treet,  is  the  oldest  institu- 

(oms  open   to  the  public, 


■:f- 


In  mcdicnl  science,  Philadelphia  stands  first  of  the  cities  of  Anicricn,  and  hermedical 

school"  are  attended  by  students  froMi  not  only  every  portion  of  the  Union,  l)ilt  even  from 
Canada,  Mexico,  and  South  America.  Tliere  is  a  homtnopathie  hospital,  at  which  the  stu- 
dents attend  clinical  lectures.  The  I'Vniale  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania,  founded  in 
I84".t,  has  luid  a  very  prosperous  conuneni^ement — .12  students  attended  the  class  of  1851-2. 

Pnu.K;  Sdiooi.s. — The  number  of  buildings  oecu|)ied  for  schools — many  tif  which  are  fine 
structures,  and  built  with  e.'pocial  reference  to  complete  adajitation  for  places  of  instruction 
— is  ISd,  of  which  7;t  belong  to  the  comptrollers,  and  107  are  rented. 

Philadilphia  aliounds  also  iu  private  schools  of  a  high  character. 

History. — PliiJadelphia  was  planned  and  settled  by  William  IVnii  and  a  colony  of  English 
Frieiiils,  or  (/Makers,  in  ir>S2,  after  a  regular  imrchase  from  the  Iiulians.  ratified  by  treaty 
in  due  form  under  an  elm-tree  in  the  present  district  of  Kensington.  The  natnc  of  Phila- 
delphia (lirollurly  love)  was  giv<'n  by  I'enii,  both  in  reference  to  the  ancient  eity  of  that 
name  in  Asia  Minor,  and  from  its  embodying  prini'iples  he  had  so  much  at  heart. 

Philadelphia  supports  from  12  to  1,5  daily  ncwspa])ers — one  of  which,  we  believe,  has  the 
largi'st  eiriMilatiou  of  any  newspaper  in  the  United  States. 

If  lurther  evid<'ne<'  Is  wanting  to  give  evidence  of  the  commercial  im|)ortance  of  this 
city,  we  append  a  list  of  tlie  railroads  centrinir  in  Philadelphia,  showing  ahso  the  cost  of 
these: — 

IIAII.HOADS   CENTIllNU    IX   IMIILADEI.rHIA. 


.Miles  Cost. 

HiNiilinir '.<■■ i?r.»,0(i4,lS0 

!$;iltiiiiiirc US r,'.i7li,4ni! 

<'iihuiil)iii  SO f>,'.i77,'.i7.S 

Me<lia . . . . : I". «0(i,oiiO 

Moiiistiiwn 17 4,7!tl,.">48 

(i,  rrniintown 7 l,71'.1,81ii 

Niirlli  I'ciinsvlvania i!4 .'i,10r.,.U2 

Kodiest.'r 33 ;?1,34S,S12 


Miles.  Cost. 

('amden  and  Amboy i!3 ^.'>,(t.')0,.")'.i2 

Pliiladelpliia  and  Trenton. 30 1,000,000 

West  .Icrsev- 0 200,000 

Cumpdcn  and  Atlantic  . .  .DO 1,73h,171 


Total. 


.■)rt7 ?i,')3,71(),201 

Stg.  £10,743,200  4». 


Whilst  Xew  York  eonstriU'ted  only  34  miles  of  road  during  1850,  Philadelphia  shows  an 
incna^i'  iu  1856,  of  426  miles,  and  in  1857,  fully  5011  miles.  The  cost  of  carriage  of  a  bar- 
rel of  flour  from  Elinira  to  Philadeljihia  is  5o  cts.,  whilst  it  is  09  ets.  from  Elmii'a  to  Xew 
York,  sliowiiig  a  large  margin  in  favoiu-  of  Philadelphia  as  u  port  for  the  disposal  of  that 
article  from  the  lake  ports,  wliieh  are  the  chief  feeders  of  such  as  New  York  and  other 
citie.<  on  the  seaboard.  The  eanal  navigation  iu  connection  with  Pliiladdphia  amounts  to 
;i;)0  mill's,  in  dill'erent  tlireetions,  and  was  formed  at  a  cost  of  ;S24,i)imi,ii()0.  (,£t"i,00O,00O.) 

Every  year,  hut  ))ar1ieularly  of  late,  have  the  capitalists  of  the  city  been  wid<'ning  the 
facilities  afVordeil  I'y  its  natural  position,  so  as  to  .-secure  a  much  greater  ainiuint  of  traffic 
with  the  lake  cities  ihan  ever  it  has  enjoyed,  and  there  aj)pears  great  probability,  from  the 
new  routes  opened  and  eonnectious  formed  with  the  west,  that  they  will  succeed  in  accom- 
plishing their  <d>ject. 

The  tiankiiig  capital  of  Philadelphia  is  $12,000,01  lO — n  comparatively  small  amount  when 
com|)arcd  with  the  city  of  Xew  York,  with  its  ca|iital  of  $56,000,000.  So  long  as  Phila- 
delpiiia  is  thus  luiuipered  with  such  small  means  for  carrying  on — far  less  enlarging — a 
trade,  for  which  she  forms  naturally  so  favourable  a  nucleus,  together  with  her  rate  of  in- 
terest being  one  percer,'.  lower  than  Xew  York — by  which  means  large  amounts  of  money 
find  their  way  thither  instead  of  to  Phihi(lel|(liia — it  seems  reasonable  to  suppose,  that  the 
Qn  ker  City  never  will  attain  that  commercial  position  for  wealth,  commerce,  and  every 
thing  that  conduces  to  the  greatness  or  jirosperity  of  a  large  city,  till  she  adopts  a  different 
line  of  commercial  polie\-,  and  enl.irg's  the  sphere  of  her  banking  institutions.  Judging 
from  the  character  of  her  manufacturers  and  merchants,  we  shall  be  surprised  if  such  an 
alteration  i    not  .'ft'ectcd  before  long. 

To  Philadel|)liia  belongs  the  credit  of  making  the  first  move  for  the  abolition  of  the  absurd 
and  hypocriti<'al  working  usury  laws.  In  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  parties  can  borrow 
and  lend  money  u]ion  r.ny  terms  or  rate  of  interest  agreed  upon  between  borrower  and 
lender,  and  certaiidy  the  only  rational  plan. 


'il 


i 

i 


56 


BOSTON. 


CITY  OF  BOSTON. 


TiiK  city  of  Rostoii  U  tlif  tliinl  In  commorpial  ini|Mirtaiu-o  iiiiioiiKst  tlio  lomliiig  oitius  of 
the  Uiiiti'd  SliitoB. 

It  consists,  properly  8penliin«,  of  tliree  .llvi^ions— vi/. :  lio'toii  I'r.-p.r.  I'Jisl  Ho-lnn.  nu>\ 

South  Boston. 

"  Tiio  strwtrt  of  lioston  wore  ori(tinnlly  laid  out  upon  no  synteinHlie  pliin,  iiii.I  Iwin!?  ne- 
eoiiitnoclalcil  to  the  unevenness  of  tlie  Mirface,  nian_\  of  tlietii  ar.'  rn.olv.Ml  ami  njirn.w  ;  l.ut 
tiitse  defect.^  have  of  late  lieen  remeilicd  to  a  eon^idrralile  oxi.iit,  «.  that  now  tlie  priii.'i- 
])al  tlioroutflifareB  nro  convcHient  nnd  spacious.  Wahhinpton  and  Trcniont  streets  are  tho 
fasliionahle  promenades.  Altiunii.'h  Itoslon  I'roper  is  eireumserilied  in  its  limits,  il  eontains 
one  of  the  linest  puMie  parlis— the  l"onimon— that  is  to  li<'  found  in  any  city  of  America. 
Known  to  the  earliest  settlers  liy  the  name  of  "Tower  Fields,"  nnd  occupied  afterwards  as 

a  town  cow-pasture,  lioston  Common  has  since  hecn  set  apart,  orini iiled,  and  curefidly 

pr.'served  for  the  common  hcnetit  of  the  citizens  in  all  eomin;v  time.  iNearly  fii*  iieres  nro 
included  within  its  lioundaries,  endira<ini,'  almost  every  variety  of  surfiiee,  from  the  level 
plat  to  the  ^'entle  sh)pe  and  alirnpt  ascent.  Towerinj,'  elms,  some  of  whi(di  are  a  hiindred 
years  old,  enclose  the  borders,  while  within,  graded  walks,  lieautifilUy  siiaded,  intersect 
each  other  in  every  ilireetion.  Near  the  cenli'e  is  a  small  pond,  where  a  founlain  of  Coeliit- 
uate  sends  u|)  its  crystal  stream,  whirlin;;  and  ^parklin^'.  tin  or  7ii  feet  into  the  air.  The  en- 
tire grounds  are  surrounded  by  ii  costly  in  ii  fence,  1911  yards  in  len^rth.  The  northern 
portion  of  tlie  Cciiiinnni,  occn|iyir.i,'  the  soutlorn  declivity  of  Heacon  Hill,  atfonis  a  fine 
view  of  Charles  Uiver,  and  tiuM'ountry  in  ti  at  direction.  The  space  towards  the  west, 
between  the  Common  nnd  Charles  Kiver,  is  i'i<'upied  l)y  a  botanic  pirden,  eovcriiii;  about 
25  acres.  Other  public  f,'ronnds  have  been  l.-.id  out  in  the  newer  portions  of  tiie  city,  soiuf- 
of  which  are  beautifully  ornamented,  and  li;.ve  fountains  in  the  centre. 
"Hoston  liarliour  op>'ns  to  the  sea  Ixtwcen  two  points  iKMirly  l  mib's  distant  from  each 
other — I'oint  .Mderton  on  Nantasket,  and  I  oint  Shirley  in  Ciielsea.  It  is  sheltered  from 
the  ocean  by  the  peiiinsidas  of  which  these  two  [loints  are  tiie  extremities,  and  a  hir;;o 
number  of  islands,  lietween  wliieli  are  iiree  entrances.  Tlie  main  passau'e,  whieii  is  about 
3  miles  f^.  E.  from  the  navj'  yard,  and  s.  narrow  as  scarcely  to  admit  two  vessids  to  pass 
abreast,  lies  between  Castle  and  Governor's  islands,  and  is  defended  by  Foil  Itidepeiidencf 
nnd  Fort  AVarren.  A  passai;e  north  of  (Ji  vernor's  Island  is  also  protected  by  Fort  War- 
ren. A  new  fortress,  of  great  .size  nii'l  stieiiirth,  now  nearly  completed,  on  (li'or;re's 
Island,  guards  the  entrance  to  the  outward  or  lower  harbour.  The  entire  surface 
inciided  within  I'oint  Alderton  and  Voint  Shirley  is  estimated  at  ",5  s(pinre  inil(>s,  about 
lialf  I*'  which  affords  good  anchor. ge  ground  for  vessels  of  the  largest  class.  Jt  is  ejisy  of 
access,  ti"e  from  sand-bars,  and  seldom  obstructed  witli  ice.  The  v.hole  is  thicklv  sludilcd 
with  island;;;  and  is  t'.e  reservoir  of  several  small  streams,  among  which  are  the  .Mvstic, 
Charles,  Ifeponr.r^,  ..nd  the  ilanaiiiiuot  Rivers. 

Among  the  public  buildings,  the  State  House,  fmni  its  position,  is  the  most  conspicuous. 
It  stands  on  the  summit  of  Beacon  Ilill,  fronting  the  Coimnon.  The  view  whicdi  is  atbirdecl 
from  the  cupola  is  unsurpassed  by  any  thing  in  the  United  States,  if  not  in  the  world.  On 
the  north  towers  Bunker  Hill  monument,  markint;  the  place  where  the  tirst  u'reat  battle  of 
the  Revolution  was  fought.  On  the  entrance-floor  stands  ii  tine  slalue  of  Wash'ugton,  by 
Chnntrey.  The  representatives'  hall  is  in  the  centre  on  llu>  piimipal  floor,  the  senuto- 
chamberin  the  east,  and  the  governor's  and  council  eliandur  in  the  west  win«r.  The  old 
State  House  is  still  standing  at  Mi,.  u]iper  end  of  State  street,  on  the  site  ocen]iied  as  the 
seat  of  government  in  Ma.«sachusetts  140  years.  Fanetiil  Hall,  the  "Cradle  of  Lib.rty," 
as  it  is  called,  is  an  object  of  much  interest,  as  being  the  place  wher.'  the  orator-  in  the 
days  of  Hancock  and  Adams  roused  the  people  to  resistance  against  British  oppression. 
Faneuil  Hall  Market,  immediately  cast  of  Fanenil  Hall,  on  Dock  street,  was  at  the  time 
of  its  erection  the  handsomest  market  house  in  the  United  States.     It  is  upwards  of  500 


CITY  OF   BOSTON'. 


w 


^t  tlic  IciMUrig  t'ili<'«  »( 

optT,  ¥a\»1  H<«I<"i.  nr\'\ 

lie  pliiii.  »'"'  I"  ''"'-  '"'■ 
H.k.'d  iilid  niiii'ciw  ;  iMlt 
witlmt  now  tlH'  i.riiM'i- 
•niii.mt  slivct:'  lire  tin' 
ill  iis  liiiiitr',  it  i-ontiiiim 
n  any  I'ity  ff  Aini'i-'u'ii. 
ofcni>i<iliit't''''wii>''l-'  »•* 
muu'iitiil,  iinil  ciirifiilly 
P.     NcMi-ly  50  lU'i-ft*  art" 
f  unrfiio',  tV"ni  lli>'  l''^«'' 
(if  wliioli  iirr  u  liiiMilr>il 
ililiiUy  sliiuletl,  iiitorsect 
,.i-i'  a  fiiniUiiincf  ("t'l'liit- 
rt  iiitci  (lie  nil'.      Tllf  «'Il- 
II  l.n^'tli.     Till'  northern 
icon  Hill,  atl'.inlrt  ii  fine 
.jiaco  tl>^vanl^*  tlif  wt-st, 
;  i^iirdon,  otivcrini?  Hlmut 
...rtionsof  tho  ••ity,  soiiU! 

•litre. 

IniiU'S  distant   tVoin  cncli 
,.«.     It  is  sli.lt.rcMl  from 
oxtri'mities,  and  a  lai-i.'u 
I  iiMssasjri',  wliifli  in  almiit 
limit   two  v.SM-lsto  |iasx 
rd  liy  Foit  Ind.'iK'iiili'nof 
|)rutfctcil  l>y  I'oi't  ^^»''- 
com|ilft<'d,  on   (!<■orLr^■■^^ 
m:      The   futiri'    surface 
at  75  8(|uarc  miles,  aliout 
rucst  elasft.     It  is  easy  of 
.vii'ile  i»  lliiekly  slmldcd 
ir  wldoli  are  the  My^li^'. 

is  the  most  conspii-nous. 
lie  view  whieh  is  atl'orded 
if  not  in  the  world.     t>ii 
clhetirst  irreal  Uallle  of 
statue  of  \Vash'n:,'ton,  hy 
liiieipal  floor,  the  senatc- 
Ihr  west  winu'.     The  old 
ill,-  liite  oeeU|)ied   as  the 
the  "Cradle  of  l.iherly," 
where  the  orator-  in  the 
rainst  British   npiiression. 
■k  Pireet,  was  at  the  time 
tea.     It  is  upwards  of  500 


feet  lonu',  5"  fi't'l-  wide,  and  two  stories  high,  with  a  dtmio.  The  second  story,  called 
Quiney  Hall,  i«  so  oonstriictod  timt  it  can  h«  oeeuplcd  m  (ii'vernl  npartment.i,  or  thrown 

into  one,  as  oeeasion  may  ri'inilre.  The  huildinj;  wan  erected  in  lH'2(i,  at  a  cost  of  aliout 
*ifto,(iou.  There  are  several  other  markets  in  the  city,  hesides  those  at  Ijist  Uii>ton  and 
South  Uoston.  Tlio  Cni»ti>iii  lloiiso  i«  near  the  head  of  [,on;^  Wharf,  frontinij  hotii  on  (.'oni- 
meree  utreot  u.id  on  tho  harhour.  It  is  hiillf.  of  j^ranite,  in  the  form  of  u  cross,  and  ntir- 
moiintcd  hv  "  'loine,  the  top  of  whieh  is  tut  feet  from  the  ground.  The  foundation  restH 
tipoli  HOOO  piles.  Its  length  is  14(1  feet;  width,  inehldiiij,'  the  projections  of  the  cross,  1)6 
feet.  Knoll  front  has  a  portico  of  six  Doric  columns — each  a  sinLcle  stone,  costing  ahout 
.'Jt,'),(H»().  The  entire  cost  of  tho  hiiildint,'  was  upwar<ls  of  1j!1,(mi(i,()im».  The  Merchants'  Ex- 
change is  a  magnitiecnt  tire-proof  liiiildiiii;,  situated  oii  tlu^  south  side  of  State  street.  It 
1ms  7tl  feet  froi't,  anil  extends  hack  '.iSO  feet  to  1-indall  street,  covering  ll},0()0  feel  of  ground. 
The  front  is  composed  of  tiuincy  granite,  with  four  jiilastcrs,  each  u  Blnglo  stono  45  feet 
hitrh,  and  weigliing  ahout  55  tons.  The  roof  is  of  wronght-iron,  covered  with  galvanized 
.-heet-iron.  The  great,  central  hall,  8ii  feet  liy  5S,  is  occupied  as  the  Merchants'  K.\ehange 
and  reailing-rooiii.  In  iho  bnseiueiit.  is  tho  city  postofHee.  The  hiiilding  was  finished  in 
IHI'J,  and  cost,  exclii;ive  of  the  ground,  )|ll7fi,<H;M».  Tlie  City  Hall,  a  granite  hullding,  con- 
sisting of  an  oeliigoii  centre  with  wings,  is  located  on  a  plat  of  ground  hetweeii  Court 
square  and  School  street.  Tiie  Court  House,  also  of  graivtc,  is  in  Court  square  hetwecn 
the  Citv  Hall  and  Court  street.  It  coittains  tho  rooms  of  the  city,  county,  and  lliiitod 
States  courts.  The  Cily  Prison,  consisting  of  il  centre  huildiiig  in  the  form  of  an  octagon, 
with  four  wings  extending  in  opposite  directions,  is  near  the  foot  of  Camhridge  street. 
Masonic  Tem|ile,  in  which  the  Freemasons  liave  n  lodge,  is  on  Treinoiit  street,  fronting  the 
Common.  The  new  Tremoiit  Temple,  erected  on  the  site  of  the  one  hurnt  in  1K52,  is  on 
Treniont  street,  op]iosite  the  Trcinont  House.  The  lioston  Music  Hall,  completed  in  1S52, 
fronts  lioth  on  Winter  street  and  on  lUuiistead  I'liice.  The  length  of  tho  central  hall  is  IBO 
feet;  width,  80  feet  ;  height,  (15  feet. 

•'  In  lioston  there  are  m  iirly  a  hundred  churches  of  the  various  denominations. 

''The  wharves  and  warihouses  of  Iio>tun  are  on  a  scale  of  magnitude  and  grandeur  sur- 
jiassed  liy  no  other  city  •>(  e(jlial  population.  The  norlli  and  east  sides  of  (lid  Boston  are 
lined  with  wharves  and  docks,  whicii,  taken  together  make  up  an  aggregate  length  of  over 
5  miles. 

"  Instititions. — lioston  eoiitaiiis  a  great  ntnnlier  of  literary,  Bcientific,  and  educational  in- 
stitutions, among  which  may  lie  mentioned  the  Itoston  Atheincum,  incorporated  in  18()7, 
situated  on  Inacon  street.  The  Massachusetts  Hi.-toriciil  Society,  organized  in  IT'.IO,  pos- 
sesses a  lilirary  of  TOdO  hound  volumes,  and  ahout  450  volumes  of  manuscripts,  together 
with  an  extensive  collection  of  jianiphlets,  ma]>s,  charts,  coins,  and  other  relies.  The  Bos- 
ton Lilirary  Society,  founded  in  17'.ili,  have  a  hull  in  the  Tontine  Imildings,  and  a  lihrary 
of  over  12,000  vtdiiines.  Tho  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  has  a  lilirary  of 
80(10  volumes.  Excepting  the  American  I'hilosojihical  Society  at  riiiladelphia,  this  is  the 
oldest  organization  of  the  kind  in  tlio  United  States,  having  been   founded  in  1780.     The 

Mercantile  Library  Association,  instituted  in  ISiio,  has  a  collection  of  upwards  of  1.3,000 
volumes.  Tho  first  Mechanics'  Apprentices'  Library  Association  ever  organized  was  estab- 
lished in  Boston  in  1820.  Tho  origin  of  this  class  of  institutions  ir:  traced  to  Dr.  Franklin. 
Etforts  arc  now  being  made  to  establish  a  Free  City  Lilirary,  toward  which  the  contribu- 
tions have  hni)     cry  liberal.     The  Lowell  Institute  was  establishud  by  John  Lowell,  jun., 

who  lieipu'athed  io  it  a  legac;  of  ^250,000.  The  bequest  provides  for  regular  courses  of 
fi'cc  leeturi's,  to  bo  givii,  .qmn  natural  and  ri-vealed  religion,  jihysics  and  chemistry  in  their 
aiiplication  to  the  arts,  and  numerous  other  iinporlant  subjects.  There  are  also  many  other 
similar  societies,  such  as  the  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Society,  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History,  the  American  Oriental  Society,  the  American  Statistical  As- 
sociation, the  Boston  Lyceum,  the  Handel  and  ILiydu  Society,  the  Musical  Educational 
Society,  and  the  Boston  Academy  of  Music. 

"  Closely  identified  with  tho  history  of  Boston  is  Iter  system  of  public  instruction.     Ever 


08 


CITV  OF  BOSTON. 


ohcrUlu'il  with  nmtoriml  cftiv,  lifi' nuliooU  have  Lpii^j  tifoii  oinniiniiU  to  tlie  eily,  iiml  tliu 
priili!  of  New  Kiiffliiml.  A*  I'liily  a»  1H35,  the  town  rcoonU  ln'iir  »«vi<liiic'<'  to  llu'  »>«tiib- 
lUlirix'iit  of  u  "  frc'o  Kchool,"  mid  from  timt  hour  to  ihi'  procolit,  no  iiilcn'Mt  Imn  roiTivcd 
iiiorc  ciiriicct  iitliiition  than  tli<>  Milji^ct  of  t(hiciilioii,  Thi'  hyHtnii  i'oin|ii'iH.'i»  four  uriiiloH — 
prlnmry,  sraiiiiiiiir,  hii;h,  and  l,alin  KchooLs.  Th<iv  are  uIkjuI  I'jii  jiriniary,  and  21  i;raiii- 
mar  hcIiooIh.  Tlio  hij;h  and  iMiii  schools  are  exchisivfly  for  hoy*.  Tlic  Bchool  conniiitluv 
conhirti.i  of  the  mayor  of  tlii;  city,  thu  proohlont  of  thu  voiuimdii  ooiincil,  and  'i4  other  per- 
gons  fho^i'n  for  the  ]iur]"wt'. 

"Tlio  bcnt'volfnt  institutions  of  IJu.-ton  are  numerous  an<l  well  enilowed.  The  MiiHKaclui- 
tetts  General  IIoKpital  occiipieg  a  plot  uf  four  aere^  of  iKroiind  in  the  western  part  of  thu 
city,  on  the  ri^'iit  batik  of  Charles  Kiver.  The  Imildiiii,'  in  eonslrneti'd  of  Chehnaford  >fran- 
ite,  \l~il  feet  lonj;,  and  .>l  wide.  Thirty  thousand  dollars  have  lieeii  eonlriluiled  sinee  iHlIi 
fur  thu  Bujiport  of  thi«  Inxtitutlun,  hy  u  einglu  individual,  thu  Hon.  William  Appleton  of 
Boston.  The  MeLean  Asylum  I'eeelvi'd  its  name  from  John  MuLean,  K<n.,  of  lioston,  u  lih- 
eral  beiiefiietor  of  the  (iemral  llo>pilal.  'J"ho  Perkins  Institulinii  and  Maswiehuselts  Asy- 
lum for  the  Jiliiid  occu|>ie9  tlie  tine  Imildiui;  formerly  known  as iIk' .Mount  ASii'-hinirtoii 
house,  in  South  Boston.  Jn  uddilioii  to  oilier  eontriljutions,  it  receives  JJflllDiM)  annually  fmni 
thu  Slate.  The  avernge  number  of  pupils  is  about  100.  There  are  also  located  in  South 
Boston,  the  lioston  Lunatic  Ilosjiilal  and  the  Houses  of  Industry  and  Ueformalioii.  In  the 
western  porliou  of  the  city  is  the  IJostun  Kye  and  I'jjr  Inliriiiiiry,  and  in  the  Miutheni  part 
the  New  Kiij^land  Female  JIe<lieal  Colletfe. 

"Tliero  are  issued  in  Itoston  about  loo  jieriodical  publicatioii-i,  tieaiiiiL,' of  almost  every 
Bubject,  whether  of  news,  art,  literature,  or  sciein'e.  Of  these,  more  than  twelvu  are  dai- 
lies. Among  the  others,  are  comprised  sevi  nil  of  the  most  distinguished  literary  and  sci- 
entific journals  in  the  United  States. 

"CoMMKiiiK.  J'lNANCK,  CTc. — In  conuiicreial  importance,  Ijostoii  is  aiiioni,'  the  tirst  cities  of 
America.  Her  foreign  commerce  has  always  been  great,  and  extends  to  almost  ever\- na- 
tion on  the  globe.  Her  const  trade  is  always  immense.  Along  the  wharves,  in  everv  di 
ruction,  and  at  all  times,  may  be  seen  forests  of  musts,  and  vessels  from  all  jiailsof  the 
world. 

"There  were,  in  December,  ]85t),  !!0  bunks  in  Boston,  witli  an  aggregate  cajiital  of 
$24,000,000.  Several  other  banks  have  since  gone  into  operation.  Theru  were,  also,  In 
insurance  companies. 

"The  want  of  river  advantages  is  supplied  to  Boston  by  railroads,  of  which  seven  great 
lines  terminate  in  this  city.  There  are  lines  of  railway,  recently  completed,  openin:.'  com- 
munication with  the  St.  Lawrence  Hiver  at  Ogdensburg  in  New  Y(.rk,  and  La  I'niiriu  in 
Canada,  and  another  through  JIaiiie,  to.'Moiilreal. 

"The  peninsula  on  which  Boston  is  situated  furnishes  large  quantities  of  excellent  water. 

"The  first  blood  shed  in  defence  of  American  liberty  was  shed  in  lioston.  and  throughout 

the  entire  war  no  pcojile  contributed  more  largely  towards  its  sui)port.     BoMoli  continued 

a  town  until  its  population  liud  increased  to  nearly  45,000.     In  1855,  the  popuhuion  was 

102,029." 


BALTIMOHK. 


59 


utR  lo  tiie  city,  lui.l  tlio 
P  evliUiit-'f  to  111.'  •■''t"l>- 
„  Intiri'tl  lin»  roctivt'd 
nimiu-l*''''  fi"""  «l'llilci— 
liiiiimry,  iiii'l  '^1  «'■"«"•■ 
Tlic  Bchool  euiniuittuc 
„„„il,  uii.l  '24  other  p«r- 

(lowiil.    Thf  Miinxachu- 
the  wt'«toni  jmrt  of  thu 
,t,.,l  i.fCliflinsfor.l  ^ruii- 
II  ,..illlrililltr(l  Mill'!'  iHlii 
.111.  WiUmiu  Ai.pl.loii  of 
III,  I'>|.,  "f  lio^ton,  Ik  lib- 
I  iiii'l  MiixsaoliiincttH  A«y- 
IS  til.'  M.iiiiil  Wii>li\m;t.i" 
iv.'s.  ijlVM)'""  aiinimlly  fr.mi 
u'c  al!*o  l(H'at«'(l  ill  South 
mil  U.t'onnalioii.     1"  tlu' 
and  in  the  euuili.'rii  i>ai-l 

ir.atiiii;  of  almost  cvtry 
loro  lliaii  tw.'lvu  ar.'  .lai- 
iiijuixhi'd  literary  mi'l  "^'i- 

^aiiiont;  till'  tii'ft  I'ili.-^  "f 
teiulit  to  almost  every  iin- 
the  wharven,  in  every  di 
sel.-t  from  all  parts  of  tlie 

an  au'trrepite  capital   ot 
nil.     There  were,  also,  IK 

ds,  of  whieh   sev.-li   1,'real 
oinpk'ted,  openinir  com- 
Y.irk,  aii.l   La  I'niiriu  in 

titles  of  excellent  water. 
11  Uostoii,  and  tlironijhoul 
ipiiort.     ]'ii)>ton  continued 

is,")."!,  the  population  was 


CrTY  OP  BALTIMORR. 

Baltimoiik,  the  "  Monuiiieiilul  City"  of  the  United  htntnn,  ranks  nnion^nl  liie  most  ini- 
noi'tant  comiiierelal  cities  In  l)ie  Union. 

"  The  city  is  adniiralily  situated  hotli  for  foreifjn  nnd  internal  conimorce.    Tiio  hny  nroun.l 
wliluli  it  is  liiiill,  atl'oi'ils  a  secure  itn.l  spacious  harhour,  and  it  has  eoniinunieation  hy  rail- 
way not  only  with   l'hiladel|ihla  and  Wagliinnton,  hut  with  Winchester,  Annaji.ilis,  Cum- 
lierland,  Kred.'riek  t'ily,  York,  I-anciist.'r,  and  llarrishuri;.     The  limits  of  the  city  coinprisB 
aljout  |(i,(Miii  a.'res  of  land,  e.vteiidinj,'  almi'.t  four  miles  an.l  a  h.ilf  from   east  to  west,  ami 
three  anil  u  half  from  north  to  south.     It  eonsi.sted  originally  of  more  than  tifly  elevations 
or  hills,  Hcparated  hy  al)ru|>t  valleys,  or  ruvines,  and,  in  a  few  instances,  hy  formidahle 
niiirshes,  while,  nearly  in  the  eentr.',  it  is  divided  hy  a  ra]iid  stream  of  water  known  au 
"  .liiiH's's  Falls."    This  stream  has  s.'veral  times  oveillowcd  its  hanks,  eaiisinn  loss  of  life,  as 
wtll  as  oeeasioiiing  a  great  danioge  to  properly.     The  city  autliorities  have  in  conse.iueiiee 
lieeii  at  ^(r.'at  pains  to  remove  all  ohstructions  from  its  hcd,  ond  have  taken  care  that  tlu' 
nimu'riiiis  liridi;.'H  hy  whieh  the  stream  is  cr.)ssed,  slmuhl  he  const rueted  with  a  siiii;le  ari'h. 
and  of  such  a  heiitht  as  to  remove  all  further  danger  from  this  source.     The  city  cost,  of 
Jones's  Falls  is  divided  into  two  iiarln — Fell's  Point  nnd  the  Old  Town.     The  I'oiiil  is  tl. 
mo>t  easterly  iiortioii  .if  Jtaltimore,  and  has  the  advantage  of  greater  depth  of  wttt.'r  at  the 
wharves  than  the  up|u'r  harhour  coiilalns.     It  is  tliv  resort  of  seamen  ami  immigrants,  ami 
the  place  wln're  th.'  gr.'ater  part  of  the  sliiphuilding  ami  manufactures  of  the  city  are  car 
ried  on.     Old  Town  lies  north  and  west  of  this,  and  is  principally  inhahited  hy  meclianics 
and  laiiourer-'.    Tin'  portion  west  of"  t'w  Falls"  is  lik.'wiso  divided  into  tw.i  purls,  the  t'ily 
Proper  and  Spring  (ianh'ii  section.    The  former  is  the  centre  of  trade,  and  contains  most 
of  the  residences  of  tlic!  more  w.althy  citizens.     Spring  Garden  section  is  the  extreme 
sontii-we-t<rn  (piarter,  and  is  inhahited  chiefly  hy  mochanies  and  lahourers,     Fr.un  the 
nuiiiliir  ami  jiroininenee  of  its  mollnment.^  iiidlimore  has  lieeii  denominated  the  Monu- 
mcnlal  city.    The  most  remnrkahle  of  these  is  the  Wasliington  Monument,  wliieh  stands  on 
I'll  emiiii'iu'e  at  the  intersection  of  Charles  and  Monument  streets,  nhout  l.")(l  feet  ahov.^  high 
water  mark,     lis  has.',  'li>  f.'il  high  ami  ."lU  feet  sijuari'.  supports  a  Uorie  column  1(17  feet  in 
height,  surmounted  hy  a  statue  of  Washington  13  feet  high.     The  shaft,  'JO  feel  sijuare  at 
the  hase  and  14  at  the  top,  is  ascended  hy  means  of  a  winding  stairway  within.    The  whole 
is  composed  of  while  marhle,  and  cost  $-2()0,(M)i»,     lis  summit  commands  a  heautiful  and 
varied  prospect. 

"  Uatilk  Mo.mmknt,  at  the  corner  of  Calvert  and  Fayelte  streets  was  erected  in  Isl.'),  to 
the  memory  of  those  who  fell  while  defending  the  city  from  the  attack  of  the  liritish,  Scp- 
teiiiher  I'J,  1S14. 

"TiiK  AiiMisTKAi"  MoNUMKNT,  a  heautlful  specimen  of  sculpture,  near  the  city  fountain,  was 
eroded  to  the  memory  of  Colonel  George  Arniistead,  the  commander  of  Fort  Mcllenry, 
when  homhardcd  hy  a  British  fleet,  in  Septemher,  1814. 

"  Among  the  jiuhlic  edifices  of  Baltimore,  may  he  named  the  City  Hall,  oi:  Holiday  street, 
occupied  hy  the  city  council  and  puhlic  offices.  The  Court  House,  a  commodious  edifice  at 
the  corner  of  Woshington  ond  Lexington  streets,  contains  the  rooms  of  the  city  and  county 
courts.  The  State  I'enitentiary,  at  the  corner  of  Madison  and  Forrest  sireels,  consists  of 
three  sejiarate  Iniildiiigs  hesides  the  workshops.  A  short  distance  from  the  Penitentiary 
stands  the  County  Prison,  a  handsome  huilding,  surmounted  l.y  a  cupola,  and  ornamented 
with  a  lower  at  each  end  in  the  form  of  an  octagon.  The  Exeliange,  in  Gay  strett,  near 
Water,  is  a  spacious  struelure,  -J-JS  feet  in  front,  141  in  depth,  ami  three  stories  high  ahove 
the  has.'inent.  The  south  wing,  fronting  on  Lomhard  street,  and  entered  from  Water  street, 
is  occupied  as  a  Custom  House.  Among  the  first  ohjects  'hat  strike  the  attention  of  one 
a])|)roaeliing  the  city,  are  the  shot  towers,  one  of  which — the  Merchants'  Shot  Tower,  is  the 
highest  in  the  world,  having  an  elevation  of  250  feet.  The  most  imposing  church  edifice 
in  Baltimore  is  the  Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  on  Mulherry  street,  hctween  Charles  and 


NTHJ 


1.^ 


♦•<. 


V        Ml 
j    J       I 

l!|     I' 


\ir.      I; 


ii 


^K^ 


m 


''^mw^i\ 


^^M 


It' 


WM.  ORANGE  &  CO., 

Shipping  &  Commission  Merchants^ 

3  Exchange  Place,  Baltimore. 

Superior  Rye  Whisky,  French  and  Domestic 
Brandies,  Gins,  Wines,  Cider  and  Wlilte  Wine  Vine- 
gar, Cigars,  E^jnc  Dust,  superb  Phosphate  of  Lime, 
Guano,  Ac,  constantly  on  hand  at  lowest  prices. 

"        JA^ES  H.  BOsiiEY, 

COMMISSION  MERCHANT, 
134  &  130  North  St.,  Baltimore, 

Solicits  consignments  of  all  kinds  of  Country  Produce. 

C  APBON  ^  CO^i 

COMMISSION  MERCHANTS, 
08  South  Gay  St.,  Baltimore. 

ADAM  8NIVELV.  8.  W.  COOKB. 

SNIVEIiY  A  COOKE, 

COMMISSION    MERCHANTS, 

5  Commerce  Street,  Baltimore. 

pTsAUERWEIN  &  SONJ 

Flour  and  General   Commission  Merchants, 

101  North  Howard  St.,  Baltimore. 


BROTHERS    BONINGER, 

OFFER  FOR  gAI,E  FOREIGN  EXdlANOES  ON 
all  the  Principal  Cities  of  Germany,  on  Paris, 
and  on  Amsterdam,  22  GERMAN  STREET,  upstairs. 


PIIIL.IP  OOYER  &  CO., 

CUHNKK  UF 

Baltimore  ft  Harrison  Sti.,  Baltimore. 

QEO.   M.  RU9SDM.  TIIOS.  H.   KKMP,  JB. 

RUSSUM    &    KEMP, 
ATTORNEYS   AT    LAW, 

DENTON,   MARYLAND, 

Will  practice  in  Caroline,  Talbot,  and  Queen  Anne 
Counties,  and  will  give  special  and  prompt  attention 
to  the  Collection  of  Claims. 


REFERENCES. 

Baltimore. 


Freeland,  Chase  &  Co., 
WiiiTELY  Bros.  A  Stone, 
Mitchell,  Sears  &  Co., 

DDVALL  &  lOLEUARO', 

J.  C.  Sellman  &  Son. 


DowELL  *  Cochran, 

FiCKEY  &  Son, 

II  DUST  &  Co., 

T.  T.  Martin  &  Bbo., 

£.  M.  BOSLKY 


HOWARD    FIRE    INSURANCE    COMPANY, 

OF    BALTIMORE,    MARYLAND, 

Make  Insurance  of  every  Description  of  Prop- 
erty within  the  limits  of  the  City. 

OFFICE— SOUTHEAST  COR.  HOWARD  &  CLAY  STS. 
»ljrDMtEfT   REESHf   President. 


DIRECTORS: 


James  M.  Ponder, 
Charles  W.  George, 
Samuel  K.  Smith, 


William  Orlwlne, 
Aaron  Fenton, 
George  P.  Thomas, 


Charles  HoiTman, 
II.  J.  Werdebaugh, 
Augustus  Shriver, 


Matthias  Benzlnger, 
Win.  G.  Power, 
Elisha  II.  Perkins. 


OEOBGE  HABLAN  WILLIAMS,  Secretary. 


CHARLES    D.    DEFORD    &    CO., 

Tobacco  Commission  Merchaats, 

And  Importers  of  Havana  Cigars  and  Leaf  Tobacco, 
37  South  Gay  Street,  Baltimore. 

j6sHijjr~^VA]LKlEBi 

COMMISSION  MERCHANT, 
110  North  Howard  Street,  Baltimore. 

Dealer  in  Flour,  Feed,  Hay,  4c. 

BROWN    BROTHERS    &    CO., 
152  Baltimore  St.,  Baltimore, 

ISSUE  CREDITS  FOR  COMMERCIAL  AND 

TRAVELLINQ  PURPOSES, 

JvatlabU  in  any  Part  of  the  W^rltlt 

WM.  W.   LAWRA80N.  CIIA8.  P.  SMITH, 

LAWRASON  &  SMITH, 

STOCK  AND  BILL  BUOKEUS,  No.  8  FRANKLIN 
Buildings,  North  Street,  Baltimore. 

J.  B.  m'oinn,  j.  k.  p.  boulden- 

nicOIIVlV    dc    BOl;XDE]V, 

STOCK  AND  BILL  BROKEHS,  No.  6  FRANKLIN 
Butldingi,  North  Street,  Baltimore. 


NOAH    WALKER    &    CO., 

CLOTHIERS,  WASHINGTON  BUILDINGS,  BAL- 
tlmore  Street,  between  Light  &  Calvert  Streets, 
Baltimore,  Maryland. 

ARMSTRONO,  CATOR  &  C0~ 

237   BALTIMORE  ST., 
BALTIMORE,    MARYLAND. 

RIBBONS, 
BONNET    MATERIALS, 

PLUMES,    RUCHES, 
STRAW   BONNETS,   &c., 

Comprising  »  complete  stock  of  MILLINERY 
GOODS.  A  verj  large  stock  of  New  Goods  now  on 
exhibition. 

F.  W.    BBVNE    dc    SONS, 

MARYLAND  STEAM   SUGAR   REFINING  COM- 
pany,  O'Donnell's  Wharf,  Baltimore,  Manufac- 
ture all  kinds  of  Retined  8ug.tr  and  Syrup, 


WM.   B.  BLANEY.  WM.  C.  BORDLET,  JB. 

WM.    B.    BLANEY    &    CO., 
Commission  Merchants, 

BALTIMORE. 

nEFEREN'CES : 

Messrs.  M.  FieUl,  Fowler  &  Co.,  Boston. 
Messrs,  Win.  Giilager  <t  Bro.,  riiiladel. 
B.  H.  Field,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Messrs.  W.  F.  Vredenburgh  &  Co.,  New 

Orleans. 
Messrs.  Kankin  &  Martin,  Wilmington,  N.C. 
Messrs.  Penii  &  Jlitehell,  Baltimore. 


J.    FRANK   WIIEATLKT.  D.   L.   MDHIII.S.IN. 

WHEATLEY  &  MORRISON, 
Commission  Merchants, 

59  COMMERCE   STREET, 

BALTIMORE,    MD. 

Beftr  to 

Chauncc.v  Brooks,  Esq.,  President  of  the  B.  k  0.  11.  R. 

Co.,  Biid  Western  Bank,  Baltimore. 
Daniel  Miller  A  Co.,  Dry  (ioods  .Merchant,  Baltimore. 
John  Coates,  Ksq..  Lumber  Merchiint,  Baltimore. 
Godfrey  Koontz,   Ksq.,   Cashier    of   Central    Bank, 

Kreilerick  City,  Md. 
A.  11.  llerr,  R«q.,  Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia. 
Hon.  Edward  Ball,  Zanesville,  Ohio. 

Consignments  Solicited. 


Thos.  Kelso, 
Wm.  Kennedy, 
Henry  Rieman, 

FRANCIS  A. 


James  Frazler, 
Chas,  R.  Cirroil, 
Austin  Jenkins, 
CROOK,  Treasurer. 


Benj.  Deford, 
Samuel  Kirby, 
Michael  Warner, 


Daniel  Dall, 
Roliert  A.  Dobbin, 
Daniel  Warlkld. 


HUGH  B.  JONE.«,  .Secretary/. 


IW.    ROBERTS, 

PRODUCE    AND    COMMISSION    MERCHANT, 
No.  fi3  CALVERT  STREET, 

(One  door  from  Pratt  street,) 

BALTIMORE. 

An  experience  of  20  years,  as  City  and  County 
Merchant,  oilers  to  country  Dealers  and  Farmers  un- 
surpassed advantages  in  the  supi)Iy  of  their  wants. 


TIIURSTOIV    A    FRIE, 

CtOMjnS.«ION  MERCHANTS,  I'Olt  THE  .«AT-E 
J  of  .Straw  (ionds,  Wool  and  Fur  Hats,  Hat  'Iriin- 
niings,  Artillclal  Flowers,  &c.,  11  South  Charles  Street, 
Baltimore. 


GERIS1I  &  FREIVCII, 

ClOMMKS'ilON  MKUCIIANTS  and  Dealers  in  Mack- 
'     erel.  Codfish,  Herring,  4c., '22  Commerce  Street, 
i  Baltimore. 


EQXnTA.BriB     riRE     I3SrSXTIlA3SrOE     003VII»A.N-"5r. 
J-'oHitileil  1704.     t'ltarler  Ptrpfliinl.     OOire,  J\'o,  10  South  Slrett, 

THE  BALTIMORE  EQUITABLE  SOCIETY  will  Insure  Houses  and  Furniture  from  Loss  or  Damage  by 
Fire,  at  very  cheap  rates,  on  the  Mutual  or  Beneficial  plan,  and  grant  Carpenters'  Risks,  on  pleasing 
terms.  Owners  of  property  Insured  In  the  Equitable  Odice,  (on  the  mutual  principle)  have  no  fuitlicr  re- 
sponsibility than  the  amount  of  their  deposits,  and  on  the  expiration  of  policies,  they  are  entitled  to  receive 
a  cash  dividend  of  twenty-eight  per  cent.  The  public  are  respectfully  invited  to  call  at  the  olllce,  No.  19 
South  Street,  where  tlie  princii)le8  on  which  the  Company  insure  will  be  fully  e.xplained. 

DIRECTORS, 


BALTIMORE  STOVE  HOUSE. 

BIBB     &     CO., 
AT     THE     OLD    STAil^D,    30    LIGHT    STREET, 

BALTIMORE,   MARYLAND. 

"Vl/^E  are  now  prcparod  to  prosont  fji-oatiT  attractions  iiiid  iiKluceiiionts  to 
~  '      purchasers  than  this  estabHsliineiit  ever  ollercd  before,  basing  the  tis- 
sertion  upon  the  following  facts  : 

1st.  The  variety,  beauty  and  excellence  of  our  patterns. 
2d.  The  Unsurpassed  smoothness  of  our  castings. 
3d.  The  thorough  manner  in  which  our  Stoves  are  mounted. 
4th.  The  quality  of  metal  used  in  their  construction. 

5th.  Our  idjility  to  supply  old  castings,  to  repair  any  stovo  ever  made  in  this 
establishment. 

6th.  Our  determination  to  recommend  nothing  but  what  has  been  tested 
and  found  good.  .. 

Tth.  The  cheapness  of  our  goods  as  compared  with  their  (piality. 
We  name  in  part  our  various  excellent  and  handsome  patterns  : 
R(>-Iniprovo<l  Old  Doiniiiion,  Gas  Cookini;  &  Ilrntiiii^  Slov«s, 
IlatliawuyN  niid  oilier  Cook  Stoves. 
Also,  a  Larnre  Assortiiioiit  of  Agricultural  Boilers,  I 

Scott's  Little  Giant  €orn  A  Cob  Mill.s,  X  Williams's  "Patent" 
Carriage  Check  Springs. 


D.   L.  MOHIUSdN. 

MORBISON, 
Merchants, 

STREET, 

E,    MD. 

"nt  of  the  B.  &  0.  R.  H. 

liiltlmore. 

8  Mercl.iint,  lialtimore. 

erchiint,  Hiiltlmore 

ler   of   Central   bunk, 

rry,  Virginia. 
,  Ohio. 

Solicited. 

th  Strtelt 

■nm  I-o!'!'  Of  nan>nK<-'  hy 
liters'  Kisk?,  on  pUaslnK 
nle)  have  lU)  fiii-tlnr  n- 
ly.  are  cntitle.l  to  rro^.ve 
call  at  the  office,  No.  IJ 
lied. 

Panicl  Ball, 
Robert  A.  Dot.lmi, 
Daniel  Warlluhl. 
J,  SecreUinj.  _ 

^NTP,  FOK  TlIK  PAl-K 
aii.lVnr  Hats,  Hat  Tilm- 
!.,  11  South  Charles  Street, 


BALTIMORE. 


Gl 


FRENril, 

NTS  and  Dealers  In  Mack- 
"  Ac,  22  Commerce  Street,   ^ 

ouseT' 

STREET, 

ND. 

(1  iiiiliu'oinonts  ti) 
ore,  busing  tin-  as- 


itod. 

i»'c  ever  made  in  this 

lilt  has  been  tested 

quality. 
iittiTiis : 
lloatinff  Stoves, 

,'<»S. 

uiiis's  "Patent" 


CiitlicJrnl  streets.  It  is  n  mnsgive  grnnite  slructtire,  190  feet  long,  177  lu'oiiJ,  ami  1'27  from 
tbe  groiiml  to  iho  top  of  the  cross  sunnoun'ting  the  iloine.  The  Unitnrian  C'lmrch,  at  the 
corner  of  Franklin  an<l  Charles  streets,  is  niueh  admired  for  its  architecture.  It  is  108  feet 
loriif  and  7iS  wide,  witli  a  dome  55  feet  in  diameter,  sup[)orted  by  4  nrclies,  each  33  feet 
span.  It  is  8(t  feet  from  tlie  groiv.id  to  tiu;  summit  of  tjie  elipola.  St.  raid's,  an  Episcopal 
chiireli  on  tlie  corner  of  Sarotoga  and  Charles  stieeUs,  liic  First  I'resliyterian  Chnreli,  corner 
of  Xortii  and  Fayette  streets,  the  First  Unptist  Cluirch,  nt  tlie  corner  of  Lombard  and  Sharp 
stretts,  and  tin'  (ioinian  llefornied  Church,  in  Second,  between  Gay  and  IJelvidere  streets, 
are  all  distinguished  cither  for  elegance  or  their  style  of  architecture.  At  the  last  census, 
Baltimore  contained  U9  churches  of  the  various  denominations. 

"  IxsiTiiTioNs. — The  edueational,  literary,  and  benevolent  institutions  of  Balliniore  are  nu- 
mcniMs.  The  .Medical  School  of  the  L'nivi'rsity  of  Maryland  was  founded  in  lSi)7.  AVash- 
ington  Medical  College  was  founded  in  1827,  and  has  25  students  and  six  jirofessors.  The 
University  of  Maryland,  founded  in  1812,  is  situated  on  Lombard  street,  between  Green 
and  i'aca  streets:  connected  with  it  is  the  ISaltimore  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  where  stu- 
dents h...e  an  ()]iportunity  of  attending  lectures  and  witnessing  ojierations.  The  Maryland 
Institute  occupies  a  suite  of  rooms  ui  '.he  Aihenieum,  at  the  corner  of  Lexington  and  St. 
I'aid  streets.  Its  object  is,  the  dilfusi'  ii  of  useful  knowledge  and  the  promotion  of  the  me- 
chanie  arts.  It  possesses  an  <'xtensiv<  chemical  laboratory,  and  a  very  complete  philosoph- 
ical apparatus.  The  buildiii'i  is  a  noble  brick  editiee,  112  teet  by  50,  and  (iO  in  height.  It 
was  com> "..  'cd  in  1848,  at  a  cost  of  over  $28,(I0(».  The  various  apartments,  besides  those 
appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  Institute,  are  occu])ied  by  the  Mercantile  Asjoeialion,  who 
have  a  well-selected  library-  of  8(1(10  Volumes,  and  an  ainjile  supply  of  the  choicest 
'naL'nziiies  and  |)apers  of  the  day;  the  IJaltimore  Library  Cc;nipany,  po.ssessing  a  valualile 
libiarv  of  1  l,(i(Mi  vohmii's;  ami  the  American  Historical  Society,  whose  lil)rarj'  numbers 
aliout  15,000  volumes,  consisting,  for  the  most  part,  of  statistical  and  historieal  works.  The 
City  Library,  designed  for  the  use  of  the  stockholders,  the  Ap]irentiees'  Library,  a.id  the 
lAchange  Reading-room,  are  all  imjiortant  inslilulions.  The  Exchange  llcading-rootn  is 
supported  by  subscription.  Strangers  and  masters  of  ve.»sels,  however,  have  access  to  the 
jiri-iiidieals  and  newspaiiers,  free  of  expense.  The  lialtiinore  ibwpiial,  in  the  north-western 
suliurb  iif  the  eity,  eoiifists  of  a  centre  building,  four  stories  high,  tlanked  with  wings  that 
connect  witli  two  other  biiihlings,  which  form  the  ends  of  tlio  vast  pile.  The  entire  struc- 
tio'e  I'ost  !j!15(l,ooo.  It  occupies  a  coiiimaniling  elevation,  overlooking  the  city,  the  bay, 
and  a  wide  extent  of  country.  The  interior  arrangements  are  upon  the  most  approved 
jilaii.  Tin'  .Miiisi.ouse  is  on  the  Fr.iiiklin  road,  about  2  miles  N.  \V.  from  the  city:  the 
buildiiiir,  consisting  of  a  centre  and  two  wings,  has  ;')75  feet  front,  and  is  surrovinded  with 
si>aeio\is  griinnds.  The  IJallimore  Manual  l..jibour  School  for  Indigciit  l?oys  has  connected 
wilii  it  a  ti-''i'(  of  land,  on  which,  between  the  hours  of  study,  the  p  ipils  are  occupied  in 
labour,  thu-  comliiniiig  useful  employment  with  healthfid  exercise.  The  IJaltimore  Associa- 
tion tor  linpi'ovinn  the  Condition  of  the  Poor  is  under  the  direction  of  those  whoso  duty  it 
is  to  vi>it  and  inipiire  into  the  circumstances  and  character  of  the  persons  relieved,  with  a 
view  to  discourage  indiscriminate  and  injudicious  alms-giving.  The  other  prominent  ben- 
evolent institutions  are,  the  City  I)i>])i'iisary,  corner  of  Holiday  street  and  Orange  alley, 
the  luislcrn  liispcnsary,  corner  of  Market  st  --ct  and  Hartford  Run  avenue,  two  Orphan 
Asylums,  and  the  Indigent  Sick  Society,  composed  of  ladies,  who  visit  the  poor  and  minis- 
ter to  their  comforts  in  sickness. 

"EnccATioN. — Tiie  system  of  public  instruction  in  lialtimore  has,  within  a  few  years  past, 
bee.i  mu.li  im]iroved,  and  is  now  ra[n<lly  increasing  in  ]mblie  favour. 

"CoMMKUcE,  FiN.vN(i:s,  KTc. — lu  Commercial  importance,  Haltimore  ranks  among  the  first 
cities  in  the  United  States.  Its  position  is  such  as  to  render  it  a  great  centre  of  trade.  Sit- 
uated near  tlie  iK'ad  of  Chesa]ieake  Itay,  it  enjoys  superior  advantages  for  foreign  commerce, 
while  the  nnini  rous  lines  of  railway,  that  here  have  their  termination,  invite  to  it  the  ng- 
ricultm-al  and  mineral  wealth  of  a  vast  interior.  The  recent  eomplelion  of  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  railroad  to  'Wheeling,  is  a  most  important  event,  and  destined  to  exert  an  immense 


ill 


62 


BALTIMOKE. 


influence  on  the  comniereiftl  nctivity  of  tliia  great  eniiiorium.  In  the  eloquent  langungo  of 
one  of  her  citizens,  "  We  have  readied  the  thre8hol<l  and  stepping-stone  of  our  true  ooin- 
rnereial  greatness,  and  tliere  is  notiiing  now  that  can  turn  us  bade.  The  wide  and  far  West 
has  opened  licr  ample  arms  to  receive  us,  and  bids  us  God-ppeed  in  our  efforts  to  secure  the 
prize  ■wliieh  nature  has  so  long  and  so  patiently  held  out  to  us."  There  were,  January  3d, 
1853,  12  banks  in  Baltimore,  with  an  aggregate  cajiital  of  $7,21)1, 115,  and  a  circulation  of 
$2,074,587;  2  other  banks  have  since  been  cliartered ;  1  health  an<l  lu  fire  and  marine  in- 
surance companies,  besides  nianj'  insurance  agencies. 

"Baltimore  enjoys  superior  advantages  for  nianufacturts.  Jones's  Falls  and  Patapsco 
River  afford  immense  water-power,  which  is  extensivelj-  employed  for  flouring-niills,  of 
which  there  are  over  GO  within  20  miles  of  tiie  city.  Ivunierous  cotton  and  other  manu- 
factories are  also  in  operation. 

"  This  city  has  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  water,  both  from  Springs  and  from  Jones's  Falls, 
These  springs,  or  fountains,  are  in  different  parts  of  the  city,  and  enclosed  with  circular  iron 
railings.  Over  them  are  small  open  temples,  consisting  of  a  dome  supported  by  jiillars. 
The  water  from  Jones's  Falls  is  brought  by  means  of  an  aqueduct,  about  half  a  mile  long, 
to  a  reservoir  in  Calvert  street,  and  from  thence  is  conducted  through  distributing  pijtes  to 
the  various  parts  of  the  city.  The  more  elevated  portions,  however,  are  sujiplicd  t'roni  ;i 
reservoir  rejilenished  by  forcing-pumps  on  an  eminence  in  Charles  strict,  near  Washiuiiton 
Monument.  On  Federal  Hill  is  un  observatory,  which  serves,  in  connection  with  another 
at  Bodkin  Point,  to  announce  the  approach  of  vessels.  In  this  waj-,  a  marine  telcirrapli  is 
established,  by  which  information  is  conveyed  in  a  few  minutes  from  the  inoufli  of  the  Pa- 
tapsco to  an  observatory'  in  the  E.vchonge. 

"  About  25  newspapers  are  issued  in  Baltimore,  of  which  G  or  7  are  dailies.  Population, 
about  200,000." 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


63 


(liiilies.     Population, 


NEW  ORLEANS,   (THE  CRESCENT  CITY.) 

The  city  of  Now  Orleans  forma  the  great  cominerciul  cnpitol  of  tlio  southern  states,  und 
occupies  the  position  of  the  greatest  cotton  market  in  the  world. 

"Tiie  city  is  built  around  n  bend  in  the  river,  from  which  circumstance  it  bus  V»een  de- 
nominated the  '  Crescent  City.'  Tlio  fite  inclines  gently  from  the  margin  of  the  Mississippi 
towards  the  marshy  ground  in  the  rear,  nni  .i  from  2  to  0  feet  below  the  level  of  tlio  river 
at  the  usiuil  spring  freshets.  To  prevent  inHndatio''9,  an  embankment  or  levee,  about  15 
feet  wide  and  (>  foot  high  has  boon  raised,  extending  120  miles  above  the  city,  and  to  Port 
I'loquemino,  4!i  miles  below  it.  This  forms  a  deli!;iitful  promenade.  In  consequence  of  tlie 
change  in  the  course  of  the  river  opposite  Now  Oilcans,  large  quantities  of  alluvium,  swept 
from  the  north  and  held  in  suspension  by  the  current,  are  here  deposited.  New  formations 
from  this  cause,  in  front  of  tlint  portion  of  the  quoy  most  used  for  the  purposes  of  com- 
merce, have  been  so  rapid  that  it  has  been  necessary,  within  a  few  years,  to  bnild  piled 
wharves  jutting  out  from  50  to  100  foot  into  the  Mississippi.  The  levee  here  has  also  been 
gradually  widened,  so  tliat  an  additional  block  of  warehouses  has  boon  erected  between 
the  city  and  the  river  during  the  past  year. 

"  Hero  may  be  soon  what  New  Orleans  was  before  the  application  of  steam  to  navigation. 
Hundreds  of  long,  narrow,  black,  dirty -looking,  crocadilo-like  rafts  lie  sluggishly,  without 
moorings,  njion  the  soft  batture,  and  [lour  out  tlieir  contents  upon  the  quay — a  heterogeneous 
compound  of  the  products  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries.  There  are  rafts,  or 
flat-boats,  as  they  are  technically  called,  each  frequently  carrying  cargoes  valued  at  from 
•l-SjOOO  to  $15,000.  Twontj-  years  ago,  and  these  were  the  only  craft  on  the  river  1  nor 
has  their  number  been  decreased  since  the  introduction  of  the  steamboat.  Not  less  charac- 
teristic of  New  Orleans  is  tlio  landing  of  the  latter  class  of  craft.  The  quay  is  here  all  ac- 
tion, and  the  very  water  is  covered  with  life.  Huge  vessels  float  upon  its  bosom,  which 
acknowledge  none  of  the  powers  of  air,  and  wait  no  tide.  One  is  weighed  down  to  the  guards 
with  cotton,  a  freight  of  3,000  bales— f  180,000  !  Twenty  more  lie  side  by  side  laden  with  the 
same  commodity.  Hugo  piles,  bale  upon  bale,  story  above  story,  cover  the  levee.  Pork 
williDUt  end,  as  if  the  Ohio  had  emptied  its  lap  at  the  door  of  New  Orleans;  and  flour  by 
the  thousand  barrels  rolled  out  upon  tlie  quay  and  heaped  up — a  large  area  is  covered  with 
those  two  products  of  the  up-country,  and  still  appears  seemingly  undiminished,  although 
the  seller,  the  buyer,  and  drayman  arc  busy  in  the  midst  of  it.  Here  is  a  boat  freighted 
with  lead  from  (iaiona,  and  another  brings  furs  and  peltry  from  tlio  head  waters  of  the 
Missouri,  o,0(iO  miles  to  the  north-west!  The  Illinois,  the  Ohio,  the  Missouri,  the  Arkansas, 
and  Red  River,  all  are  tributaries  to  this  commercial  depot,  and  send  down  to  its  wharves 
nieroliantable  material  of  the  annual  value  of  $100,000,000,  more  or  less.  Nearly  20,000 
miles  of  inland  navigation  is  tributary  to  this  city.  The  quay  appropriated  to  the  foreign 
ami  Coastwise  shipping  presents  another  and  a  dilt'ereiit  scone.  Here  the  cotton  bale, 
tobacco  hogshead,  pork  and  flour  barrel,  and  the  whisky  cask,  yield  to  bales  of  foreign  and 
doniestio  maiiufactures,  pipes  of  wine,  and  crates  of  wares.  Tiie  shipping  stretches  away 
as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  two  miles  or  more  in  extent,  three  tiers  deep,  with  their  heads 
to  the  cHiTont  curving  with  the  river — a  beautiful  crescent.  The  English,  the  French,  the 
Spanish,  the  Dane,  the  Russian,  the  Swede,  the  Hollander,  etc.,  are  here  commingled,  and 
compote  for  the  commerce  of  the  teeming  West.  The  old  city  proper,  originally  laid  out  by 
the  French,  is  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  1320  yards  long  and  700  yards  wide.  Above 
this  are  what  wore  formerly  the  faubourgs  of  St.  Mary,  Annunciation,  and  La  Course;  be- 
low, Marigny,  l)oiinois,  and  Declouot ;  and  in  the  rear,  Treme  and  St,  John's.  Lafayette, 
till  recently  under  a  separate  government,  is  immediately  above  the  city.  In  1836,  Now 
Orleans  was  divided  into  three  munieipalities  by  act  of  the  assembly,  each  with  distinct 
municipal  powers.  Again  in  Ajtril,  1852,  these  and  Lafayette,  with  the  faubourgs  and 
other  dependencies,  extending  from  6  to  7  miles  along  the  river,  and  about  5  miles  back  to 
Lake  Pontclmrtrain,  were  consolidated  under  one  chorter,  the  city  assuming  the  debta. 


TJU:  FUENCH  CATHEDRAL,  NEW  ORLEANS. 


65 


il^ 


U3 

-3 


I:  ^'^• 


K    -3 


y 


Till:   FRENTII   CATHEDRAL,  NEW    OIILKANS. 

Tin?  Mrooi.i  of  New  Orleans  sire  of  convenient  l)rciultli,  well  paved,  and  nsnally  intersect 
eiU'h  otlier  at  riirlit  nn'.'le-s.  Canal  street,  (of  wliieii  we  ijivo  an  illustration,)  is  the  broadest 
street  in  tlie  city,  lieini^  over  1(H)  feet  in  wi.ltli,  with  a  tirass  plot  in  the  centre  ahout 
2.'>  feel  wide,  exkMKlini,'  thnunihout  its  entire  length.  Host  of  tlu!  l>uildin!j;s  are  con- 
strncticl  .if  Ijrirk,  and  are  irenerally  low,  except  in  the  business  portion,  where  they 
ar.'  u-iially  .'  or  il  ilori.s  hiirh.  Many  of  the  dwellings  in  the  subnrbs,  jiartieu- 
l.irly  in  Lifiycile.  are  sui'r.>nii<li>d  with  spae'ons  yards,  beaiilifully  dreorated  with 
the  oranu'i',  hnion.  marrnolla,  anil  other  ornaineniiil  Iri'i'S,  A  bas.niciit  about  ll  feet  high 
eonslilnti's  ihe  only  I'i'llar.  as  none  are  sunk  bel.iw  the  surface  on  aeconnt  of  the  niiirshy 
charai'tcr  of  the  groun.l.  In  diiVrri'nt  scetioi  s  of  llie  eity  are  several  public  squares, 
anionir  wiiieh  niav  be  inentioueil  .liiekson  Sciuare,  fornierlv  I'iaee  d'Arnie: 


eeupying  the 

centre  of  the  rivir  front  of  the  old  town  jilol,  now  tlie  I'irst  District.  It  is  ornamented 
with  sIk'11  walks,  shrubbery,  sliilui-tti's,  etc.,  anil  is  nuieh  freipiented  for  recreation.  La- 
fayette Sipiare,  in  (he  Second  Distri<'t,  is  tinely  laid  out,  and  adorned  with  a  profusion  of 
sliacle  trees.     Coiuro  Square,  in  the  rear  of  the  city,  is  also  a  handsome  enclosure. 

'■  rnii.ii'  r.ni.iiiNos. — The  T'nited  Stati-s  Ciistoni  llon-(>,  now  in  process  (if  erection  at  New 
Or'leans,  when  completed,  will  be  the  largest  building  in  the  I'niled  States,  with  the  excep- 
tion tif  the  Ca])itol  at  Washington,  covering  an  area  of  87,2;!:}  superficial  feet.  The  nmtc- 
I'ial  is  from  the  (inincy  (piarries  of  ^Massachusetts.  The  United  States  Branch  Mint  in  New 
Orleans,  is  at  the  corner  of  Esplanade  and  New  Levee  streets,  near  the  river.  The  Muni- 
eipal  Hall,  jit  the  corner  of  St.  Charles  and  Hevia  streets,  opposite  Lafayette  Square,  is  a 
lieautiful  marble  cditice  in  the  (irecian  style  of  architecture.  It  is  principally  occnpieJ 
with  public  othces,.anu)ng  which  arc  several  of  the  city  government.  The  Odd  Fellows' 
Hall,  creeled  in  1S,")1,  on  Camp  street,  opposite  Lafayette  Square,  and  the  Merchants'  Ex- 


66 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


f 


chnnge,  on  Roynl  str  >et,  .car  Cnnnl,  iiro  both  cxtoiixivc  Ixiildin!,'..,  clii.  fly  u  •.•«.;.c<l  tu  piibliu 
use.     T      Intter  <■  ■      'na  t   e  City  I'ds'  oftico  luid  M.'ivliiuith'  Itondiiit;  Hontii. 

"  >Inj  '  ■••  th'  ■  Ji,  a  ftlargoni.acdi'lly  ftnic'Hirf!'.  Tho  (.'huri'lidf  St.  I.ouis,  opposito 
Jackaoi. .-  .  ^  ^  ,  :•■  .«  .  j  lendid  etlifioe,  iuloriic(i  with  li  Kifty  tower  on  cither  »iile  of  tlie  main 
entrn.'ce.  '.ri"  I'ui'.inii^  was  erected  in  1850,  on  the  »ite  of  the  oUl  eliureli,  wliich  wn» 
pulhMi  ih.wn.  c  eiii,'!       .:'.)     Il  wns  oriLriniilly  foiuulcd  in  1702,  l>y  Don  Audrt',  on  the 

condition  tliat  niaMes  be  i  ,  <.  '  every  Saturday  eveniiiir  Am-  the  njiose  of  ids  Boid,  and  the 
tolling  of  thebell  at  sunset  on  that  day  still  proclaims  the  observance  of  the  euatoiii.  On 
the  right  and  left  of  tiiis  edifice  are  two  Imndsoine  buiidinifs  in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric 
orders,  devoted  to  various  purposes  of  the  city  government.  The  .Icwisli  Synagogue, 
formerly  the  Canal  Street  Ejiiscopal  Ciiurcli.is  ornamented  in  front  with  a  liandsonic  colon- 
nade. Tiie  Presbyterian  Ciuireh,  o].i)o?ile  Lafayette  S<piarc,  the  new  Episcopal  church, 
on  Caiml  street,  and  St.  Patrick's  Church,  on  Camp  street,  are  elegant  edifices,  each 
adorned  with  a  graceful  spire.  Tiie  latter  is  a  conspicuous  object  to  one  approaching  the 
city  from  the  river.  Of  the  'M  chiirclies  in  tiie  city,  in  1853,  It!  arc  Roman  Catliolie,  7 
Episcopal,  6  Presbyterian,  5  Methodist,  3  Lutheran,  2  Baptist,  and  3  Jewish  synagogues. 

"The  hotels  of  New  Orleans  arc  conducted  upon  a  scale  of  magnitude  scarcely  erpuilled 
in  any  city  of  the  Union.  The  city  contains  4  or  5  llicatres,  the  principal  of  wiiich  are  the 
St.  Ciiarlcs,  the  Orleans,  or  Fnncli  Theatre,  and  the  American.  At  the  Orleans  Tiieatro  the 
dramatic  representations  arc  i'  ■•h.    Among  the  most  remarkable  bank  edifices  may  be 

mentioned  the  City  Bank,  on  Toih. .use  street ;  Canal  Bank,  on  Magazine  street;  and  llio 
Bank  of  Louisiana.  Several  of  tlie  market-houses  are  <leserving  of  notice.  St.  Mary's 
Market,  in  the  Second  District,  is  480  feet  h<u>x,  and  42  feet  wide.  The  Jlent  Market,  on 
the  Levee,  and  AVashington  Ma'ket.  iu  the  'Ihird  District,  are  also  extensive  buildings. 
The  cotton  presses  of  New  Orleans,  al)out  2('  in  number,  arc  objects  of  nmch  interest,  each 
of  which  usually  occupies  an  entire  block.  The  centre  building  of  the  New  Orleans  cot- 
ton press  is  three  stories  high,  and  suriULUnted  by  a  dome,  the  summit  of  which  commands 
a  fine  view  of  the  city.  Not  less  than  150,(iiiO  bales  of  cotton,  on  an  average,  ore  annunlly 
pressed  at  this  establishment. 

"  Institutions. — The  benevolent  institutions  of  New  Orleans  are  among  the  mo.st  extensive 
and  best  conducted  in  the  United  States.  The  literary  and  educational  institutions,  many 
of  which  have  been  recently  established,  are  for  the  most  ]iart  in  a  higl'lv  iirosjicrous 
condition. 

"  Tlie  number  of  school-houses  in  the  city  (as  appears  from  the  mayor's  message)  is  40,  at- 
tended by  10,886  pujiils.  The  increase  in  the  number  of  ]ni|iils  for  the  lust  12  months  has 
been  20'J4,  eipial  to  23.9  per  cent.  Number  of  teachers,  2I(i.  Of  the  30  scliool-hi>uses,  17 
belong  to  the  city,  and  23  are  rented.  The  amount  appro[iriated  for  school  purposes  the 
past  year  was  $188,020. 

"  About  20  newspapers  are  published  in  the  city,  i)  or  10  of  wluoii  are  dailies.  Several  are 
printed  in  the  French  language. 

"  CoMMF-ncE.— New  Orleans  possessses  unrivalled  natural  advantages  for  internal  tr.ide. 
The  Mississippi  River  and  its  tributaries  afford  not  less  than  1."),(i(mi  miles  of  naviirable  wa- 
ters, communicating  with  a  vast  extent  of  country,  illimitalile  in  its  resources,  exhaustlesa 
in  fertility,  and  emhracing  nearly  every  variety  of  climate.  Every  descri])tion  of  craft  is 
employed  in  transporting  the  rich  products  of  the  upper  regions  of  the  "  Father  of  Waters" 
to  this  great  southern  emporium.  At  (uie  portion  of  iis  levee  may  bo  seen  hundreds  of 
flat-boats  grounded  on  the  "  batture,"  and  filled,  some  with  fat  cattle,  horses,  mules,  hog«. 
and  sheep;  others  with  liay,  corn,  potatoes,  butler,  cheese,  apples,  and  eider.  The  quay 
here  is  piled  with  lumber,  pork,  flour,  and  every  variety  of  agiieultural  produce,  ns  if  the 
Great  Valley  had  emptied  its  treasures  at  the  door  of  New  Oilcans. 

"The  total  value  of  Ainerican  produce  exported  fn.m  New  Orleans  during  the  year,  ac- 
cording to  the  custom-house  records,  was  $()(!,344,5«9,  of  which  amount,  f  48,»7c'l«)7  was 
to  foreign  countries,  and  $28,208,327  coastwise.  The  value  of  foreign  merchandise  e.t- 
ported  during  the  same  period,  was  $44,780,  making  a  sum  total  of  $70,389,349. 


! 


CEMETRRY,    NEW   ORLEANS. 


fi7 


'  "Itvolt'd  to  public 
oni. 

St.  Louis,  opposite 
1'  niili'  of  the  iiinin 
liurcli,  wliiuh  was 
)on  Audrii,  on  the 
f  Irifl  soul,  anil  the 
till?  ousturn.     On 
'usoiin  nml  Doric 
wish  Syniigotfue, 
haiiiisoiiif  eolon- 
ipisfiopal  church, 
lit  eilificcs,  each 
iifiproaoliinir  the 
oMian  Cadiolic,  7 
h  syuagoi^iii's. 
carcely  equalled 
I'f  which  are  the 
•ans  Theatre  the 
edifices  may  he 
Htreet ;   and  the 
iL'e.     St.  Jlary's 
leat  llftrket,  on 
if^ive  buildinifs. 
Ii  interest,  each 
iw  Orleans  cot- 
iiicli  commands 
e,  ore  annually 

most  extensive 
itutions,  many 
orosperoua 

sage)  is  .JO,  at- 
•J  iiiontlis  has 
ool-hoiiscs,  17 
purposes  the 

Several  are 

iternal  Iraile. 
iiiviLrahlc  wa- 
',  exhaustlesa 
i>n  of  craft  is 
'r  of  Wat.'rs" 
hundreds  of 
"lUles,  hug«. 

The  quay 
•ce,  as  if  the 

he  year,  ac- 
i»70,l!)7  was 
handisu  ex- 
119. 


moHi  —PA  rremsnN.sc. 


AVE.NLE  IN  THE  CEMKTERY,  NEW  ORLEANS, 

WITH   SEPULCUUE8   ABOVK   GIIOL'ND. 

"  Any  ilescriptioii  of  New  Orleans  would  be  i  loomplcte  without  somo  notice  of  its  ceme- 
teries, nianj- of  which  are  unique  in  plan  and  method  of  interment.  '  Each  is  enclosed 
with  a  brick  wall  of  arched  cavities,  (or  ovens,  as  tbey  are  hero  called, >  made  just  lartte 
riiough  to  admit  u  single  cotfin,  and  raised  tier  upon  tier,  to  a  Jieight  of  about  twelve  feet, 
with  a  tliickuess  of  ten.  The  whole  inclosure  is  divided  into  plats,  with  gravelled  paths, 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  is  densely  covered  with  tombs  built  wliollv 
above  groiind,  and  from  one  to  three  stories  high.  This  method  of  pe])ul(uro  is  adoplii! 
from  necessity,  and  burial  under  ground  is  never  attempted,  excepting  in  the  "  I'otti  rV 
Field,"  where  the  stranger  without  friends  and  the  poor  ■without  money  find  an  uncertain 
rest ;  the  water  with  which  the  soil  is  always  saturated,  often  forcing  the  cotfin  ami  its  con- 
tents out  of  its  narrow  and  shallow  cell,  to  rot  with  no  other  covering  than  the  arch  of 
heaven.' 

Aliove  wi'  give  an  illustration  <>f  one"  of  lin'  avenues  in  the  (^emetery,  enirravi^d  from  ii 
photograiib  tai-.cn  there  last   year,  showing  ttu'  si'pulidires  above  ground. 

"Algiers,  a  flourishing  village,  or  rather  suburb  of  New  Orleans,  is  silualed  opposite  to 
the  city,  with,  which  it  is  connected  by  a  ferry.  It  has  several  ship  yards  and  uianufactur- 
ing  establishments. 

"  Gas  was  first  employed  to  light  the  city  in  ls;i  1 ;  and  during  tlie  s.-inie  year,  water  was 
introduced  from  the  Mississippi.  It  is  raised  from  the  rivir  by  steam  to  an  eUvated  res- 
ervoir, whenci   'H-e  or  six  millions  of  gallons  are  daily  distributed  to  variou.-?  jiarts  of  the 

«ty. 

"  From  ,  -t     'tiuition  and  warm  climate.  New  Orleans  is  subject  to  annual  visitations 


I 


\^ 


68 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


of  tlio  yellow  ftver,  which  hnve  liml  the  effect  of  grently  retarding  the  growtli  niul  pron- 
))erity  of  tlie  jiliioe.  Stiitistioal  tiiMes  kIiow  timt  of  tlio^te  who  are  liorii  Mini  niiri'd  in  the 
city,  ns  large  11  i)n)iiorl ion  live  to  old  age  us  of  the  inlial)ilantn  of  otiier  places  tliat  are 
ffenerally  deemed  healtliy.  Jiut  the  yellow  fever  1«  particularly  fatal  to  the  uiiaccliinated, 
and  e.speeially  ho  to  those  who  have  heen  from  infancy  accustomed  to  a  northern  elinnite. 
This  cireumstanee  o]ierates  as  a  formidable  cheek  on  the  influx  of  Blrangers,  to  wliieli  our 
great  commercial  cities  owe  so  large  n  proportion  of  their  population  and  activity.  Du- 
ring the  winter  aid  spring,  New  Orleans  may  he  regarded  ax  a  healthful  residence  for  all, 
whetlier  natives  or  striiiigers;  and  liii|ies  were  eiilerlaiiied  that  with  the  iiM|iroveiiii'iils  in 
the  sanitary  regulations,  there  would  lie  a  gradual  and  steady  a<lvanee  in  the  hi'alth  of  the 
city  during  the  warm  months i  liut  the  ]mst  year  has  disappointed  those  hopes,  the  epi- 
demic having  appi^ared  in  n  form  as  malignant  as  it  is  in  general.  Its  introduelion,  how- 
ever, it  is  said  can  lie  traced  to  nii  infected  vessel  from  South  America,  where  a  fever  of  an 
unusnally  fatal  character  has  prevailed. 

"  Pcrliiips  no  city  of  the  Union  is  go  diversified  in  its  population.  The  sunny  isles  of  tlie 
Antilles,  Mexico,  Central  America  and  South  .Vmerica,  France,  and  S|iaiii,  and  the  other 
States  of  Knrope,  and  the  sister  States  northward,  have  eaeli  representatives  iiiiiipiii;  tlic  in- 
liid)ilaiils,  Tlie  colored  races,  however,  preponderate,  and  ulavo  or  free  make  up  one  half 
at  lear.t.  Of  the  wiiite  races,  the  Aniericaii,  rreiieh,  and  Spanish  con.-titute  I  he  larLjer  por- 
tion, and  in  these  classes  are  found  what  may  lie  denoiiiinated  the  aristoeraev.  The  Irisli 
here,  as  in  other  quarters,  though  forming  a  large  class,  are  hut  "  the  hewers  of  wood  and 
drawers  of  water" — the  laborers  and  levee-men,  respectable  only  on  cleelion  day,  and 
among  themselves.  The  Knglish  and  Scotch  are  few  in  proportion,  and  are  chiellv  con- 
nected with  the  foreign  commerce,  as  mereliaiits  or  factors,  seldom  reniainiiii.'  longer  in  the 
city  than  is  necessary  for  the  transaction  of  their  particular  Imsiness;  or  remainin;,'  only 
during  the  healthy  months  ofsining  and  winter.  Tliisadini.\tureof  races  is  in  some  deinve 
emliarrassing;  so  many  languages,  various  eiistoiiis  and  iimiiiurs,  and  in  habits  so  dilfereiit, 
no  thorough  amalgamation  can  take  place;  and  it  is  ev.'U  necessary  to  sujiport  newspapers 
and  periodicals  of  ditlercnt  languages,  each  of  which,  in  its  opiiiicms  and  ideas,  is  at  variance 
witli  the  other. 

"  New  Orleans  is  famous  in  liistory  as  the  place  designated  to  become  the  seat  of  tlie  nion 
archy  intended  to  have  been  established  by  the  treason  of  Aaron  Hnrr.  During  the  iii..nth 
of  January,  18()-1,  the  citizens  were  in  a  state  of  continual  alarm:  volunteer  companies  and 
other  troops  constantly  patrolled  the  streets,  ready  to  suppress  the  tirst  attempt  at  Iiimii- 
rection.  That  year  it  was  made  a  port  of  ,.nlry,  and  the  next  (18t)6)  Now  Orleans  was  .in- 
corporated as  a  city.     The  population  is  estimated  at  IT.^IKJO. 

"  Distance  from  New  Orleans  to  the  mouth  of  the  MisMssipjii.  hm  miles  Southwe-I  from 
Now  Y.,rk,  1003  miles.  Southwest,  from  Wasiiin-ton,  M:i7  miles.  .Southwest  bv  west  from 
Charleston,  779  miles.  South  soutluvesi  from  I'ittslmrg,  2(12.5  miles.  Smth  bv  west  from 
Chicago,  102S  miles.  South  from  St.  Louis,  1200  miles.  South  by  oast  from  St".  Anthony's 
Falls,  Mmnesota,  2000  miles."  '' 


J 


rowtli  niul  pi'iiit- 
iiil  ri'iircil  ill  the 
•  jiliico*  tliiu  are 

l(>  IIIIIK'l'lllllllttMl, 

oi'llicrii  I'liiiiiUf. 
I'fi,  to  wliioli  our 
1  activity.  Du 
•I'widciici'  for  all. 
riipi'ovi'iiicnls  ill 
ho  liwiltli  of  the 

llO|llM,   llu>    I'pi- 

rodiiclioii,  liow- 
'I'o  a  fcvt'i-  of  an 

iiiiiy  isltMof  till- 
ami  the  otlier 
!«  aiiioiiir  tile  in- 
iko  up  oiiL'-hulf 
tlio  liififcr  por- 
icy.  Tlio  Irish 
rs  of  wood  ami 
•lion  (lay,  aii.l 
ri'  c'hioily  ooii- 
g  longer  in  tlie 
(■Miainiiii;  only 
111  Solllc  (irgi'i'e 
its  soditfcl'elit, 
>rt  iiow»i)apt'i's 
"  at  variance 

at  of  the  inon- 
ing  the  month 
onipaiiii's  and 
■iii|it  at  ins-ur- 
'k'aim  waHrlii- 

>utli\vcst  tVoni 
liy  west  from 
l)y  w.'si  from 
St.  Andiony'a 


u 


70 


WIIKKMNO,   VIIIOINIA. 


.~-    ■■■^J^^ 


•  tSW.  j- 


WIIEi:iJN(;,  A-IUfJINIA. 


\% 


TiiK  view  ifivoii  nhovp  represents  oiu'  of  the  nimierous  busy  nnd  enforprisini.'  towns  Mtii- 
ntnl  in  tlio  heart  »if  u  l>eautiful  eounlry. 

Wlu'ilini;  forms  an  imiiortiuit  junction  for  several  railways  tliveririiii;  to  anil  from  it  in 
ill!  clireotions.  Tlie  eiiief  oljeet  of  attnietion  aliont  the  town  is  tlie  mai,'nitieent  Stispension 
r.riilire — tlio  larirest  of  tlio  kind  in  the  United  States,  and  oni'  of  the  laririst  in  the  world, 
ereoted  at  a  eost  of  ^210,(100:  lenjrtli  of  s|)an,  lull)  fi'ef  ;  Ini^'ht  altove  low-wati'r  murk, 
11"  feet;  heii;ht  of  towera  on  Wheeling  t^A^•,  Vi'A  feet:  supported  hy  12  wire  cables  laid  in 
jiairs — 3  pairs,  1  each  side  of  the  tlooring,  each  of  which  is  4  inches  in  diameter — composed 
of  iioi)  strands  of  1380  feet  lontr.  It  hiis  a  earriaiie-way  of  Vi  feet  broad,  with  a  sidewalk 
of  3^  feet  on  each  side.     (See  enf^'ravinj;  on  preeedint;  paiie.) 

Various  branches  of  maimfacturo  arc  carried  on — such  ns  fjlass,  stones,  nails,  all  kinds  of 
iron  manufactures,  sonu;  woollen  and  cotton  i;oods,  with  one  silk  mill. 

The  hills  in  the  innnediate  vicinity  contain  inexhaustible  supplies  of  coal,  which  supply 
tiiel  at  a  small  cost  to  the  various  manufacturinLf  cstnblishments  in  Wheelim;. 

The  city  is  approached  by  the  Ohio  I'iver  from  Pittsbnri;  and  (^ineiinwiti,  whilst  rail 
way, communication  is  to  be  had  from  all  points  to  it — from  the  west  as  well  as  seaboard 
— forming  as  it  docs,  one  of  the  leadinir  junctions. 

Wheeling  is  one  of  the  termini  of  the  IJaltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  380  miles  long, 
and  tinislu'd  in  18.'):!.  Distant  fi'om  Wheeling,  '.i2  miles;  Cincinnati,  3(1.')  miles;  ami  3")(» 
miles  north-west  of  Richmond,  Va. 

liesides  the  county  building,  there  are  some  15  churches,  several  academies,  2  banks  and 
several  newspapers.  Popidation,  in  1S.'>0,  11,301.  Location — cajtitnl  of  Ohio  County,  Va.  : 
l.it.  4n"  7'  N;  Ion.  80'  12'  W.  It  is  situated  on  a  high  bunk  of  the  UiviM-  Ohio,  along 
which  it  stretches  for  about  2  miles. 


' i]|MV I , ,11' ' ■ '  ■Ti-j»!|:fiji,|y...ii||ipisnii| 


i.ii.'i,  III', 


;  towns  Mtu- 
iil  from  it  in 

Sus|i('lisinii 

tiic  wurld. 

lUiT  iimrk, 

liiir*  liiid  in 

— <'iini|i<iii'(l 

II  siili'walk 

nil  kinds  of 
licli  sii|p|ily 

wliilsl  I'iii! 

IIS  sciiliiuird 

mill's  Icini;, 
s;  and  ;'i.'ii> 

liiinks  luid 
'unty,  All,  : 
)irui,  alciui; 


; 


1  ( 


m 


72 


PITTSBURG,   PENNSYLVANIA. 


V 


CITY  OF  PITTSBURG, 

The  traveller  acquninted  with  the  neigh oourhood  of  the  "Black  Country,"  between 
Birminghnin  and  Walsall  and  Dudley,  in  .Staffordshire,  (England,)  will,  on  his  visit  to  tho 
City  of  Pittsburg,  at  once  discover  tho  striking  resemblance,  in  many  respects,  to  the  dis- 
tricts alluded  to.  There  are  the  same  red  brick  houses  and  workshops,  the  same  smoke, 
the  same  uneven  streets— from  the  heavy  weights  drawn  ovi-r  them — and  nt  night,  the  glare 
of  the  iron  furnaces  at  work.  The  picture  is,  in  many  respects,  comjilete,  even  to  tlic  poor 
soil  of  the  hilly  country  around  each — a  peculiarity  observable  in  all  surfaces  where  un- 
derneath is  rich  in  minerals. 

On  the  stranger's  tirst  visit  to  Pittsburg,  therefore,  after  visiting  either  tiie  cities  on  tho 
seaboard,  or,  perhaps,  the  "Queen  City  of  the  V.^-st,"  "tlie  Forest  City,"  or  tho  "City  of 
the  Lakes,"  where  not  a  vestige  of  smoke  scarcely  is  to  be  seen — he  may  be  disappointed 
at  the  first  sigiit  of  Pittsburg. 

Viewed  from  the  hill  oppo.Mte  Pittsburg  Proper — exactly  opposite  the  Jlonongahela 
House — the  city  is  seen  to  greatest  advantage — with  its  5  bridges  (and  new  one  building) 
stretching  across  tho  Alleghany  and  Monongahela — which  togetlier  at  this  j)oint  form  tlic 
Ohio — whilst  it  can  be  seen  wending  its  waj'  down  tlie  beautiful  vnlloy  vliich  bears  its 
name.  Either  from  Alleghany  City,  or  tlie  point  mentioned,  an  excellent  view  is  obtained 
— being  far  higher  than  the  city  on  the  Pittsburg  side  of  tho  river.  Tlie  houses  in  Pitts- 
burgand  Alleghany  City  are  built  close  up  to  the  very  tops  of  the  hillsides,  and  presenting 
something  of  the  appearance  which  the  old  town  of  Edinburgh  does  when  viewed  from 
off  either  the  Calton  Hill  or  Arthur's  Sent  there. 

Three  of  the  most  important  suburbs  arv  Allegharij  Citj',  Birmingham,  and  Manchester. 
To  quote  from  a  notice  of  this  city,  the  writer  says : — 

"The  site  of  the  city  is  a  natural  amphitheatre,  l)eing  environed  on  all  sides  by  beauti- 
ful hills,  rising  from  400  to  500  feet  al'Dve  the  level  of  the  Ohio,  and  filled  with  coal,  iron, 
and  limestone,  tho  working  of  which  into  articles  of  utility  constitutes  the  chief  occupa- 
tion of  the  inhabitants.  These  I. ills  arc  not,  except  in  a  few  instances,  precipitous,  and 
from  their  slopes  and  peaks,  afford  a  series  of  rich  and  varied  landscapes. 

"  Pittsburg  and  its  suburbs  contain  about  90  churches,  of  which  upwards  of  50  are  in 
the  city  proper.     Many  of  these  are  choice  specimens  of  architectural  beauty. 

"The  nianufaetuns  of  Pittsburg  are  inuneuse,  and  capable  of  being  extended  almost  in- 
definitely. Indeed  there  is  no  known  limits  to  the  elements  necessai-j'  to  their  augmenta- 
tion. Wood,  coal,  ores,  and  agricidtural  resources,  all  abound  in  the  utmost  ]irofusi(<n  and 
at  the  greatcjt  possible  convenience. 

"  The  annual  produce  consists  of  bar,  rod,  hoop,  b.iiler,  and  sheet  iron,  sheet  steel,  bar 
steel,  nails,  spikes,  rod;',  shafts,  anchors,  and  axles.  All  the  works  for  these  are  operated 
by  steam  power." 

There  are  also  in  Pittsburg,  large  foundries,  manufactories  of  glassware,  white  lead  fac- 
tories, large  citton  lac*ories,  copper-rolling  mill,  copper-smelting  erfablishment,  vial  fur- 
naces, manufactories  of  locks,  coffee  mills,  scales,  etc.,  and  several  for  the  production  of 
various  articles  of  steel  nuniufacture,  sucli  as  springs,  saws,  axes,  anvils,  and  vices;  and 
others  for  making  gun-barrels  and  agricu'tural  utensils. 

Gas,  manufactured  from  bituminous  coal,  is  furnished  at  a  comparatively  trifling  cost, 
foi  lighting  the  city.  The  Alleghany  Cemetery,  on  the  Alleghany  Kiver,  2  miles  above 
Pittsburg,  is  one  of  tho  most  beautiful  places  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  It  comprises  110 
acres,  tastefully  adorned,  and  enclosed  by  a  wall  of  stone  masonry. 

As  may  be  well  known,  Pittsburg  was  named  in  honour  of  the  celebrated  Britisli  prime 
minister,  William  Pitt.     It  was  founded  in  1105. 

The  8ub>n-ban  districts  of  Birmingham  together  with  Alleghany  City,  form  tho  large 
and  rapidly-increasing  city  of  Pittsburg.  In  1853,  the  population  of  city  and  suburbs 
was  110,241,  although  it  must  be  considerably  increased  since  then. 


ST,   LOUIS,    MISSOURI. 


78 


ry,"  between 
\A  visit  to  tho 
ts,  to  tlie  dis- 
snnio  smoke, 
gilt,  tho  glnre 
n  to  the  poor 
OS  where  uri- 

citios  on  tho 
tho  "  City  of 
ilisnppointeJ 

Monongahela 
one  building) 
oint  form  the 
ifli  liciirs  its 
iV  is  (ibtiiined 
uses  in  Pitts- 
ul  jM-eseiiting 
viewed  from 

1  Jliinehostor. 

s  by  beiiiiti- 
ith  eoiil,  iron, 
;hief  occupii- 
cipitous,  and 

I  of  oO  are  in 

ed  almost  in- 
ir  atignienta- 
n-ofuMun  and 

?et  steel,  bar 
are  opprnt<'<l 

lite  lead  fac- 
cnt,  vial  fnr- 
•oduction  of 
1  viecs ;  ami 

trifling  cost, 
miles  above 
nnjirises  110 

Iritish  prime 

rn  the  large 
ind  suburba 


CITY  OF  ST.   LOUIS. 

St.  Louis  occupies  the  first  place  amongst  the  western  cities  situated  on  the  Mississippi — 
the  great  "  Father  of  Waters" — and  from  its  central  position,  the  inexhaustible  supply  of 
mineral  wealtli  within  easy  distance,  the  iinportont  railroad  connections  already  opened  up 
to  the  east,  and  the  last  greatest  transportation  triumph  achieved  only  last  October — viz. : 
opening  of  the  great  I'acific  mail  route  from  St.  Louis  to  San  Francisco,  thus  joining  the 
Mississippi  with  the  I'acific  Ocean  by  overland  jo\irney — will  all  contribute  to  advance  the 
interests  and  commercial  importance  of  St.  Louis  to  an  incalculable  extent. 

"The  site  of  St.  Louis  rises  from  the  river  by  two  plateau.x  of  limestone  formation,  the  first 
20  and  the  other  00  feet  above  the  floods  of  tlie  Missipsipjii.  The  ascent  to  the  fiist  plat- 
eau, or  bottoir?,  as  it  may  be  termed,  is  somewhat  abrupt ;  the  second  rises  more  gradu- 
oUy,  and  spreads  out  into  an  extensive  plain,  affording  fine  views  of  the  city  and  river.  St. 
Louis  extends,  in  all,  nearly  7  miles  by  the  curve  of  the  Mississippi,  and  about  3  miles  back  ; 
the  thickly-settled  portion,  however,  is  oidy  2  or  2^  miles  in  length,  following  the  river, 
and  about  \^  miles  in  breadth.  The  city  is  well  laid  out,  the  streets  being,  for  the  most 
part,  tiO  feet  wide,  and,  with  but  few  exceptions,  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles.  Front 
street,  extending  along  the  levee,  is  upwards  of  100  feet  wide,  and  built  up  on  tlie  side  fac- 
ing the  river  with  a  range  of  massive  stone  warehouses,  which  make  an  imposing  appear- 
ance as  the  city  is  opproached  by  water.  Front,  Main,  and  Second  streets,  parallel  to  each 
other  and  to  the  river,  are  the  seat  of  the  principal  wholesale  business.  The  latter  is  occu- 
pied with  iieavy  groc(>ry,  iron,  receiving  and  shipping  houses.  Fourth  street,  the  fashion- 
able promena<le,  contains  the  finest  retail  stores.  The  streets  parallel  to  Front  and  Main 
streets  are  designated  S('cond  street.  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth,  and  so  on  ;  and  those  on  the  right 
and  left  of  Market  street,  extending  at  right  angles  with  the  river,  are  mostly  named  from 
various  forest  trees,  similar  to  the  streets  of  l'liiladel]iliia.  Large  expenditures  have  been 
made  from  t';iie  to  time  in  grading  and  otherwise  ini])roving  the  streets  and  alleys  of  St.  Louis. 

"St.  Louis  is  handsomely  built,  especially  the  new  portion  of  the  city:  the  principal  ma- 
terial is  brick,  though  limestone  is  employed  to  some  extent. 

"  it  may  be  doubted  whether  any  city  of  the  Union  has  improved  more  rapidly  than  this 
in  the  style  of  its  public  buildings. 

"  iN'TrriTioNs. — Among  the  benevolent  institutions  may  be  mentioned  the  City  Hospital, 
the  Marine  Hospital,  15  miles  below  St.  Louis,  the  Sisters'  Hospital,  the  Home  for  the  Friend- 
less, and  the  Orphan  Asylums,  The  Home  for  tho  Friendless,  designed  for  the  benefit  of 
aged  indigent  females,  and  opened  C)ctober  tth,  18515,  is  situated  on  the  Carondelet  road, 
about  4iiiiles  fro;n  the  einirt  house.  The  edifice,  formerly  "  Swiss  College,"  consists  of  a 
stone  centre,  75  feet  in  length,  and  two  frame  wings,  each  from  3i>  to  40  feet  in  length — the 
whole  two  stories  high.  The  premises  comprise  about  8  acres  of  ground,  variously  diversi- 
fied with  walks  and  shade-trees.  About  !|-10,0(io  have  been  raised  for  the  support  of  the 
institution.  The  City  llosjiital  has  long  been  distinguished  for  tho  excellent  aceomuioda- 
tions  which  it  affords  to  the  sick,  but  of  late  has  been  found  inadequate  to  the  wants  of  the 
raiii<lly-inci'easing  po]iulntion.  A  new  edifice,  intended  as  a  House  of  Refuge,  has  been 
comi>leted.  The  building  formerly  occupied  as  the  "  Smallpox  Hospital,"  situated  on  land 
in  the  St.  Louis  Conmion.  known  as  the  Old  County  Farm,  has  been  fitted  up  for  the  recep- 
tion of  a  juvenile  reform  schwil. 

"The  literary  and  educational  institutions  of  St.  Louis,  have,  considering  their  recent  ori- 
gin, attaired  a  high  degree  of  excellence. 

"St.  Louis  has  about  25  publication  offices,  issuing  newspapers  and  other  periodicals. 
Seven  or  eight  ncwsjwpers  are  published  daily,  tri-weekly,  and  weekly.  Four  or  five  are 
printed  in  the  Geri.ian  language.  The  press  is  gt'nerally  clmracterized  by  ability,  and  sev- 
eral of  its  issues  have  a  wide  circulation. 

"The  water-works,  which  in  1521)  were  of  very  inconsiderable  importance,  now  embraco 
35^  miles  of  pipe. 


I 


74 


ST.   LOUIS,   MISSOURI. 


"The  Levee,  which,  twenty  years  ago,  was  a  mere  mud  bank,  with  transverse  ways  to  the 
water's  edge,  has  since  undergone  very  important  changes.  Grent  expenditures  Iiave  been 
made  in  tilling  up  and  otiierwise  improving  it  directly  in  front  of  tiie  city. 
"  Snirri.NO,  Commeiice,  etc. — Each  stream  whicii  contributes  to  the  commerce  of  St.  Louis 
has  its  regular  packets,  and,  for  the  most  part,  a  separate  place  of  landing.  Tiie  Missouri, 
the  Illinois,  and  tlie  Upper  Mississippi  have  as  tine  craft  as  float  on  the  Western  waters, 
while  the  down-river,  or  New  Orleans  traders,  are  scarcely  excelled  in  size,  equipment, 
speed,  and  construction.  The  St.  Louis  boats  also  visit  tlie  Ohio,  the  Wabash,  the  Tennes- 
see, and  other  streams.  With  such  an  innnense  inland  navigation,  the  commerce  of  the 
port  reijuires  a  large  number  of  stecnicrs,  and  its  tonnage  in  this  respect  exceeds  that  of 
every  other  wesiern  city. 

•'  The  imiiortations  of  dry  goods  for  the  year  were  estimated  at  $7,000,000,  (an  increase 
of  nearly  one  million  over  the  previous  year,)  and  the  sales  at  $8,500,000.  This,  however, 
only  has  reference  to  the  wholesale  business.  Including  the  retail  trade  of  the  city,  the 
entire  imports  were  estimated  at  $10,500,000,  and  the  sales  at  $13,000,000.  The  business 
of  the  heaviest  wholesale  houses  amounts  to  from  half  a  million  to  eight  hundred  thousand 
dollars  annually. 

"  The  manufactures  of  St.  Louis,  though  in  their  infancy,  are  hardly  less  important  than 
her  commerce.  The  flouring  business  is  carried  on  here  more  extensively  than  in  any  city 
of  the  West.  The  manufacture  of  different  kinds  of  clieniieals  and  oils  is  extensively  car- 
ried on.  There  are  in  St,  Louis  10  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  tobaeeo,  several 
of  which  are  on  a  largo  scale.  The  manufacture  of  hemp  into  bale-rope  and  bagging,  and 
the  distilling  of  whisky,  also  employ  a  large  amount  of  ca])ilal.  J5ut  however  imiwrtant 
these  several  interests  may  be  in  themselves,  they  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  the  most  im- 
portant to  St.  Louis.  Indeed,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  development  of  the  vast,  min- 
eral resources  of  the  region  tributary  to  her;  is  destined  to  exert  a  controlling  influence 
upon  the  future  of  this  metropolis.  Iler  manufactures  of  in  i  already  exceed  those  of  any 
other  city  on  the  Mississipjii,  if  not  in  the  west.  Nunierv  foundries  annually  turu  out 
stoves  and  other  castings  to  a  large  amount.  Hailing,  machinery,  and  steam-.'>ngine8  are 
extensively  manufactured.  Mining  operations  have  already  been  connneneed  at  Iron  iloun- 
tain.    (See  Engraving.) 

''Tiie  Bank  of  the  State  of  Missouri  is  the  only  t'lartercd  banking  institution  in  St.  Louis 
or  in  Missouri.  It  has  five  branches,  viz. ;  one  at  layette,  one  at  Jackson,  one  at  Lexing- 
ton, one  at  Palmyra,  and  one  at  Springfield. 

"Tlie  natural  advantages  which  St  Louis  enjoys,  a  .  a  commercial  emporium,  are  probably 
not  surpassed  by  those  of  any  inland  port  in  thr  world.  Situated  midway  between  two 
oceans,  and  near  the  geographical  centre  of  the  finest  agricultural  region  on  the  globe,  al- 
most at  the  verj-  focus  towards  which  converge  the  Mississippi,  the  Missouri,  the  Ohio,  and 
the  Illinois  Rivers,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  she  is  destined,  at  no  distant  period,  to  become 
the  great  receiving  and  distributing  depot  of  most  of  the  vast  region  drained  by  these 
streams.  Having  already  reached  an  enviable  position  among  her  sister  cities,  she  is  look- 
ing westward,  with  a  system  of  railways  intended  not  only  to  bring  to  her  nnxrkets  the 
agricultural  and  mineral  treasures  of  the  Missouri  basin,  liut  eventually  to  extend  bey>,.id 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  finally  to  tin;  golden  sli()r<!S 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Her  connection  with  the  Atlantic  cities,  through  Cincinnati  and  Chi- 
cago, is  already  secured  beyond  contingency.  The  construction  of  railroads  penetrating 
various  sections  of  her  own  state,  designed  ultimately  to  communicate  with  New  Orleans, 
are  also  about  to  be  undertaken.  The  opening  of  these  various  railways,  and  others  pro- 
posed, will  give  St.  Louis  ready  access  to  innnense  deposites  of  iron,  coal,  lead,  and  eop])er 
ores,  within  a  circuit  of  90  miles,  equal  to  the  wants  of  the  whole  Mississipjn  valley  for 
centuries  to  come,  and  which  have  not  to  this  time  been  brought  into  use,  simply  because 
of  the  diflic\dty  and  expense  of  reaching  a  market. 
"  The  population  of  St.  Louis  is  upwards  of  100,<)00." 


i^erso  ways  to  the 
itures  Jiave  beoii 

ei'ce  of  St.  Louis 
.     The  Missouri, 

Western  wutcrs, 

size,  ofjui|)iiient, 
liish,  the  Tennes- 
couiiiieree  of  tlie 

exceeds  that  of 

)00,  (an  increase 

Tills,  however, 

i  of  tlie  city,  tlio 

Tlie  Inisiness 

iniilrej  tliousaud 


important  tlian 
tlian  in  any  city 

extensively  car- 

toljiiceo,  several 
nJ  liaggini;,  and 
vever  important 
1  as  the  most  ini- 

of  the  vast,  niin- 
rolliiii^  influence 
eed  those  of  any 
nnually  turn  out 
teain-.'niiines  are 
L'd  at  Iron  Jloun- 

ition  in  St.  Louis 
II,  one  at  Lexlng- 

jm,  are  prohahly 
ay  between  two 
on  the  globe,  al- 
ri,  the  Ohio,  and 
)erioil,  to  become 
Irained  by  these 
ities,  she  is  look- 
her  markets  the 
o  extend  heyi  ..d 
he  golden  sliores 
icinnati  and  Clii- 
)ads  penetrating 
th  New  Orleans, 
and  others  pro- 
lead,  and  copper 
issipjii  valley  for 
I,  simjjly  becouse 


CINCINNATI    BUSINESS    DIRECTORY. 


Architect— 

J.  W.  JIcLaughlin,  corner  of  Walnut  and 
Third  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 

Attorneys  at  Lrw— 

Walter  M.  Bateman,  30  West  Fourth  st. 

AunAM  Brower,  Jr.,  Trust  Co.'s  Build- 
ing, Tliird  St. 

Nicholas  Bird,  Manchester  Building, 
corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  sts. 

CoRWiNE  &  Hayes,  (Jl.  M.  Corwine  and 
II.  B.  Hayes,)  Selves'  Buildiug,  south 
side  ThirH  st. 

Joseph  Cox  ^  Wm.  H.  Kerr,  3  Apollo 
Building,  corner  Fifth  and  Walnut  sts. 

A.  R.  DuTTON,  8  East  Third  st. 

Fox  «fe  Fox,  corner  of  Third  and  Syca- 
more BtS. 

Jon:<  A.  Jeffers,  3  Trust  Co.'s  Building, 
corner  of  Main  and  Third  sts. 

Johnston  &  Carroll,  Trust  Co.'s  Build- 
ing, 

Jones  &  Burnet,  Trust  Co.'s  Building. 

Parker  &  Parker,  Manchester  Building, 
corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  sts. 

W.  B.  Prodosco,  Fourth  st. 

Charles  Loomis,  1  Trust  Co.'s  Building. 

Snow  &  Bradstreet,  Trust  Co.'s  Building, 

Tiu  ;?soN  &  Nesmith,  25  West  Third  st. 
[See  advertisement.] 

Worthington  &  Matthews,  (V.  Wortfi- 
ington,  Jas.  T.  Worthington,  Stp-rley 
Matthews,)  Third  st.  between  Main 
ond  Walnut  sts. 

Attorneys  at  Law  &  Not<«ry8  Public— 

Flam  EN  Ball,  Jr.,  8  East  Third  st. 
Samuel  S.  Carpenter,  23  West  Third  st. 

[See  advertisement.] 
Ben.  J.  Ilorton,  6  Manchester  Building, 

corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  sts. 
Wm.  H.  Kelsey,  80  West  Third  st.    [See 

advertisement.] 

Attorneys  and  Counsellors  at  Law— 

Bates  &  Scaruobouoh,  Third  st.,  opposite 
Henrie  House. 

King  &  Thompson,  (Rufus  King,  Samuel 
J.  Thompson,)  Third  st.,  between  Main 
and  Walnut  sts. 

Walter  S.  Strau'i,  12  Manchester  Build- 
ing, corner  of  Third  and  Sycamore  sts. 

Bedding  Manufacturers- 

Wm.  Morehouse  it  Co.,  corner  of  Fifth 
and  Plum  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 

Bellows  Manufacturer— 

W.  G.  IIyndman,  41  Second  st.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Billiard  Table  Manufacturers- 

J.  M.  Brunswick  &  Brother,  8  Sixth  st. 
[See  odvertisement.] 


Blacksmiths— 

Charles  Graham  &  Brother,  211  Weat 
Front  St.     [See  advertisement] 
Booksellers  and  Publishers— 

Anderson,  Gates  &  WiiUiiiT,  112  Main  St. 

[See  advertisement.] 
Robert  Clarke  &  Co.,  55  West  Fourth  at, 

[See  advertisement.] 

Boot  and  Shoe  Manufacturer — 

W.  G.  Rogers,  25  East  Pearl  st. 
Brass  Works— 

>Vm.  Powell  &  Co.,  247  and  249  Fifth  sU 

[See  advertisement.] 
Miles  Greenwood,  Eagle  Foundry,  394 

Walnut  st.     [See  advertisement.] 

Car  Wheels— 

John  Nash,  243  and  245  East  Pearl  st 
[See  advertisement.] 
Clothing  and  Dry  Goods— 

Menderson  &  Pboiiman,  23  Pearl  st. 
Amburoh  Brothers,  46  and  48  Pearl  st. 

Commercial  Colleges— 

R.  M.  Bartlett,  corner  of  Third  and 

Walnut  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 
John  Gunury,  corner  of  Fifth  and  Wal- 
nut sts.     [See  advertisement] 
Cooper  Ware— 

Peter  N.  Jonte,  484  Race  st     [See  ad- 
vertisement] 
Dry  Goods  Merchants— 

John  W.  Ellis  &  Co.,  11  Pearl  st 
Jones  Brothers  &  Co.,  19  Pearl  st 
Mayn'rd  &  Sweetser,  88  <fe  90  Pearl  st 

Exchange  Office— 

E.  N.  Slocum,  97  Main  st  [See  adver- 
tisement] 

Express  Company— 

Valentine's,  Third  st     [See  advertise- 
ment] 
Flour  Mill  Manufacturers— 

J.  IT.  Burrows  <fe  Co.,  Second  st,  between 
Elm  and  Plum.     [See  advertisement] 

W.  AV.  Hamer  &  Co.,  corner  of  Second 
st  and  Western  Row.  [See  adver 
tisement] 

Foundries  and  Machine  Shops— 

W.  II.  DuNLAP  &  Co.,  corner  of  Front  and 
Lawrence  sts.     [See  advertisement.] 

J.  &  E.  Greenwald,  190  East  Pearl  st 
[See  advertisement] 

MiLF.s  Greenwood,  Eagle  Foundry,  394 
Walnut  St.     [See  advertisement] 

J.  A.  Fay  <fe  Co.,  cor.  of  Front  &  John  sts. 

Gold  Pen  Manufacturer— 

Wm.  Lundy,  15  Apollo  Building,  corner 
of  Fifth  and  Walnut  sts. 


CINCINNATI  BUSINESS   DIHECTOUT. 


Grist  Mill  ^Uannfacturers— 

J.  T'  BinuownA  Co., Second st, between 
Kim  mid  I'liini  sts.     [See  advt.] 

W.  W.  IIameu  it  Co.,  comer  of  Second 
8t.  nnd  Western  Row.     [See  adver.] 

Grocers  and  Commission  Merchants— 

CI.AUU  <fe  Carh,  2i)  Walnut  st. 

Wm.  Glenn  &  Sons,  corner  of  Walnut  nnd 
Colunibin  sts.     [See  advertisement] 

TRAHEn  ife  AuBERo,  7  Public  Landing. 

Tweed  i'.  Siiilev,  (I'roduce  and  Commis- 
sion,) 40  Walnut  st. 

West  &  McDoloall,  23  Walnut  st.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Hardware  Merchants— 

]Iai'.ser  &  Merna,  192  Slain  st. 

Latlmeu,  Colhlrn  &  Lui'TON,  74  Main  »t. 

Tyler,  Davidson  &  Co.,  140  and  142 
Slain  St. 

J.  L.  Wayne  <t  Son,  124  Main  st.  and  23 
Hammond  st.     [See  advertisement.] 

Josei-ji  W.  Wayne  &  Co.,  196  Main  st. 
[See  advertisement] 
Hotel- 

Madison  House,  Main  st,,  between  Co- 
lumbia and  Front  sts.      [See  adver.] 

Jewellery  Establishment- 

Di'MME  <k  Co.,  corner  of  Fourth  and 
Walnut  sts,     [See  advertisement.] 

Kitchen  Ranges— 

E.  B.  Blunt,  224  Main  st.     [See  ftdver.] 
Van  it  BARRiN(iKn,  197  Main  st.     [See 
advertisement.] 

Lithographers— 

EiiRQoiT  <fe  FonnRiGER,  Carlisle's  Block, 
corner  of  Fourth  and  Walnut  sts.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Machinery— 

W.  R.  DuNLAP  &  Co.,  corner  of  Front  and 

Laurence  sts.     [See  advertis.nieiit.] 
J.  &  E.  Greenwald,  190  East  Pearl  st. 

[See  advertisement.] 
Miles  Greenwood,  Eagle  Foundry,  394 

Walnut  St.,  corner  of  Canal  st,     [See 

advertisement.] 
J.  A.  Fay  &  Co.,  cor.  of  Front  <fe  John  sts. 
TuoMAs  Smith,  216  West  Second  st.   [See 

advertisemen  ] 

Oj'lor  Depot 

A.  S.  STEWAur,  166  Vine  st,  above  Post- 
offie,'. 

Photographer  - 

..;  C.  Hawkins,  106  Fourth  st  [See  ad- 
■.ertisenient.] 

Plough  Manufactory— 

(iARUKiT  it  Cottman,  9  Sevcnth  st 
Railroad  Companies— 

Lirn,E  SIiAMi  PiAiLROAD,  Cincinnati  to 
Coluinbii",  &  East     [See  adver.l 

Ohio  and  Mississipw  Railroad,  Ci'ncin- 
nati  to  St  :  ?'^  and  West  [See  ad- 
vert) '  ] 


Real  Estate  Broker— 

Samuel  A.  Sakoent,  8  Apollo  Buildings. 
[See  advertisement] 

Saw  Manufacturers- 

W<i(iDR(iu(iii  it  McParlin,  15  Walnut  st. 
Works  at  Hamilton,  Ohio.    [Sec  adv.] 

Scale  Manufacturers— 

John  Kistner,  394  Vine  st      [See  ad" 

vertiseiiient.] 
J.  W.  Wright  A  Co.,  10  West  Second  st 

[See  advertisement] 

Shirt  Warehouse— 

Jamks  Rii'iiARDsoN,  100  West  Fourtli  si; 
[See  advertisement] 

Show  Cases— 

SiiiMiTT  it  Brothers,  77  West  Third  st 
[Sue  advertisement] 

Stereotype  Foundries— 

Franklin  Foundry,  168  Vine  st.,  R.  Al. 

li>(iii.   Superintendent.      [See   ndver- 

tiseiiient.j 
IIiLLs,  O'Driscoll  ife  Co.,  141  Main  st 

[See  adverlisenuMit.] 

Stock  and  Note  Brokers— 

Bradley  it  Kelsev,  80  West  Tiiird  st. 
[See  advertisement] 

Stove  Manufacturers— 

SIiLEs  Greenwood,  ;{94  Walnut  st.,  Englo 
Iron  Works.     [Sec  advertisfineiit.  ] 

E.  B.  Bunt,  224  Main  st  [See  adver- 
tisement] 

Dr.  Muscrave,  Gas  Cooking,  272  Sixth 
fit.     [See  advertisement] 

Van  a  Barrinoer,  197  Main  st  [See 
advertisement.] 

Theatre— 

National  Theatre,  John  Bates,  Proprie- 
tor ;  Louis  Baker,  Lessee;  Win.  Rey- 
nolds, Acting  and  Stage  Manager ; 
Syeamoro  st. 

Venetian  Blinds— 

W.  H.  Hkssii.er,  147  Sycamore  n.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Watch  Cases— 

Francis   Doll,   Corner  of   Fourth   nnd 
Walnut  sts.     [See  advertisement] 
Wire  Cloth  <;oods— 

S.  G.  BiRNirrr  it  Co.,  27  Walnut  st    [See 

advertiseiiieiit,] 
Bromwei.l  it  Mellisii,  181  Walnut  st 
Writing  Fluid— 

James  .1.  Bitler,  39  Vine  st.  corner  of 

Commeree  st.     [See  ndvertiscnient.] 
J.  C.   I 'ark  ifc  Co.,  554  and  556   West 

Fifth  St. 


Wood  Engravers- 

Davem'ort  it  Thomvson,  corner  of  Fourth 
mid  Walnut  sts.    [Sec  advertiseiiieiit] 
George  Stillm.  ..n-,  25  West  Fourth  st 


\pollo  Buildings. 

IN.  15  W'nlnut  st. 
IJliio.    [See  adv.] 

ne  St.      [See  ud- 
)  West  Second  st. 

West  Fourth  st, 

77  West  Third  st. 
] 

8  Vine  st.,  R.  Al- 
lit.      [See   nJvcr- 

C'c,  141  Main  st. 

1 

rs— 

10  West  Tiiird  st. 
] 

i  Walnut  St.,  Eagle 
iidvertiseinent.] 

11  st.     [See  udvcr- 

looking,  272  Sixth 

nent.] 

97  !Muin  st.     [See 


)hn  Bates,  Proprie- 

Lesseo;  Win.  R<\v- 

Stngc    Manager  ; 


sycamore  bu     [See 

or   of   Fonrtli   and 
ndvertiseiiient.] 

27  Walnut  St.    [See 
1, 181  Walnut  st. 


Vine  st.  corner  of 
■c  advertiseiiu'iit.] 
551  and   550   West 


n\,  oorncr  of  Fourth 
■^('c  advcrti^'enient.] 
\V«!st  Fourth  st. 


GENEKAL    FUKXISJIING    EMPORILM. 
JAMES    RICHARDSON, 

MAM  KACnilKIt    OF 

Sh-irts,    Stocks    <Sz>    XJiider     Grarments, 

FOJi  LADIEf^,    GENTLEMEN  ,(•    ClIILDIiEN, 

AM)    IlKAI.KU    IN 

LACE,    EMBROIDERIES,    TRIMMINGS,    CORSETS,    AND 

1'  A  N  < ;  Y    A  11  r  I  <:  ■  r.  v,  s . 

READY-MADE    LINEN    AND    BABY    LINEN    WAREHOUSE. 

OUTriTTLN'G  AM)  WKDDLVU  OUDEiy  EXEC'fTEl)  AT  SHORT  NOTICE. 


JAMES  ItlCIIARDISOlV,    100  Wvst  Foiirlli  St., 

Opposilf  lite  foiil-oHlrff  ClnrinnaH,  Olilo, 


E.  A.  THOMPSON 


-A.  TsT  r)       C  O  X.  r.  E  O  T  I  O  IT 


T.  K.  NISMIIII. 

OFFICE 


THOMPSON     &,    NESMITH, 

^T  T  O  R^ISTE:  YS      ^T      L^-W, 

25   West  Third   Street,  Cincinnati,   Ohio. 


HIJ'KKKXC'KS  : 


.T.  li.  JiifTrav  A  Sons .\,ie  IV*-  ("linv,  MiKinn.'v  .(:  C... . 


rlic  Ips,  lUi-:-  \  ( 
A.  .Iimriiritv,  ,Ir.,iV  Co.  .  . 
(■I;.|.|.,  Ki-I.l  ti  llrrkli-y.. 
Cimv.  H"\v;iril  \  Siuim'r 
Kr.'.l'.  Hiitl.ilirl,!,  Ksn.... 

.Miiw.ii  llr. 

Smilti  A  I'liytif 

K.  S.  WiiiHliui,  Km] 

S.  lion >n  ,(c  <■„ 

.1.  M.  ll,-.-hf  .\c  C. 

T.  .V  K.  Ilulrli..lli.r  A  Co. 
Co.  hnilK',  Kiliihiill  A   Hill 


ri.r.v  llros.  ii  liiiii.li-i, 
'  Aiiiciii  Cliillln.  K«i| 

Ihivwiin).    Hun-li^t<'itil    tinil 
'  M.-I.iilir 

W.lliliL',  C.tliii  \  C.. 

M..rri,  I,,  lliillow.-ll  &  C. 

\V I.  llii.oii  .V  Co 

.loliM  II.  Illowii.d  Co 

i  rillinuliiKl  &  I'ullM.l 

[  Di'Coiinioy,  I.itfoiircHiIc  A  Co. . 

h'liniliiiiii,  Kirkhiiin  A  Ci 

Mii-oii  .^  Co 


K«s»itl  fi  Co 

Alr.x.   .Miir.lo.k  A  Co.. 
liiiiirs  A  Huilvv 


.  PI,!/, 
..Hull 


]  Kinu'.  Corwhi  A  Co. 
"  I  (iiilron  Hurloii,  Kwj. 

Vl,tla,l,li,hhi    K.  (i.  WVbMrr  A  (  . 
"  i  Joiu'j*  Unjs.  A  Co     . 

"  I  Jlio.  Slinpltin^oi       ' 

"  i  ,1.  A  J.  Sl.-vlii 

"  Sliiuv,  lliiill  .^ 

'  I.  W.  KIP-  • 


I'lrlpliia 
iitiir,' 

iitiali 


l)|ivi.Miin 


Itmhm 

■k'.'.'.'.'.'      '• 

Collections  made  throughout  the  U.  S.    Drafts  and  maturing  paper  coll>  at  Bankers' 

E.  .\.  T.  is  \()tarv  I'lililic,  niid  CoKiiiiiwioniT  for  nil  (he  itrlnin  :•'.  rotates. 

CLAIMS      I'lKiVKD. ACKNOW  l.lllKiMK.N     -      AMI      lllj'i  i-ITK  iNS      (Al  V      TAKKS. 


Wll.    II.   KEI.SEY, 

;:^ttornfii  at  Xi\\\i  ^  Mm  ilublic. 


MiisliM-  ('(iiiiniissiotici'  cif  tlio  Siiin-i-iiii-  Cmirt. 

COLLECTIONS  ATTENDED  TO  PKOMPTLY. 

OFFICIO,  80  WEST  THIKl)  STKFFT, 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


(-AI.V1.\   Ilium. KY. 


W.  II.   KKl.SKV. 


BRADLEY  &  KELSEY, 

Sidi'k  liiiil  .\(ilc  l!riiL('r.<  iinil  (iciicnil  Aifciils. 

I!E.\I,  I-:ST.\TK  IKirilHT  iS.-  SOLD. 

Money  Loaned  and  Collections  Made. 

80  WKS'P  '111! I! I)  sritl'.KT, 

CINCINNATI,    O. 


JOHN    KISTNEB, 

.Maiiufiic'lurer 

OK     AM.     KINDS     OK 

SCALES, 

'Mt  ViiM'St., 

IlKT.    CVNAI.    ,ii    I'JrU, 

Oincinn.-iti,  0. 


SAMUEL  S        iPENTER, 

ATT0I1\KV  AT  '         \0T.\I1V  PI  lillf. 

Also.  COMMISSIt       Ej      for   DEEDS,   DEPO- 
SITIONS, and  iiFF. DAVITS  for  every 
STATE  lu  -ne  UNION. 

N.  n.— ConnnUsiolis  lo  tiiko  lo>t  iiioiiy  f.TiTiilo.l  uitli  pnMniitnfss 
1111(1  iK-i'uriu-y. 

Offics,  23  West  Third  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 

SAMIKL  A.  SARIJKNT, 

REAL  ESTATE  &,  STOCK  BROKER, 

8   APOLLO    "UILDINGS, 
Corner  of  rilth  aid  Walnut  Streets, 

CINCINN  \n.    o. 


TlloS.   W.    WlUliHT. 


Jll.irs  T"iss.> 


I  T.W.WRIGHT  8l  CO., 

M  AMI  A' .11  nr.K.-i    "K    Al.l,    KINDS    nK 

I  SCALES, 

'  BEAMS,  TRUCKS   3c  HOISTING-  •.iTHEELS, 
I         10  West  Second  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 


11 

i 


un 


I 


TYPE,  STEREOTYPE,  &  ELECTROTYPE  FOUNDRY. 

AND    PRINTERS'   FURNISHING    WAREHOUSE. 

We  desire  to  inform  Printers  JJookscUei-s,  and  others,  tiiat  we  are  no>y  prepared  to 
furnish  every  thinp  used  in,  or  in  any  way  connected  with  i)nntin!;,  m  any  of  its 
branches:  our  Moulds,  Matrices,  and  Machinery,  are  all  duplicates  of  those  ol  L.  John- 
son &  Co,  Philadelphia,  the  most  extensive  Type  Fouuders  in  Aiiicrica;  and  we  a-ssure 
the  trade  that  the  quality  and  admixture  of  our  metals  will  at  all  tunes  he  of  the  best 
materials,  and  our  manufacture  of  them  in  the  hi-thest  style  of  the  art.  It  will  be  our 
aim  under  all  circumstances,  to  compete  with  the  very  best  Foundries  in  the  country, 
both  iu  stvle  r.nd  finish.  Having  recently  made  large  additions  to  our  stock  ot  Moul<ls 
aP(l  Jlatrices,  we  arc  now  prepared  to  furnish,  in  any  (juantity,  the  most  approved 
liuvs  of  J5ook,  News,  and  .Job  Type,  and  fit  out  Printing  Offices  of  any  si/.e  on  the 
shortest  notice.  Our  Composing;  Kooms  are  well  stocked  with  the  latest  and  most  ap- 
prove<l  styles  of  Book  and  Job  Type,  of  all  sizes,  and  we  Stereotype  or  Klectrotype 
Books,  :.Iusic,  Jobs,  Medicine  LabJls,  etc.,  etc.,  on  short  notice,  and  at  Rastem  Prices. 
Pattern  and  Urand  Lettei-s  of  various  sizes  and  styles  always  on  hand.  Type  that 
ha>  ))een  used  in  Stereotyping  for  sale  at  Keduced  Prices.  Agi'iits  for  Hoe  &  Co., 
Adams,  Gordon,  and  Kugglcs'  Presses.  American  and  English  Inks  constantly  on 
hand.     Also,  Printers'  Glue  of  a  superior  quality. 

168  Vn«E  STREET,  (bet.  Fototh  &  Fifth  Sts.)  CINCINNATI,   0. 


D.   IIILI.H  A   cn. 


f.  r.  o'Dni»f<iLL. 


STEREOTYPE    ANB    ELECTROTYPE    FOUNDRY, 

KTO.     14:1     T^A-XlSr     STIiEET,     CITsraiISr3Sr-A.TI,      OHIO. 

HILLS.  ()'DUl!S(JOLL    &i    CO., 

STKIJEOTYPERS   S-   EI.ECTROTYPERS, 

Who,  (li.'n'crs  in  Type  nnd  Printini;  MJitciKii  ,  i.'iMiiTiillv.  l.ciiils,  fuses.  Oullrys,  Brnss  ami  Mitnl  Rnlfis,  Qwciins. 
Funiitiiri',  etc.,  always  on  liiiiid.  Slt'rc(itv|jinL'  "fall  kinds.  Hmiks.  .Mnsio.  PaiiipUlels.  anil  .Icilis  nl  uvcri  iluscnptum 
liuiii:  at  short  notice  u'uil  in  tlie  bust  inaiiuur.    Ek'-clrolyimii;  of  Cuts,  Ji'bs,  etc.,  done  on  sliort  iioli(X". 

J.  W.   BALB. 


nOUGRT  CLARKE. 


R.  D.  BARNEV. 


ROBERT  CLARKE  &  CO.,  Successors  to  H.  W.  Derby  &  Co., 

Law  Publishers  &  Booksellers,  Stationers,  Importers  &  Dealers  in  Theological,  Scientific,  School 
and  Miscellaneous  Books,  No.  66  West  Fourth  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 

The  nttentinn  of  the  legal  profession  and  tlie  trade  is  iniited  to  the  following  valuable  Law  Books,  pub- 
lUlieil  by  tbein: 

itcnoXAMl's  TrEATISK,  1   vol. 

Nash's  I'i.kadixi!  ami  Practick,  1  vol. 
Nash's  DiiiKsr  of  Ohio  Ukimmits,  1  vol. 

(iWVSXK   ON   ShKIUKFS  &    CoRONKRS,  1  Vol. 
IIoLCOMRK's    KyllTY   JirRISl'RIDKNCK,  1  Vol. 

IX  I^giiTV,  1  V  i|. 

Tlieh*  nssorlment  of  peiieral  Law  Hooks  is  lar^'e  and  variou.s,  and  their  facilitiei^  for  i>rrK'urin;j  the  pnbli- 
catioas  of  other  liouses  are  such,  lliat  IIr.v  can  sell  at  llie  lowest  Kaslcrn  rates. 

The  Theoloplcal  and  .Miscellaneous  Depart nunls  will  be  found  suiiplicd,  in  addition  to  recent  Kn).'Iisli  and 
American  jiubllcations,  with  a  cl.oice  slock  of  old,  rare  and  valuable  works,  seldiuu  lui-t  willi  in  this  conntr.v. 

Foreijjn  Hooks,  old  and  oew,  in  an.v  lanjiuape,  imported  with  the  utmost  care  and  di^^iiatcb,  their  busins'^s 
connections  in  London  and  Kiiinbur^di  bei"'^  such,  as  to  alford  preat  facilities  for  the  ndlei.  -n  of  old  rare 
woi'ks,  and  such  modern  books  as  are  "  out  of  print.*'    Subscriii;ions  received  for  forei>;n  periotlicals. 

The  publications  of  the  following  !iou?es  kept  constantly  on  band  :  —  Warper  A  Bros.,  Derby  &  .lackson, 
Itobert  Carter  &  Dro.,  New  Vork  ;  (i.  Uoulleil(.'e  &  Co.,  T.  Nel-on  ,4  Son.  II.  Ibiilliere,  London;  lilackie  .V 
Son,  Olasgow;  T.  &  T.  Clark,  Kdinburgh,  ,tc.,  ic.    Trade  supidied  wilh  Harper's  .Magazine  an<l  Weekly. 


Omio  Hki'orts,  20  vols. 
McLkan's  €.  V.  Uei'orts,  i>  vols. 
.Johnson's  Chancerv  Rei'outs,  7  vols,  in  '6. 
Shan's  St.vtctes  of  Ohio,  1  vol. 
Swan's  New  Treatise,  1  vol. 

Barton's  Siit 


VALENTIIVE    FKEICillT    EXPRESS    t:OMF.4I^V. 

CIXriNNATI  OFFICE,  No.  .j  KAST  TIlIRl)  sritr.KT.  .John  S.  Duhlop.  Sn|it.  K,  H.  Vnloulnic  Asst  Suja. 
(ioo.  It.  Coopirr,  Pn.'s,,  SI.  l.cnus.  Mo.  Timir  Contracts  L'iveu  lor  SIi1|miiiiiI  of  Frciu'bt  from  .N'cw  Vork.  lliislon. 
Plubulelpbia  and  Baltimore  tii  St.  l.ouis,  Cincinnati.  Clncauo.  and  all  points  Wist  'rhronuh  Kict  jpis  lmvoo  Io  ail 
purls  of  indnuni,  Illmois,  Iowa,  Wiscousni  and  Minnesota,  and  to  all  points  on  the  ;\livsonn  Hiv.  r.  For  Co'itracts  call 

at  our  oiiicn.  £  !_  HULL,  Agent. 

.Vark  uooiiH  fahnUnr  ijnr.  No.  STIast  Third  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 


WILLIAM    MOREIIOIME    &    CO., 

S.  E,  cor,  of  Fifth  &  Plum  Sta„  Cincinnati,  0. 

Superior  Spiral-SpnnL'    and    Curli'd    Mair  .MitIIri'^s''s. 
Ff  atlier  Hcds,  and  all  otloT  articles  in  the  line,  in  store  i 
au.l  made  to  onler  al  short  notice. 

N'.  B.— Curtains  and  Carpets  made  up.  Church  Pews 
lined,  etc.  I 


l:i>r{Klir  ioi.uiAM. 


CHAS.  GRAHAM  &  BRO., 

MACHINE     BLACKSMITHS, 

277  West  Front  Street,  Cincinnati,  0. 

3fii»)i/tiituren  of  Hrii/(/f-/Jii/f.,  (Ok'  all  ihidn  of 

W:li-KKIIlitIihl{l. 


f 


fe   C.    HAWKINS, 

PHOTOGRAPHIST, 

106    WEST    FOURTH    STREET, 

CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 


PATENTEE    OF    THE   PATENT    HELIOGRAPHS. 


EIGHTS  FOE  SALE  &  INSTEL    'iONS   GIVEN. 


:mmw. 


^^^S3s.^cfe  <#, 


J.   n.   DAVKNI'OKT. 


J.   THOMSON. 


DAVENPORT  &  THOMSON, 


Sttc€fsHO»'s  to  Ml.   C.  Grost'cnor, 


k 


i 


^    N.E.  CORNER  OF  FOURTH  &  WALNUT  STS., 

'^\  CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 


ALL   ORDERS  P^XECUTED   WITH  NEA.T>rESS  AND   DISPATCH. 


M^^'^-'i^s:S^^SS^:."^:sn^SS3?S.'^^S^^:sl*i 


h 
[4 

m 


ANDERSON,    GATES    &.    WRIGHT, 


WIIOI.KHALE    AND     HETAIL 


B00KS3LL3P.  S    AHD    STATIOITBIIS, 

PRINTERS,    AND    MANUFACTURERS    OF 

S  U  I^  E  III  O  R     13  I^  A  N  K     BOOKS. 
112  Main  Street,  bet.  Third  and  Fourth,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


n 


*! 


lows  (Uiil  Irii 
ManiirH'ltiry, 
Clorliniali. 


W.   a.   IIYMI>IA.\, 

S.  II.  HRmilt-.nl  iimmifii.'hir.-r  nf  nin'kRriillli'ii  Bel- 
provwl  I'l.rtiiM.'  For;:!',  (l'iit»-iM.-.i  Nov.nil'fr,  IHft7.) 
41  Second  Ktruut,  betwewti  Syriimoru  and  Jiromlwiiy, 


PETER    SMITH, 

IMI'dUIKIl   AMI  IlKAl.KIt    IN 

DAGUERREOTYPE, 

AMDIiOTYrJi  &  .MKI.AINOTYl'E  STOCK, 

ircntl)   rtiib   "^mcvicdu    plates, 

PLATE    GLASS, 

FHAMKS,  ClIKMICALS  AND  CASES. 

German  and  American  Cameras. 

(iiiK  i;il  .Aiiciit  Inr  ilii>  Mipply  nl' 
DnuiH'rri'Olviu'    and   Ainhrulvrt'    Aiii'nralut, 

AMI  MAirilMl.  ciK   KIKIIV   HKSCIII  I' IION. 

No.  36  WEST  FIFTH  STREET, 

SmmihI  Dcnir  Kast  I'roiii  WmItiuI  Slni-I, 

OINOINNATI,  O. 


/feffllsi 


4% 


'M'^'-A 


:;r:>;i;;;,.|i. 


-.  / 


WITH, 

HM.KU   IN 

SOTYPE, 

XOTYI'E  STOCK, 

dcnu   pintcB, 

LASS, 

S  AND  CASES, 
Ban  Cameras, 
ic  Mipi'ly  "f 
irolyp*'    ApimruliH, 

V    IIKSCIIII'TIIIN. 

TH  STREET, 

\V;ilMUl  SIri'i'l. 
OINOINNATI,  O. 


\\ 


Musiiiiwrs  (i\s 


AI'I'AIIATIS. 


pkti<:r  i\.  jOi^TE, 


fTJ'  'r* 


manufactiiiibh  of  Ljl  ' 't -^ 

OF  ALL  SORTS  AND  SIZES, 

m  ItAtE  ST.  k  151  POPLAIl  ST., 

CINCINNATI,  0. 


-.^i^ 


Tlii-*  rt'irtiifiil*  liv.-  Si-.v-i-*  cii  iin   i:\riiK  MAiiixiitANv  STANr>, 

(■»n:il.I.'.ifl.fiii-rt.t*,,I,  n'-u.l.liiik'  u '■'Mil M  Itiinnii.     Kh-'Ii  Sl.ivt- 

l><  iiiu' i>"l'-|<<'i<'l<'Mi  of  ihf  "iliiT,  11-4  iitaii>' timy  lpe  iiM'il  iit  mi"  tliiu' 
II-  \vMi.-,i.  Tliin  innuiiHlii'*  i«  fiipiiM)'  iif  (■(Mikinjf  for  ii  r'jtinHy  nl' 
tM.uU  |i.r-'iii-.  'I'll'-  liriii'  !■*  ^7'),  liirlinlliiit  iili'iiit  "fl'i  wrlli  '»!' 
.iinkiriL' ul.ii-iN.  Til'- saiii.'  Miili'.dnvnv  Sttui.l  witli  lliri"-  St..vr^ 
witlm-it  <-.i..kin;r  nl-'H-'il'.  i*  $■'>".  Thr  ''t.innn'ii  St.uf  wan-  will  .lo. 
Tin-  (till  iiiRs  ♦'iiiilil''  iiir-K'Hs  tn  s'I.nI  mi,!  onltT  w!mt  tlifv  wi^Ii. 
V"r  turlliiT  iiil"riiinti«'ii  ml'lri'itH  llie  I'lttciitt*.'. 

A  HiriL'li-  Si'jvi'  will  iht  v\vty  viirli-ty  lUi'I  kiti'l  of  cft'iklni:.  scvi'ral 
M-ill  mivt'liiiii',  twi"  KT  llin-.'  St''i%-i-!i  f"!'  I'.mr  "r  liv  p'T-titi-i.  It  titki-a 
iih'iiit  llif  sniin-  iiiimimt  of  ^m  t'l  mok  on  thr'-i-  or  1i»iir  Stnvci  »»  one, 
ii  Ucini;  iu  ]iro[n.ritiiii  ru  ili<-  niii'iniil  '•i>->ki'<l;  m\>\   mtt  n'l  lialtlf  t<» 

wa>iji;:.-,  tiH  w I  fu.l.     Wli'T.    u'ti-*  i*  ♦2.r.n  p.-r  l,iiiHi  I'.vt.  it  <o^l« 

(ilioiii  iwo  HK'I  cme-Iiall"  .■ifiu  it'T  iluy  for  t'lirli  jifrMin.  A  man  iiii'i 
wiff  .-MTi  'ivok  for  tivf  .■.-nt^  u  ilay,  iiinl  ti\t'  rciils  ti  wfck  for  in-ninu'. 

Till*  StMVf.  will  work  on  a  loiiinioti  wn-slistjiiul,  tuMf,  or  slit-lf  in 

nn> '' ""  '^|Y^'^>i|  I,  MisUKWK,  rinclniiall.  O, 

Or  r;tll  at  No.  'JT'.'  Sixth  Street. 

BUM'S    ORICilWL 


Keeps  cnnstuntly  (in  liiiml  u  vnnety  nf  Wnml  mid  In-ii 
Htmiul  KeKR,  sneh  as  (J,  ](i  tint)  20  (:nl!ims;  iilsn,  will  lill 
all  nrtltjfs  (iir  Twiu  Wtirk  at  i>liiirtest  notice.  All  nt' my 
Wiirk  IS  wrirranteil  to  lie  et'  llie  best  ijuallly. 

UNION     lUlASS     WOllKS. 

WM.  I'OWF.I  I.  t  ri),.  MiiiniiiicliirirM.rilmis  Fiiii- 
ri'ts.  StclUM  mimI  Cms  (■..rks.  !ii-  ,  No-  :.'n  (^  L'I'I  l-'lllll  St., 
iK-'twocii  I'luiii  ami  Wii.  U..W,  C  im :i.\.\,v  1 1,  Ouiii. 


■V-'  I'nis«  Work.lM-pt 
,  I'l'il^n    (.'ll^tilt:.'S   iliul 


All  M7.I";.  Iroiii  :i  f.'i'l  to  -.'11  f.'i-t.  M'liiii  iiihl  li'il  wntiT  snjijilh''! 
Willi  itny  -ir.-  if  rn|i!in-.l.  Mimutin  tiiiv.I  l.y  K.  H.  lilnut,  l'-J4  Miihi 
Stn-il,  ri\ciNN\u.  1  imo.     Wtirmnl' .1  Uy  'Xiw  Niii-lii'tioii, 


J.    W.    CAIMUSD.V,  F.    P.    CAHILL, 


Oil  f;lol),.^  ( til  Ciipv  (''.upitn-s  iin.i  I'i 

ronstiiiilly  mi  InuhI  nt    l!iist.  in   ril"-. 
iiiitl  iVU'lion  Mt-tiil  nui'l"'  lo  «jr-iiT. 

S.  G.  BUKNET  *fc  C0.7 

M.VNi;t'AtTII!Kl!S   OP 

Sieves,  Riddles, 

WOODEN  k  JAPAWEl)  lillll)  CACES, 

CHEESE   &   MEAT    SAFES,   ^:f. 
a 7    IVAIi^VUT    STREET. 

CINCINNATI,    O. 


MERCAN'TILE,  KFXOIM)  &  COPYING 

MADISON  HOUSE,  Excelsior  Fluid  Inks! 


(iAl^HlSON  &  CAHILL, 
I  rnoPKiKTORs. 

lVl-A.I3Sr     STItEET, 

BETWKEN    rOI.rMniA  >fc    FKOXT    STREKTS, 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


.MAMbA( nUKI)    UV 

JAMES  J.   BUTLER, 

a(;e\t. 

39     V  I  3Sr  E      STK,EET, 

COH.    IIF    roMMKIlCK,    CIXCIXXATI,    (). 

Ill  Use  b.v  10,nO(l  Meichant.s  and  Hankers  of  the 
East,  Sonthaiiil  West.  Kcii-  sale  l>,v  .'Miit  leading  Sta- 
tioners and  Merchants  cif  the  Smith  and  West. 


JONGPII   W.  WAYME, 

TlKAl.KIl    IN 

TRUNK-MAKERS'    STOCK, 

SIIKKT    /IN'  ,  UN    I'l.All:,  Willi:,  llool'    IUhN,  I'lMl" 
(ll.MN    AM)    FIXn  KM,    AMI 

GENERAL    HARDWARE. 

IHO  M\n  KT..  ri\(  l.\V\TI,  o. 

""j7l.  WAYNE  &  SON, 

IIKALKR8   IN 

Fltuh,  Hair  Cloth,  Sofa  Spring!, 
IXJOKING-GLASS    PLATES, 

MANlIFACTURKItS  OP 

PLANES  AND  EDGE  TOOLS. 

121  Main  &  23  Hammond  Streets, 

CIXCINNATI,    OIlIl). 


J08.  WOODROL'"!!.  MICH*L  M'PAllLIN'.  HENRY  0.  DUNN. 

WOODROIT.II  &  M'PAIiLlX, 
SAW    MANUFACTURERS, 

Patent  Ground  Circular  Saws. 

(works   at   HAMILTON,    O. ) 

IWavehouse,  15  W*alaut  Street, 

CINCINNATTI,  0. 


Costingi  of  all  kind*  made  to  order. 

JOHN  NASH, 

MANI  KACri  IlKIl  UK 

CAR      W  II  K  K  li  «  , 

213  <fe  245  KAST  I'K.MU,  STUKKT, 

OINOINNATI,    OHIO. 

WHEELS     WAR1)ANTED. 


THOMAS  S.  SMITH, 

Iron  Perforating  Establishnicnl, 

216   WKST   Sia;()M>  STUKKT, 

DKT.   PLUM   AND    WIi>IKRN   HOW, 

l/an  alww/K  OH  hand,  and  makes  to  oriltr 

Ivl^LT  KiLisrs, 

For  all  cort  jf  (liuln. 

Com  Shaken,  Sm'.t  Uachines,  Screens 
and  W'iidow  Guards. 

Mftlo's  to  onipr.  flinl  liim  Hlwnva  on  luin.l,  nil  I'i'i'*  nf  Wnmirlit 
Iron  W,i»liiT«,  lliirrn  Hn<l   Hlv.-liiiK    Itlof".  wlioliiwlo  nn.l  mhII, 

Tin 1  Wii.lo'M  for  IHH  .n.l  llo«.-;  I.iilli.  I'lmiii  I.Ink*  of  nil  iil;,.«-, 

."^lov,.  iirifl  olIuT  .iniill   .^  nt»;   K.  R  ,  S.  II..  Ilriilui-  mol   llnfuuKe 
tliwln;  I'orforatnl  Iron  T  ve  Hoiw,  iiiid  Kuniy  Howci  K'nelliif. 

t'tHfiinaH,   OMo, 


MAiC  ORtlNWALO, 


K/HA  tJIIKKNWAIJ 


I.  &  E.  G!lEENWALO, 

Foundry  and  Mncliino  Shop, 

steam  Engines  &  Mil.'  Hachinery. 

No.    UtO    EAST    I'KA  l\.  STRKET, 

{Neor  Miami  Cii.iil,) 

OINOINNATI,    OHIO. 


JAMES  W.   McLAUGIILI.Y, 
^IICHITECT, 

ODD      FEL.L0  1VS'      BVIL.S^I]VC}, 

Corner  of  Walnut  and  Third  Streets, 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO. 
EHRGOTT    &    FORBRIGER, 

PRACTICAL    LITHOGRAPHERS, 

Carlisle's  Block,  S.  W.  cor.  of  4th  &  Walnut  Sts., 

ROOM  No.  2,  THIRD  FLOOR. 
CINCINNATI,     OHIO. 

Every  kind  of  work  in  tlioir  lino,  such  as  ^laps,  Bonds,  Drafts,  Notes, 
Checks,  Diph)mas,  Landscapes,  Portraits,  Show  Cards,  etc.,  in  Black  and  in 
Colors,  will  be  executed  with  the  greatest  promptness,  and  in  the  very  best 
style. 


LITTLE  MIAMI  &  COLUMBUS  &  XENIA  RAILIIOAD, 

Exclusively  a  Through  Route. 
THREE     DAILY     T  11  A  I  N  S . 

IHrert  I'uitnerUont  art  made^  ifM 

t'KKVKIjAIVn  -With  t.nkc  Slinrr,  Niw  Yurk  iiikI  Km.  iiml  Nnw  Yiirk  fciilral  HliUrimdii,  to  ami  friPiii  Hipiniln, 
Dunkirk,  Alhanv,  llii«l(iii,  New  Vnrk.  I'Ic. 

t'llKHTHIVK-Willi  I'liuiisylviiuiu  llMllrcmd  lit  Pittslmrn;,  touiiil  Iniiii  ll:irrir.|iurH,  l'liiliiilel|iliiii,  Nuw  Yurk, 
BoNtnti,  lite. 

HTEI'IIE.\VIM<K  -Willi  I'l.iiiinylviiiiia  Hiiilnmil  nt  Pittslmn,-,  toiiml  frmn  lliirriiilmri;,  I'liiladDlphia,  Nfw  Yurk, 

UtistdH,  <'ic, 

\VIIKKIJ\4i  Willi  lliiltiiiiiiri'  mill  Oliiii  nnd  I'liiiiisylvniiln  Hiiilnmils  iil  Wlii-iiliiiif  anil  l■llt^l)ll^l[,  to  Bnil  irom 
IJiiltiiiiori',  Wii!.liim;t"ii  City,  Kii'hinniiil,  WiIimiii,'I"Ii,  N.  I'.,  I'liiliulclphm,  Nuw  York,  Hoiitmi,  i-lc,  olr. 

Miikns rlnw)  (■uiiiiii'Iiimik  iii  Xriiiii  fur  all  i-  iiiln  West  ami  NnrlliwiiNi. ;  also  nt  Ciiioiiiuatl  for  all  points  Weit  nnil 
Soulliwuiit.    To  mill  Iruiii  Cli'vi^liiiiil,  I'lttnliiir!:,  iiml  Wlioisliiiii,  without  (•liaiutii  iil('ar». 


Tifkcls  for  Sale  at  aJl  tk 


dNCIKNATI  HACHIITE  WORKS, 

.Winutot  turf  Stdlinnunj  nriil  Pordihle 

STEAM    ENGIINES, 

OF  ALL  SIZES, 

CYLINDER,  FLUE   AND   TUBULAR    BOILERS, 

All  KlndH  iif  Mill  Miii-hliM-rv, 

Portable  Floiiriii!,'  Mills,  «illi  liolts.  Elevators, 

AND    ALI,   TIIK    M.VriirXKIlV    COMI'I.KTK. 

nam,  n.illlnu  Clolln,  Siiiiil  Mill-.,  Ilniii  1).i>I.t«,  Klniiiiin  Cil..- 
lirnleil  Klmir  I'lirkiT,  .Miilriy,  Sii«li,  lui.l  rir.iilar  Siiw  Mill",  I'lirknr 
WiiliT-Wlif.-lM,  Kiiriilmm'H  IVml.l.'  A.  liiiu'  Lift  iiiul  K.'ri-ii  I'liiiipa, 
llydratillc  Ittuiifl,  Jtl.U..li'«  Pul.-nl  (J.iv.'rii.ir  Viilvu. 

Ornameiitnl   Cnst-Iron    Foiiiitnins, 

IlltASS   *    IltllX   CASTlNdS   (iK.NKIlAI.LV. 

■V7.  R.   DUNLAP   8c   CO., 
Oor.  Front  &  Lawrence  Sts,,  Oincinnati,  O. 


rinfipal  llaiiroad  OlTices  in  tlie  East  and  West. 
J.  DURAi\P,  Miipt. 

llammoth  Steaiii|)(iwer  Uillianl  Talile  llaiiiifaftory 

OF  J,  M.  BRUNSWICK  ft  BRO. 


Mnmif/M-lDrv  -SIhifttttil  on  N.  K,  ri.rtu'r  of  Kim  k  ChiihI  Stn'(>l«. 
omi'i'  HN.I  \Vun>)i'iiiw-No.  H  Sixth  St.,  bvl.  Miiiii  lui.l  Wiilniit  M". 
CiririniiBl!,  ().  lii'Ht  i'limblimtioii  i'uteut  t'uhliu.ii  ttvt-r  Invtiit.-il. 
rm.'ni  nlitnlm-ii  Dt'ci'inlM-r  H,  IN.-.!. 

All  IliH  innili'm  Iinfiriivi>tiiunt)t  In  tylo  nml  Im>h|  nmtlu'inntlfiil  w- 
nirucy  of  workinntiAlilp,  untMiiialltil  "  iiiiy  'llitr  Itiiii^u'  t-i|l>.  r  In  tlio 
I'lilii-il  SlnltfA  or  Kun>|>u.  Our  lnti-At  « '••iii'liliiiilii'n  rittt-nt  <  'usliiunit, 
wlilrh  iirt!  uiH'qiiiillfil  In  t'luHllritv  »ti<l  inrriv'tiii'SH  it)  niiultii,  liiivx 
mTJv.'d  Ihf  kfri'utcst  (ilU'iiIion  of  illl  tlo*  uri.-utltlc  Hillmrif  I'liiji-nt, 
mill  tflvfiinur  Ttililt'it  tlii-trn-tit<'>t  ncH'tH-linn  nowlni^xUtciiiu.  lic>l,\iiit; 
upon  A  priK'tli'Hl  knowluit(;»  nii<I  cxptrirtnc  of  iniinv  vi'nrii  In'iliU 
Imiih'li  uf bnsliii'st,  nntl  hiivInK  umilitil  nil  the  tH-niH<'iiil  iiiA(>l)hH>rlM 
fur  (ttiuini-iMjwi'r,  we  cnll  i'hJm'cIuI  ntt«*ntloii  of  Hotel  or  Siiloon  Ki'up- 
cri*,  In  ^fiMTiil,  to  fiiriiUli  tlifir  nutina  with  onr  Knl-ilitBH  Hilllanl 
TuliliM,  iniitlH  of  HoMiwuml  or  MhIio^iuiv,  tiilu'T  wlili  Mitrljlo,  StiUi*, 
or  Wooden  I*»"ls,  iH'intiw  w«  tiru  ttniilil*'"!  In  otter  our  yools  iit  rt- 
diirml  prii'ed,  from  'JO  lu  25  per  ci-nt.,  aii<l  iia  wi-  po-^cvi  iimjilii 
mi'jins,  wo  otft'r  also  tho  nioi»l  Bultnblo  it'rma  for  niiy  numlx'r  or 
qiKtlily  nf  Tublt-a. 

K^in'cin!  attention  will  \»'  iriven  Tt  n-pnirlnir  nnd  nH-n»liIi'iiinir  ol.l 
TnbU'o  witli  our  nuw  <\>nil)lniition  i'utL'nt  Cusliiima  of  »iii<t-vU>r  vlna- 
lioltv  ariit  rorrt'ctn<'«  jd  nntflt^«. 

Itemtmher,  Tivtlve  tiUliard  Tahiti  Manut'aehired  wftkf;/. 

Ait<>nta  for  th«  above  are  (Jeo,  \V.  ItllHinrn,  St.  (.<  iii«,  Mo. ; 
K.  Urnnswlck,  191  Ramlolph  Sta'wt,  (.'hlrniio,  111. ;  A.  W.  Merrliun, 
New  Orleans,  La, ;  J.  B.  Harper,  L<iuIhvi11«,  Ky. 


J.  H.  nunnows. 


A.  kimhaix. 


PATENT 
Ij  O  XJ  n. 

A.NU 

PI,Al\TATIOJ\ 

b  CORN    MILL. 


^m  Ot'tU't's  should  he  *i:ddV€SH€d  to  J.  11.  BUitlKin^S  Sf  Co., 
Sccoittl  Street  bet.  PJm  S!  Plum,   Cincinnati,  O. 

Proprit'toi'.s  of  tlie  Coliinibia  Foundry,  and  Manufactiu'crs  of  Steam  Eiiijines  and 
Macliiiiery,  for  (iri.st  and  Saw  Mills,  J)i.'*tillcries,  Tanneries,  etc.  Also,  French  Burr 
Mill  Stones,  of  all  sizes;  Montgomeric's  Double  (Irindinj;  IJark  Mill  and  Corn  Crush- 
ers ;  Ilaviland  &  'J'uttle's  Saw-Mill  Water- AVheels,  and  Castings  of  every  description. 
Also,  dealers  in  Bolting  Cloths,  Plaster  of  Paris,  etc. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


^ 


"%- 


:/. 


% 


,^^ 


1.0 


2.5 


1.1 


|iO    "^^ 

us  1^   122 

:^  ii£  12.0 


IL25  i  1.4 


I: 
I 

1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


•^ 


v 


\\ 


'» 


^.  ^A.  '^N 


23  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)S72-4S03 


'^ 


%£o 


^ 


GUNDRPS   MERCANTILE   COLLEGE, 

N.  W.  COR.  OF  FIFTH   AND    WALNUT   STKEETS, 
Oinoinnati,    Ohio. 

A    THOROUGH  AND  PRACTICAL  KNOWLEDGE   OF 
BOOK-KEEPING,  PENMANSHIP,   &c., 

Jfav  be  obtained  during  the  Evenin*;  Wintkr  Coiuse,  tiie  same  facilities  for  instruc- 
tion lM?ing  afforded  as  in  the  day  time.  Those  wishing  to  attend  shoidd  make  applica- 
tion without  delay. 

The  large  number  of  Students  of  this  Institution  occupying  the  first  positions  as 
Business  Men  and  j\ccountants  in  this  cit}',  is  deemed  sutHcient  recommendation  of 
its  merits. 

TER.HS  FOR  FULL  COrRSE  FORTY  DOLLARS. 

JOIIX  GUXDIiY,  Pkix(  ii'AL. 


COMMERCIAL  COLLEGE, 

Corner  Third  and  Walnut,  Cincinnati,  0. 

ID"  One  tiiiH!  is  us  good  ns  atiotlitT  to  coiniiicrice. 
[L/'For  pailiouliii-.s,  cull,  or  address  tlie  CoUcrc. 


•:.ntered  Recording  to  Act  of  Caii^ro,*.  in  (lR.v..„r  is.-.s.|,v  R,  M    11  \KTI  I'TT   In  .l,n  n  ,1-.    <,m        ,,     ..      • 


L_ 


jiE) 

REETS, 


;  OF 


for  instnic- 
liike  npplica- 

pnsitions  as 
icndtition  of 


GE, 

i,0. 


B 


sr 


»fl\te  of  tho  Diatrioti 


«!' 


CO 


3      1 


o 

CO 


^   V.    r: 


s 
s 


?0 


CO 
CO 


09 


n 


5*; 

i 


I)i  iiMK  A  Co.,  S.  \V.  coinor  of  Fomth  ninl  Wiilmit  Sticct,  CiiiiMniiiiti,  Oliid,  riiipditcrs, 
ulidlfsiilc  ami  retail  doalors  in  tiiio  Watclies  and  Jewflrv  of  every  description,  Silver  and  Silvei- 
Plated  Ware. 

Watch  Tools  and  Materials  for  the  Trade. 


GOLD    PEN    MANUFACTURER, 

ROOM  15,  Al'oM.o  nrn.DIXt;. 
Cor.  of  mtb  and  Walnut  Sts.,  Cincinnati,  0. 

Mr.  I.iinily  wiirrnnu  lib  IVin  lo  1...  u»  i..i„.|,  if  ,iol  siip.Ti.)r  lo  nnv 
Mliurs  Mm,l,.  Kn.si  „r  W.-l.  Cl.rks  iiii.l  lln.,k-k.-.'i,,A  wli.i  liiivV 
u-'.l.  nii.l  lire  dill  iisini;  liii  IViis,  «iii  ll•^lifv  lo  llisir  miiiiTiuritv  ovur 
all  .iihtr.>.  '  ' 

'  Pens  Repaired  to  Order. 


W.  H.  HESSELER, 

VENETIAN  BLIND  MANUFACTURER, 

1 17  Sycamore  Street, 

iiiiT\vi;K\  Korinri  .wii  nfTir,  wkst  side. 
CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 

Kwps  iilwnv!  on  liiuul  iiii.l  iiiiik,-.  lo  or.l,.r,  Voivllnn  niiiids  of 
cu-ry  ,l.-s,Tii.limi,  1.1  low  |,ri.«  fur  oasli.  DM  Ulinils  repainlej  and 
IrininiLiI  l<»  look  t'ciual  lo  n.'w. 


FRAVIS  DOLL, 

Manufacturer  of  finlil  &  t<llvor  Watdi  Cases.  Ordors 
from  all  pnrfsof  the  cininlry  attenilcil  to  with  prnni|it- 
nes.s.  t'oiner  of  4tl)  and  Walnut  St.s.,  over  Duhiue's 
Jenelr.v  .><tore,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

W.M.    IJI.KN.N-.  .IAS.   M.  i:|,k\\.  It.  DV.MOMI,  Jll.         O.  T.  ULK.SN. 

WM.  GlKm  &  SONS, 

Wholesale  Grocers, 

NOKTII-K.V.ST   IIHIXER   OF 

WALNl'T  .fe   niLl'.MBIA  SIS. 
OINOINNATI,   O. 


ISAAC    E.   WK!tT. 


<  MAS.   H.  MCnOUOAL. 


SHOW    CASES. 

■\    L.XRGE    .^SSOnTMEN'T   OK 

Silver  Plated,  German  Silver,  Rose- 
wood, Mahogany,  Black  Walnut, 
Satin,  and  Pinewood,  at 

SCH3IITT    &   BROTHERS, 

77  WEST  THIED  ST.,  CINCIKNATI, 

AND 

5  \ortli  William  Street,  IVew  York. 


WEST  &,  McDOUGAL, 

a  II  O  C  K  Ti  s 
AND   C-Ux>IMIS.SION  MERCHANTS, 

No.  23  WALNUT  STREET, 

CINCI.NNATI,  OHIO. 


QUEEN   CITY 

BANKING  AND  EXCHANGE  OFFICE, 

DKAIj^    IN- 

UNCURUEXT  BA.VK  NOTIIS,  GOLD  &  SILVER. 
97   JL\L\  STREET, 

TrtiHt   Companff  BuUdlnfr,    t'lnrtnnatt,  O. 

B.  N.  SLOCUM,  Agent. 


CIN'CINXATI. 


75 


»1 


CINCINNATI,  THE  QUEEN  CITY  OF  THE  WEST. 


Aftku  li'iiviiiir  1ln>  sell  I  ion  I'd,  iin  city  in  the  I'liiti'il  Stntci*  i:^  likely  to  surpi'i:'e  tlio  strniiger 
Ro  iiiui'li  lis  (  iMriiiiiiiii.  I'i'iiiii  nil  iici'oiiiit  of  \h:  Cliiirii's  .MiicktiyV  visit  to  it  liiPf  y>iii',  wo 
i'Xiu'cIimI  to  tiiiil  ill  it  iiiiotliiT  rittsiKii'ii;  (I'liiiisyiviiiiin)  or  Maiicln'stti'  (ijiv'hiinl)  for 
snioki':  mill  on  jn'ociiiliiiir  from  tlic  "  For.'st  City"  (ClrVflMinl)  wo  lookcil  forward  to  timl- 
iiiLT  Ciiiciiiniiti  iiiul'ra  clouil,  witii  the  iintici|iiitioii  of  iiM|il<'iiKiiiit  odours  from  its  fiiiiicd 
]ioik-kiliimr  c-iiilpii-lnin  ii|s.  On  our  nitorim.'  liic  city,  liy  tlo'  l.illli'  Miami  ViilK'y  r.iilroiiil, 
tin'  liiauly  of  that  iiiu'  was  only  iximIIciI  iiy  llio  cliiiriiiiiiLr  viow  iircsontiil  as  llir  train  i  i-ipt 
round  tiu'  nirvis,  o|M'ninir  to  view  llio  cxiiiiisitcly  liiautiful  scciiiry  of  llic  Oliio,  Imtli  on 
till'  Kentucky  and  dliio  ~iilc  of  tlic  i'i\cr.  Our  visit  lo  (  iiiciiniali,  tlicrcforc,  in  July  last, 
was  one  of  iiiiMiintrli'd  |il«nsuralilc  disa]i|)oiiiiiMcnt ;  witii  n  lila/inir  sun  overhead,  all 
vi'iietalion  in  its  iravest  atlire.  ami  not  a  particle  of  smoke  to  lie  seen,  exceptimr  from  a 
solitary  steamer,  |Mrliaps,  u'eltiiiir  riiidy  for  its  voyaL'e  to  Louisville  or  the  .Mis>issippi, 

AseeiidiiiLr  to  the  top  of  Mount  Ailaiiis,  to  iir\  a  view  of  the  city  and  surroumlini;  count I'V, 
We  In. iked  ill  vilill  for  smoke;  so  that  should  the  trifled  author  of  "  ^^li^■es  tVom  till' 
Crowil"  |i:iy  his  friend  Nicholas  Loii'_'woith  another  visit  at  Cincinnati,  and  that  any  tinm 
iliiriiiiT  the  sprinir  or  summer  mouths,  he  will.  v\  c  think,  leave  it  with  a  ditl'ercnt  inipros- 
sioii.  and  similar  to  what  he  ixperii'iK-eil  in  the  cities  visited,  where  the  total  ahseiicc  from 
smoke  formed  one  of  the  peeuliarilies  of  American  city  lil'c. 

A- may  lie  well  kiiou  ii,  ( 'incinnati  is  the  most  populous  city  of  the  Western  Stiiles,  aiul 
the  tiflli  in  size  and  im|iortaiici'  tliroii;;hoiit  the  union.  It  is  lieautiriilly  situated  in  a  valley 
of  aliont  1;;  miles  in  I'ircumference.  with  the  Ohio  Uiver  iiitersecliiii;  it  from  the  State  of 
Kenlui'ky.  environed  liy  a  raiiL'e  of  hills,  thus  t'ormini:  a  Keautiful  hnsin  vvitli  one  portion 
of  the  city  in  the  icntre.  hut  tln'  Lrreater  part  of  it  ri-inir  hy  terraces,  on  which  Third  and 
F'lurlh  streets  fiirm  twoofthe  most  prominent.  For  :!  miles,  at  hast,  the  city  extcndsaloni^- 
side  of  the  liver,  that  portion  heinir  lined,  for  the  most  part,  with  stores  and  shippin^- 
jilaces  of  liusincss.  and  wlu-re  from  ;>i>  to  Id  steamers  may  lie  seen  I'liLriiircd  in  the  river 
tralHc,  sailiiur  up  the  river  to  Pitlsluiri.',  UU>  miles,  and  down  to  jiorts  on  the  Jlississippi, 
C50  miles  ili-iant,  earryinu',  for  the  most  ]inrt,  f,'oods,  but  that  only  wlioii  the  state  of  the 
river  pi'rmils,  and  luisincss  nlford-s  siiflicient  trnttic.  ]}olli  in  the  city  and  in  the  vicinity 
some  eh-;;ant  |irivate  residences  are  lo  he  seen,  hut  more  particularly  in  the  suhurhs  of 
Rich  as  Mount  Auliurn,  where  iIu'I'c  are  some  heautiful  country  sials,  with  vineries  in  the 
ojieti  air  attache<l  to  each. 

One  of  the  tiiiest  ]iulilie  huildiiiirs  of  Cincinnati  is  the  Court  House,  an  immense  lilock  of 
liuildiiiL's  liiiilt  of  while  marlile,  hut,  to  a  certain  extent,  oliscured  from  hciiii;  seen  to  i;reat 
udvaiitai;c,  on  account  of  the  other  liuildin.';s  heiiii,'  huilt  in  too  clost'  jiroxiinity  with  it. 

In  churches  Cincinnati  can  hoast  of  havinj.;  as  fine  samples  as  are  to  lie  found  in  the 
West. 

Its  literary,  educational.  s<'ientitic,  ami  nieilical  collciTi'S  and  institutions,  rank  with  any 
tliintt  in  the  I'liiti'd  States;  in  fact,  from  the  pulilic  school  up  to  the  most  ailvanced  literary 
ami  scieiilitie  association,  Cincinnati  is  excelled,  we  lielieve,  hy  no  other  city. 

The  Mi'clianics'  Institute,  for  exanijile,  occupies  a  prominent  jdace  amoniisi  the  many  valu- 
able institutions  with  which  Cincinnati  has  great  cause  to  be  proud  of.  It  is  a  large,  square, 
tnassive  building,  built  in  the  ICIizabelhnn  style,  on  the  oorner  of  Sixlli  and  Vine  streets. 
Its  library  eontains  l.'i.iidii  volumes,  bedsides  having,  in  an  adjoining  department,  an  excel- 
lent selection  of  news]>apers  and  periodicals.  It  is  under  the  management  of  the  Centrnl 
lioard  of  the  Trustees  and  Visitors  of  Common  S(duiols,  two  delegates  from  each  ward  in 
the  city  being  jiart  of  the  inanageiiient.  Rufus  King,  Esq.,  a  name  well  known  in  America, 
is  president. 

At  present  it  numbers  4;V23  members.  Average  delivery  of  books  during  the  last  7 
months,  over  (5500  volumes  per  month.  Total  circulation  for  7  months,  .3.5,1  iOi»  volumes. 
At  the  Inst  time  when  the  books  were  culled  in  for  revision,  only  8  volumes  were  wanting 


i  i 


m 


76 


JtEClIANICS'  INSTITUTE  AND  MERCANTILE  LIBRARY. 


out  of  B  total  circulation  of  37,000  voliimos,  a  fact  wl.ich  epeaks  well  for  both  members 
and  mnnngement  Even  this  gmali  number  missing  was  mode  up  by  tiie  parties  who  had 
become  security  for  those  who  had  got  out  the  book*.  All  young  men  under  age,  and  not 
known,  are  required  to  get  a  giiarnntoe  from  a  known  citizen,  wlio  becomes  responsible 
for  any  loss  the  institution  may  sustain,  by  giving  out  books  to  such  party  applying  for 
them. 

The  library  is  made  up  of  the  books  formerly  belonging  to  the  Public  School  Librory 
and  Mecimnics'  Institution,  now  joined  into  one  librarj-.  From  the  State,  it  now— from  its 
connection  with  the  Public  School  Library— receives  fiSOOO  annually. 

The  terms  of  ndinission  to  nil  are — free. 

It  may  appear  almost  invidious  to  mention  the  name  of  any  one  donor  to  tins  nolde  in- 
stitution, but  we  think  that  Mr.  Greenwood's  beneficence  should  be  well  known,  if  for  no 
other  reason,  than  that  others  in  different  parts,  may  imitate  his  example.  Ik'sides  many 
subscriptions  to  the  in-titutinn,  and  all  aloni,'  takini;  an  active  ]mrt  in  its  establishment  and 
welfare,  he  was,  we  believe,  tlie  principal  means  of  preventing  tlie  institution  from  g<iing 
down.  Amongst  its  diHiculties,  it  was  due  Mr.  Creenwood  no  less  a  sum  than  $18,000 
(£;),f)Ui)  8tg.)  for  material  he  liad  sni>plied  to  the  building,  etc.,  fnmi  his  fouiuhy.  T/iat 
entire  nwti  he  made  them  a  present  o/",  from  wliich  date,  the  institution  has  spread  its  l)eiutit9 
all  around,  and  engraven  the  name  of  Miles  Greenwood  indelibly  in  connection  with  its 
history,  and  that  of  the  welfare  of  the  working  classes. 

Again,  we  may  notice  nnotlier  of  the  reading-rooms  and  libraries  in  the  city,  worthy  of 
all  commendation,  viz.:  the  Young  Men's  Mercantile  Library  and  Reading-room,  in  Wabiut 
street  On  one  floor  of  a  building  140  feet  long,  by  100  wide,  there  will  l)e  found  a  lilirary 
of  19,000  volumes,  in  all  the  departments  of  literature,  occupying  fully  one-half  of  the 
apartment  In  the  other  end  of  it  there  will  be  found  the  best  assortment  of  newspapers, 
magazines,  and  periodicals  we  have  seen  anywhere.  The  natives  of  almost  any  ]>nrt  of  tlie 
world  will  there  find  the  paper  of  his  own  neighbourhood.  Of  course  the  Thunderer  of 
Printing-llouse  square  (Loudon)  will  be  found  there  on  regular  file.  ( In  tlie  ojiposite  frames — 
the  Scot.ima7i — the  worthy  representative  of  "  Auld  Keekie,"  (Edinlmrgh,  Scot.,)  and  the 
Dublin  Evening  Post  awA  Nation,  of  Ireland,  take  their  stand;  the  Welshmen  are  repre- 
sented in  the  Carnarvon  Herald;  the  Frenchmen,  with  tlie  Journal  des  Debuts,  La  Prcnne, 
Charivari,  L' Illustration,  and  Oaliynani;  the  Germans,  with  Zeitungs  plenty;  the  Austra- 
lian, with  the  Melbourne  Argus ;  whilst  the  United  States  is  represented  with  sheets  of  all 
sorts  and  sizes,  from  Maine  to  California,  and  not  forgetting  the  well-printed  sheet  of  the 
Pioneer  and  Democrat,  all  the  way  from  St.  Paul,  Minnesota.  Canada  p!i]iers  an-  also  found 
in  abundance.  In  going  over  this  room,  and  seeing  such  a  host  of  London  weekly  papers, 
and  monthly  magazines  and  quarterly  reviews  from  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  a 
stranger  from  Great  Britain  is  apt  to  fancy  himself  in  some  of  the  E.\eliange  reading  rooms 
of  Liverpool,  Manchester,  or  Glasgow,  or  the  Waterloo  Xews  Rooms  in  Edinburgh,  nitliei 
than  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 

The  quarto  and  imperial  weekly  sheets  are  secured  to  tables  ocross  the  room,  at  which 
parties  may  sit  and  read,  some  of  the  most  popular  London  weekly  papers  showing  good 
evidence  of  being  well  perused.  The  tattered  and  torn  appearance  which  the  Illnstrated 
London  News,  and  that  philosophic,  philanthropic,  and  stinging  little  sinner  J'lineh  pre- 
sented, showed  that  they  afford  as  great  a  treat  to  the  numerous  readers  there,  os  these 
two  publications  do  in  enriching  the  coffers  of  some  American  publishers,  who  depend  largely 
upon  them  for  their  excellent  illustrations,  as,  no  sooner  do  they  reach  this  side  of  the  At- 
lantic, than  they  are  reproduced  without  the  slightest  acknowledgment  os  to  their  source, 
far  less  in  a  pecuniary  respect. 

The  magazines  are  nil  numbered,  and  can  be  taken  and  read  in  any  part  of  the  building. 
After  perusal  they  ore  returned  to  their  proper  pigeon-holes  in  the  desk,  where  they  re- 
main open  for  perusal. 

The  library  contains  19,000  volumes.  The  reading-room,  240  different  newspapers,  and 
120  magazines  and  reviews  are  received  aa  soon  as  possible  after  publication. 


THIRD  STREET,   CINCINNATI. 


77 


The  terms  of  entry  are  only  $3  (Via.  stg.),  with  $1  entry-money. 

At  iirosont  it  nuiiihors  300O  nii'mbors. 

Thii  readint;  room  is  most  comt'ortiibly  littoil  up.  On  the  floor,  for  example,  there  is  u 
mii^niHecnt  tapestry  carpet,  ami  the  newspapers  mounted  on  elegant  iron  frames  of  chaaie 
ilc^i^ii.  Altogclhfr,  it  appears  a  model  institutiim  of  the  kind,  and  we  eongratuUitu  the 
Young  Men's  Mercantile  Lilirary  Assoeiatioii  in  having  such  an  institute. 

We  had  ft)rgot  to  mention,  that  tlie  library  is  adorned  with  a  beautiful  marble  statue  of 
"  Sabrina,"  and  another  of  '•  Kve  listening  to  the  Voice,"  as  well  ns  busts  of  some  of  Amer- 
ica's most  acconipli>iicd  iiublic  men. 

In  one  respect,  this  insiitiilioii  ditl'ers  from  any  of  the  kind  wi'  have  seen  in  liritain,  viz., 
that  of  ladies  visiting  the  reading-room,  and  perusing  the  books,  ne\vs|)apers,  and  periodi- 
cals, with  a|)pareiitly  great  interest,  besides  forming  a  large  proportion  of  the  visitors  to 
the  Yoitiiij  JIcn'»  Library,  for  books. 


6-1 


H 

a 


X 


Thk  finest  wholesiilo  stores  in  the  city  are  situated  on  Pearl  street,  where  they  arrest  at- 
lontiim,  from  tlicir  solid  stone  built  nppi'arnnee,  and  geni'ivil  excellent  design.  The  other 
principal  streets  for  the  wholesale  tracle,  are.  AValnut  street,  JIain  street,  and  Public  land- 
ing, from  which  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  goods  change  hands  weekly. 


■>-•  L* 


78 


NEW   MASONIC  TEMPLE,  CINCINNATI. 


Tlnnl  street  form«  nUo  one  of  the  finest  street*  of  the  city.  At  the  corner  of  TInrd  ami 
Walnut  strc't.  the  Mft«mic  T.-.n|.lo  will  stftn.l,  when  e..n,i,h-t..a  («.■.■  our  .ni^mvinf,'  of  the 
Kinne)  In 'I'hird  BtroH.  nre  nitu.itoa  the  preat.T  proportion  of  the  banking  house*  nnd 
cffioes  of  the  exchange  broker,  a.ul  lawyer,  in  the  city.  The  l.uil.ling.  there  nl»o  being 
characterized  by  that  solid  rnngnifieonce.  which  well  cut  and  ta.tef.dly  des.gne.l  architec 
ture  always  portray*..  t)ur  view  of  Third  street,  as  given  in  the  preceding  page,  repre- 
eents  some  of  the  fine-t  buildings  in  the  street,  the  first  one  on  the  left  hand,  being  the 
preinines  built  and  occupied  by  the  celebrated  Ohio  Life  and  Trust  Company,  a  banking 
institution,  which  failed  in  1857. 

■■"'"■:;••" ""nrm 


Tins  splendid  structure,  an  engraving  of  which  we  present,  is  one  of  the  most  striking 
liuildings  yet  erected,  we  believe,  in  the  United  States,  and  will  show  more  strongly,  than  per- 
haps any  other  we  could  have  selected,  the  amazing  rnjiidity  of  growth  of  the  western  cities 
of  America.  On  the  site  where  this  Masonic  temple  rears  its  cdnimanding  form,  among  other 
costly  and  palatial  stone  edifices,  in  the  iiusiness  centre  of  the  "queen  city"  of  the  West, 
men,  still  in  the  vigour  of  life,  assure  astonished  strangers  that  they  can  reiiiemlier  when, 
on  the  very  spot  occupied  by  these  palaces,  the  primitive  log-huts  of  the  first  settlers  wore 
embedded  in  the  forest ! 

The  Nova  Cesaria  Harmony  Lodge,  No.  2,  under  whose  auspices  this  temple  is  being 
erected,  was  instituted  in  17i)-l,  and  is  the  oldest  lodge  in  Cincinnati.    The  ground  was 


iriuT  of  Third  and 
ir  ciii^rnviii),'  of  tli« 
iiiikin^r  hoiiHfd  mid 
;s  tliiTi'  iiImi  ))i'iiij{ 
<K'sii;ni'd  (iri'liilfc- 
(•(lint;  jinifc,  rt'pre- 
ft  Imiul,  Ixini,'  tlic 
oinjiiiiiy,  a  liankiiig 


Ppft 

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-.-./:^r 

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>f  the  most  striking 
i!  slronf^ly,  tlian  per- 
if  tlio  wt'Btci'n  fitifs 
;;  form,  aiiioiit,'  otluT 
I  oily"  of  tlic  W.'st, 
in  roinonibcr  wlim, 
le  first  ^Cillers  were 

lis  ti'Diplo  is  l)eing 
i.     Tiie  ground  was 


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c 


GRINDING  &  BOLTING  FLOUR  MILL, 


HOT  11 


riMM:il   AND   INDKPv   RUNNK15S. 


A  coiniik'te  .Mill  is  fiiriiislicil  for  ^700,  Tliis  comprises  3  foot  French  Burr  Stones, 
IJoltin;!  ("liest  (i  feet  liiiili  anil  '20  feet  li)ii|i,  witli  an  improvement  for  adjusting  the  Reel, 
which  is  ;5  feet  in  diiimeter  and  '2t)  feet  lonfr,  with  {lenninc  Dutch  Anker  Bolting  Cloth  fitted  to 
it;  two  paii-s  of  ('(Poling  Conveyers;  two  sets  of  F^levators,  with  gearing,  helting,  i^c,  all 
ready  to  attach  to  jjower.  The  Mill  is  si>  arrange<l  that  any  portion  of  middlings  or  fine 
flour  can  he  returned  to  the  eye  of  the  Hun-s,  and  reground,  or  can  be  rebolted,  without 
any  rehandling. 

'  We  also  huild  smaller  size<l  Flniu-  Mills,  Holts,  itc,  all  complete.     A  24  inch  Burr  and 
in  f(.(.t  Hiilt,  iisH.')!! ;  yd  inch  Bin-r  and  Bolt,  HI  feet  long,  |.J50. 

The  $"0(1  .Mill  we  guarantee  to  grind  nnd  holt  00  harrcls  of  flour  per  day,  making  the 
hest  extra  flour,  and  a  yield  e(iual  to  the  hest  and  most  costly  Mills  in  u.se.  They  have 
been  gotten  up  with  a  view  of  meeting  the  wants  of  the  people.  As  to  economy  of 
expense,  power,  and  space,  and  in  diu'ahility,  simplicity,  efficiency,  they  are  unrivalled. 
They  can  he  set  to  running  in  any  kind  of  building  where  power  is  used,  or  in  Saw 
Mills. 

Our  Corn  and  Feed  Mills  are  also  put  up  in  strong  Iron  Frames,  (cast  solid).  A 
24  inch  Mill,  ready  to  attach  to  jiower,  costs  ^130;  2^  feet,  §175  ;  3  feet,  f225. 

Smut  Machines,  Flour  Packers,  Corn  Shellers, 
W.  W.  HAMER  &,  CO., 

S()LI<:   MANUFACTURERS, 
IV.  Fi.  €or.  ol*  l^ecoiiil  Nt.  niul  ^V^^tcrn  Ro^v, 

CINCINNATI,    OHIO. 


WK    .tI,SO    J'^l  HJ>'ISH    TO     OHIfKR 


Povtablo  Jk  Sintioiiury  Eii^^iiK'N  &  Boilers  of  all  si'/.os,  Circular, 
IVIuley  and  SnsU  Snws  &.  ITIill  Orariii^  of  all  kinds. 

CONSTANTLY    ON    HAND    MILL    PICKS,    HOISTING    SCREWS,    GRAIN    SCALES,    &C,,   8iC, 

(ii'iiiiinc  lliilfli  .\iikpr  Brand  Itolliii!,'  Clotli  at  lowest  Prices,  leather  k  India  Rubber  Helting. 

N.  B. — We  have  3  Mills  constantly  ruiming  at  our  Factory,  grinding  flour,  corn, 
meal  and  feed.  Persons  wishing  to  purchase  can  thus  determine  the  superiority  of  our 
Mills.     Cii'culars,  giving  particulars,  sent  upon  application  with  postage  stamp. 


t 


MILES  GREENWOOD'S  WORKS, 


EAGLE  FOUNDRY,  CINCINNATI. 


NKW    MASONH'  TKMI'I.K  ASI»  FnCltTH  STItKKT,   flXdlNSATI. 


70 


CKS, 


f 


'I'   1 


(loimti'il  li_v  Win.  McMilliiii — now  iIccchhiiI.  S*  a  ImililinK  ili-Miifnt'il  cxpfoniily  for  Mn»<>nlfl 
uiO'K,  It  Ik  n  ijiii'i'tiiiii,  if,  nut  only  In  Aini'iicii  )int  In  Kuropc,  any  l>'iii|>li>  of  the  kinil  Iiiim 
licri'tofoi-i'  lii'i'n  I'i'i'clcil  inor<>  compli'li'  iin>l  coiivi'nli'nt  In  I;h  arran^fcnit'iit^,  or  rii'lu'i-  in 
^rafi'fnl  ami  Kyinliolli-  aivhitcctnri',  tluin  tin'  ono  now  nmltT  notlfo. 

It  i-<  lirlnj,'  ii-frti'd  .■niiri'ly  of  thr  Im  iinlit'nl  I'l ^ll ,  for  wliic'li  Clni'lnnnti  \*  ("o  ci'li'lirutid, 

ami  stanils  on  llu-  iiorlli-rast  I'oriici'  of  Tliiril  and  Walnul  ^.tmlr',  oiTuipyini;  a  frontnt'''  on 
Third  ftrcft  of 'Jiiii  fiMt.nnd  Km  fi  it  on  Walnnl  Hlr«<t,  Tlif -lyli' in  llyzaiilinf,  cxIilMtinu' 
Hironifly  tluwi!  liold  and  niaM-.iv<'  fi'atuf<-»  «>  rliiii'ai'liii«tii'  of  many  of  the  \>v*\  liuildint'M  of 
noi'thirn  Italy.  It  will  lie  I  Ktorirn  liiijli,  with  a  haKi'iiicnt,  and  (lankcd  hy  tliroc  lofty  tow- 
iix  ;  tin-  onf  at  the  cointf  of  Thinl  and  Walnut  ulri't'tK  \>v\\\^  Wi  fcit  wniari'  nt  tho  hai'o,  and 
is.'i  f.i  I  from  tlu'  lia^f  to  tin'  mui.'.    1m  thr  <'<'iitri'  of  thl^  tower,  on  the  third  jitory.aiid  fac- 

iiii;  'I'liii-d  ^ll.■l■t,  i-i  a  nii'ln'  dr«i:,'iiid  to  r. ivi-  a  lifi'  A/v  niatnc  of  W.  .MrMiilan,  llir  lihif.il 

donor  (if  tln'  pfo|n'i-ly.     Till'  ni'p'T  |>orlion  of  the  tower  will  have  a  lar^ji-  town  clook,  with 

1  illnmlnatcil  diiiN  7  fr.t  diatmti'r,  whiidi  will  ho  vlHihlc  on  caidi  fai f  tin-  tower  from  a 

L'ri  at  di-tancc.  TIk'  lir-it  llooi',  as  will  i\*  hascment,  will  In-  iisimI  for  hanking  lionsis  and 
iM'lirtnit''  hrokern,  the  (>eeonil  tloor  for  liiiMne*!*  olllee!»,  while  the  third  and  fouilh  llooi'!*  are 
ilevoted  exclusively  to  MaxonM  and  Manonlc  ineetini;^.  On  the  third  tloor,  whieli  \*  18 
f.it  r>  inches  hii;li,  are  the  (di.ipler  room,  tlip  lihrary,  (lit  hy  H  projcctiiif^  Oriel  wimlow,) 
ro\'al  anil  select  conneil  room,  a  spacious  l>ani|net  room,  an  encampment  asyl'.im.  a  myal 
arch  eliapler  room,  and  a  I'.r-iaii  conrt,  all  for  tin.'  use  of  tho  knii,'lits  and  templars.  At 
the  wesii-rn  jMirtion  of  lliis  il.M.r.  and  facinir  Third  and  Waltiiit  nfreets,  a  eoininodioii*  miito 
of  rooms  form  the  residence  of  the  janitor,  isolated  from  the  remiiiider  of  the  hnildini,',  Imt 
in  convenient  jiixlaposilion.  The  I'onilh  story,  which  is  '22  feet  \\'\\i\\,  is  sniidivided  into  ;t 
-plciidid  lodu'e  riioms  f,.r  the  entered  apprentices,  fellow-cmfts,  and  iiaister-masoiis  of  N. 
(".  Ihirmoiiy  l.odu'e,  No.  'J,  and  a  trrand  lodu'e  room  desii;neil  for  use  oidy  on  cxiraordinary 
occii~ioiis.  This  till,,  room  is  7i'  feet  lontr.  1-  feel  I  inches  wide,  and  2s  feet  in  lieiLrht,  lit 
hy  tile  larire  and  luantiful  rose  window  which  forms  ho  eoiispiciioiw  a  feature  on  the  Wal- 
nut street  elevation.  The  attitude  of  the  temple  will  he  S.')  feet  from  tllO  |)avemeilt  to  the 
cornice.  111,"!  feet  to  the  ridLTc  of  the  roof,  and  112  feet  to  the  cornico  of  the  f;reaf  tower. 
The  roof  is  a  Mansard  shape,  tertninated  where  visihio,  hy  n  rich  iron  railinir,  and  havini; 
its  surface  relieved  hy  seven  picturesque  dormer  windows.  The  entire  cost  is  estimated  at 
!jll.'io,oiiii  (t';tii,iHii)  stLT.). 

The  architects  of  this  huildinir — which  reflects  the  hiLthest  credit  ufHin  their  artistic  taste 
and  skill — arc  Messrs.  Hamilton  and  .McLauirhlin,  whosi'  cards  will  he  found  ilsewhere. 
Mr.  Mel,aui;liliii  is  still  a  resident  of  Cincinmiti,  hnl  .Mr.  Hamilton  (formerly  of  London)  has 
receiiilv  removed  to  Xcw  York.  The  enirravin'_',  t;iven  in  another  paife,  has  hceii  exe- 
cuteil  for  this  work,  liy  two  youm^  and  very  promisin;;  wikhI  c'ni;ravei's  in  I'iricinnati, 
.Messrs.  ]>avcn|)<)rt  and  Thompson,  mid  we  have  only  to  refer  to  this  ppocinion  of  their 
work,  to  show  what  they  can  do,  I'or  them  to  lie  entrusted  with  drawini;9  of  the  most 
intricate  character,  as  the  foreiroini;  view  was  ciii;ravod  from  the  architect's  drawiii<5,  and 
I  lie  manner  in  which  they  have  preserved  every  detail  correctly,  reflects  jjreat  credit  upon 
their  aliilily  as  tirst-class  eni^ravers. 

In  our  eiiiriMviuirof  Kourth  street,  will  he  seen  a  re|iresent!ition  of  some  of  the  finest  hlocks 
in  the  city,  .iiid  amoiiLT  the  many  splendid  stores  with  which  it  alxninds,  none  show  to  more 
iidviintnLre  than  the  mairnitieeut  jewellerv  estalplishiiieiit  of  Messrs.  r)uliiuc  it  Co.,  situated 
in  CiU'li-le  Illoi'k,  corner  of  Pourtli  and  Walnut  streets  (the  tirst  larirc  Mock  to  the  left  in 
tile  eMirravinir  on  the  next  paire.)  This  cstahlishiiient  rivals,  in  that  particular  dcpart- 
iiietil,  any  thinu'  in  New  York,  or  any  where  else,  we  helieve,  in  the  I'liited  States,  and 
stands  ^ire-cmineiit  as  the  Hunt  it  lioskills  (T.ondoii)  of  Western  America.  The  visitor  there 
will  lie  struck  with  the  lar^;c  amount  of  valnahle  stock  which  is  to  he  seen,  coiisistiiiiJt  of 
the  manutacttircs  of  some  of  the  hest  makers  in  Hiiirland,  l-'rance,  and  Switzerland. 

Ill  the  same  hlock  stands,  also,  one  of  the  finest,  if  not  the  finest,  hookstore  in  the  city, 
viz.,  .Messrs.  Holiert  Clarke  it  Co.'s  (late  Derby  it  Co).  Tills  store  is  hiindsomcly  fitted  up, 
and  tilled  with  a  lary;e  stock  of  rare  and  valuahle  works  in  all  departments  of  literature 


I     1 


H 


80 


FOURTH  STREET,  CINCINNATI. 


and  science.    Besides  being  pul.lishcrs  of  scvernl  works,  Messrs.  Clurke  &  Co.  import  direct 
from  the  publisliing  houses  in  England  imd  Scotland. 

In  the  siinic  street  (Fourtli  street)  a  little  further  west,  is  now  completing  u  very  nuigni- 
ficent  Mock,  intended  as  tlie  opera  liouse  for  the  queen  city.  AVhen  finished,  it  will  lorui 
probably,  the  finest  block  in  the  street,  if  not  in  the  whole  city.  Its  proportions  and  de- 
sign are  elegant 


73 


c 


Still  further  west,  in  Fourth  street,  stands  the  new  iiost-office,  custom  house,  and  otiier 
govenimont  offices,  all  in  one  building,  of  n  very  chaste  design  and  classic  chaiiicter.  The 
oidy  regret  is,  tiiat  so  fine  a  building  should  have  been  obscured  .ir  buried  in  a])pearanee. 
alongside  of  the  high  towering  stores  built  close  to  the  westward  of  il.  Only  the  front 
jjortion  of  the  jiost-otliee  will  bo  seen  in  the  aliove  engraving,  with  the  national  Hag 
waving  from  the  foj)  of  it.  On  the  ojiposite  side  of  Fourlli  street  stand  some  very  elegant 
st<ires  also,  and  a  visit  to  Mr.  Richardson's  outfitting  establishment,  opposite  llie  post-oftice, 
will  give  an  idea  of  their  internal  extent  and  migniticence. 

Wo  should  say  that  Fourth  street  bids  fair  to  be  the  street  of  streets  in  this  beautifid  and 
wonderful  city,  and  that  a  few  years  will  see  it  lined,  from  end  to  end,  witli  buildings  of 
the  same  palatial  character. 


import  direct 


,  it  will  tonii 
tions  aiui  ilt- 


C 


A  "J 


c,  mill  other 
motor.     Tlio 

a]i[ioaranot'. 

ly  tlio  front 

lalioiial  tla:; 

vory  <'lo£raiit 

]iost-oHioe, 

'aiilifiil  and 
Imildings  of 


NATIONAL   TIIEATItE,    CINCINNATI. 


81 


Amongst  the  many  handsome  buildings  in  the  city,  few  show  a  finer  exterior  or  more 
sul>st«ntial  niipcnrnnce  than  the  National  Theatre,  on  Sycamore  street,  built  by  Mr.  John 
Hates.  It  [iresonts,  as  will  bo  seen  by  our  entrrnving  of  it,  a  very  liiind.wme  exterior, 
ornamented  with  f^onie  very  finely-executed  8culi)tor  work.  Whilst  the  exterior  shows  to 
such  great  advarilago,  the  interior  is  tastefully  decorated  and  fitted  up.  After  the  old 
theatre  was  burned  down,  we  understand  a  company  was  formed  to  build  a  new  one,  but 


as  sometimes  "  too  many  cooks  spoil  the  brotli,"  it  was  likoly  to  prove  so  in  this  instance, 
when  Mr.  Jiates  stopped  forward,  and  single-handed,  provided  the  citizens  with  as  comfort- 
able and  elegant  a  theatre  as  will  be  found  in  the  United  States.  The  house  is  built  in  the 
most  substantial  manner,  and  in  that  respect,  ns  well  as  regards  ventilation,  is  every  thing 
that,  is  possible  to  attain.  It  is  seated  for  3000  people,  and  stands  on  a  lot  100  feet  front 
nnd  2U0  feet  deep;  height  of  house  00  feet.     The  architect  is  Mr.  Hamilton,  who  is  also 


n 


THE  PORK  TRADE— THE  EAGLE  IRON  WORKS. 


nrchitect  of  the  Masonic  Temple,  a  view  of  which  will  be  found  on  another  page.  Tlio  thea- 
tre W08  built  under  the  personal  superintendence  of  Mr.  Bates,  who  watched  its  progress  from 
the  digging  of  the  foundation  to  lighting  up  tlie  gas  on  the  opening  night,  on  4th  July  last 
Under  tlie  lessecship  of  Mr.  Baker,  the  house,  on  our  visit,  was  certainly  "  dr.iwing"  well 
Every  thing  was  put  on  the  stage  promptly  and  creditably,  making  the  stranger  forget,  ol- 
mo3t,  that  he  was  witnessing  "  La  Traviata"  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 

There  is  scarcely  any  brnncli  of  manufactures  but  what  is  carried  on,  more  or  less, 
extensively  in  Cincinnati.  Its  r/nat  trade,  however,  consists  in  the  article  of  I'ork.  So 
much  so,  is  tins  the  case,  that  the  city  is  pretty  well  known  as  the  roRKorous  of  Amer- 
ica. In  the  winter  season  droves  of  pigs  may  be  seen,  being  driven  along  the  streets  on 
their  way  to  the  killing  and  packing-houses,  where  they  are  killed,  plotted,  cut  up,  pickled, 
and  packed,  with  a  rapidity  that  is  scarcely  conceivable.  Along  the  i-oads,  the  animals 
are  to  be  seen  reaching  the  city  from  neighbouring  villages,  whilst  the  railroad  vans  are 
loaded  with  them  from  all  parts  of  the  west.  To  Cincinnati  the  pork  and  provision 
dealers  in  Belfast  (Ireland)  find  their  way  once  a  year,  to  make  purchases  and  contracts 
for  their  supplies,  and  to  there,  as  well  as  jwrts  in  England,  immense  shipments  are 
made  during  the  course  of  the  year.  Besides  what  is  killed  in  the  city,  Cincinnati  finds 
a  market  for  a  large  amount  of  pork  and  bacon — in  bulk.  Thus  we  find,  in  one  year,  the 
quantity  to  be  over  450,0(J0  hogs,  17,000,000  bbls.  of  pork  in  bulk,  and  11,000  hogsheads  of 
bacon,  as  received  into  the  city.  Tlie  total  amount  of  wiiich  was  estimated  at  $5,500,000, 
or  £1,100,000  sterling.  In  connection  with  the  manufactures  of  the  city,  lard  and  oil  forms 
important  articles.  In  the  articles  shipped  from  tlie  city,  a  large  proportion  is  in  pork, 
bocon,  oil,  lard,  whiskey,  wine,  furniture,  and  mnciiinery. 

Amongst  the  large  manufacturing  establisiimcnts  connected  with  the  city,  the  Eagle 
Foundry  of  Miles  Greenwood,  must  toke  the  first  place.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  its 
kind  in  the  United  States,  and  an  establishment,  where,  probably,  a  greater  vanety  of 
articles  are  manufactured  under  one  roof,  than  can  be  named  in  any  other  city.  There 
will  be  found  articles  varying  in  size  and  weight,  from  300  pieces  in  a  lb.,  to  10  tons 
for  one  piece,  verifying,  almost,  the  popular  saying,  of  every  tiling  from  "  a  needle,  to  an 
anchor."  In  the  manufacture  of  one  article  alone — that  of  stoves — no  less  than  2500  ton;* 
of  iron  are  used  annually.  Butt  hinges  are  made  in  enormous  quantities,  and  witii  a  stock 
on  hand,  apparentlj-,  sufficient  to  hinge  all  the  doors  in  the  States.  Until  the  munufavturc 
of  this  article  by  Mr.  Greenwood,  America  was  dependent  upon  Great  Britain  for  them. 
There  is  scarcely  an  article  in  the  iron  or  hardware  trade  but  what  is,  or  can  be  manufac- 
tured at  this  establishment,  extending,  even,  to  music,  and  other  sorts  of  stools;  hat-stands, 
tables,  etc.,  of  tasteful  design  and  finish,  and  even  articles  ot  delicate  manufacture — such  as 
planetariums — are  manufactured,  as  we  noticed.  Tiie  establishment  is  divided  into  several 
departments — eacli  under  efficient  superintendence — twoof  the  principal  departments  being 
under  the  management  of  Mr.  Folger,  and  Mr.  Yates,  wlio  are  associated  as  partners  witli 
Mr.  Greenwood  in  what  pertains  to  their  own  departments. 

Amongst  the  heavier  description  of  work  turned  out,  are  those  of  basement-fronts  for 
stores,  as  Well  as  for  entire  fronts  of  stores  and  houses.  The  beautiful  front  with  Corin- 
thian pillars,  on  Carlisle's  block  in  4th  street,  are  from  Mr,  Greenwood's  establishment,  al- 
though now  that  they  are  painted  and  sanded  over,  it  is  impossible,  almost,  to  tell  the  dif- 
ference between  them  and  the  stone  of  which  the  upper  part  is  built.  Mr,  Greenwood  is 
an  excellent  example  of  the  many  self-made  men  with  which  this  country  abounds,  and  we 
are  cnly  paying  a  well-earned  tribute,  when  we  say,  that  for  ])ublic  spirit,  energy  of 
character,  and  large  hcaricdness,  we  ,,  .estion  if  tlie  queen  city  has  his  mutch.  The  read- 
er is  referred  to  our  notices  of  the  fire-engine  establishment,  and  mechanics'  institution  for  a 
few  practical  samples  of  Mr.  Greenwood's  character.  At  ]iresent,  wiieii  trade  is  dull  every 
where,  there  are  only  about  400  men  employed  at  the  works.  In  ordinary  good  times, 
fully  500  are  employed.  One  of  the  most  gratifying  facts  connected  with  tliis  establish- 
ment is  that  during  the  long  period  of  20  years,  it  lias  never  stood  idle  for  a  single  day— 
although  nearly  the  whole  concern  was  burned  down  in  1845. 


WINE   GROWING  AND  TRADE  OF  CINCINNATI. 


88 


;e,  Tlio  thea- 
i  progress  from 
4tli  July  Inst 
rawing"  well, 
ger  forget,  ol- 

more  or  less, 
of  I'onK.  So 
1LI8  of  Amer- 
tlie  streets  on 
It  up,  pickled, 
i,  the  aniniiils 
■ond  vnns  nre 
md  provision 
nnd  contracts 
hipnients  are 
icinnati  finds 
one  year,  tlie 
liogslieads  of 
t  $5,500,0111), 
nnd  oil  forn)8 
L)n  is  in  pork, 

y,  the  Eagle 

largest  of  its 

er   vanety  of 

city.     There 

b.,  to  10  tons 

needle,  to  an 

lan  2500  tons 

with  a  stock 

manufacture 

lin  for  them. 

be  manufac- 

;  lint-stnnds, 

ure — such  as 

into  several 

tments  being 

artners  with 

'ntfronts  for 

with  Corin- 

lishnient,  al- 

tell  the  dif- 

rcenwood  is 

inds,  and  we 

I,  energy  of 

The  rcad- 

itution  for  u 

s  dull  every 

good  times, 

is  cstahlish- 

ingle  day — 


, 


Strangers  in  the  queen  city  will  be  much  gratified  with  a  visit  to  this  mammoth  estab- 
lishment, where  they  will  be  most  courteously  received,  nnd  shown  over  the  premises. 

In  the  single  article  of  grist  mills,  large  quantities  nre  mnnufactured,  two  of  the  princi- 
pal houses  engaged  therein,  being  Messrs.  W.  W.  Ilamer  &  Co.,  nnd  J.  IL  Burrows  &  Ca 

As  is  well  known,  Cincinnati  has  already  earned  a  world-wide  notoriety  for  its  wines — 
and  judging  from  the  rapid  increase  in  the  cultivation  of  the  grape,  and  manufacture  of 
wine,  there  is  every  likelihood  of  its  becoming  a  rival  even  to  the  trade  in  pork,  in  ita 
immensity. 

In  connection  with  the  wine  manufacture,  one  of  the  most  notable  things  connected  with 
this  city,  is  the  establishment  of  Mr.  N.  Longworth,  the  celebrated  wine-grower.  A  visit 
to  his  wine  cellars  will  astonish  the  stranger.  There  will  be  found  upwards  of  300,000 
dozens  of  bottles  of  the  Catawba  wine,  maturing  till  ready  to  be  sent  out.  The  cellars 
consist  of  two  vaults,  90  by  120  feet,  in  two  tiers,  the  lower  one  being  25  feet  below  ground. 
One  cask,  alone  there,  holds  4,675  gallons  of  wine.  Mr.  Longworth  has  spent  many  years 
nnd  a  large  amount  of  money,  in  bringing  the  Catawba  grape  to  its  present  state  of  per- 
fection. In  this  respect  he  may  be  considered  the  father  of  the  wine  trade,  there,  as  well  as 
one  of  the  "  City  Fathers."  His  wines  find  their  way  all  over  the  United  States,  to  Eng- 
land, Mexico,  Brazil,  Russia,  etc.  The  "  Sparkling  Catawba"  is  very  like  champagne,  and 
the  uninitiated  in  such  articles  would  scarcely  know  the  difference.  The  wine  made  there 
contains  about  11  to  12  per  cent  of  alcohol. 

As  long  as  Cincinnati  lasts  the  name  of  Nicolas  Longworth  will  be  intimately  associated 
with  it,  and  hundreds  of  the  very  lowest  and  most  degraded  of  the  population  will,  some 
day,  miss  his  extraordinary  benevolence — which  reaches  in  one  form  alone,  in  seasons  of 
distros:i — the  free  distribution  of  from  300  to  500  loaves  of  bread  every  week  to  the  most 
necessitous  poor.  In  the  distribution  of  his  charity  he  is  peculiar,  if  not  eccentric.  Many 
stories  are  told  of  him  in  this  respect.  As  one  wliich  we  have  not  seen  published,  and  to 
give  an  idea  of  the  man,  we  may  mention,  that  when  lately  called  upon  by  a  deputation 
for  his  subscription  to  assist  the  "  Lord's  poor,"  his  reply  was,  that  he  had  enough  to  do  in 
taking  care  of,  and  looking  after,  the  "  Devil's  poor,"  it  being,  as  we  have  said,  the  most 
degraded  whom  Mr.  Longworth  makes  hin  peculiar  choice.  He  not  only  gives  away 
largely  in  bread,  etc.,  but  provides  houses  actually  free  of  rent,  to  many  who  are  not  able 
to  pay  for  them,  and  yet  such  tenants  are  more  trouble  to  him  than  those  who  pay  rent. 
He  is,  altogether,  a  self-made  man.  He  commenced  his  career  in  a  very  humble  capacity, 
and  now,  although  said  to  be  the  millionare  of  the  city,  has,  apparentlj',  not  a  particle  of 
pride  about  him.  His  house  is  a  princely  dwelling,  adorned  with  some  gems  of  art  in 
sculpture  and  painting,  of  great  beauty  and  value.  For  example,  in  his  drawing-room  is 
to  be  seen  the  first  specimen  of  sculpture  ever  executed  by  the  celebrated  Hiram  Powers, 
and  a  gem  it  is. 

The  turn-out  of  wine  in  Mr.  Longworth's  establishment  is  about  150,000  bottles  per  an- 
num. 

Other  firms  in  the  city  are  now  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  wine.  A  large  German 
population,  now  inhabiting  the  hills  around  the  city,  as  well  as  parties  on  the  Kentucky 
side  of  the  river,  are  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  vine,  and  scarcely  an  inch  of  ground 
is  to  be  seen  on  the  hill-sides  but  what  is  covered  with  vines,  growing. 

The  population  of  Cincinnati  is  about  200,000. 

One  of  the  finest  views  of  Cincinnati  is  to  be  got  from  off  the  top  of  one  of  the  hills  on 
the  Kentucky  side  of  the  river,  especially  any  of  those  a  little  further  west  than  the  city. 


u 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 

Cleveland,  one  of  the  most  impi^rtant  cilies  of  the  west,  is  situated  on  an  elevated 
ploteou,  70  feot  nl.ove  the  level  of  Lake  Erie,  and  forms  one  of  the  cities  on  that  lake.  It 
is  decidedly  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  the  States,  and  remarkable  for  its  line  pub- 
lic and  private  buildings. 

It  is  built  upon  a  gravelly  plain,  and  from  it  a  magnificent  view  of  the  lake  is  seen. 

The  chief  business  streets  are  Superior  street,  Water  street.  Bank  street,  and  River  street 
The  three  former  are  situated  on  the  l.i-her  part  of  the  city,  whilst  River  street  is 
between  Cleveland  proper,  and  what  was  formerly  termed  Ohio  City,  (on  western  side  of 
the  River  Cuyahoga,)  but  which  is  now  incorporated  with  Cleveland. 

Next  to  Cincinnati,  it  is  the  most  important  comi>  'veiol  town  in  Ohio,  and,  from  its  nat- 
ural po3ili,.n  on  tiie  lake,  forms  an  important  centre  for  business  to  all  points,  and  from  its 
manufacturing  and  commercial  enterprise  and  establishments,  it  seems  destined  always  to 
hold  a  high  position  amongst  the  cities  of  the  Union. 

From  the  quantity  of  trees  and  shrubbery  growing  in  all  parts  of  the  city,  giving  its 
streets  the  appearance  of  groves  rather  than  any  thing  else,  and  the  garden-jilots  around 
the  private  dwellings,  it  has  been  very  appropriately  termed  the  "  Forest  City." 

To  the  stranger,  who  enters  it  for  the  first  time,  he  will  be  forcibly  struck  with  its  re- 
markable beauty,  and  spacious  streets,  averaging  as  they  do,  about  120  feet  wi<le. 

As  an  entrepot  of  commerce,  it  is  one  of  great  importance.  A  large  direct  trade  with  the 
western  cities  is  kept  up  by  railroad  and  steamers.  The  latter  ply,  during  the  summer  sea- 
son, up  as  far  as  Lake  Superior,  touching  at  the  most  northerly  ports  of  that  immense 
mining  region.  Fron'  thence,  iron  and  copper  are  bi-ought  in  great  abundance,  and  at 
Cleveland  these  meet  with  the  coal  of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  and  transported  by  canal 
and  railroad  to  Pittsburg,  Philadelphia,  and  other  cities  on  the  seaboard. 

Two  very  handsome  and  substantial  freestone  buildings  are  in  course  of  erection  at  the 
north  side  of  the  public  square,  one  of  them  the  United  States  Government  buildings,  is  in- 
tended for  custom  house,  post-office,  etc. — erecting  at  a  cost  of  obout  $125,000  (.£25,00(J), 
60  feet  by  100  feet,  62  feet  elevation  being  three  stories  high.  Builder,  Mr.  W.  J.  Warner. 
Government  architect,  Mr.  A.  B.  Young.  At  another  corner — on  same  side  of  square — is 
erecting  the  County  Court  House,  at  the  expense  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  Builders,  Messrs. 
Smith  <fe  Pannell.  Architect,  Mr.  J.  J.  Husband.  When  finished,  these  will  form  two  of 
the  most  imjwrtant  and  beautiful  buildings  in  the  city.  Freestone,  of  which  these  two 
public  buildings,  and  many  of  the  private  houses  are  built,  is  found  in  great  abundance  at 
Amherst,  Lorain  County,  Ohio,  and  also  at  Independence,  12  miles  from  Cleveland. 

The  chief  street,  for  handsome  mansions  ami  villas,  is  named  Euclid  street,  and  contains 
mony  equal,  in  magnificence,  to  those  in  the  suburbs  of  London,  Manchester  (Eng.),  or 
Edinburgh  or  Glasgow  (Scot.).  All  of  them  are  surrounded  V)y  beautifully  laid  out  gar- 
dens, with  the  houses  placed  from  30  to  40  yards  from  the  road-side,  and  altogether  form  a 
continuation  of  private  dwelling.*,  which,  for  beauty  of  design,  substantiality,  and  elegance, 
are  scarcely  to  be  surpassed. 

Ab  regards  health,  Cleveland  is  considered  remarkably  favourable.  Situated  as  it  is,  the 
atmosphere,  in  summer,  is  delightfully  cooled  by  the  breezes  from  Lake  Erie,  so  that,  even 
the  hottest  days  of  July  are  tempered  by  refreshing  winds,  experienced  in  few  other, 
excepting  lake,  cities. 

Altogether,  Cleveland  possesses  within  itself  all  the  elements,  not  only  of  progressing 
towards  being  a  much  greater  city,  but  all  the  conveniences,  comforts,  and  luxuries  of  life. 
In  educational  matters,  its  public  schools  are  large  and  airy — (and,  of  course,  all  free) — 
whilst  it  possesses  private  academies  and  high  schools  for  the  higher  branches  of  educa- 
tion. 

Of  colleges,  it  possesses  both  allopathic  and  homoeopathic — whilst  it  has  2  or  3  celebrated 
water-cure  establishments. 


i 


CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 


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86 


CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 


J.  Tail).  There  is  no  mechanics'  institution  in  the  city,  but  this  ostablishniont  nnswera 
much  the  enme  purpose.  Here,  for  $2.00  a  yenr,  young  moti  can  enjoy  tlie  advantages  of 
a  library  of  6000  volumes,  (and  fast  increasing,)  besides  newspapers,  periodicals,  etc. 

The  public  square  occupies  about  10  acres  of  gmund,  fenced  off  for  public  recreation. 
Foot-paths  cross  in  all  directions.  In  the  centre  a  graceful  fountain  plays  all  day,  forming 
n  beautiful  object.  On  certain  evenings  of  the  week,  a  very  fir.«t-rate  brass  band  plays  on 
a  raised  platform,  gratuitously,  for  several  lioui-s,  during  which  time  (in  the  evening) 
a  large  turn  out  of  the  inhabitants  is  to  be  seen,  some  sitting  on  the  numerous  seats  pro- 
vided, and  some  promenading  about.  This  square,  and  its  appropriate  "  fi.xings,"  is  one  of 
the  most  attractive  features  of  the  city,  and  reflects  no  small  credit  on  the  inhabitants  who 
secured  it  for  its  present  purpose. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  river,  are  situated  a  most  eflieient  system  of  water  works.  Two 
immense  stationary  engines  pump  the  water  up  from  the  lake  to  a  large  reservoir,  from 
which  the  city  is  plentifully  supplied. 

On  same  side  of  the  river,  a  very  large  population  is  scattered  over  a  great  surface  of 
ground,  consisting  in  part  of  several  very  neat  cottages.  A  large  proportion  of  the  work- 
ing-classes live  on  that  side  of  the  river;  and  a  stranger  cannot  but  be  struck,  in  summer 
time,  with  the  neat  and  comfortable  oppearance  of  the  dwellings,  the  most  of  them  being 
ftll  o'vned  by  the  inhabitants,  and  the  grapes  growing  in  profui^ion  in  the  open  air,  every 
one  being  living  proofs,  in  reality,  of  "  sitting  under  his  own  vine,  and  none  daring  to  make 
him  afraid." 

A  large  trade  is  done  in  wool,  bought  by  the  Cleveland  merchants,  and  sent  by  them  to 
all  parts  where  woollen  goods  are  made.  The  wholesale  and  retail  warehouses  (or  stores), 
are,  for  the  most  part,  spacious  buildings — running  lOO  to  200  feet  back  ;  and  in  the  retail 
stores — in  every  description  of  trade  almost — goods  of  the  most  superb  and  costly  charac- 
ter, as  well  as  the  most  useful  and  plain,  are  to  be  seen. 

Property  now  rents  very  high  in  Cleveland,  so  much  so,  that  many  are  of  the  opinion 
that  but  for  the  high  rates  demanded  bj'  land-owners,  the  city  would  have  made  greater 
progress  than  it  has  done,  and  so  long  as  the  present  high  prices  are  demanded,  it  >i..ist 
materially  affect  the  progress  of  tl'e  city  in  its  manufacturing  and  commercial  prosperity. 

Omnibus  Line. — An  excellent  line  of  omnibuses  is  established  at  Cleveland,  by  which 
passengers,  arriving  per  rail,  can  be  set  down  at  any  address  in  town,  including  luggage, 
for  25  cents  (1*.  stg.).  Mr.  Stevens,  the  proprietor,  has  upwards  of  50  horses  employed  on 
it,  and,  altogether,  conducts  it  in  a  very  satisfactory  manner.  His  "  busses"  call  at  the 
hotels  for  passengers,  before  the  departure  of  the  trains.  The  baggage  is  conveyed  in  a 
separate  conveyance,  thus  avoiding  all  trouble  and  annoj-ance  with  it. 

Previous  to  the  arrival  of  the  troins  at  Cleveland,  passengers  will  be  waited  upon  by 
the  baggage-agent,  who  passes  through  the  cars;  by  giving  him  their  baggage  cheeks 
and  25  cents,  he,  in  return,  will  give  them  on  omnibus  ticket,  which  will  entitle  them  to 
one  seat  in  the  omnibus,  and  the  conveyance  of  one  or  two  trunks  to  any  part  of  the  city. 

This  line  of  omnibuses  ply  to  different  parts  of  the  city  as  a  city  line,  on  the  same  plan 
as  the  omnibuses  in  New  York,  By  purchasing  tickets  at  the  office,  residents  get  con- 
veyed, from  one  point  to  another,  for  about  6i  cents  each  trip. 

Present  population  of  Cleveland  is  estimated  ot  about  60,000. 


lisliniont  nnswcra 
he  RJvniitRgcA  of 
iodioah,  etc. 
piil)lio  recreation. 
i  all  day,  forming 
a88  band  plaj's  on 
(in  the  evenint;) 
iinerous  seats  pro- 
fixings,"  is  one  of 
inlutbitiinta  who 

Iter  works.  Two 
^e  reservoir,  from 

[»  great  surfoco  of 
tion  of  the  work- 
struck,  in  Bunimer 
)st  of  them  being 
le  open  air,  every 
ne  daring  to  make 

il  sent  by  them  to 
houses  (or  stores), 
J  ond  in  the  retail 
and  costly  charac- 

ire  of  the  opinion 
avc  made  greater 
demanded,  it  ii.>ist 
Tiercial  prosperity, 
iveland,  by  which 
including  luggage, 
orses  employed  on 
)U9se8"  cull  at  the 
i  is  conveyed  in  a 

)e  waited  upon  by 
ir  baggage  checks 
kill  entitle  them  to 
'  part  of  the  city. 
,  on  the  same  plan 
residents  get  con- 


CLEVELAND    BUSINESS    DIRECTORY. 


Banks  and  Bankers— 

CoMMKiti'iAL  UitANX'u,  Statc  Bank  of  Ohio- 

WiM.iAM  A.  Otis,  President;  T.  P.  Handyi 
Cashier;  E.  L.  Jones,  Assistant  Cashier. 

IIkrdman  k  Co.,  11  Water  street.  [See 
atlveitiscment.] 

Mahklanu  &  Co.,  River  street.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Whitman,  Standabt  &  Co.,  Superior  street. 

Booksellers  — 

Coun,  J.  t'.  A  Co.,  Superior  street. 
iNiiUAM  &  liitAGo,  Superior  street.    [Sec 
advertisement.] 

Boot  and  Shoe  Store— 

MAsruv,  UoLK  &  Co.,  23  Water  street.  [See 
advertiaeniont.] 

Boiler  Manufacturer— 

SIcGakrv,  T.  J.,  Centre  street. 

China  and  Glass  Store— 

Tago,  Knswouth  &  Co.,  Importers  of  China, 
Glass  and  Earthenware,  corner  of  Su- 
perior and  Seneca  streets. 

Coflec  and  Spice  Itlerchants— 

Fuishy  &  Stephens,  Manufacturers  and 
Wliolesule  Dealers  in  Coflee,  Spices,  etc., 
Hewitt's  Steam  liluck. 


[See  advertise- 
[Scc 


Commission  Merchants- 

tiATEs,  II.  N.,  River  street 
meiit.] 

RoiiKitTs  &  Enswokth,  River  street, 
advortiscmcnt.] 

Scott,  M.  li.,  River  street.    [See  advertise- 
ment.] 

SritA(;iE,  George,  Commission  Merchant 
and  (irocer,  4  and  .')  Oviatt's  Exchange. 

Walton,  Thomas  A.,  River  street. 

Clothing  Stores— 

Daviks,  (!.  A.  &  Co.,  34,')  Water  street. 
Isaacs,  J.  A.,  corner  Superior  and  Union 

stioots.     |Soo  advertisement.] 
RouiNsoN,  W.  S.,  88  Superior  street.    [See 

advertisement.] 
SoNNEiioHN,  J.  &  Co.,  150  Superior  street. 

[.See  advertisement.] 

Coal  Merchants— 

I'rick,  Ckawforo  &  Morris,  Government 
pier.    [See  advertisement.] 

Dry  Goods  Store— 

Ai.coTT  &  llouToN,  21  Water  street.    [See 
advertisement.] 

Drug  Kstablishmcnt— 

JIackkn/.ie,  C.  S.,  U4  Superior  street.    [See 
advertisement.] 

Foundries— 

Gardner,  G.  S.  &  Co.,  Union  Foundry, 
West  street. 

Hardware  Merchant— 

WoiiTHiNOTON,  George  &  Co.,  corner  Su- 
perior and  Water  streets, 


Dentists  &  Teeth  Manufacturers— M.  L.  Wright  &  Co. 


Hotels— 

American,  Superior  street.  [See  advertise- 
ment.]^ 

Anqier  House.    [See  advertisement.] 

CoHMERCiAL  HoTf.L,  Scucca  Street. 

Johnson  House,  Superior  street.  [See  ad« 
vertisement.] 

Union  Hotel,  H.  L.  Coon,  corner  of  Water 
and  Johnson  streets. 

Insurance  Agents— 

Urayton  ii  Mason.    [Sco  advertisement.] 
CoE,  S.  S.,  No.  1  Oviatt's  Exchange,  foot  of 
Superior  street. 

Iron  Works— 

Blish,  Oarlick  &  Co.,  River  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Loan  Office— 

Wagner,  W.,  No.  3  Water  street.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Machinist  and  Engineer— 

Manning,  Thomas,  West  street. 

Newspaper  Offices— 

Herald  Office,  Bank  street. 
liEADER  Office,  Superior  street. 
Plaindealer  Office,  Building  foot  of  Su- 
perior street. 
Review  Office,  Water  street. 

Plumbing  Establishment— 

Born,  C.  P.,  41  Water  street.  [See  adver- 
tisement.] 

Photographers— 

C.  N.  Stimpson,  253  Superior  street. 
W.  C.  NoiiTU,  Superior  street. 

Saddlers— 

WniTELAW  &  Marshall,  Superior  street- 
[See  advertisement.] 

Sash  and  Door  Manufacturers— 

Ransom,  Coub  &  Co.,  Corner  Columbus  and 
Centre  streets.    [See  advertisement.] 

Stave  Dealer— 

IIarbeck,  John  S. 

Stove  Manufacturers— 

WooLsoN,  Hitchcock  &  Carter.  [See  ad- 
vertisement.] 

Stove  Dealer— 

Whitaker,  S.,  No.  33  Water  street.  [See 
odvertisement.] 

Vinegar  Manufacturers— 

Roberts  &  Enswoutu,  River  street.  [See 
advertisement.] 

Wool  Merchants— 

Goodale  a  Co.,  Nos.  .'57  and  39  Bank  street. 

[See  advertisement.] 
Sexton,  I).  B.,  No.  43  Bank  street.    [See 

advertisement.] 

Wine  and  Liquor  Dealers— 

Brackktt,  Rkminqton  &  Co.,  No.  52  Water 
street.    [See  advertisement,] 


I  ! 


ALCOTT.  B.    W.    UOKTON. 

ALCOTT    &    HORTON, 

WIIOLESALK    DKALKH8   IN 

'  STAPLE   &   FANCY   DRY   GOODS, 

YASKKK   NOTIONS,  Ac. 
21  WATER  STREET,  OLBVELAND,  OHIO. 

Particular  nltentlon  paid   to   Merchant   Tailors' 
Goods  and  Trimmings. 

JOSCPH  HASURV.   WM.  A.  DOLE.   L.  W.  PUOUTV. 

MASURY,   DOLE   &   CO., 

U'/wltMle  Ikitlen  in 

BOOTS,  SHOES  &  RUBBEBS, 

23    WATER    STREET. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 


BKAYTON  &  MASON, 

CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 

Agents  for  some  of  the  best  New 
Tork  and  New  England 

INSURANCE  COMPANIES. 

Jlio— 

Agents  for  Black  Star,  and  Black  Ball  Lines, 
Liverpool  I'uekets,  and  New  York  und  Liver- 
pool Screw  Steamsliip  Company. 

Sight  drafts  on  England,  Ireland,  Scotland 
and  Continental  Euiiipe  sold,  and  Passage 
Tickets  from  Liverpool  to  Cleveland. 

Also,  General  Agents  for  the  Western  States 
of  responsible  Fire  and  Life  Insnranco  Compa- 
nies. 


INGHAM  &  BRAGG, 

PUBLISHERS,  BOOKSELLERS, 

AND 

STATIONERS, 

67  SUPERIOR  STREET,  CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

V'^olesale  Dealers  in  all  kinds  of  School 
Books.  Special  Agents  for  I'elton's  Outline 
Maps,  and  the  Publications  of  llickling,  Swan 
&  Brewer ;  Crosby,  Nichols  &  Co. ;  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.,  Boston.  D.  Annleton  &  Co. ; 
Methodist  Book  Concern ;  Shelaon,  Blakeman 
&  Co.,  New  York.  H.  Cowperthwait  &  Co. ; 
Sower  &  Barnes ;  Sunday  School  Union,  Phila. 

Publiahere  of  llillard'i  Readers,  Worcealer'n  Dic- 
tionaries, Payiion  dt  Dunton'i  Writing  Books, 
and  Parley's  Histuries. 


MAUKIIAM  &   CO., 

Succetiori  to  l/artneu,  I/ill  <t  Co., 

B  -A.  IST  K  E  Pt  S , 

CLEVELAJfD,    OHIO. 

PROMPT  ATTENTION  GIVEN  TO  COLLECTIONS. 

MtUrtHCtt ! 

3.  I,.  Evrrltl,  CiuliiiT  Urowlwny  Itank,  New  York  ;  T.  P.  Ilnn.ly, 
tUu.,  fiulilcr  Cciin'l  Hrlli.li  Hunk,  nrnlmid  ;  Mpiur«.  Cnr|i.iit.i  .V 
Veriiillve,  ll«nkiTi.  Now  York  ;  .Mi>«ir».  Snndfcpnl  A  Co.,  llHiik.ri, 
lliill'iilu',  N.  v.;  .Mi'mrl.  I'lin),  llnwnnl  A  Saiiicr,  .Murrliniila, 
N  v.:  .Miwri.  (irtwri  *  Sfwcll,  (l«iiker«,  N,  Y.;  Mi««ri.tiwvniie A 
Dnv,  Hnnkir*.  N  Y.;  M™ri.  II.  1..  A  J.  11.  .Stovfcii,  N.  V.; 
Me'urii.  I'cHik  A  SniRpnt,  lliiiikir*,  Dnvnimirt,  Iowk;  .Mp««ri.  Mar- 
(hiill  »iul  IWev,  ll«nk«ri,  Mllwoukw,  \V|». ;  Mcmr..  Huffniaii  A 
(Jilpcke,  Balikcn,  t'liU«KO,  III.  i  ,Meur».  rhillpi,  Siini|iioii  A  Co, 
UoBton. 

Euroiwan  Eiohange  for  Ml.,  on  I-ondon,  P»rl»,  etc.,  In  lunii  of 
jC5  and  iipwnrill. 


J.  HERDMAN  &  CO., 

11  Water  Street,  near  Superior,  Cleveland,  0. 

Dealers  In  Gold  nml  Silver  Cuiii,  Kxclmnife,  Uneiirrent 
Mimey  nml  Land  Wurriuits.  C'dIIiiIioiis  iiimle  nml  re- 
mitted fcir  nl  Current  riUus  ( :f  KxclinnL'e.  Inl<'rest  allow- 
ed (in  (lepiisi'8.  Drafts  (in  (iorniany.  Franee.  (Jreat  Hnt- 
Hin  niul  Ireland.  f(ir  Inrire  "r  small  »nni».  Hassnee  cnn  lio 
senired  liy  tlio  rnKular  Parket  Sliips  and  Steamers  Irum 
Grent  Hrilniii,  France,  and  Gorninny. 


CLEVELAND  WOOL  DEPOT, 

For  Receiving,  Grading,  and  Selling 

•WOOL. 

Our  ftradra  are  S,  X.\,  X,  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  5.    S,  rep- 
resents finest ;  No.  .S,  coarest. 

Liberal  Advances  made  on  Consignments. 

GOODALE  &  CO., 

37  <c  ?9  BANK  STREET,  CLEVELAND,  O- 


WAGNER'S  LOAN  OFFICE, 

(EntahlinheU  1S,M.) 
3  Water  Street,  (corner  Superior,) 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

Mone.v  loaned  on  Watches,  Diamonds,  Jewelry,  etc. 
Also,  oii  Kcal  F.state.  Wntclies  and  Jewelry  con- 
stantly on  hand  and  for  sale  at  great  Bargains. 

J.  C.  WAGNER,  Sujif.  WM.  WAtJNKK,  Prap'r- 


H.  L.  WUITMAN. 


N.  M.  STAKnAUT. 


€.  P.  BORIV, 

41  Water  Street,  (south  of  Post-office,) 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

PLUMBING  ESTABLISHMENT, 

Deader  In  all  kinds  of  Stoves,  and  Manufacturer  of 
all  kinds  of  Tin,  Sheet  Iron,  and  Copper  work. 


C.  W.  STANUAllT. 


WHITMAN,    STANDART    &    CO., 

B^lSTKEPtS, 

AND  DEALERS  IN  FOREIGN  &  DOMESTIC  EXCHANGE, 

No.  7  Superior  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  IT.  S.  A. 

We  draw  direct  on  London,  and  can  give  sight  or  time  drafts  for  any  amount  that  may  be  desired,  paya- 
ble at  all  the  principal  points  in  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  France,  and  Germany. 

RKFER    'JO 

Commerriftl  Rmnoh  Bjink,  Merchantu'  Ilranoh  Dank,  ('itr  Hnnk  an.I  Hunkers,  ^enernllv,  Clevelnmi ;  Vnn  Vleck,  Rpud  A  Pfxt-I, 
KiuaHi  dc  THvIor,  K.'n.i  A  Lttilirop,  Clnrk»',  Dotlge  &.  fo..  (iiwiTs'  Bunk,  Shot-  iiml  Lcntlier  Dniik.  K.  A  N.  Dhh,  MeCnlhiii),  Hriiik.  r 
hoff  an<l  Brewster,  Jolin  H.  Drtlkc  A  Co.,  Wlilttj,  Morrin  A  Co.,  Klrtli'inl  A  Co.,  New  York ;  Dreji-l  A  Co.,  PliilailellihlH ;  S.  A.  KIuli  I.,  r, 
F'.«l.,  IiniianttiM)Ii8,  Ind. ;  J.C.  Brorkt'nliroiiKJi,  Hnq.,  Cftaliit-r,  .Sm-ars.  Pclrce  A  Co.,  l.nfayette,  Intl.;  fMllBburp  Tnist  Co.,  Pilt«liiirir, 
Pii. ;  ('ltt|>p,  VuHcr  A  Browno,  Clark,  r.'lit'ncy  A  Co.,  Spencer,  Villa  A  Cc,  O.  Diittnn,  Ksq*,  Honlon ;  Marine  Bank,  (leo.  B.  Ja^tmiu, 
Eiq.,  Provfiienoe,  R.  I. ;  Hotlnian  A  (ielpoke,  Cliiratfo;  Abraham  B«ll'»  Sons,  New  York;  RorhesU'r  Bank,  Rocht'ster,  N.  Y'. ;  Aiil.urn 
Exchanpe  Bank,  Auburn,  N.  V.;  Manohester  A  Rich,  Pann  A  Burtin.  Buflhlo,  N.  Y.  j  J.  R.  Morton  A  C".,  G»h).  S.  Wriulit  A  Co..  Cin- 
cinnati, O;  Durkee  A  Bullock, St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Wrlelit  A  Bro.,  1,.  B.  Otis  A  Co.,  CliUapo,  111.;  Alex.  II.  i>.'y.  C.  A  A.  Ives.  Hetroit, 
Mich.;  City  Bank,  Tolwlo,  O. ;  Michiffon  Ins.  Co.,  Detroit;  Sweony,  Rltteuhouse,  Faiit  A  Co.,  Waahiii^iion,  D.  C. ;  Julm  and  Kdwani 
Corderoy,  34  Tooley  Street,  Londou,  England.' 


W.  W.  RUBBKTM. 


J,    BNKWuHTII. 


BOBEBTS  ft  ENSWOBTH, 

COMMISSION    MBROHANTS, 

ANI>    MANIKACTIUKUS    OK    Tl'IlK    VINP.dAK, 

Ciller  Vlni-iTftr,  nod  I'lcklen.  Kvi-ry  vnrii-tv  of  IMrkli'tt,  In  jnrt,  bnr- 
n'U,  hikI  tiiiir  hitrrt'lit,  (-oiiKlniilly  nti  Iminl.  Otir  fai-iliiii*s  nra  iin- 
i^pitilliMl  liy  tlM>M>  (>f  Hiiy  oiljvr 'I'AtHtillittitiit-nt  In  i\w  L'liitv*!  Slalft. 
L'Hp'K'liy  I'f  viii<-){iir  a|i|i'HrAliia,  \U,iHH)  tmrrvli  fwr  ycur. 

No.  176  (Merchant!*  Block)  Hirer  Street, 

t'LKVKI.AM),    OHIO. 

RiKiRiNCM.— T.  r.  Unmly.Ciuhler  Com.  British  Bank  ;  Mark- 
hnni  A  ('"!.,  Hunkers;  Win.  HIm(;)uiiii  A  <'o.,  Hen  Wiirtlilnirlon  k 
Vv.',  (iothmiA.  Aljilni  BrncUmrn  A  VU\m\  HInliop  U<.m  A  Co.; 
K.lw«r.l>A  M.lliiK*;  I-.  A.  PUr.*.,  <Ji*ii'l  Ajc't  M.  C  U.  K- ;  W,  W. 
ChamlU'r.  liei.'l  Kr't  Ajf't  ('.  A  I*.  It.  K. ;  A.  IIIIU,  (ii-nM  Kr't 
A«'t  f.  f.  A  <-'.  It.  U.;  Iludwy  A  Mrllri.l*;  A.  1».  Winnldw, 
Aiiierli-an  Moum;  S.  Mrrcluini,  Ati^fler  Iloiiwi  (ivo.  !'■  Hom, 
U'i-<MuU  lloutf,  ClevclHiid,  Ohlu;  lUitckIfy  &  Vilas,  Corn.  Mur- 
chanU,  CtiU'ago,  llllnoii. 

CtRVKLANn  Mm.  Cnr.i.KOB,  lif  July,  1»6S. 

I  hav«  made  a  tliomiitfli  ('lii-iiiirnl  exiuninallon  of  vin«*t{Hr,  manii- 
facturetl  by  McMrt.  HoWrts  A  Knsworlh,  am)  find  It  entirely  free 
from  niincral  BiUI*  and  all  di'lHurloui  niuileri— containlntf  fnnn  I'J 
to  16  pt-r  lent,  arfllc  arid,  iM-lriK  9  to  10  jht  rent,  more  Uian  Com- 
mercial Vlnf^ar,  conu-qtiently  allowing  of  larf{«  dilution  with 
w«t*?r. 

Thflr  apparatun  planned  an<l  ereftwl  hy  E.  C.  Stt-pheni,  operated 
un  ■ri«nlUi<'  prini't|ile«,  and  la  well  adapted  fur  obtaining  a  purv  and 
healthy  vinegar. 

J.  L.  CASSKLS,  M.  D.,  Pwf.  of  Chemistry. 


M.   B.   SCOIT, 

Doalor  in  Pr<i«luco,  Salt.  Fish  Wfitrr  Lime,  otr.  Sprrifil 
attiMitttm  uivfii  to  ('iiiisit:iiiiipniR  and  purchase  of  Grain 
aiul  Frodiico  generally,  Ci.bvkland,  Ohio, 

Firr-Frm)f  Warehouse  and  Steam  Elevators.  Insur- 
nncH  twu-thtrdK  U-sk  than  any  otlinr  Ctrain  WarehouKO  in 
the  city.    Liberal  cash  advances  un  produce  lu  hand. 


HN.  GATES,  Storage,  Forwanling  and  Commltalon  Merchant, 
•     ie<'ond  Wnrfhniixe  Wluw  fuot  of  SCI'KHIOR   STKEKT, 
fK>ntlng  on  Itlver  and  Klver  Sin-ets,  Ci.kvrlanp,  Ohio. 

Dealer  hi  FariniTB*  l'ro<ltico  uf  all  kinds,  Suit  FUh,  Snn<luiiky 
Water  Unit*,  Whliu  Lime  in  barreU,  I'ltisler,  Ben'a,  Uvrea,  Jr.,  anil 
Independence  (irlndtt^'nes,  at  Wtudesale  and  Retail. 


BIIIIIA  C.  RLIRII. 


BDWARD  C.  OAHI.ICK. 


WOOLSON,  HITCHCOCK  &  CARTER, 

Maniifactiini's  cf  all  Hmh  of 

STOVES. 

office:  junction  of  vinkvaud  and  ciiam- 
i'lain  8theet9, 

rievclnnd,   Ohio. 

WltMAM  I.  PRICI.  LKMUBL   CRAWFORD.        DAVID   UURRIV. 

FBICE,  CRAWFORD  &  MORRIS, 

(SutceMor.  lo  CRAWFORD,  PRICE  k   CO.,) 
IJKAI.EIIS    IN 

Briar  Hill,  Mineral  Bidge,  and  Chippewa  Coal, 

By  the  Cargo.    Office :  Government  Pier, 
CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 


D.  B.  SEXTON, 

COMMISSION  MERCHANT, 

For  the  Purchase  and  Sale  of 

WOOL,  HIDES  AND  PELTS. 

Orders  for  the  purchase  of  the  above  articles  solic- 
ited.   Cash  advanced  on  consignments. 

43    BANK    STREET,    CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 


CLEVELAND  IRON  WORKS. 
BUSH,  GARLICK  &  CO, 

Manufacturers  of  Marine,  iilallonery,  and  Portable 
Kniilnes  nnil  Uollers,  Stoves  and  llollowware,  (ias  and 
''■'iler   Pipe,   llulldInK  «"<>   Oencral   Casllngii,   Tin, 

|i|  er  and  Sheet  Ironware. 

WoKKs— On  Meadow  Street,  opposite  Oas  Worl<s. 

Okkicb  and  Sai.k»h(«>m— Cor.  lllver  and  Ughthouaa 
Streets.  «"LKVKL\\I>,  OHIO. 

THOMAS  MANNING^ 
MACHINIST  ^^  ENGINEER, 

Anil  Manurm-turer  of  Sl«»m  KnitlnM  anil  Marliln.ry  of  pvery 
cleKTliitlon  1  ulw  Jnrk  Sirewi,  B.illi  for  UrIdgiM  and  oilier  uim. 
Iron  (irallnK  »"il  Mlni'liiniillilnK  ^vnemlly. 

i\cM.  S  and  6  lirwlll'i  Block,  Wrat  8ti««t, 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 

Serand-linnd  Enitinn  tnkon  In  Eichanu.  for  new  work,  or  lold 
on  roininlulon.    Jobbing  and  R4*palrlnir  promptly  aUendetl  to. 


S.   WHITAKER, 

DEALER   IN 

Cook,  Parlor,  &.  Flato  Stoves, 

Manufacturer  of  Copper,  Tin,  and  Sheet  Iron  Ware. 

Agent  for  the  sale  of  Cornelius  &  Baker's  Chande- 
liers, Pendants,  Brackets,  etc.,  etc.  Also,  Plain  and 
Ornamental  Oas  Fitters. 

33  Water  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


BRACKETT,  REMINGTON  &  CO, 

HOP,  — ■     - 

(/  w 

& 


(Suciewon  to  HISIlOP,  REMINIJTON  A  CO.,) 
Importers  and  Wholesale  Dentens  in 


LiqUORS. 

69  Pearl  Street, 

NEW  YORK. 


62  Water  Street, 

CLEVELAND,  O. 


S.  O.  Uemlngton,  II.  Rogers,  William  K.  Adams, 
Cleveland  ;  Jumes  Brackett,  New  York. 

RANSOM,  C0I3B  tfe"ca; 

MANUFACTURERS    OF 

PLANED  LUMBER,  WINDOW  SASH, 

Blinds,  Doors,  Fence  Pickets,  Lath,  and  Packing 

Boxes. 

Centre  Block,  corner  Columbus  and  Centre  Streets. 

Cleveland,  Ohlu. 


THOMAS  J.  McGARRT, 

(Successor  to  H.  C.  MORRIS,) 
Miinufacturer  of  all  kinds  of 

STEAM    BOILERS. 

SHEET  IRON  WORK,  &c. 

CLEVELAND,   OHIO. 
I^*  Repairing  also  promptly  attended  to. 


C.  S.  MACKENZIE, 

Wholesale  and  RetAJl  Dealer  In 

DRUGS,    MEDICINES, 

FRENCH,  ENGLISH,  AND  AMERICAN  CHEMICALS, 

Ferfamery,  Toilet  Articles,  etc. 
34  SUPEBIOB  STREET,  CLEVELAin),  OHIO. 

CLEVELANrWHifE  LEAD  WORKS. 

HEWITT'S  BLOCK, 
a.    GARY   &   CO., 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


OKO.  WIIITRLAW. 


GEO.  F.  MARSHALL. 


WIIITELAW  &  MARSHALL, 
SADDLES,  BRIDLES,    HARNESS,  TRUMS, 

AND  SADDLERY  HARDWARE, 

20  Superior  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


f 


YOUNG  AMERICA 


CLOTHING  HOUSE, 

J.  SONNEBORN  &  CO., 

Wliuloiale  Ucatcrtt  in 

eady-Made  Clothing, 

ETC.,    ETC, 
156  Superior  Street,    Cleveland,  O. 

\¥.   N.    KOIII^OIV, 

Manufacturer  and  Wholenale  and  lletatl  Veahr  In 

READY-MADE  CLOTHING 
And  Gents'  Furnishing  Goods. 

88  SUPinilOK  sriiKi<:T, 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

ISAACS^ 


GEO.  A.  DAVIS  &  CO., 

MANUFACTURERS  &  JOBBERS  OF  CLOTHING, 
345  Water  St,  ft  22  ft  24  Superior  St., 

CI.HVEI.ANK,  OHIO. 

Eit«hll.linl  In  IN4T.    Till,  la  m»  ft  iIih  Inrin-.t  >fanuAi<'liirlri|r  and 
Joltliinif  ('l.itlilnif  ll()iiM>.  In  Ilit*  t:n>iit  U'f.t,  It.  hit.InHU  U'llig  Ur,{itly 
ttxtt'iKli-tl  tlirmi^fliout  lliu  Wi-Nli-rri  Sliitt.  niitl  Culiihln. 
uio.  A,  iiAvii.  u,  p.  .rMKorri).  r.  rxixriTTii. 


A.  P.  WmSLOW,  Proprietor. 

CLEVELAND,   O. 


ANGIER   HOUSE, 
SILAS     MERCHANT, 

PROPRIETOR, 

CLEVELAND,    O. 


JaoHufaeturer  and  IteaUr  in 

Rcady-inade   Clofliingr, 

AND  FURNISHING  GOODS, 

Importer  a^d  Jobber  of  Cloths,  Cnssimercs, 

Vestings  ft  Tailors'  Trimmings, 

UNION    HALL, 

Cor.  of  Superior  and  Union  Streets, 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 


JOHNSON    HOUSE, 
JOHN  R.    SURBRUG, 

PIIOPIITKI'OU, 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO> 
Terms,  #1.50  per  tiay. 

COMMERCIAL    HOUSE, 

2i,  26,  k  2$  SE\ECA  ST..  SOUTH, 

CLEVELAND,  O. 

LEWIS  FRENCH,  Proprietor. 

linnril,  Oiir  Dollnr  |ht  liny. 

The  lent  Stahleit  and  Yard  in  the  Citij, 

FAIRBANKSr  BENEDICT  k^, 

to    BAIVK    STREET, 

(Ojiponite  Weddetl  HouM,) 

Printers,  Bookbinders, 

AND    STATIONERS, 

AM>   Pfloi'lMF-TonH   OK  TEIE 

CLEVELAND   DAILY   HERALD. 

Arpjirnpared.  wllh  every  hrllily,  tn  ,|n  nil  khul/i  nf  Frinlinii  and 
Ulnclinj;  iiwd  by  CominiTolnl  Men,  ItiillromI  nnj  lusunuioo  C'tiu- 
pHnles,  Jlniikji,  efr. 

W'n  are  runnlri):  wren  nriHUM  by  Rt«ain,  and  have  a  Inrge  oaaort- 
nn*nt  of  Stot'l.  ntnl  Mntcriiil.. 

Till)  lltrald  la  i>n<i  ()f  the  olilejl  papera  In  Oliln,  anil  has  the  Inrg. 
est  cirnihitlon  of  uny  paper  In  tliU  KctiuD,  uukhit(  U  a  deMrabld 
meilitini  for  advertlwrn. 
Cln-elaiul,  Ohio,  Jul),  18J8. 


i  &  CO., 

S  OF  CLOTHING, 
I  Superior  St., 


riTfBt  AfAniifii''hirliitr  nml 


the  CHtt/. 


T  &  CO., 

ET, 

inders, 

SERALD. 

U  of  Frintinc  iin<i 
111   Iiiauumre  Com- 

liove  a  ]nr(f(!  fti«ort- 

\  Bnd  has  the  Ian 
ling  it  a  de^irabl 


U^ 


IMPROVEMENT   IN   DENTISTRY. 

M.    L.    WRIGHT    &    CO., 

ARR    MANUKAITURINU 

Partial  Sets,  Half  Sets,  and  Whole  Sets  of 


Superiority  of  their  Method  of  Producing  Artificial  Teeth  over  any  other  known  Method. 

Int.  MnipllcUv.— Oriii  imrc  chi'iiiinilly  iinitoil  iii  nil  it*  piirtu,  niul  of  llic  wiini'  riuiility  of  mntoniil. 

2d.  Hollilllv.  -  Thiit  ciiiiiikU  iinturo  Ui  udnpt  hursolf  to  the  nunlol  <if  hcT  own  iiiiprnaslun.  Thin  adaptation  once 
attniiifil— ciiiurort  iiiiil  ulilily  ivrr  iilUr 

3<i.  I'urilV'.— Tin'  ''iitirt'  Hliiti'  Mini  Troth  nrn  iniporvioim  to  the  action  of  any  known  nriil ;  niid  hoiiro,  in  dinriwe 
or  hcallh,  prout  iit{uiiiiit  Iho  ctirroitivu  and  oHuiinivu  HocretioiiH  of  tho  iiiuutli.  comnion  to  Gold  Plate  work,  and  other 
known  iiicthmlK, 

<llh'  l^lur.— Hnsht.  livelr,  »nd  a  rihhI  imitation  of  nnturo. 

N.  11— Aiiv  iiii'th(Hl  of  prcHlocniii  Situ  of  Artilii-inl  Tooth,  chomicalljr  nnitod  in  one  ploco,  that  will  not  pais  tho 
onliinl  of  this  diKimt,  is  u  roimtorlrit  of  trun  Hori'oliiiii. 

Palronage.— Siiiro  A|iril,  1I),M,  wo  hiivo  nistrtiil  Sovon  Hundred  Cimos.  Of  this  numhcr.  One  Hiindrod  and 
Sixtv-one  porNoi)!!  wtio  tiuvu  iiM-d  uold  pliitn  koIh,  have  laid  Iheni  aHide,  and  ffivcn  preference  to  the  porcelain. 

Termi.— Aroordimt  to  tho  nature  of  llio  rase,  and  mvon  after  examination. 

I'synienl.— Upon  receipt  of  tho  order,  or  on  delivery.  Hersona  having  Uold  Plato  can  apply  their  plate  in  part 
paynifMit. 

(Juaranlv.— Satisfartion ;  provided  tho  trnuR  of  payment  and  apeclal  inatrucllons  have  been  complied  with,— 
Persons  wuntiiiK  inl^nnatioii,  reference  will  lie  Kiven  to  those  in  constant  use  of  our  work. 

TESTIHONIAIS  KSD  BEFEBEHCE8. 

I  have  ohsorved  with  much  Intop'Nt,  fi>r  the  last  two  years,  tho  alwvo  method  of  producing  Artificial  Tooth,  and 
believe  tho  atatements  of  tins  Circular  correct.  T.  (JAKI.ICK. 

I  have  inveatinated  with  care,  in  the  Inst  three  yoors,  tho  ohove  moth<xl  of  making  and  applyimt  Artiticml  Tooth 
in  tho  LalMiratory  of  IJr.  Wricht,  and  also  in  use.  and  can  say,  with  confideucc,  that  his  plan  is  ttie  best  one.  and  en- 
tirely successful  when  made  unilor  his  o|jsor%aliou.  The  superiority  of  this  kind  of  dental  work  over  (?old  or  any 
kind  of  metallic  plate,  cannot  he  <ine»tii>ned,  and  tho  statement  in  Dr  Wright's  Circular  of  tho  number  of  cn.ses  where 
his  work  has  taken  the  place  of  cold  pinle,  is  true.  Much  of  this  Roid  ploto  has  been  furnished  by  tho  best  dcntisti 
in  the  country,    I  oin  not  conversant  with  tho  success  of  Porcelain  work  in  the  hands  of  others  thnn  Dr.  WriKht. 

H,  A.  ACKI4EY,  late  Profossor  of  Surgery,  Cleveland  Medical  College. 

Prof.  H.  Cowi,KS,  Obcrlin, 
Prof.  S.  B.  Hunt.  Kd,  Buir. 

Medical  Journal, 
Tlios.  Brown,  Ed.  of  Ohio 
Farmer, 


Dan.  p.  Rhodes, 
F.i-Mayor  Ca»ti-I!, 
K,  T.  Stubtevant, 
Kev.  Mr.  Mctill.I.,  Cleveland, 
ALEX.  Clark,  "Kd.  Visitor," 
Cleveland 


M.  ,Iackson, 
H.  L.  Whitman, 

,1.   K.  ClBTlSS, 

Prof.  Dascomb.  Oborlin, 
Prof  J.  P.  Kirtland, 


Prof.  (iATCHELL, 


Wm.  W.  Kiciiards. 


THE    SEMI-WEEKLY    REVIEW, 

AND 

Independent  Journal, 

rVBUSIIED  EVERY  Tl'ESDAY  A  FRIDAY, 

At  15  Water  St.,  Cleveland,  0. 

Contiiining — 

THE   NEWS,   THE   L.\TKST    TKI.KOUAPHIO    BEl'ORTS, 

TIIE   MARKET   QUOTATIONS,    AM)   OTHER 

INTKIIESTI.NO    .MAITER,    AT 

OJ>'K    nor.l^JlR    PKR     VKJR! 

And  in  Oluhs   of  25  at  80  Gents  per  Tear, 
Tlie  Cheapest  Paper  puhlUhed  in  the  West. 

Address  E,  A.  MUNSON  ft  CO., 

CLEVELAND,    O. 


OXiB"VBIiA.Krr> 

PLAIN    DEALER, 

Published 

Daily,  Tri-Weekly  &  Weekly. 

THE      MOST     WIDELY-tilRCULATBD     AND     POPULAR 
NEWSPAPER   IN   TOB    WEST, 

PUBLISHED  AT  CLEVELAND,  O. 

J.  1¥.  OKAY,  Editor  &,  Prop'r. 

Terms -.—Daily,   |C.OO;    Tri-Weekly,  $3.00  J 
Weekly,  $2.00  per  annum. 


STIMPSON'S 

SPHEREOTYPES. 

No.  253  SUPERIOR  STREET, 

CLEVKL.VXI), 

Is  the  only  place  In  the  city  whore  you  can 
obtain  these  beautiful  Pictures. 

i  From  thr  PhotOQrnphtr  nnd  Fine  Art  Journal. 

!  "Tbe  Pphereotype,  nil  exquisite  style  of  coUodium 

!  picture   on  (,'liiss,   Is  (laliiini;   ground  very   rapidly. 

I  Tliere  Is  an  lurliil  softness  anil  delicacy  about  these 

1  pictures  that  Is  exceedingly  plenshiK  and  beautiful, 

]  and  must  claim  a  liberal  share  of  public  favoi-r." 

I  Ambrotypes,  Fapertypes,  and  all  other  Son 

j  Pictures  tsiken  on  reasonable  terms. 

C.   W.    STIMPSON. 


^^  The  most  extensive  Steam  Job  Printing 
Office  in  the  Northwest  is  attached  to  the  Plain 
Dealer  establishment. 

w.  c.  north7 


PHOTOGRAPHER, 


SUPERIOR    ST., 


CLEVELAND,    OHIO. 


BUFFALO. 


87 


CITY  (JF  lUIFFALO. 

TiiH  \»  one  (if  the  iiKwt  important  oitlfs  wost  of  Now  York.  It  U  sitimtfil  In  F-iu  County, 
Stiito  of  New  Yt«rk,  lit  tlic  I'lmtern  extrenilly  of  Ijikfl  Kiic,  about  »  niiU-n  from  llio  com- 
in.  neuntent  of  tlif  MiiK'nrii  UiviT.     Liilitu.K),  42'  6)1'  N.,  LMiiKltudo,  IH'  fi/i'  W. 

Tlie  site  of  tlio  city  griuhmlly  rinos  from  the  wiitrr's  fil^c,  for  iiliout  2  nillon,  till  It  beeoinM 
iitiout  60  feet  nl)ove  the  level  of  the  luke,  tlum  oHoriHiit},  in  the  higher  portion  of  the  town, 
exteiixlve  niiil  licaiitifiil  views  ull  nrouiul. 

The  lower  portion  of  the  town  Is  oeeupleJ  with  nierehunts'  stores,  innnufMctories,  etc., 
and  U  InterKeeled  In  dilFerent  jiarts  by  canalu.  ro«»e»8ed  of  a  liarbour,  formed  by  HutTalo 
C;reek,  an  it  U  ealled,  vesnelu  drawing?  from  12  to  16  feet  of  water  can  lay  at  aiiehor  and 
di«ehiiri;(^  ami  load  oar^'oe!*,  whieh  Id  done  with  aittonlshiiig  rajiidity  by  the  steam  elevator* 
ill  operation  alolig»ide  of  the  creek. 

The  thief  business  street  is  Main  street,  runnlim  In  a  9traij,'lit  line  for  almut  2  miles,  and 
coiiipo!<ed  for  the  most  jiart  of  Hpaeious  and  lofty  business  stores,  of  every  description. 
Lookiiif?  from  the  foot  of  the  street,  upward,  Main  street  presents  one  of  the  finest  com- 
iiiereial  streets  we  have  ever  se.'iu  It  is  120  feet  wide,  and  there  beiiij;  a  gra<lual  osceut 
nil  tlie  way  up,  it  U  seen  to  ^reat  advunta^e.  Home  of  the  stores  in  .Main  street,  such  as 
l)e  Wilt  C.  Weed  it  Co.'s  liardware  store,  Woodward's  fancy  silk  waruhouse,  ond  Harnum's 
variety  store,  are  ecjiial  In  point  of  elejfanee  and  size  to  many  of  those  In  the  .Strand  or  Re- 
gent street,  Lonilon,  Hold  street,  Liverj)ool,  (Eiig).,  or  Buchanan  street,  Glasgow,  (Scot). 

The  streets  where  the  ])rlvate  dwelllni^s  of  the  upper  classes  are  situated,  are  of  a  palatial 
ehuraeter,  more  particularly  those  of  Delaware  ami  Niagara  s'.reets.  Such  streets  as  these 
run  from  1  t<i  2  miles,  in  a  straight  line,  120  feet  wide,  with  pavement  1.^  to  2u  feet  wide, 
with  trees  alongside,  forining  an  extensive  and  beautiful  view  from  either  end,  whilst  a 
walk  along  sueli  as  l)clawnre  street  arrests  the  attention  of  the  stranger  in  the  inagniticence 
of  the  dwellings  ami  grounds  attached,  whieh  are  almost  all  owned  by  their  occupants. 
There  are  ;t  public  squares — Niagara,  Franklin,  and  Washington.  At  Niagara  Sciuare,  no 
less  than  eight  streets  all  meet,  forming  n  magiiltieent  "  Eight  Dials,"  each  street  running 
otf,  from  this  centre,  having  Its  trees  on  each  side,  and  forming  a  fine  vista  in  every 
direction. 

The  commerce  of  IJutl'alo  is  immense,  although  not  so  great  as  it  was  before  the  passenger 
eteaniboat  tratlie,  on  the  lake,  ceased.  At  present.  It  Is  the  greatest  grain  and  flovr  entre- 
pot on  the  lake,  through  which  the  productions  of  the  great  west  pass.  Here  the  grain 
from  Detroit,  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  etc.,  orrives  in  vessels  carrying  from  15,000  to  18,000 
bushels  each,  and  Is  ti'ansli\])ped,  by  means  of  the  elevators.  Into  canal  boats  and  railroad 
cars,  and  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  States,  but  eliiefly  to  New  York.  Conse.iueiitly,  as  a 
grain  market,  liulValo  stands  as  amongst  the  most  ]iromlnent  In  the  States. 

The  natural  position  which  Builalo  occupies  must,  of  necessity,  render  it  an  important 
commercial  city.  About  25  miles  ofl",  j>or  rail,  is  Canada.  A  large  Cniiadiun  trade  is  done, 
whilst  the  railways  from  Hufl'alo,  in  all  directions,  render  it  a  convenient  centre  for  business 
to  any  particular  section  of  the  country. 

The  mai'ut'actures  of  Bull'alo  are  iiup.jrtant;  and  some  large  concerns  in  the  manufactur- 
ing of  stoves,  agricultural  implements,  machinery  of  every  description,  besides  foundries, 
tanneries,  etc.,  etc. 

Several  daily  and  weekly  newspapers  are  published,  amongst  which  are  The  Dailji  Ex- 
fireax,  Jhiili/  Courier,  Daily  liijuiblic  and  7'iiiics,  and  Advertiser,  all  having  job-printing 
olliees  attached,  and  turning  out  some  of  the  best  speclmeiu  of  tyi>i>grapliy  we  have  seen 
in  the  States.  A  large  amount  of  j>rliitlng  for  the  railway  companies  is  done  in  the  course 
of  the  year — whilst  the  specimens  of  wood  engraving,  executed  by  such  as  Mr.  Wightnian, 
are  equal  to  any  thing  we  have  seen  anywhere. 

The  station  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  at  TafTalo,  contrasts  very  favourably  with 
those  of  New  York  and  other  large  cities — more  resembling  the  spacious  station  at  New 


I 


II''     lll'l  I   <l|l..      K.Ci' 


i'!':l!'l!'l'l'iil: 


•  li,!''''.' 


|i.ii :  -1  ,;:r:::ii!;:i, 

Fii,  ii'iijiliiir  '■"' 


'i  .'liF'l' 


i!|»!'lii|il  ;i|i!iii:ii 


'"''i '!"  I'M'' 


|!|f  l!'!'iiPI!iii!|  lii, 

iiii 


!|liiil!li 


'PlHi 


iili.r.'.'LvVlrni.' 


r''-  '■;:.'i;'i''|!t'':l'' 


t:  ■'■  • 


■;l,■'||^:'|■ 


lij','  ^■f,.^^■;  I 

.■II:',  ri 


!::i--::v:i:Eii 


il!|l!!;i'i'ii'!i:''i'i:M;|;:|j 
|iS!|||i! 


[ 


Illf.i 


90 


CITY  OF  BUFFALO. 


■'■* 


,1 


street,  Birmingham,  (Eng.,)  than  any  we  have  seen  elsewhere.     Waiting  rooms,  and  every 
convenience,  with  spacious  suites  of  offices,  are  attaclied. 

The  station  for  the  Falls,  Canada,  etc.,  is  situated  in  the  lower  part  of  the  town,  whilst 
tliot  for  Xew  York,  and  the  Lake  Shore  Road,  to  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  etc.,  is  situated 
in  Exchange  street,  off  Main  street. 

As  regards  health,  Buffalo  stands  pre-eminent,  on  account  of  the  general  good  sewerage 
tliroughout  the  town,  the  breezes  enjoyed  from  off  the  lake,  in  the  heat  of  summer,  gene- 
ral cleanliness  of  the  streets,  and  the  excellent  water  supplied  to  the  town. 

Tiie  public  free  schools  of  Buffalo  have  long  been  distinguished  for  their  excellence  and 
efficiency,  and  from  a  visit  we  paid  to  one  of  them,  (No.  8,  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
Slade,)  we  can  bear  testimony  to  the  very  excellent  arrangements,  and  system,  and  the 
decorum  which  prevailed  througliout — specimens  of  writing,  etc.,  of  girls  and  boys  7  years 
of  age,  we  saw,  and  difficult  questions  in  mental  arithmetic  we  iieard  answered,  in  such  a 
manner,  as  sliowed  the  superiority  of  tlie  system  pursued,  and  the  adeptness  of  the  scholars, 
very  pleasing  to  a  stranger,  more  particularly  wlien  so  excellent  an  education  is  (ipon  to 
all,  free  of  charge.  For  tlie  support  of  public  schools,  of  wiiich  tiiere  are  oli,  IJutfalo  spends 
$108,000  per  annum;  of  that,  i|'iG,000  is  drawn  from  tlie  State;  the  n-rnaindor,  from  taxes 
imposed  fur  that  purpose.  Tiiere  are  several  other  educational  establishments,  of  a  higher 
order,  besides  literary  and  benevolent  institutions,  and  excellent  public  libraries. 

The  transportation  trade  of  Buffalo  has  lately  suffered,  in  its  passenger  traffic  to  the 
west,  the  magnificent  line  of  steamers,  which  was  wont  to  run  to  the  ports  on  the  western 
lakes,  being  now  withdrawn.  A  few  emigrants  still  go  with  the  f'reiglit  projiellcrs,  but  the 
majority  of  emigrants  and  others,  bound  west,  from  the  seaboard,  go  via  the  Suspension 
Bridge,  or  via  Dunkirk  and  Cleveland. 

The  establishment  of  railways,  therefore,  has  interfered  materially  with  the  passenger 
traffic  through  Buffalo,  as  formerly  it  was  the  route  through  whicii  most  passed  westward. 
The  conveyance  of  grain  and  provisions,  which  forms  so  large  an  item  in  the  trade  of  Ittif- 
falo,  from  the  west  to  the  east,  and  south-east  cities  and  towns,  was  also  in  daiiijer,  from 
the  railways  being  likely  to  monopolize  the  trade,  by  carrying  it  friim  Chicago  anif  Detroit, 
via  Toledo,  Cleveland,  and  the  Lake  Shore  Itailroad,  direct  to  Xew  York  and  the  east. 

The  ingenuity  and  enterprise  of  the  "  Buffalo  boys,"  however,  was  at  once  set  to  work  t(^ 
secuiv  and  maintain  their  city  as  the  chief  entrepot  for  grain,  in  its  passage  from  west  to 
east,  by  establishing  a  line  of  screw  propellers  on  the  stupendous  canal^' wliieli  extends 
from  Buffalo  to  Albany,  getting  that  canal  deepened,  and  carrying  ijraiii  and  provisions  at 
such  low  rates,  as  to  beat  the  railroads  out  of  the  field.  At  the  time  we  write,  the  fiist 
experiment  has  been  tried  on  the  canal  with  great  success.  In  a  future  edition,' we  shall 
chronicle  the  further  development  of  this  gi-eat  undertiikiii". 

During  the- year  1858.  from  the  opening  of  the  trade  to  the  1,5th  of  .Tune,  we  find  the 
imports  of  some  of  the  leading  articles  to  be  as  follows,  whicli  will  give  some  idea  of  the 
large  trade  done  at  this  port : — 


Flour,  bbls. 
Pork,     " 
liect;      " 
Ashes,  casks. 
Whisky,  " 
Bacon,  lbs. 
Lnrd,      " 
Wheat,     bushels. 
Indian  Corn  " 


Lake  opened,  .May  13. 


IIS.MS 

12,149 

l(5,r)14 

718 

8,tHt2 

3,408,46,5 

21  .",,200 

1,010,(1,50 

781,772 


:s,5S. 

April  ■), 

42.5,n:;i» 

L5,Tiio 

14,',ioi) 

1,.524 

20,401 

3,noo,;;(io 

2,4fi2,loo 

2,.ho1,-j74 

8riO,0,52 


1-^.57. 

Lake  opened,  Jlay  1:3 

Oats,  bushels 

liailev.     " 

Rye, 


Luniber,  feet. 
Staves,       " 
Wdol,  bales. 
Hogs,  number. 
Slieep, 
Cattle,      " 


21S3S1 

2"i2 

7,'-o,5 

ll,ln4,.-,:a 

4,4',iO,4;i() 

4s4 

14,4.53 

4,.'!i;2 

3,2,5tf 


1«.5S. 

April  .5. 

834,502 

H7,420 

2l,3>) 

0,4o>_',sl4 

3,ti(.N,4ii:i 

015 

43,250 

7,117 

8,4!i7 


Reducing  flour  to  its  equivalent  in  wheat,  and  classing  all  kinds  of  grain  in  one  we  find 
?  ,^  f  I'-'^r''?*^,  '"  .Tune  15,  of  6,692,778  bushels  this  season,  against  1,619,000  last— beinsr 
4,117.1,7  <  8  bushels  more  than  the  previous  season.  o  ,       .  ;, 

In  the  other  articles,  a  corresponding  increase  will  be  observed 

From  the  ports  on  Lake  JIiehigan,'^the  receipts  were,  up  to  above  date:  flour  166  4R6 

S,'37!64rbu;he1s.''''  '  ^"'^'""  '"'"'  •"'''''"  ^"'''^'^'  ""^^'  ^^S-^l  bushels;  iiar 

..™T'"i^'i°°  ^'"^'^  Erie-flour,  259,193  bbls.;  wheat,  664..S16  bushels;  Indian  corn 
428,302  bushes;  oats  386,331  bushels;  barley,  l...,776  bushels;  rye,  21,385  bushe 
1-rom  Canada— lumber,  3,816,178  feet;  staves,  59  (lOO  ,-^,-oo  ui.snti.. 

clel'enumerater  ''"""  ^'"""'  '^""■'"'"  ^'"^''  '"  '"'''  "'  "'"•'''*  *'"^  ''^"'^''  "^  t''«  °*''«r  '^^1- 
I'opulation  of  Buffalo  was,  by  last  census,  74,214. 


I 


^ 


!,  and  every 

own,  whilst 
,  is  situated 

3d  sewerage 
nmer,  geue- 

cllence  and 
nout  of  ilr. 
•ra,  and  tlie 
)oy3  7  years 
(1,  in  siieii  a 
lie  scholars, 
n  is  o))on  to 
ffilld  s^pL'uds 

,  fmni  taxes 
of  a  higher 

'S. 

■affic  to  the 

the  western 

lers,  liut  the 

Suspension 

0  passenger 

1  westward. 
Hide  of  liuf- 
langer,  from 
and  Detroit, 
he  east. 

t  to  wurk  to 
;'(ini  Wi'st  to 
lieh  extendi 
irovisiiiiis  at 
lie,  the  tirst 
un,  we  shall 

«e  find  the 
idea  of  the 


l>*:.s. 
.Vpril  .-.. 
s;M,:.ii2 

9,4o-j,vi4 
3,'J0S,l'i',i 

4.1,u'.'iO 
7,117 
K,l!l7 

ne,  we  find 
,ast — being 


ur,  lfir.,4»fl 
hels;  liar- 

idian  corn, 
els. 

other  arti- 


BUFFALO    BUSINESS    DIRECTORY. 


Agricultural  Warehouse— 

Geo.  F.  Needuam,  iiUt*  Main  si.    See  adv't. 

Bankers— 

Manx-iiester  &  Ricn,  corner  of  Main  and 
Henecii  streets.     See  udvertisement. 

Booksellers  and  Publishers— 

I'liiNNEY  &  Co.,  Main  street. 

llrewer  and  Distiller— 

High  Hoyle,  (Star  Brewery,)  St.  Paul  st. 

Chemist— 

KicHAKn  .Tenner,  4.'38  Main  street. 

City  Steam  Turning  Works— 

Joseph  Si'oh,  Meclianic  street.     See  odver. 

Civil  and  .Submarine  Engineers— 

I'aiikinson  it  .Smith,  7  lirown's  liuildings. 
See  advertisement. 

Counsellor  at  Law— 

W.  H.  Mkbch,  corner  of  Pearl  &  Tuppersts. 

Engraver  on  Wood —  | 

(i.  I).  Wic.HTMAN,  l.'>t)  Main  street.  See  ad't. 
We  have  niuoti  jilensure  In  recomnicnilinR  Mr. 
Wiglitman  to  Uie  notice  of  all  who  require  wood  en- 
graving <lone.  The  work  which  he  has  done  for  ud — 
as  seen  in  llie  views  of  the  City  of  Toronto— are  sudi- 
rlerit  proof,  were  any  uantin);,  of  his  ability  In  lii^ 
profession ;  besides,  we  luive  found  him  jiroiiij/t. 

Gas  Fitters  and  Plumbers— 

IIakt,  Uai.i.  a  Hakt,  'J.'i7  Main  st.    See  ad't. 
IIaiiiiikeh  &.  Toy,  corner  Kanle  and  Main 

streets.     .See  ailvertiseineiit. 
Doi.AX   it   .Ski.i'ekt,  corner    of    Pearl   and 

.Seneca  streets.    See  advertisement. 

Glasgow  House  — 

ItoxAi.n  .McDoiT.AL,  17  East  Seneca  street. 

Hams,  Shoulders,  Bacon,  &c<— 

Joii  Ai.iiKuoKii,  cor.  Terrace  and  Franklin 
streets.     See  advertisement. 

Hair-cutting  Saloon— 

i;i(iKXE  \V.  Smith,  l  East  Seneca  st.  See  ad't 

Hard^nrare — 

1)K  Witt  C.  Weko  A  Co.,  222  Main  street. 
See  advertisement. 

Hotels— 

Iteiiiiet  Temperance  Hotel,  8.5  Main  street. 

.See  iiilvertisemeiit. 
Clarendon  Hotel,  .Main  street.     See  adver. 
Mcliitvre  House,  corner  of  Exchange  and 

Heak  streets.     See  advertisement. 
New   Eni;lan(l   Hotel,  corner  of  Canal  and 

Michigan  streets.     Roiieht  Silly. 
Luvejoy  House,  cor.  of  I'earl  and  Terrace 

street.s.     See  advertisement. 
Western  Hotel,  corner  of  Pearl  and  Terrace 

streets.     See  advertisement. 

Insurance  Agents — 

I'n  KKKixii  it  Otto.     See  advertisement. 
•loiiN  A.  (Jaudxek,  Merchant's  Exchange. 
Harvky  Hitchiss,  4  West  Genesee  street. 
Davis  W.  Axnais,    1     Harvey's  Uuilding, 
corner  of  .Swan  and  Main  streets. 

Iron  Railing  Works— 

(iKoiKiK  .loNEs,  cor.  of  Tcrrucc  iSc  Ilenry  sts. 

Marble,  Slate,  &c. — 

Gko.  0.  Vail  it  Co.,  Wholesale  Dealers  in 
American  and  Italian  Marble  and  Hoofing 
Slate,  Washington  Dock,  foot  of  Chicago, 
street.  i 


Mechanics*  Tools,  &c.— 

L.  &  I.  J.  White,  82  Ohio  sti-ect.  See  ad- 
vertisement. 

Melodeous — 

G.  A.  1'rince  &  Co.,  ManufaetnrciS  of  Iha 
Improved  Patent  Melodeons,  Uutl'ulo,  New 
York,  and  Chicago. 

Native  Wine  Manufacturers— 

GiHiioxs    &    Hai;e»,   07    Exchange  street. 

See  advertisement. 
TiiKNKH  Hrotheiis,  at  New  York,  BufTalo, 

and  .San  Francisco. 

Ne'V7spapers — 

Biijt'tiU)  Courier,  192  Washington  street, 
James  H.  .Sandford,  Proprietor.  See  ad- 
vertisement. 

Biiffaki  RepuMic  and  Timen,  182  Washing- 
ton street,  C.  C.  Uhistol,  Editor  and 
Manager.     .See  advertisement. 

Ihif'ahi  Monting  Exprets,  Main  street,  A.  M. 
t  LAPP  <fe  Co.,  Proprietors.    See  adver. 

Land  Agent  &  Intelligence  0£Bce— 

John  A  hams,  2.')  East  .Seneca  street. 

Lard,  Oil,  and  Candle  Factory — 

II.  V.  MoKEY,  Caroline  strn  i. 

Oil  Manufacturer — 

F.  .S.  Pe.\se,  01  JIain  street. 

Oysters,  Fruits,  &c.— 

W.  UowE,  llt7  Alaiu  street.  See  advertise- 
ment. 

Physician — 

Dr.  E.  H.  Mclntyre,  corner  of  Beak  and  Ex- 
change streets.  Cancers  successfully 
treated.    Cures  warranted. 

Produce  Commission  Merchants— 

Coan  it  Co.,  (C.  Cobb  &  A.  Cobb,)  20  and 

21  Prime  street. 
Whiting  k  Annin,  (D.  W.  Whiting  A  J.  V. 

W.  Annin,)  'J  Central  Wharf. 

Shipping  and  Insurance  Agents— 

Pkkerixo  it  Otto.    See  advertisement. 

Storage,  Produce,  and  Coals— 

Chas.  W.  Evans.    The  Evans' Ship  Canal. 
See  advertisement. 

Straw  Goods  and  Millinery— 

W.  H.  WooDWARn,  287  and  289 Main  street. 
See  advertisement. 

Tea  and  Coffee  Dealers— 

ItuAUEOHn  k  Chase,  '271  Main  street. 

Tin,  Copper,  and  Iron  Ware— 

F.  C.  Hill,  2()9  Main  street.    See  adver. 

Variety  Store,  Fancy  Goods— 

S.  O.  Uakxlm,  211  Main  street.  See  adver- 
tisement. 


Wholesale  Grocers— 

JoH^•  it  Thomas  Si'lly,  42  Main  street. 

Wliolesale  and  Retail  Grocer — 

Alexander  Sloan,  82  Main  street. 

Wines  and  Liquors— 

.MiHRAY  &  HitoTHKR,  7  Tcrrace  street.    See 
lulvertLsenient. 

Woolen  and  Clothing  Store— 

Altman  k  Co.,  40  Pearl  street. 


BARNUM'S  GREAT  VARIETY  STORE, 

211  Main  St.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 

ImixirtiT  micl  Doalor  in  ForciRu   niul  Doniostio  Fancy 

OiHiils,  Fisliini;  Tncklo,  Toys,    Berlin    Worsted,    Silks, 

Thn'Hcls,  Ndodlos,  Mcorsliauni  Pipes,  Military  and  Koi?a- 

!ia  TriMiiiiiniis,  Dress  TrimminRs,  Hiitloiis,  Corsets,  skirts, 

l,eatlii;r    Drossirm'   Cases,  4^c^     llaskels.  Fans,  Indian 

j   (J  lods,  Ciiiios,  Willow  and  Wooden  Ware,  Cnllery,  For- 

•   funurv,   Hiibbor  and  Outta  Fcrclia  Goods,  and  Yankee 

I    Noiions,  Sic^ S.  O.  BARNIIM. 

WM.     H.    WOODWARD, 

nVioUnale  if  Hflall  Mfraltr  *»• 

Straw   Goods,  ArtiOcial    Flowers, 

j  BIBBONS,  SILKS,  SATINS, 

j  VELVETS   &    MILLINERY    GOODS, 

I  287  &   S89   MAIN    ST.,    BUFFALO. 
I  Corner   of  Kaffltm 

OLrHARDWARE  STORE, 

Established  in  1818. 

DE  WITT  C.  WEED  &  CO., 

j  aaa  lUnin  street,  corner  Swan, 

I  (At  the  Siyn  o/ihe  Mill  Saw,) 

I 

[        sxjffjA-lo,    isr.  "ST., 

I  DKAl.Ens  IN  EVEIIY  VAUIETY  OK 

'  AMERICAN,  GERMAN  &  ENGLISH 
HARDWARE. 

DK  WITT   C.    WKED,        GKO.    nK.M.S,        WM.    A.    ANDERSON. 

"buffalo  MECIIAMCS'  TOOL  WORKS^ 


TDCE 


TOOLSA 


V '^'2 CHIOS'^  : 

CORNER  INDIANA, 


Manufacture  Warranted 

COOPERS',     CARPENTERS', 

SHIF-BTJILIDEnS' 

AND 

JOINERS'     TOOLS; 

Planing,  Tobaced,  Shingle,  and 
Machine  Knives, 

With  a  pnictkal  experience   of  over  32  years. 

LKDNAItl)  WHITE.  I.  JEWETT  WHITE. 


GIBBONS  &,  HAGER, 

MANrFACTl'IlEnS   OP 

GINGER   WINE,  NATIVE   WINES, 

LEMON  SYRUP,  SARSAPAIULLA  SODA, 

M»o   a    atntral  ^atorlment   of  Syrupg, 

57  Exchange  St.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Orders  rcsi«H-t fully  solicited  and  pniinptly  attendiMl  to. 

T.   MURRAY.  II.    .Ml-RRAY. 

MURRAY    8l    BROTHER, 

Imiiorlerii  <C  Wholesale  Dealers  in 

\¥l^EH  AI¥D  I.I<trORf!i, 

ISrO.     7     TERHA-OE, 

(BctwoDn  Main  H  Fiarl  »ts ) 

Muffalo,  jy\   t*. 

Also,  Airents  for  Turner's  Oineer  Wine,  Syrups,  &c. 
r^  OrdiTs  promptly  attended  to. 

(FOHMEIII.Y  KOWE  AND  CO..) 

Wholesale  &  Retail  Dealer  in 

OYSTERS, 

FOREIC^IV     FRUIT, 

Sardines,   Sauces,   Pickles, 
HERMETICALLY   SEALED    GOODS, 

tec,  jcc, 

197  inain  St.,  BuflTalo,  IV.  Y. 
JOB    ALBERGER, 

Wholesale  cC-  Iletail  Dealer  in 

HAMS,  SHOILDERS,   BAfON, 

Drieil  ISimM',  T.anl,  I'ork,  Hief,  Tallow  and  (iroesi'i  also, 
all  kinds  of  Fresh  .Mrats. 

Cor.  Terrace  &  Franklin  Sts., 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 

iraLO'CITrSTEAM  TlRMMi  WORKS. 
JONEI'H    SI  OR, 

Turner  &  Manuf:icturer  of  all  kinds  of  Mahog> 
any,  Aosewood,  Walnut  and  Cherry 

NEWEL     POSTS, 

]TIE€IIA]VIC    STREET, 

{.\V((;'  the  corner  of  7'errae<\) 

BXJFF-A.aL,0,  3Sr."2'. 

Newel  Posts,  liaiiiiisters,  Teiiplii  Halls  and  Pins 
constantly  on  liaiiil,  or  made  to  order.  Als<i,  all  kinds 
of  licavy  Turiiliiv,  Windlasses,  ic,  for  limit  work. 
.Ml  work  done  in  tlic  neatest  manner  and  warranted. 


EUGENE  W.  SMITH, 

Shaving,  Hair  Gutting, 

AM) 

BATHING    ROOMS; 

.#/.*«,  tltnllrmtn^*  fumiKMnif  UoodH, 

4  EAST  SENEOA  ST.,  BTTFFALO. 


NEW  SEED   AND   AGRICULTURAL   HOUSE 
FIELB,   GARDEN  &  FLOWER  SEEDS 

Of  choice,  fresh  American  and  Imported  Varieties.     (Src   Cutdloffues.) 
A-GmiOTTIiTTTH-A-Ij      <te     HOHTIOXTriTXTR-A-Ij     TOOLS 

Of  the  latest  and  most  approved  styles.     (Catdloi/iicKfurjiiiihccl) 

Trees,  Plants,  Fertilizers,  "Wire-Work,  Agricultural  Boots,  Drain  Tiles,  &c., 
Every  thing  in  my  line  of  business,  in  any  quantity. 

25  Packets  of  choice  Flower  Seeds  for  ?!l.OO,  Inj  moil  post-paid. 
SCOVILL'S  ROTARY  SIB-SOIL  ATTACHMENT  TO  COMMON   PLOUGHS, 

By  the  n^e  of  which  one-third  is  added  to  the  crop.     The  great  invention  of  the  age. 

JC^*"  (I'lrdi'iii'r-i  itni!  Iteiih'rx  will  ita  wi'll  to  ftroiir  )ne  with  tlitir  urilers.     Liberal  adccncfments 
tnaac  on  conxii/inin'iiti  (if  (loiiu-itir  ntfil-t. 

GEO.  F.  NEEDIIAJVI,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  209  main  Street. 


ENGRAVING 


G.    D.    WIGHTMAN, 

156  Main  St.,  (Up-stairs,) 
BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 

o  Book  Illustrations,  Drawing:  and 
EuM:ravingr  Portraits,  liuudscapes, 
Views  of  Hotels,  Stores,  Steam- 
boats, Machinery,  Societies' 
Seals,   Business   Cards, 

ORNAMENTAL  BILL  HEADS,  CERTIFICATES, 

I..MKJE    OR    SM.M.I., 

Show  Bills,  in  Colours,  Engraved  to  order. 

^  STEREOTYPES   OR   ELECTROTYPES   FURNISHED,    IF   REQUIRED. 

Oriln;t  fhnn  a  Distance  mud  be  accompanied  by  Drawinijn  or  a  Daguerreotype  nfthe  object  required. 


CLARENDON, 

MAIN     STREET, 

BUFFALO,   N.  Y. 

E.  RICKCOHDS,  Proprietor, 


BEIViVET 

TE3IPERANCE  HOUSE, 

85    MAIN    STREET, 

BUFFAIO,  NEW  YORK. 

The  SuliJoriber,  havini,'  loused  tlie  njxtvo 
house  for  a  teriii  of  years,  ami  newly  fitted 
and  furnished  the  same,  is  prepared  to  ac- 
commodate all  who  may  favour  him  with  a 
call  on  the  most  reasonalde  terms. 

This  house  is  conveniently  located,  bcintf 
between  the  Eastern  and  Western  depots,  and 
convenient  to  the  Steamboat  landing.  Our 
beds  are  of  the  liesi,  quality.  Rooms  airy 
and  light.    Teuns,  ^\M0  \nr  day. 

N.  B.  THORP,  Proprietor. 

IMMNTYRE     HOUSE, 

Cor.  Exchange  &  Beak  Sts., 

Ten  rods  from  the  Great  Union  Kuilroud  Depot, 
BUFFALO,   N.  Y. 

J.  L.  BATKS,  I'noPR. 


F.    O.    HILL, 

MANl'FACrrKEIl  OK 

TIN,  COPPER  &  SHEET  IRONWARE. 

DEiI.EB    IN 

Stoves,  Hollow  and  Britannia  Ware, 

OISTERN-PUMPS,  <cc. 

AOKST  FOR 

IIot-Wa(«r,  Hot-Air,  k  Vontiljifinsf  Fiimafe;!, 

J'ortiilile  FiiriKicei,  ffedeiilmri/  lleit^frn,  Fiiniiire 
I/ej/hterK,  l'eiiti/<iti>rn,  fdoi-iiiy/iiiiiyi'n,  iC-c. 
Piirliciilar  iiitiMiliim  piiiil  to  Wiiriiiiiiu'  iiciil  Vi'iitiluiiuu' 
Priviilc  nnd  Hnlilii-  lliillilincs.     (i;ilniin/,i'il  (lilltrrs,  ('(ir- 
iiiriis,  iinil  all  kinds  cil'  .Inh  wurk  iiiiuli'  fn  i.rilcr. 

see    i^-A.i3sr    street, 

orrosrrK  the  ciiiik  iiks, 

BuiraBo,  Mew  York. 


WESTERN    HOTEL, 
Cor.  Pearl  Street  &  Terrace, 

BUFFALO,    N.   Y. 

I).  B.  HULL,  Pkop'r. 
Tertns,  $1.35  ptr  day. 

LCTVEvJ  O  Y    HO  USE, 

ISAAC  K.  PUTMAN,  Prop'r, 
Cor.  Pearl  &.  Terrace  Streets, 

Aear  the  I)epiit  ami  Steamhnat  LaiuHiiff, 

BUI- FAI.O,  N.  Y. 
Board,    One    Dollar    per    Dav. 


HART,  BALL  &  HART, 

MAM'FACTURERS  OP  PLI'MIIERS'  GOODS, 

Hot-Air  &  Hot-Water  Furnaces, 
257  Main  Street,  Buffalo,  N.  T. 

HARDIKER   &  TOY, 

PLUMBERS,  GAS  &  STEAM  FITTERS, 

Furnaces  Imllt  and  repaired,  Tin,  Copper,  and 
i>lieet  Iron  Work.     All  tmrk-  iidniiiitnl, 

COUNKR    i:.\GLK    AM)    MAIX    STKKKTS, 

Under  St.  James's  Hotel, 
BUFFALO,    N.    Y.      _ 

BANKING  IK )rSE 

OP 

MANCHESTER  8c  RICH, 

Cor.  Main  &  Seneca  Sts., 

BROWN'S  BUILDINGS,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 

Sti)ci-K,  /liiiiilx,  ("itij  iinil  Conilji  (>rilei;i,  Xoti'f, 
/.mill  \l'(i rrd II ti,  mill  nt/ier  ni'riirilirH  iifgiilititeil. 

/Irii/ti  fiir  Kiile  (in  tlie  jirincijiiil  ( 'itim  u/  the 
Unittil  .siiiten  iiiiil  Knnijie. 

('orreHiMindenlfl. 

I.nnilnn — The  (Jenenil  Itank  of  Hnitzerland. 
I'lirin — The  (ieneral  Hank  of  .''wllzerland. 
l>iihliii—y\es<>n.  David  I.a  Toui'lie  &  I  o. 
Belj'iiHt—}.\t.  Herbert  Dale. 


GAS  &  WATER. 

The  I'mlevsidiieil,  hnriim  iiiivchamil  the  Iiiterent 
of  T.  S.  HAMl'TOX,  ill  the  iihl  eKtuhtixheil 

GAS  FITT1.\G  AND  PLUMDI\G  BISIMSS, ': 

ON    TI(K   CnilNKK    OF  , 

Pearl  &  Seneca  Streets,  Buffalo,     | 

Bef?    leiivo  to  rull  tlif*  MttrntKMi    of   tlnir    frii'mls  and 
piilrons,  iiml  the  luihhr  t'cycnillv.  In  tlii'irs[ili'iulul  ussurt-  I 
liKMit  of  (Jiis  Kixttiri.s.  lit  IIm,'  htlcst,  uiul   iimsr  'ippnivrd 
styles  and  piitttTiis,  wliicli  tiny  will  m'II  ut   twenty  |kt 
cent,  lower  than  any  otlicr  cstahlislinicMt  m  tnwn. 

Wc  would  also  hue  It'uve  to  call  iitti  iitiim  to  oiir  snpo-  1 
rior  advantages  for  douiir    Hhiinhnm    wurk.    in    all    its  ' 
brariohes.     Heinir  pracljral    intThanics    (nirsclvcs,   and  ! 
eniphivinff  sonio  of  the  ln"<t  wnrivon-n  ni  town,  we  will 
warrant  all  work  done  hy   us  ONK  YKAU.     We  would 
most  respectfully  soliril  a  share  of  pnhlic  pitlronai;e. 

DOLAN  &  SELFERT, 

(Snccenmrn  to  T.  S.  Iliimpton.) 


BEN.  D.  PAUKINXiV. 


l.r.    W     S     hMITlI 


PARKINSON  &  SMITH, 
CIVIL  &  SUBMARINE  ENGINEERS, 

No.  7  Brown's  Buildings,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

W»'  hold  unrMdvcs  hi  readiness  at  all  limes  to  mvf  im- 
tneilnitd  atlcntioii  to  all  kinds  of  Hailroad  and  Cinial  I'li- 
irineerinir,  and  to  the  removal  of  sunken  vc-ssels  and  rocks 
hy  the  liitrst  anil  most  apprnved  inelhtHls. 


CHARLES  W.  EVANS, 
Storage,  Produce,  &  Coal  Merchant, 

Ovait,  Eleintor,  uiul  H'lirilioiixen  till  the 
fSfini'H  Shi/>  I'll  lull, 

BUFFAIX),   N.  Y. 

AttcntioTi  ttivcii  to  Ihi'  inircliiisi'  ami  ^liirnnriit  iif  craiii. 
and  to  kiiiipniK  diHi'ruiit  c|\i:iliUis  llicrnir  sriiaratr;  and 
to  the  drynii.'  of  wet  or  damp  CTani ;  also  to  screunniu'  and 
cleanniKKrain. 


iON  WARE, 
inia  Ware, 

EC. 

isf  Fiirnafos, 

ii^fru,  FiiriKife 
''iiiiffi-n,  ,(■■(•. 

iiri<l  Vi-ntiliilitii; 
cil  (JiiltiTs,  Ciir- 

(inicr, 

>rk. 
HART," 

3, 

m  GOODS. 

-naces, 
lo,  N.  Y. 

OY, 

1  FITTERS, 

Copper,  and 
(irriiiitfil, 

S    STKKKTS, 
itel, 
.    Y,   

USE 
(,  RICH, 

L  Sts., 

FALO,  N.  Y. 

'leu  tiegiithited. 
il  <  itiin  (</'  the 


'nilzeilaml.  I 

ilzfrliind. 

le  &  I  0. 


I.e.   W.   S.   SMITH. 

ITH, 

NGINEERS, 

falo,  N.  Y. 

liiiH's  ti)  uivt'  iin- 
i<t  unci  CiiiKil  I'li- 
vi-ss(ils  uiid  rncks 

Merchant, 

uaen  on  the 
Y. 

lupinrnt  of  cmin, 
"ul  srpnriitf  ;  :iimI 
I)  to  fccruunuiu  niul 


PICKERING    &,    OTTO, 

Shipping,  Insurance  &  General  Commission  Agents, 

IJrokors  for  tlie  Purchase  and  Sale  of  Honds  and  Mortgages,  Stocks,  Land  Warrants,  and  Real 
Estiitf,  in  tliis  and  in  all  the  Western  rftutea.  Houses  rented,  Money  securely  inrested,  Loans, 
and  Foreign  and  Domestic  Exeliangc  negotiated.     Gold  and  Silver  bought  and  sold. 

Keniittunces  made  to  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  the  Continent  of  Europe. 

Agents  for  the  "(jiasgow  and  New  York  Steamship  Com])any." 


Collections  made  throughout  the  United  States  and  the  Canadas. 
our  core  shall  receive  prompt  attention. 


All  business  entrusted  to 


EDOAB  F.  PICKERING  &  JOHN  OTTO,  Buffalo,  N.  T. 


REFERENCES; 


JASPER  CORNINO  b  SON,  Bankers,  New. York. 
KinVAHD    CORNINO  &  CO,.  Imixirtors,  Now  Yiirk. 
TIIO.S    OTIS  LKROV  &  CO.,  Merchants,  New  York. 
ANDREW  J.  RICH,  President  Bank  of  Attica,  BulTttlo. 


JOHN  S.  GANSON,  Pres.  New  York  &  Erie  Bk.  Buflnlo. 
JOHN  L.  KIMBEHLY,  Pres.  BulFalo  City  Bk.,  BulTalo. 
H.  HOWARD,  Esq.,  Scc'y  BulTalo  Savings  Bk.,  Bufl'alo. 
ROBINSON  &  CO.,  Bankers,  Buiralo. 


THE  BUFFALO  DAILY  REPUBLIC  &  TIMES 
PRINTING    ESTABLISHMENT 

Invite  the  attention  of  Railroad  Superintendents,  Steamboat  and  Vessel  Owners,  Express 
Companies,  Korworder.s,  Rankers,  Lawyers,  Mechanics,  Business  Men,  to  the  facilities  offered 
ill  the  lino  of  I'rinting,  Ruling,  Rinding,  and  every  thing  pertaining  to  the  Printing  and  Pub- 
lishing business.     It  has  one  of  the 

LARGEST   JOB    OFFICES 

In  the  State,  superintended  by  competent  mechanics,  and  is  enabled  to  execute  oil  manner  of 
PI.A1IV,    FAIVCY,    &    OKIVAHIENTAL.    PKIIVTINO, 

Railroad  Circulars,  Cards,  Posters,  Coupon  and  Locid  Tickets,  Trip  Sheets,  Embellished  and 
Embossed  Show  Rills,  I'rogramines,  Rills  of  Fare,  and  all  and  every  manner  of  Printing,  in  a 
style  e<)uol  to  any  establishment  in  the  State. 

The  Daily  "  Rkiuiblic  and  Times,"  is  published  at  the  same  office,  and  delivered  to  mail  sub- 
scribers, at  Six  Dollars  per  year,  {'Us.  sfg.)  payment  in  advance. 

C.  C.  BRISTOIi,  Editor  and  Manager, 

Republic  Buildings,  182  Washington  Street,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

A.  M.  CLAPP   &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS    &    PROPRIETORS 

Ofthefullowing  leading  XewKpapera  in.  Western  Kew  York  : 

BUFFALO  MORNING  EXPRESS; 

Daily,  at  JO. 00  per  annum.    Having  the  largest  circulation  of  any  Daily  West  of  New  York, 
it  offers  the  best  medium  for  advertising  of  any  Paper  in  the  city. 

BUFFALO    TRI-WEEKLY     EXPRESS; 

$3.00  per  annum.  Gives  all  the  Rending  matter  of  the  Daily,  and  has  a  large  country  circula- 
tion.  All  JS'eiv  AiU'ertintiiients  puUished  in  the  Ikiily  are  iiinerted  in  the  Tri-  Wceliy  without  charge. 

BXJFFA-LO     -WEEKLTT     EXI>I*ESS, 

$1.00  per  annum.  This  Paper  has  u  veiy  large  and  increasing  circulation  in  this  and  adjoin- 
ing counties,  and  in  the  Western  States. 

JAMES   H.   SANDFORD,  Proprietor, 
Office,  192  Washington  St.,  Bu£Falo,  N.  Y. 

The  Daihi  Courier.,  .     .     $G.OO  per  annum,  in  advance. 
The  Tri-'Weekbi  Courier,  $3.00 
The  Weekly  Courier,    .     $1.00 

There  is  oonnected  with  the  Publishing  Oflice,  an  extensive  BOOK  AND 
JOB  PRINTIIVO  OFFICE.  All  orders  addressed  to  the  Proprietor 
will  receive  immediate  attention. 

JAMES  H.  SANDFORD,  Buffalo,  N.  T. 


(i 


[Pll 

DuBiNo  the  winter  f 

and  Moutruftl.  via  tl« 

between  Great  Britai 

gera  and  cargo  arc  la 

It  having  been  dec 

England,  we  annex  t 

rortland— althoug 

most  easterly  State  i 

situated  upon  a  pen 

about  '200  feet  al.o 

natural,  safe,  and  sj 

at  the  entrance,  wh 

defended  by  two  ai 

in  width,  two  for  v 

and  Brandiall  UiH 

nificent  views,  esp 

BurroundiPg  count 

"White  Mountains 

azure  depths  of  th 

16  schools,  in  adO 
parties,  have  beei 

ary  amount  of  ai 

jnarble-fronted  li 

several  other  elc 

trcal  Ocean  Stea 

evly  direction,  ai 

Trunk  Railway 

sengers  and  frei 

traffic  Bouthwai 

the  "  Leviathai 

pected  to  sail  1 

undoubtedly  c< 

nearly  doublet 

■was  only  1  in 

tributed  to  th 

^ay,  for  the 

be  found  witl 

omit  to  add  t 

a  reduction  c 

extend  their 

Population  S 


91 

POBTLAND,    MAINE. 
CITY  OF  PORTLAND,  (MAINE.) 

„ost  easterly  8Ute  m  t^  U.  on.  a  ,,,Uhern  and  ^-^l^^^^^^  ^ay.  ^vhich  forms  a 
Bituatcd  upon  a  P«=""«^J;;"  "^^  „f  a.e  sea.  and  «""°""^'^'\^f„2  ^Iv  land-locked,  except 
about  '200  feet  f'"-.^":;!;,  for  the  largest  sWpP">g.-"^  i.  only 

natural,  safe,  and  ^^!^'^;ZX^n^' -^oo^^"^  °"'  ^^  '  "      ;«)     Promenades  160  feet 
at  the  entrance,  wlueh  »"^;  ^^  ^^^^^  J,  called  Preble  and  »  '^^^^^i^jes  of  Mount  Joy 
aefended  by  two  art.fie-   foj^^ii- ^^^^^  ^^^.  riding  run  rount^-^^^        ^^  ^^^,  „   „„ 
in  width,  two  f°^.  ;'*  "f^  ,i„g  splendid  opportumUes  fo"-  J^""  ,i,i  ping,  islands,  and 

and  Brandmll  Ui",  f"^  ,  ^  tie  Observatory  of  the  town,  ha.bou         l  i  ^^  ^j^^ 

nifieent  views,  ^^P-^'^^y  ^^^.^  Ud,  stretching  right  ^-^y^^Jr  rigM  onwards  into  the 
surrounding  ^^^^^^^t^l,  carrying  the  eye  of  ^;;P-f;  ^^.a,  ,4  churches  aud 
White  Mountain    n  the  we  .^  ^,^^  J^  JbUc  associations  and  prxv=.te 

trcal  Ocean  S^eamslnp  Company  s  ^^^  ^^  .^^^^^_  ^^  ^,^^^,  '^r    ansportation  both  of  pas- 

evly  directum,  '^^^^^^'^'^JZ'lo^^^^^-'  ^^  ''"^  '"^^f "  '':  el       of  railroad  carries  the 
Trunk  Railway  Depot  st  nd   co  ^^^^^^_  ^^^^^,^  ^v  "  rea"  y  been  appropriated  to 

,,„gers  and  ^-ig^^t  ^o  U^^er  ".  ^^^^^     ^^.,^  ^^.tre't  Easter n,"  which  is  ex- 

traffic  southwards  to  Boston  a  aesignatcd  the    Great  ^^  ^^^.^^  ^^^^ 

the  "  Leviathan,"  or,  as  it  has  oce  .      ^^^  Portland,  and  the  arr  ^^^^ 

peetedtosailhetween-;^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

undoubtedly  -f \^f^  "Ji^^,     ,ast  U         y<^--.  ^''^T^^t'^afet  which  is  generally  at- 
nearly  doubled  itself  within  tuc  .  ^^^,3  to  1  m  44-a  lact  ^  ^^^.^. 

Z  Inly  1  in  70  fi^^X"  ^i  -s  since  the  estabU^h-n   ^l^^^^L^M  scarcely 
tributed  to  the  great  ^"^-"^^^^  ^^„„aucivc  to  the  health  of  its^^^^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^,  „ot 

^ay  •.  for  the  site  of  -  ^-"j"^,^  ^^e^ean  Continent,  in  ev  d  -^  ^^^.  ,,^  ^^^,  ,, 

Population  28,000.     r*" 


1 


EINUE, 

SON. 


-» 

EET, 

t. 

'.clor. 

inr  the 
itiiiiino- 
I'liore 
til  this 
es  c!tU 
fill  ul- 


ioh. 

,  Hny 

IT  Ilt- 
'Jdlll- 

:lioiit 

IfCt- 


:s, 


tch 
roil 


nil 


',  I 


92 


DETROIT,    MICHIGAN. 


CITY  OF  DETROIT.  (MICHIGAN.) 

[Dlstttnl  from  QucU*,  104  j  New  York,  6H) ;  SiiniH'inlon  Urt J|re,  55»  i  Milwuukuu,  335  j  CliloRp.,  SfU  mllpi.] 

"  Detroit,  a  flourisliing  city  nnd  port  of  entry  of  the  St«tp  of  Mifliitrnn,  nnd  icat  of  jus- 
tice of  Wayne  County,  <m  Detroit  Kiver,  18  inilei*  niiovo  the  liend  of  Lake  Eric  It  is 
beautifully  situated  on  the  AV.  bank  of  the  river,  whioh  is  here  ahout  half  a  mile  uide, 
and  fonns  one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  the  United  States.  The  jiart  of  the  eity  eontifju- 
ou9  to  the  river  ia  built  on  n  rectnnu;ular  plan,  extending  12fiO  feet  baek  from  the  i^horc  ; 
the  ppaco  beyond  this  is  divided  into  trianirular  sections  by  n  number  nf  avenues,  which 
converge  to  an  open  area  called  the  Grand  Circus.  These  avenues  vary  in  width  from  120 
to  200  feet.  The  principal  buildings  and  public  offices  are  situated  on  .Jefferson  andAVood- 
ward  avenues.  Tlie  city  is  adorned  with  several  public  square.-,  one  of  which  is  named 
the  Campus  Martins.  Jefferson  nvenue,  one  of  the  finest  streets  in  the  eity,  is  well  ]iaved, 
•with  brick  and  stone  sidewalks.  Woodward  avenue,  crossing  the  first  at  right  angles, 
is  the  principal  business  street.  Congress  street  is  also  distinguished  for  its  fine  ap|iear- 
nnce.  Among  the  remarkable  edifices  may  be  mentioned  the  old  State  House,  a  commodi- 
ous brick  building,  90  feet  by  fiO,  with  a  dome  and  steejile  110  feet  high,  which  eonunands 
ftn  extensive  view,  embracing  the  eity  with  its  environs.  Lake  St.  Clair  and  the  Caniidian 
shore;  the  City  Hall,  which  is  a  brick  building  100  feet  by  60,  nnd  the  J^ank  of  Michignn, 
a  substantial  structure  of  stone,  in  the  Grecian  stvle,  which  cost  al  out  !ftl(i,('ii(i,  Detroit 
has  a  well-organized  system  of  public  schools.  It  contains  2;i  ehurches,  4  banks,  a  muse- 
um, theatre,  and  two  orphan  asylums.  Tlic  railroad  company  liave  a  large  brick  freight 
house,  about  600  feet  long  bj-  lOit  feet  wide.  Ten  or  eleven  newspapers  are  jMiblished  in 
Detroit,  three  of  them  daily,  and  the  others  tri-weekly,  or  weekly.  The  eity  is  lighted 
with  gas,  and  also  supplied  with  water  of  the  purest  quality  from  Detroit  liiver. 

"Detroit  is  admirai)ly  situated  for  commerce,  nnd  its  importance  is  greatly  eidianeed  by 
its  intimate  and  extensive  lelations  with  a  region  towards  which  a  prodigious  tide  of  (mi- 
gration is  flowing.  By  its  position  on  the  great  chain  of  lakes,  and  by  means  of  the  con- 
necting rivers  and  canals,  it  lias  a  ready  communication  with  the  principal  centres  of  trade. 

"The  manufactures  of  the  city  are  extensive  and  important,  consisting  of  steam-engines 
nnd  various  other  kinds  of  machinery,  mill-irons,  stoves,  ploughs,  "cabinet  warei  <fce. 
Brewing  and  tanning  are  also  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent.  At  the  different  steam 
saw  mills  here  in  operation,  obout  10,000,000  feet  of  luniber  are  annually  turned  out. 

"  The  trade  of  Detroit  is  immense.     Population  about  00,000. ' 


H 


f 


t 


t 


i 


.*. 


I 

i 


KIpW     IK    K(V(il|l.   1 


j  ■' "  '  Ni('il()LS  <(-  LKrAVOUll, 

BOOi>i  sl  siiof:»4, 

166  JEFFERSON  AVENUE, 

4th  Door  West  of  Woodward,  Detroit,  Mich, 

OLIVKII    r.OKliKK, 

Impoiter  of 

TEAS,   COFFEES,    SEGARS, 
nraiidies,  Hiiirs  &  Liquors, 

\'4'i    .li:i"Ii:i{S()N    AVl^NHK, 

WM.  T.  WHEELER  &  00.7  " 


IJIDDLK   IIOl  SK, 

COR.    OF    JEFFERSON    AVENUE, 

AND    RANDOLPH    STREET, 

Bv    OKVILLK    H.    DIHIU.K    &    SON. 
Detroit,  Mich. 

WESTERN    HOTEU~ 
178  &  182  WOODBRIDQE  STREET, 

Cor.  Ml    llunl  at  Mirliuuii  (Vmtnil  H.  Diput. 

AIJ:\\:>{1IKR    LK\nilK\rKR,   IVoprlrlor. 

This  iilil-r.><tiih';i:.liri|  Hulil  ik  iMiiiH>ilml<'lv  nnir  tliti 
Stciiinliixit  KiiriduiL'K.  !t  is  Inniislit'il  with  nil  nccinniiiu- 
ihilloris  lll;^'^)^Mt^v  In  ttin  ctiiiirurt  nf  thn  InivcUiT,  Tht'n; 
IH  n<i  htHtiT  sdihtmi;  Uciii  thiit  iii  cninuMMinn  v/ith  thtK 
llHtcl.  All  Ihu  clly  ummhusfs  mid  stmri)  rniirhi'S  r:ill 
iluily  for  imssiMiKcrs,'  Thfi  portrrH  )»l'  thi.s  housu  will  al- 
wiiyh  ttt;  fnurid  iiltrativi!  iiiitl  truNtwnrthy. 

FRANCIS  'CMUWF(  )RT);"~ 


Commission   Merchants,  land  and  TAX  AGENT, 

s  .„„■  MM.i  <;  M.s  w;,r.. .,;  vvhMi.  v,i. ,  v,.nn«  wm, Office  over  168  Jefferson  Av.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

iirniliiMl   I'iii  hilars      AlMi,  Aui'ils  liir  Kh;i;'|''»  I'aliul   :iii<l  Will  liiiv  :illil   s-c  II    l.uiliK.  Cily    l.iits.  Coppur  StiicUs.  I'ay 

K' ro>iiii' l,iiiii;i'-.  KfTiiMiH  iiiicl  < 'm  Ii.mi  (tiN.  ,Vc  Tavi's.  Mmiiihiic  I  iI  U's,  l.nan  !\Ii)iii'V.  *i.'.     I'liriictiliir  al- 

no     TT'T7X'T7'DCmff       4  WT'WTT'P  Iciilloii  |,aiil  In  Hnvliii;  anil  SiMIiml' ( 'mip|"T  Slucks  cil' ('.iiii- 

aO    J  XiX  JC  Ei  AOUJN      AVXirlUXi,  .  paiinslucaiicl  m  D'inm.ariil  nl  Wilil  l.aiulH  tliriMiulioiit 

t  .1  "iMi.  ii'i'     \t  1.  •!  I  tilt'  Stat.',  anil  ^M II  (In  u  (ioiK.-rul  Cniiiini.'«Mnii  aii.l  Culk'rt- 

I'l'.l    K<  )1    1   ,      .Mil     II.  iiij;    llllMMl^S. 


B.   G.    STIaMSO?^,       'DETROIT    WIRE    WORKS, 

PRODUCE,  COMMISSION  &  SHIPPING  102  Wood\var<1  Avenue. 

lk<EEI^CHA.I>TT,  WII.I.IAM  SNOW,  rilnniiraiturtT  and  D.-aUr  in  Urnsu 

Warehouse  on  Dock  foot  of  Bates  St.,    ^„,„„r  „„u,nL.  cinuts,  r.^u-..  Bn,»s,  st,...i  a„,i  m,,, 

I  >l'',ri;i  »rl'.     MICII.  Wir.'.Hl.lJU's,  sieves  Wnnclaninm  C'tr^.'s,  Sand  S.'ni.ns 

l.thiTiil  Acliinii'.'s  mail.'  .m  i.rii.hn'c  I'nr  Salf  in  tlusnr     mnl  Chcisn  SalVs.    Wiiiilnw  (inar.N  amlWin^  Work  .'fall 


i;a»li'rn  .Maikt't^. 


lli'SCrilitlnlis,  11111(1.'  l((  (.llltT. 


DAVID    IMIKSTUN    &i    iO.,    liWklMlS    &    RR()KI:R8, 

1S7      JEFFERSO:i>3-      -A.-VE3NrTJE,     IDETROIT,     IvUCH:. 

I^Klnblliiltrit,  'Unif,   I  H't'i.     Onirr  Uourn  I'rom  S  •/.  .?*.  to  't  I'.  .71, 

All  clii^^i's  nt"  Hank  Nnt.'s.  Ann  1  ii'an  ami  I''nri'mn  ti  .1.1  aiul  Silvr  Cmns  i-nrcha^ril  at  niir  (inntt'd  rates. 
CDl.l.KCrlONS.--  \Vr  :,v  |ii.  ].aii'il  in  maki'  cnlh.'tlni.-,  m  cm  ry  |.arl   nl'  the  riiUcil  SLalns  anil  in  llni  Canailas, 

THE   U.   S.   BANK-NOTE  AND   COMMERCIAL   REPORTEK, 

Is  piililishcd  scnii-iiMiiihly  I  v  |)\\  id  I'kks  ion  N:  ( 'n  ,  at  i  iM',  Ik  il.l,  Ali  iht  \.  :.r.  in  aiUaacc,  Cniii  C'liurt  iiirludi'il. 

Ushihllshrtl  in  .f<?jir,  1n;15. 

Detroit  Daily,  Weekly  &  Semi-Weekly 

A.  IJ  V  K  li  TIBER, 

212    .IKl  FI:RS0\    AVKMK,   DETROIT,   MIIH. 

Tin;  i.i.iiKsi'  A.\i>  i.\K(ii;-:T 

P  R  T  N  T  I  N  (I     E  S  T  A  l'>  1. 1  S  II  :\[  E  N  T 

I!V    THE     IVORTII-MEST. 

i;vi;iiv  VAr.n;iv   ok 

BOOK     ANI3     JO  33     PRINTING 
Mionr   on   thf   Shorlrst   .Voiice, 

T  E  I^  IvO:  S  : 

iJdilij  A(Ivrr(i.wr,  to  Midi  Sii/mcfiftcrH, $6.00 per  annum.. 

Jhiihi  A(lvcrtmi\  to  Oiti/  Subscribers,  I2ic.  per  week,  or    6.00    "         " 

Semi-  Wt'cl-hi  Adrertiscr, 2.00    "         " 

Weelh/  Adrcrtmr,  1.00    " 


DETROIT,    MICHIGAN. 

JOHN      H  ANNA.                          I.    I'-    FAHNNWORTII, 
WholcHHln    TobllccoillKt,          WIioI.huIi- imd  U.'lail  Dcalrri  in  IIoi.Ih  Shoes, 
112  W..o,lwur,l  Avunu...                          i        '""'  •■'•"""•''  Kiii.linKs,  <;■•  W Iwiml  Av. 

CHICAGO,   ILLINOIS. 

CRAWFtHtlJ    &    NON, 

WHOI,KSAI,K  IKON,  NAII.  *  HTKKI,  MKIK  HANTS, 
11  South  Wellii,  Uolililin'  Iron  lllock. 

WM.  SCOTT  STEWAET, 
COMMISSION    MHUC  II  ANT. 

!i4  lllvfr  Slifi't. 

JOHN    H.WEBER    &.    CO., 

WHOLESALK    UKALKKH    IN    HATS,     l'AI>8,    4c., 
2t1fl  nnil  2(17  South  Water  flrctt. 

CHELES   H.    8CBIVEN, 

A  I)  V  K  KT  1  S  1  N  (i     A  (J  V.  NT, 

\                                fid  Dearlinrn  Street. 

LAIIMAN,  AIKEN  A  CO., 
\VHOr/i;SAI.1',      (JROCKRS, 

Ul  South  Water  Street. 

~           MOREY    &    STUART, 

ProHuft  Cummtmlon  ^Tltrrhnnt; 

8  Doll'ii  lIulldliiK.  <-<>i'.  nf  Clark  and  South  Water  St«. 

THEODORE    M.    DOGOETT, 
fAtivyrr, 

U  Sonth  Clark  .Street. 

STEVENS    &    BROTHER, 

C  0  M  MISSION     M  E  R  (•  H  A  N  T  S  , 

1H2  Kenzli!  Street. 

CiKO,    M.    HAWKS, 
ARCHITECT, 

63  Dcarhorii  Street. 

Gookins,  Thonian  &  Hobcrts, 

ATTORNEYS  A  COUNSKIJ.OHS  AT   LAW, 

89  null  01  DeiirWorn  .Street. 

O.    -W.    •Y.-EIiB"5r, 

DEALKK    IN    LANDS     AND    LOOATINU    LANDS, 

82  Dciirhorii  Street. 

ALHERT  S.    EVANS, 
BANKER,     30    CLARK    STREET. 

MORFORD    BRDTIIKRS, 
Banker  a. 

Corner  of  Clark  Hiui  Lake  StreetH. 

CHARLES    E.    HAAS, 

Til  l^oulh  (lark  Street. 

W.    B.    C      ''EABODY, 
»/it'chHect, 

112  liearhorn  Street.                                 I 

.1.     15.     V.     RUSSELL. 
Land    ARcnt    and    Notary    Public, 

lU  Dearborn  Street. 

~           I-'  AY     S:     CO.,                   I 
PRODUCE     COMMISSION     MERCHANTS,     ' 

14  .South  Clark  Street. 

W.    U.    TUCKEB   ft   J.   SCUO£NEWALD, 
ATTORNEY    AT    LAW, 

54  South  Wells  Street. 

MARSH,    llAKWOOK    A    (X)., 

Sft  South  Water  Street. 

MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN. 

Downer,  La  Due  &  Jenkins, 

ATTOUNEVS    A     S  ()  M  (' IT  O  RS, 

r(inieri)f  Kiist  W;i'eriiii(l  Wiscoii'-iii  SIrrii'ts. 

WILLIAM     YOUNG, 

Produce,  I'fovision,  &  Coiiiniis.sioii   .Moi'cliant, 
Soiilli  Wii'er  SlruL'l. 

W.    IIKNRV     HOLLAND.                 1 

General    Insurance    Agent, 

12  Ncwlmll  Iliinsr. 

HENRY    L.    (;AR1)INER, 
LTJlvIBER     aS/EERCKA-lSrT,  j 

West  W;itiT  street 

SAMUEL   BISHOP, 

ATTORNEY  AT  LAW,  171  E,\st  Watku  St. 

BUTLER,  MARTIN  8t  GIFFORD, 
E.aui}/frs, 

I.ui][liM<;t()irs  nlerk. 

G.     VON    DEUTRCH, 
Lawyer,  22  li  EastWater  Street, 

BUTLER,  BUTTRICK  &  COTTRILL, 
Attorneys,   Luddington's    Block. 

KMiL  si'an(;i;ni5KI{(;, 

Lawyer,  and  Consul  of  PrusBia.  Hesse 

Darmstadt,  Baden  and  Oldenburg.               j 

NICHOLS,  KIM'IT  k  CO..                 \ 
Pfoduec,  Storaye  tO   Coiiiiiiis.iii/u  MarfniHtii, 

Ceatral  Wharf,  eor.  ul  South  Wiiter  4:  Ferry  ,Sts.            \ 

I'ALMER    .t    STARK,                    ' 
ATTORNEYS      &,     COUNSELLORS, 

Cor  of  Kast  Water  Sc  MicliiKuu  Slroils. 

SMALL    &    COGSWKLL, 
Attorneys    and    CounscllorN, 

1              ('(irner  nfVInst  Water  itiid  ■Mirliiijrin  Stn^cts. 

V.    U.    MILKS    ,t    CO..                   , 
I'rodin'c,  Slofatjr   (('   (^ij]iiiiiisxioji    Mcrchantt, 

Kric  Strr''t,  Foot  of  Maui.                              i 

Til, 

Hoottt,  Hliocs, 
ilwanl  Av. 


J  K  N  T , 

f'O., 
XJKliS, 

It, 

ith  Water  Ht«. 

lETT,  ! 


I 


HER, 

H  ANTS, 

Iv  S , 


LI,, 
Public, 


tCHANTS, 


I). 

Agent, 

;r, 
:A.3srT, 


ia,  Hesse 

burg. 
)., 

MervlntntK, 

'crry  Sts. 

LLORS, 

"•ts. 

Merchanta, 


I 


AKKIJS  vV   WAUNKU, 
Produce    Commission    Itlercliants, 

101  KENZIE  ST.,  CHICAOO,  ILL. 


Ml'NN,  SCOTT  &  CO., 

Commission    Merchants 

AM)  (iUAIN   HI.KVATOKS, 
ilMO  Wat4>i'  Ntroot,  f'liiciiKO,  111. 

W.  W.  McLEAN  &.  CO., 

I'lioDii'E  AM)  nnniissiiiN  meiiciiams, 

'IVA  SOUTH  WATKR  STllKET, 
Chicago.  111. 
I'lirtiniliir  itttLMillmi  given  to  tlie  purcliueof  Oraln, 

I'lmir,  SiC. 

BKFKH  TO 

Mi'Ksrii.  (irny  k  (IIuhhcII,  New  Vnrk. 

"        Hiirvi'V.SciiilcliT  .t  t'".,  llii.Htnn. 

"        (illiliH,'(irtlllM  k  Co.,  CliiciiK'i,  III. 

"        Miiiit!('r&  .\riiiciiir,  CIiIimho,  III. 

"       Caiiriiiii  k  Miillliiws,  llalllinnrf,  Miiryliind. 

"       llu(lmiiiiii,.liiliiis.t  riiurcli,  Diivuuport,  low*. 
J.  .1.  Newciiiiil),  lliiftiiri. 
Will.  ."^I.  .Idliii,  MiiMi-ulIni',  Inwn. 
11.(1.  VIckii-v,  V,*i\.,  (Iliiu,)  ■■•  CiiMoni  t'o.)Biilt.,  Md. 
K.  K.  HoiIki'V!-,  Kmi,,  Ciili'iH!",  III. 
i:.  W.  Ziiiiiiieriiiaii,  K3(|.,  C  lilcaKu,  111. 


K.    McCHESNKY, 

Commission  Merchant, 

IHI  SOLTll  WATKll  STUlUiT, 

(IN    STKKI.'s    lll.dfK,) 

CHICAGO,  ILL., 

will  fSw  iiiTsiiiial  altcMiliiin  'n  tlii>  ))urolinsc  and 
iilil|iiiicnt  iif  all  kliiils  "f  I'riiiliice.  Will  nlaii  utteiid 
1(1  |ii'cii'iiriii(t  Kr>l)(lil  fur  Vl'k.«cU. 

Cash  ailvaiicc'8  iiiadu  on  produce  for  sale  In  Eastern 
Marki'ls. 


GEO.  STMEL  &  CO., 

General  Conuiiissioii  Merchants, 

AND 

PROVISIOX    CORNERS, 

ClIKAdd,     Il.l.I.NOlS. 


Hrrtr  to 

Messrs.  fleo.  Smllli  k  Co.,  Hankers,  Oilcago,  III. 

"       Hklianl  Irvlii  k  Co.,  New  Vork. 
Hon.  .Tolin  Voiiiig,  .Montreal. 

BLACK   BAIilTliNE, 

LIVERPOOL    PACKETS. 

MASON    tt     CX).,    A(ii:xTs, 

.Sell  Si^ht  Drnfls  on 

ENGLAND,  IRET.AND, 
AND    MOTLi.l^D, 

And  Passage  Tickets  li'oin  Liverpool  to  fliicago. 
o  F  r  I  o  E, 

150  SOUTH  WATEIl   ST.,  CHICAGO. 


A.  T.  SIIKKMAN  .V  CO., 
BANKKRH  k  VAm\mV.  BROKIMIS, 

46  CLARK  ST.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 

WM.  0.   ft  SAML.  J.  KIMBALL, 

FLOIIII    MERCHANTS, 
191  South   Water  St.,   Chicago,  IlL 

ALONZO  ItlClIMOND, 

182  South  Water  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

B.  a-.  HA-LXi  ac  oo., 
IRON,  NAILS,  STEEL,  &  HEAVY  HARDWARE, 

WASIIINC.TOX   STRHirr, 

(Bet.  Wells  &  Krunklln,) 

CHICAGO,    ILLINOIS. 


CIIAKLES  STAURE'lT, 

PATENT    RIGHT    OFFICE, 

211  &  213  South  Water  Street, 

CHICAOO,    ILLINOIS. 


GEO.  A.  rillNCE  &  CO., 

MaiHifaclun'rs  of  the 

r»A.TE]srT  is,a:EijOi>EOisr, 

110  Lake  Street,  Clilcago,  III.  ;  nulTalo,  N.  Y. ;  and 
New  York  City. 

"barker  house, 

(t'OIlMliULY    DOTY's   nOTKL,) 

Capt.  CHAS.  W.  BARKER,  Frop'r, 

80  RANDOLrU  STREET, 
(Bet.  State  &  Denrborn,) 

CHICAOO,   ir.r.TNois. 

This  House,  having  heen  newly  fitted  up  and  fur- 
nbhed,  Is  now  open  for  the  reception  of  (iuests. 
Being  centrally  located,  the  Proprietor  linjies,  by 
every  attention  being  shown  to  (luests,  to  receive 
from  the  public  his  share  of  jiatronage. 

Board,  $1.50  per  Day. 

rOST-OFFICE   uox,  41(11. 


TIIOIVIAS   p.  JACK, 

ENGLISH    HOTEL, 

201  Kenzle  St.,  Chicago,  111. 


A.  WRIGHT  TURNER, 

Sole  Agent  for 
NEW  YORK  OIL  COMPANY, 

5Iaiiufacturers  of 

LIBRICATIXG    &   LARD   OIL 

For  all  kind  of  Machinery.  Warranted  not  to  con- 
geal in  cold  weather.  .Mso,  Healers  in  Sperm,  Whale, 
Fish,  Linseed  &  Tanners'  Oil,  4S  Water  Street,  N.  Y. 

Office,  No.  241  South  Water  Street, 

(Corner  Franklin  Street,) 
C  H  I  GAG  O,    ILLINOIS. 


fmmm 


'ii-'!'i:%i;\i'1i'll!:riill''i'ii;i'|i!iM|V',\i|;.i 


■■ri:i    '; 


mk 


CHICAGO,   ILLINOIS. 


93 


CITY  OF  CHICAGO,  (ILLINOIS.) 

[nutaiit  from  St.  Paul,  468 ;  Nuw  York,  Ubi ;  MonlreoJ,  839 ;  Milwaukee,  «5  nilla.] 

PiiEviors  to  1831,  this  great  commercial  emporium  of  the  north-west,  was  a  mere  trad- 
int;  jiost  amidst  the  wigwams  of  the  Indians,  since  which  time  it  has  reached  a  population 
of  upwards  of  130,000,  having  doubled  itself  every  4  j-ears.  The  city  is  situated  on  the 
south-western  side  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  is  intersected  into  3  divisions,  by  the  River  Chi- 
cago, up  wiiich  trading  vessels  ascend  for  nearly  5  miles. 

To  its  central  position,  with  the  most  extensive  means  of  communication  by  land  and 
water — having  been  continued  all  the  way  to  Liverpool,  (Eng.,)  without  transhipment,  via 
the  Welland  Canal  and  Uiver  St.  Lawrence — may  be  attributed  one  great  cause  for  its 
rapid  rise  and  progress. 

The  ground  on  which  the  city  stands  is  an  extremely  level  plain,  sufficiently  elevated  to 
prevent  inundation,  and  extending  many  miles  towards  the  south  and  west*  Tlie  adjacent 
country  cciisists  of  beautiful  and  fertile  prairies,  interspersed  with  groves,  and  diversified 
by  gentle  slopes.     From  a  recent  published  account  of  this  citj"  we  quote : — 

"  The  city  is  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks,  with  streets  extending  nearly  north  and  south, 
Biid  east  and  west.  Tiie  shore  of  the  lake,  and  the  northern  parts  of  the  city,  are  occupied 
with  tlie  finest  residences,  but  the  principal  business  is  transacted  on  the  south  side  of  the 
river,  the  banks  of  the  south  branch  being  lined  with  docks  and  large  warehouses.  Manj' 
of  the  streets  are  paved  with  planks  and  lighted  with  gas.  Michigan  avenue,  which  is, 
porliaps,  the  most  beautiful  street  in  the  city,  extends  along  the  shore  of  the  lake,  and  is 
bordered  with  shade-trees.  Kext  to,  and  parallel  with  this,  is  Wabash  avenue,  adorned 
with  double  rows  of  tret '. 

"  The  most  remarkable  public  buildings  are  the  new  Court  House,  the  Merchants'  Exchange, 
the  Marine  Hospital,  tiie  Medical  College,  and  the  Second  Ih-esbyterian  Church.  Tiie 
Court  House  is  a  splendid  edifice  of  Lockport  limestone,  having  a  prison  on  the  first  floor, 
the  county  offices  on  the  second,  and  a  court  room  and  town  hall  on  the  third,  with  a  cu- 
pola and  roof  of  galvanized  iron.  The  Marine  Hospital  is  a  spacious  and  handsome  build- 
ing, of  Milwaukee  brick.  The  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  at  the  corner  of  Wabash  and 
Washington  streets,  in  the  Gothic  style,  with  a  steeple  about  2(H>  feet  high,  is  perhaps  the 
most  beautiful  edifice  of  itr,  class  west  of  New  York.  It  is  built  of  a  kind  of  pitchy  stone, 
in  which  black  and  white  are  mingled,  and  presents  a  singular  and  striking  appearance. 
Chicago  contains  several  banks,  and  about  30  printing  offices,  from  which  numerous  daily 
and  weekly  journals  are  issued.  Tiie  public  schools  are  well  organized,  and  are  accommo- 
dated with  excellent  buildings." 

Regarding  the  population  and  valuation  of  property  in  the  city,  during  the  last  5  years, 
we  annex  the  following  table : — 

POPULATION    AND    VALl' \TION    OF  CHICAGO. 

Kenl  Estate,  Personal  Piopcrty, 

Yenra  Valuatidu  of.  Valuation  of.  Total. 

IS.-iS r,0,fi,52  13,130,677  8,711,154  16,841,831 

ISiH 6r),s7-j  1(*,790,744  .5,401,495  24,394,239 

IS.V) K3,.-)09  21,901,204  5,.521,000  27,422,204 

ls.')6 110,000  25,771,1X1  5,717,9.59  31,489,140 

1857. . .   130,000  29,013,196  7,243,053  36,256,249 

To  quote  ;'rom  a  writer  on  the  commercial  progress  of  Chicago: — 
"  Tlu;  influence  of  railroads  upon  the  development  of  business,  has  been  direct  and  im- 
portant. The  amount  of  money  expended  iii  Illinois,  and  the  neighbouring  States,  has 
been  about  $180,000,000,  the  disbursement  of  which  has  aided  in  settling,  stocking,  and 
wi  ruing  a  vast  extent  of  country,  the  products  of  which  are  carried  over  these  roads,  more 
or  less  directly,  to  Cliieago. 

"  Tlierc  has  been  put  in  operation  1,500  miles  of  roads,  which  have  extended  the  area  of 
country  that  pours  its  wealth  into  Chicago.  The  projected  connections  of  these  roads  ex- 
tend over  four  thousand  niles  more,  making  8,000,  and  their  ultimate  ramifications  em- 


1        i 


is 


u 


CHICAGO, 


brace  every  section  of  the  Union.     Every  extension  of  railroads  forms  a  centre,  embracing 

the  breadth  of  land  which  feeds  that  centre,  as  the  square  of  the  distance 

Fri.~  . .  wi-y  point  of  the  compass  these  lengthening  roads  run  from  Cliicago  over  the  most 
fertile  country.  It  is  therefore  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  Chicago  is  the  greatest  grain 
depot  in  the  world." 

In  the  year  1838,  only  78  bushels  of  wheat  was  exported  from  Chicago.    The  following 
table  will  give  some  idea  of  its  extent  during  the  lost  5  years : — 


8UIP3IENTS   OF  GRAIN   FBOM   CHICAGO   FOE  FIVE    YEARS. 

Wheat.  Corn,  Otits,  Barlov,  Hve,  Total, 

Years.  biisliols.  bnshcls,  bnsliols.  bushels.         biifihols.  bushels. 

1853....  1,G80,998  2,780,253  1,748,493  120,275  82,102  6,412,181 
1854....  2,044,800  0,837,899  8,239,987  148,421  41,153  12,932,320 
1855....         7,115,270        7,517,078        1,888,533  92,032        20,132      10,033,700 

.1856....        9,419,365      11,129,668        1,014,547  19,051  590      21,583,221 

1857....       10,783,292        6,814,615  416,778  17,993  ....      18,032,678 

Regarding  the  prices  of  grain  and  flour  for  the  some  periods,  we  find  them  to  be  as  fol- 
lows : — 

AVERAGE  PRICES   OF   ORAIN  AND   FLOUR. 

Winter       Sptins 

Wlieat,       Wheal.  Corn  Oats, 

Years.  Per  Bushel.  Per  Bushel.  Flour  per  Barrel.  Per  P.aiiel.  Per  Uusshel. 

1858 0  85        0  00  3  75    a    5  25  0  47        0  33 

1854 180*      109  6  98    a    7  48  0  48*      0  30 

1855 155        131  7  12*  a    8  14*        0  62        0  33* 

1856 1  27i      1  05*  4  91    a    6  20  0  36        0  28* 

1857 117*      0  93  5  05*        0  53        0  39* 


"  With  the  year  1857  commenced  not  only  a  marked  revival  in  the  foreign  trade  for 
grain,  mostly  wheat,  but  a  large  expenditure  of  money,  amounting  since  to  $180,000,000 
for  the  construction  of  those  railroads  which  have  drained  the  surrounding  grain  country 
into  Chicago,  and  have  also  aided  its  sales.  In  Chicago,  during  the  last  five  years  ending 
with  1850,  when  there  were  no  railroads  to  bring  wheat  into  Uie  city,  wheat  averaged  75 
cents  per  bushel.  In  the  last  five  years  it  has  averaged  $1.23  per  bushel.  Corn  has  aver- 
aged 50  cents,  against  83  cents  at  former  periods.  The  effect  of  these  prices  has  been  the 
immense  increase  in  the  grain  supplies,  particularly  corn.  The  $180,000,000  which  has 
been  spent  in  the  last-named  period  for  the  construction  of  railroads  has,  to  a  large  extent, 
become  capital  in  the  hands  of  cultivators  who  have  produced  the  grain.  The  value  of 
'he  wheat  and  corn  brought  to  market  at  these  two  periods  was  as  follows : — 

, Five  years  to  1851. ,         , Five  years  to  1850. , 

Bushels,         Price,         Value.  Bushels.           Price,           Value. 

Wheat 9,703,611       75      $7,278,709  31,043,785      $123    $39,554,731 

Corn 1,524,936        83           508,212  35,080,113           50       17,540,056 

Total 11,228,247        ..      $7,780,921      07,723,898  ..     $57,094,787 

"  Thus  the  v  ilue  of  these  two  grains  alone,  received  at  Chicago,  has  been  equal  to  an  in- 
crease of  nearly  $50,000,000,  or  $10,000,000  per  annum.  This  trade  has  been  developed 
during  the  season  of  high  prices  abroad,  and  while  the  railroads  have  not  operated  fully. 
The  corn  has  been  received  one-half  by  the  canal,  and  the  remainder  by  the  railroads 
The  wheat  has  come  to  hand  nearly  altogether  by  railroads.  The  teams  in  the  last  year 
brought  in  about  200,000  bushels,  and  the  canal  880,000  bushels,  together  10  per  cent  of 
the  whole. 

"  It  is  obvious  that  the  business  of  Chicago  has  been  based  on  a  solid  foundation ;  that 
the  natural  products  of  an  area  of  at  least  200  miles  diameter,  intersected  at  every 
poitt  by  railroads,  has  been  drawn  into  her  warehouses,  and  the  fast-settlinor  country 
has  required  merchandise  in  return.  The  operations  for  a  moment  has  encou.tered  a 
check,  but  cannot  be  lasting.  Prices  of  grain  may  decline  for  the  moment,  but  the  general 
trade  cannot  but  increase.    The  whole  machinery  is  now  in  operation.    If  railroad  expen* 


h 


1. 1 


CHICAGO. 


95 


'« 


diturc  is  less,  the  attractions  of  tlie  land  are  greater,  and  vast  tracts  still  invite  settlers  to 
add  to  the  future  resources  of  Chicaijo. 

"  At  this  moment,  the  machinery  of  production  and  transportation,  iu  ond  around  Clii- 
cago,  indicates  that  it  is  just  now  entering  upon  its  career.  The  prices  for  grain  for  the 
moment  are  dull,  owing  to  good  harvests  abroad,  but  the  AVestern  country  can  now  sell 
and  deliver  cheaper  than  ever.  The  raih-oad  expenditure  is  to  be  run  down  for  the  present ; 
but  it  follows  that  the  local  demand  for  food  is  also  less  in  proportion  ;  that  while  the  whole 
industry  of  the  section  is  turned  to  production,  it  depends  upon  the  foreign  market  only  for 
the  sale  of  its  surplus.  The  earnings  of  the  railroads  indicate  the  immense  development 
of  business  they  have  occasioned." 

The  number  of  vessels  which  arrived  at  Chicago  during  1857  was  7,557,  with  a  tonnage 
of  1,753,413. 

"  Chicago,  as  a  lumber  market,  has  for  many  years  stood  pre-eminent.  Its  rise  and  pro- 
gress is  only  equalled  by  the  rapid  development  of  the  city  as  a  centre  of  the  territory 
west  of  the  great  lakes ;  and,  in  importance,  this  branch  of  its  commerce  is  second  perhaps 
to  no  other.  The  river  banks  are  lined  for  miles  and  miles  with  the  immense  piles  of  lum- 
ber which  is  shipped  to  Chicago  from  the  pineries  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Canada, 
and  it  is  perhaps  the  best  criterion  that  could  be  adopted  to  comprehend  the  magnitude  of 
the  trade.  The  capital  invested  in  the  lumber  business  is  immense.  Not  to  speak  of  t)ie 
property  owned  by  merchants  in  mills  and  woodlands,  the  wealth  which  is  invested  in 
stock,  in  docks,  and  in  real  estate  in  that  city,  cannot  l)e  less  tlian  ten  or  a  dozen  million 
dollars.  The  fleet  of  lumber  vessels  alone  did  not  cost  less  than  a  million  and  p  half  of 
dollars;  and  the  number  of  hands  employed  in  the  business,  one  way  and  another,  cannot 
fall  short  of  ten  thousand. 

"  With  these  leading  features  of  the  lorgc  commerce  which  is  carried  o.i  in  Ciiicago,  in 
receiving  the  produce  of  the  fast-settling  prairies,  and  supplying  them  w.th  lumber  and 
goods,  a  large  monufactiiring  business  has  grown  up  in  the  city.  The  capital  and  hands 
employed  are  as  follows: — 

MANTFAOTURES   OF  cniCAOO. 

Valuo  of 

rapital.  Hands.              Manulaotures. 

Iron  works,  steam-engines,  4c §1,7'i:1,',m)0  L',silt3  $3,>'8",08i 

Stoves ls"),000  TO  :J;!8,000 

Aj;iiciiltural  inii)leniiMits 0117,000  575  l,l;vi,.'iuO 

liriiss  and  tin  wiire,  &c 2."i7,000  351  471,000 

Carrinije;',  wagons,  &c 30il,000  881  li-iS,lC0 

High  wines,  beer,  ale,  &c 497,000  Ifio  1,1.")0,320 

Soap,  candles,  lard,  <&c 2i)(!,000  100  528,021 

Furniture 854,000  504  54.'i,000 

Stone,  marble,  Ac 017,0."i0  843  890,775 

I'laiiing  mills,  siislies,  doors,  Ac 445,ik)0  554  1,092,397 

Slusical  instruments 13,200  31  37,000 

Leather 332,0(iO  128  432,000 

Uarrt'ls,  wooden  ware,  Ac  178,7ii0  171  357,250 

Urick 300,000  500  712,000 

Flour 825,000  73  C3(i,500 

Chemicals 15,ou0  15  32,000 

Harness,  saddles,  Ac 82,900  220  271,000 

Sheet  and  bar  lead 25,000  75  100,000 

Glue  and  neat's-fbot  oil 20,000  15  25,000 

Starch  (estimated) 15,000  25  75,000 

Haguerreot_v|K's,  ainbrotypcs 75,000  75  100,000 

Engraving.Ac .' 11,000  30  29,500 

Cii;ars 8,000  20  10,800 

White  lead 50,000  10  7,200 

Types,  Ac 20 

boots,  shoes,  clothing,  A  other  manuf's,  est.      500,000  1,750  750,000 

Miscellaneous  (reported) 439,700  502  1,044,097 

Total «:7,759,400         10,573  J15,51 5,003 

£1,551,880  stg.  £3,103,012  stg. 


■I 


96 


MILWAUKEE,   STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


CITY  OF  MILWAUKEE,  O^ISCONSIN.) 

[DUtMit  from  MoDlreal,  787  i  Now  York,  1040 ;  Chicago,  85 ;  SI.  Paul,  431  mUci.] 

"  MiLWAUKEs,  the  largest  and  most  important  city  in  the  State,  and,  after  Chicago,  the 
most  flourishing  on  the  lakes,  is  situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  on  both 
aides  of  Milwaukee  Rivdr.  It  is  pleasantly  located,  partly  on  the  flats  bordering  the  ri  vur, 
and  on  the  bluffs  rising  abruptly  from  the  lake  to  the  height  of  some  100  feet.  The  river, 
running  nearly  parallel  to  the  lake  in  a  southerly  direction,  is  navigable  for  the  largest 
steamboats  over  two  miles  from  its  mouth. 

"  As  the  commercial  capital  of  Wisconsin,  its  situation  demands  particular  attention. 
The  laws  which  govern  trade  and  travel  are,  by  the  improvements  and  spirit  of  the  age, 
reduced  to  two: — 1st.  The  shortest  route  to  market ;  2d.  The  quickest  and  clmipest  mode 
of  transportation.  The  products  of  the  Northwest  seek  a  market  upon  the  Atlantic  coast. 
Heretofore,  New  York  and  Boston  have  monopolized  the  trade  of  tliis  region.  They  will 
always  retain  a  large  share  of  it ;  but  the  recent  improvements  in  the  Canadas,  and  those 
projected,  are  rapidly  diverting  trade  to  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Business  rela- 
tions are  being  established  between  the  cities  of  Quebec,  Montreal,  Toronto,  and  Hamilton, 
on  the  one  hand,  and  the  Western  Lake  ports  on  the  other.  As  regards  New  York  and 
Boston,  Milwaukee  holds  the  most  favourable  position  of  any  port  on  the  western  shore  of 
Lake  Michigan.  Taking  Buffalo  as  a  common  point  on  all  the  lines  of  trade  between  these 
ports  and  those  markets,  it  will  be  seen :  1st.  Tliat  Milwaukee,  by  :vater  communication, 
has  the  advantoge  for  time  and  distance  over  any  j '.ace  at  the  south  2d.  For  the  most 
direct  route  to  Buffalo,  either  by  land  or  water  carriage,  Milwaukee  (;o  soon  as  the  direct 
communication  by  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad  is  opened)  presents  tlie  most  natu- 
ral centre  for  all  the  trade  and  travel  between  the  Northwest  and  tlie  East. 

"  As  the  general  direction  of  Northwestern  trade  and  travel  is  coincident  witl»  the  pa 
rallels  of  latitude  instead  of  those  of  longitude,  and  as  Milwaukee  is  in  the  same  degree  as 
the  great  Eastern  markets,  it  can  be  easily  seen  that  all  the  contemplated  and  progressing 
improvements  must  make  it  the  natural  centre  or  most  available  common  point  in  the 
Northwest,  whether  by  the  semi-inland  route,  through  Jlichigan  and  Canada,  or  around 
the  Lakes.  The  advantages  of  this  position  will  be  very  strongly  developed,  so  soon  as 
the  direct  route  east,  via  Grand  Haven  and  Detroit  or  Port  Huron,  is  opened,  and  our  sys- 
tem of  railroads  to  the  Mississippi  completed.  Its  business  radius  will  then  extend  from 
below  Savanna,  111.,  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  to  the  extreme  Northwest,  sweeping  in  the 
trade  of  Northwestern  Illinois,  Iowa,  ond  Nebroska,  in  addition  to  that  of  our  own  State. 

"  The  harbour  of  Milwaukee  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  Great  Lakes.  Tiio  river  widens 
at  its  mouth  into  a  semi-circular  bay,  6  2-33  miles  from  point  to  point,  and  2  1-32  miles 
across.  At  the  point  of  approach  to  the  lake,  an  artificial  channel  is  in  progress  of  con- 
struction. 

"  This  new  harbour  entrance  is  260  feet  in  width,  and  will  soon  be  excavated  to  a  suffi- 
cient depth  to  accommodate  the  heaviest  tonnage  of  the  Lakes,  and,  when  completed,  Avill 
make  it  the  most  accessible  and  capacious  on  Lake  Michigan.    The  facilities  presented  by 

the  old  harbour— in  improving  which  the  United  States  expended,  in  1844-5,  ^oO.ODO 

will  still  be  preserved.  For  over  five-eighths  of  a  mile  between  tl  ese  two  entrances,  the 
river  is  both  wide  and  deep.  Nothing  but  the  grossest  and  most  ruinous  neglect,  on  the 
part  of  the  city  and  of  the  United  States  Government,  will  ever  permit  tiiisold  harbour  to 
fill  up  or  become  useless. 

"  Milwaukee  contains  1  public  schools — and  for  educational  purposes,  spent  about  $15,000 
last  year ;  in  addition  to  which  it  has  a  University  and  Female  College  in  successful  opera- 
tion. 

"  Built  upon  the  high  bluff:*  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  picturesque  slopes  of  the  Mil- 
waukee River,  this  city  is  unrivalled  in  beauty  of  location  by  any  other  in  the  Northwest. 
It  is  a  rore  circumstance  to  hear  of  a  person  of  delicate  health  leaving  it  on  account  of 


i.. 


ter  Chicago,  the 
III,  and  on  both 
cring  the  rivur, 
eet.  Tlie  river, 
for  tlie  largest 

2ular  attentiou. 
irit  of  the  age, 
'  clieapent  mode 
I  Atlantic  coast, 
ion.  They  will 
!idas,  and  those 
Business  relu- 
,  and  Iluniilton, 
New  York  and 
estern  shore  of 
;  between  these 
eomniuniention, 
].  For  the  most 
m  as  tiio  direct 
the  most  natu- 

nt  with  the  pa 
same  degree  as 
nd  jirogressing 
point  iu  the 
rtda,  or  around 
ped,  so  soon  as 
and  our  sys- 
extend  from 
t^ecping  in  tlie 
ur  own  State. 
river  widens 
2  1-32  miles 
ogress  of  con- 
ted  to  a  siiffi- 
imideted,  will 
presented  by 
5,  $5i),0(J0— 
ntrances,  the 
gleet,  on  the 
1  harbour  to 

bout  $15,00(1 
sessful  opera- 
is  of  the  Mil- 
Northwest, 
n  account  of 


BRIDGE  BROTHERS, 

Exchange  and  Banking  Office, 

160  EAST  WATER  STREET, 
Cor.  of  Michigan,  (under  State  Bank,) 

MILWAUKEE,   WISCONSIN. 

PRICE,  FARMER  Sc  CO., 
BANKERS, 

AND 

DEALERS    Vfi    EXCHANGE, 

No.   10  MICHIGAN  STREET, 

MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN. 

C.    SOHIiEY, 

Land  &  Money  Agent, 

MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN, 

Dcr'or  in  City  Property,  FamiR,  Wild  Land,  Land  Wnr- 
riint.s,  Hondx,  Murtgniriw,  Kailnmd  Stocks,  Bonds  and 
Farm  Murteoges,  Sic.  Taxes  paid  for  non-rcsidcnts,  and 
tlioir  interests  protcctoil.  City  Property  and  Lands  ex- 
changed fur  Kailroad  Securities. 


CIIAELES    S.   BELL, 
Civil  Eng^ineer,  ISiirveyor 

AND 

HEAL    ESTATE  AGENT, 

ROOM    No.    8,    LAND'S   BLOCK, 

MILWAUKEE,    WISCONSIN. 

CHARLES    LORENZEN, 
GENERAL   LAND   AGENT 

AND 

COMMISSIONER, 

Notary  Public,  &c., 

MADISON,  WISCONSIN. 

LAW^&    LAND    OFFICE 

WILLIAM  McT^AIR, 

STEVENS'S  POINT,  WISCONSIN, 

Will  Practice  in  the  Courts  of  the  7th  .Judicial  Circuit, 
niiiku  Collectuuis  and  secure  Claims.  Will  give  prompt 
attention  to  the  sale  of  Heal  Kstate,  Investment  of  money 
in  (iov'fmment  Lands  or  otherwise;  will  loc.ito  Land 
Warrants  on  selected  lands,  Pay  Taxes,  attenu  lo  Pre- 
emption Claims  and  all  other  business  with  the  United 
Status  Lnnil  Office.  Also,  Land  Warrants  for  sale  for 
cash  or  un  time. 

Reference*. 

Gen.  A.  ELLIS,  Receiver,  Stevens's  Point  Land  Office. 

}Ion.  A.  BKAWLEY,  Heiri.stor,       

Messrs.  HU YSSEN  &  SCHEFFEH,  Bankers,  Stevens's 
Point. 

lion.  M.  M.  STRONG,  Milwaukee. 

V.  n.  BENSON  &  Co.,  Chicaso. 


AMERICAN  HOUSE, 

p.  KANE  &  SON,  Prop'ra, 
MILWAUKEE,    WISCONSIN. 

This  House  having  been  lately  rebnilt  and  refurnished 
throughout,  the  public  may  bo  assured  that  the  accom- 
inodations  of  the  American  shall  not  be  surpassed  by  any 
house  in  the  city.  This  is  the  most  convenient  House  to 
tlie  Post-offices,  Business  Houses,  and  Railroad  Depots. 


Eagle  Steam  Foundry, 

Nos.  294,  296,  298,  300,  302,  &  304 
WEST  WATER  STREET, 

MILW.WKEE,     WISCONSIN. 

The  Oldest  Establishment  in  the  City 


EEAN  &  BICE,  Proprietors. 

The  Largest  and  most  elegant  House  in  the  Northwest. 

Transient  Onests,  $2.00  per  day. 
JOHN  W.  LEDYARD, 

on  O  OER, 
161    EAST    WATER    STREET. 

I  am  daily  in  receipt  from  New  York,  of  every  thing  in 
the  way  of  fine  Family  Groceries,  which  will  always  bo 
offered  at  Wholesale  and  Retail,  at  reasonable  prices,  and 
sent  to  any  part  of  the  city  free  of  charge. 


WM.  H.  PABTVrAT.TlF!  &  CO., 

DEALERS  IN   CHOICE 

Family  Groceries, 

31   WISCONSIN    STREET, 

MILWAUKEE,  WISCONSIN. 


JOHN  PLANKINTON  &  CO., 

MANUPACTUREnS   OP 

SOAP   &  CANDLES, 

WEST      WATER     STREET, 

(Near  the  M.  It  M.  R.  R.  Depot,) 
MILWAUKEE. 


JOHN    OOI^EN, 

Mitn  ufatfurer  and  Dealer  in 

CARRIAGES 

OF    ALL    KINDS, 
Repository   on    Springs    IStreet, 

(Between  2d  and  8d  streets,) 
MILWAUKEE,     WISCONSIN. 

J.  O'ORIEN.  0.  LB  DROIT. 

JAMES    O'BRIEN, 
ORGAIV      BVII.DER, 

CORNER  OF 

Milwaukee  &  Michigan  Sts., 

MILWAnEBE,  WIS. 


■s 


m 


P9 


!t 


i 

I 


'1 


i 


98 


MILWAUKEE. 


difficulty  of  ncc'limntion.  On  the  other  hnn.l,  iiistniiocs  are  iiiiincrous  of  p.-oplo  coming 
here  with  tendency  to  diseases  of  vnrioiis  kinds,  wlio  have,  after  a  ffW  years'  reMdence,  en- 
tirely recovered.  In  summer  it  is  not  si;  'ct  to  tiie  excessively  hot  and  sultry  weather  of 
low  towns,  and  in  winter  there  is  not  the  same  intensity  of  cold — the  lake  being  colder 
than  the  atmosphere  in  summer  and  warmer  in  winter. 

"The  pttpulation  in  1853  was  25,000;  1855,  32,000;  ond  in  1857,  46,000. 
"  During   the  yenr   1857,  buildings  to  the  value  of  |500,000,  (£100,000,  sig.,)  were 
erected. 

"  Milwaukee  is  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  a  peculiar  kind  of  briek,  of  n  delicate 
cream  or  straw  colour,  agreeable  to  the  eye,  and  unaffected  by  the  action  of  the  elements. 
The  appearance  of  the  houses,  chiefly  built  of  this  material,  is  very  striking,  and  to  a 
•  stranger  visiting  the  place  for  the  first  time,  presents  an  admirable  and  renmrkalde  Dight. 
Few  cities  in  the  country  (if,  indeed,  there  are  any)  have  the  materials  for  building  more 
at  hand,  or  of  finer  quality,  than  this.  Not  only  quarries  of  beautiful,  light-coloured 
stone,  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  and  adjacent  to  the  railroads,  but  also  lime  in  abun- 
dance for  home  consumption  and  exportation. 

"As  to  lumber,  the  pineries  of  the  nortii  supply  the  city  with  100,000,000  feet  annuolly, 
"  From  the  same  authority  we  find  it  statcil  that  tlie  receipts  and  exports  at  this  |)lacc, 
the  present  season,  exceed  those  of  Chicago,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  show  why  they  may 
not  for  the  future. 

"  Milwaukee  is  one  of  the  largest  grain-markets  in  the  world.  Probably  nine-tenths  of 
the  surplus  wheat  (the  staple)  of  the  State,  is  8hip])ed  from  lier  port.  So  liigh  has  Wis- 
consin wheat  stood  at  the  Eastern  and  European  markets,  that  its  mcreliants  have  been 
able  to  sell  it  for  tight  to  ten  cents  per  bushel  above  the  prices  for  Illinois  and  more  south- 
ern States.  Tills  fact  has  turned  the  attentinn  of  farmers  to  raising  it,  to  the  exclnsi<pn  of 
other  grains;  and,  while  the  wheat  crop,  since  1850,  has  increased  at  the  ratio  of  fifty  per 
cent,  per  annum,  the  crops  of  rye,  oats,  barley,  and  corn,  have  remained  stationary,  or  ad- 
vanced only  with  the  home  demand." 

The  number  of  arrivals  and  departures  of  vessels  during  the  year  las'?  were  4,720, 
with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  2,009,826.  The  tonnage  of  Milwaukee  in  1850,  waa 
21,497.50. 

The  manufactures  of  Milwaukee,  are,  comparativelj- speaking,  in  their  infancy — although 
it  shows  signs  of  great  extension  in  several  departments. 

In  1856,  there  were  26  breweries  in  operation,  brewing  chiefly  lager  beer — to  8U]iply  the 
German  population  in  the  city  and  country.  Of  tiie  75,000  barrels  manufactured,  about 
80,000  were  sent  out  of  tlie  city. 

In  the  manufacture  of  its  celebrated  bricks,  fully  300  ore  employed  regularly. 
Flour  mills,  beef-packing  establishments,  boot  and  shoe  making,  clothing  and  ship-build- 
ing, make  up,  for  the  most,  the  list  of  manufactures  at  present, 

"  Milwaukee  is  connected  by  railroads  with  every  section  of  the  Union.  Tlie  Milwaukee 
and  Mississippi,  the  Milwaukee  and  Watertown,  east  and  west,  connecting  the  lakes  and 
the  Mississijipi  River.  The  La  Crosse  and  Milwaukee,  and  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul,  and  Fond 
dii  Lac  Railroads,  each  connecting  her  witii  Lake  Superior.  Tiie  railroad  from  Green  Hay, 
through  Milwaiilirc,  to  Chicago,  commonly  called  the  (Michigan)  Lake  Shore  Road,  is  to  her 
whot  the  Hudson  River  railway  is  to  Troy  and  Albany,  in  the  State  of  New  York." 

The  foregoing  notice  of  Milwaukee  is  copied,  for  tlie  most  part,  from  "  Wisconsin  as  it  is," 
by  F.  Gerhard. 


] 


I 


iS')//;tf^V^\ak; 


mild- 


llllSitli ;  j'i:  I, 


■     llllllli  lilil 


100 


MADISON. — CAPITAL  OF  STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


h 


MADISON.-CAPITAL  OF  WISCONSIN. 

'•  Madmon,  the  cnpltftl  of  Wisconsin,  nnd  seat  of  justice  of  Dane,  the  hir(,'est  nml  most 
l)i'o(liictive  county  in  tlie  Stnto,  is  xituiiteil  on  a  risin)»  ground,  between  two  lovely  liiiies, 
and  is  tlie  most  ningnitieent  site  of  nny  inliind  town  in  tlie  United  States.  On  llie  nortii- 
west  is  Liiko  Mendotn,  nine  niilos  long  and  six  wide;  on  the  east  Monona,  five  iiiili's  long 
and  tliree  wide.  Tiie  oily  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty,  health,  and  pleasantness  of  its  loca- 
tion ;  eoninianding,  as  it  does,  a  view  of  nearly  every  ciiaracteristie  of  country  jieculiar  to 
the  West — tlie  praino,  oak  opening,  mound,  hike  and  woodland.  The  surface  t>f  the 
ground  is  somewiuit  uneven,  but  in  no  place  too  abru|)t  for  building  purposes.  The  ■-•;.,«'« 
between  these  lakes  is  a  n)ile  in  width,  rising  gently  as  it  leaves  their  banks  •■;  an  altitude 
of  about  seventy  feet,  and  is  then  alternately  depressed  and  elevated,  nuiking  the  site  of 
tlie  city  a  L..''ie9  of  gently  undulating  swells.  On  the  most  elevated  ground  is  liie  State 
House,  in  the  centre  of  one  ot  Nature's  Parks  of  fifteen  acres,  overlooking  the  '  Four  Lakes' 
and  the  surrounding  city.  From  this  the  streets  diverge  in  every  direction,  with  a  gradu- 
al descent  on  all  aides. 

"  To  the  west,  about  a  mile  distant,  is  the  State  University,  in  the  midst  of  a  park  of  -{n 
acres,  crowning  a  beautiful  eminence.  On  the  south  side  of  Lake  Monona  is  a  spacious 
Water-Cure  establishment,  surrounded  by  an  extensive  grove,  and  presenting  a  very  strik- 
ing appearance  on  approaching  the  city.  Around  Madison,  in  every  direction,  is  a  well- 
cultivated,  undulating  couiitrj*,  which  is  fast  being  occupied  by  pleasant  homes." 

Bayard  Taylor,  in  an  account  of  a  visit  to  the  west,  thus  writes,  regarding  Madison : — 

"  For  natural  beauty  of  situation,  Madison  nurpoKWH  any  Western  town  I  have  seen.  It 
is  built  on  a  narrow  isthmus,  between  tlie  Third  and  Fourth  Lakes.  On  the  summit  of  a 
mound  stands  the  State  House,  in  the  centre  of  a  hau<lsome  scpiare  of  fourteen  acres,  from 
which  broad,  smooth  streets  diverge,  with  a  gradual  descent  on  all  sides.  To  the  west, 
and  about  a  mile  distant,  stands  the  University,  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  or  mound,  of 
about  equal  height.  The  Madisonians  count  seven  hills,  but  I  could  not  make  them  all  out 
distinctly,  nor  do  I  think  it  necessary  to  the  beauty  of  the  jdace  that  it  slionld  have  a 
forced  resemblance  to  Home.  In  one  respect  it  is  e(iual — in  a  soft,  beautiful,  cream-colour- 
ed stone,  which  furnishes  the  noblest  building  material.  Many  of  the  business  blocks  and 
private  houses  display  architectural  taste." 

The  real  estate  and  personal  property  is  estimated  at  ^8,000,000. 

"  There  are  twenty-five  wagon-roads,  seventeen  dilferent  mail  stage  routes,  diverging  in 
every  direction  from  Madison.  Over  seven  hundred  loaded  teams  have  arrived  here  in  a 
single  day,  bringing  from  ten  to  fifteen  thousand  bushels  of  wheat  to  market,  with  large 
quantities  of  other  produce.  Nearly  700,000  bushels  of  wheat  alone  were  marketed  here 
in  a  single  year. 

"  It  is,  pre-eminently,  the  great  railroad  centre  of  AVisconsin,  and  enjoys,  in  an  enviable 
degree,  all  those  peeuliarlj  favourable  advantages.  Four  great  lines  diverge  here;  the 
Milwaukee  and  Mississippi ;  the  Milwaukee,  Watertown,  and  Madison  ;  East  and  West,  con- 
necting the  lakes  with  the  Mississipjji  River ;  and  the  I^a  Crosse  and  Land-(irand  Roads, 
running  from  Madison  to  Lake  St.  Croix  and  the  City  of  Superior,  at  the  head  of  the  lake. 

"  The  system  connects  with  the  Chicago,  Fond  du  Lne,  ajid  Superior  Road,  on  the  east 
and  north,  and  the  Beloit  and  Madison  Road  on  the  south. 

"  An  abundant  su])]ily  of  building-material  is  found  here.  The  most  beautiful  stone,  easi- 
ly quarried  and  cut,  abounds  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  Bricks  may  be  had  to  an  unlimit- 
ed extent,  and  timber  of  all  kinds  can  be  commanded  whenever  needed  for  use." 

In  the  public  libraries  of  iladison,  there  are  18,000  vohuiies. 

A  sum  of  $400,000  was  estimated  to  be  expended  on  ])ublie  liuildings  last  year.  Ati)re- 
sent  it  possesses  a  university  endowed  with  an  income  of  1^30,000,  besides  fully  organized 
colleges,  schools,  and  literary  institutions. 

Population  about  13,000. 


# 


i'' 


4, 


GRAND   UAIMI 

IIUMillONS 

Ai'conntont  mid   (Ji'iuthI  Afit'iit  for  (Jriuid 

Uivcr  Sti'iirnliiiiit  Co. — Zciiuh  (i.   Wiiisor, 

oorner  Wii^liiiii,'!!!!!  ami  .li-IIVrmiii  nl"   els. 
Altoriicys-al  I.iiw  iiikI  IjuuI  Ai^ji'iits. — I?all  A 

Mi'Kfi',  .Miinroi'  Mtrcct. 
Attonu'ys  anil  CoiiiiHclIorK-nt-Ijiw,  and  Hoi- 

icitois  in  I'liiini'i'ry. — Holmes  it  Kol>inHon, 

Monroi!  (•tri'i't. 
Atlornivs-at  l,a\v  and  Solicitors  in  Clmiicfi'y. 

—  raltiTson  it  Snow,  Canal  slpi'ct. 
AttniMicvaml  ('ounr>cllor-at-Liiw. — I'"nincla  D. 

liniirdniiin,  Moni'oc  KtiTct. 
Atturncy  and  Counsclior  at  Law,  and  Soliid- 

tor  in  Chunccry. — K,  S.  M^'j^lcston,  (,'anid 

Stl'l'l't, 

Attorney,  Notary  i'liblic,  OeniTal  Lund  and 
Insurant!  Ai^ftit. — I'di  r  Uoeli,  Canal  »t. 

Attorney  and  Coiincrlliir  at-Law. — .lames 
Miller,  Canal  street. 


)S,  MK'IIUJAN. 
Diret;tory. 

Attorney  and  Coiinsellor-atLuw, — Sidoiiion 

I/.  Wfthey,  'lu  Canal  htreet. 
Attorney-al-Law  and   Ileal   Iv-itute  Agent. — 

Tlionnis  1).  Worrall,  Cainil  street, 
liookseller   and   Stationer. — .lulni   Tcrliune, 

Jr.,  Lneas  Hloek,  Monroe  street. 
Uridf,'e  Street    llon^-e,  ((iermaii  Hotel,)  Clott- 

lieli  Christ,  |iro|irietor,  IJridjfe  street. 
Jini/iiircr  (iiid  //iriild. — A.  10.  (iordoii,  Editor, 

Caiuil  ^treet. 
Grand  liiijiHU  Kinjlf,  (Daily  and  Weekly.) — 

Aaron   It.  Tnriier,   Ivlitor  ami   I'lildisher, 

Canal  stri'et. 
Land  Tax  and  Loan  Ai?ont. — John  C.  Tryon, 

1(1  Canal  street. 
Ueal   Iv-tale  ami   Iiisiiranee  Atfeiits. — IJaxtcr 

it  Van  Biiren,  Monroe  street. 
Wholesale  and  Iletail  (iroeers. — Randall  & 

Co.,  '.JO  Caiuil  street. 


KALAMAZOO,  MICIIKiAN. 

]Sii!>iiii<!s»i  Dii'4'ctory. 

Attoniey-ut-Lftw,  Insuranec  and  Land  Aj;ent. '  A'ttlama.wo  Unzette. — V.  Ilascall,  Editor  oud 

— ('.Clement  Weiih,  corner  .Main  and  l!nr-        I'roprietor,  Main  street. 

diek  streets.  j  Judnniaroo  7'il<\i/rnp/i. — H.  G.  Hascnll,  Editor 

Hurdiek  Honsi'. — T.  L.  Acker  it  Son,  I'roprie-  ;      and  l'id)lisher.  Main  street. 

tors,  Main  street.     (Sec  card.)  !  Keal  Estate  Agent  and  Conveyancer, — Frod- 

Homieo])atliic  I'll  v.-ician  and  Snri,'eon. — (Jeo.  '      eriek  Buoher,  Wolverine  Lxcimnge,  Main 

W.  Park,  M.  D.,\'or.  Main  it  Uiirdick  sts.     |      street. 


T. 


BURDIOK      HOUSE, 

KALAMAZOO,    MICHIGAN. 

L.     ACKER    Se    SON,    Proprietors. 


NILES,  MICHIGAN. 


Niles  Enquirer. — Bryant  Dewey,  Editor  and  I  Physician  and  Surgeon. — It.  D.  Reynolds. 
Proprietor.  I 


D.  w.  rni;NsoM. 


A.    C.    LEWIS. 


DANA  wmrE.     CHAS.   W.   WOdlXKY. 


A.  c.  miIN>. 


BRUNSON,  LEWIS  &  WHITE, 

(Successors  to  J.  W.  Hubs  &  Co., I 

STORAGE,  FORWARDING  AND  COMMISSION 
MERCHANTS, 

SAIXT  PAUL,  MINNKSOTA. 

Steanihoiit  Agents.    Agents  for  Muiiny's  Keapers 
luid  Mowers. 

Mark  rackages  "Care  o/B.,  L.  &  11'.,  St.  Paul." 


CHAS.  W.  WOOLLEY  &  CO., 

(."iucce-isors  to  C'lms.  W.  Woolley,) 

COMMISSION,    STORAGE,    RECEIVING    AND 

KOKWAKDINCt   MKKCIIANTS, 
LOWER  LEVEE,  ST.  PAUL,  MINNESOTA. 

Goods  Stored  at  reaeoiml)le  rates,  and  forwarded 
with  despatcli. 
Mlierai  advances  made  on  conslKnnu'nts. 
Mark  packages      "  (JIIAS.  W.  WOOLLKY  &  CO., 
For St.  I'aul." 


F- U  L  L  E  n       HiOUSE, 

S.    ILOjyrii^    Superiutendfut, 
COR.    OF    SEVEIWTII    &    JACKSOIV    STS.,    ST.  PA1JI.,    MIN. 


MOISTDELL      HOUSE, 

E.  W.  MONDELIj,  Proprietor, 
PRAIRIE     DU     CH  I  EN,    Wl  SCONSIN. 

'"f^IIIS  IIOUSK  has  liecn  newly  erocteil  ami  furnislii'd  cnniplete,  ami  offers,  to  tlie  traveller  or  resident,  a 
X    (piict  house,  with  every  convenience  and  lii.\ury  to  lie  fimiid  at  any  lirst-class  house  in  the  west. 

J^jS'"  Tills  lloii.-ie  has  accouiuioilation  for  'J.')!)  guests.  The  Bar,  llilliard-ltoonis,  and  general  ajipurtenanccs 
to  a  lirst-class  house,  will  be  found  comiiiete.  Attendance,  supervision,  and  Information  at  all  times  readily 
given  concerning  all  points  West. 


ST.    PAUL,    MINNESOTA. 


II      W      Hill  \'4(1N  A.    (■     I.MMS.         1>VN\    WIIITK.      CIIAS.    W.    W .I.K»  .  A,    C     RMIMl. 

BRUN80N,  LEWIS  &  WHITE.  CHAS.  W.  WOOLLEY  &  CO., 

,     ,   ...   II,,..  ic,   1  (Siucc'ni'iiiK  li)  Cliu".  W.  Wdiillry,) 

(Hiii'(t'»Kiir«  to  J.  »    Ilium  *  I  o.,)  V    •  .•                                               ■■ ' 

STORAGE,  FORWARDING  AND  COMMISSION  COMMISSION,    STORAGE,    RECEIVING    AND 

MKHrilWTS  /y>/.'l(MA7'/.\V/    .l//.7.T//.(.\/;s', 

'"''"'          .     ',    ,  lAtWKU  m;vkk.  h-r.  i-ah..  >ii\\h>oT\. 

SAINT     I'Al'I,,    illNNKSCtTA.  ii,incl»  hlund  m  rriiM.iinlili'  rnlin.  nml  r..r«nriliil  Willi 

.itoiiiiilxmt  AKfiits.     AkdiiIh   for  Miiiiiiy'H   IIi'Iiihth     "|'','|'jl,,n,'|  mK,,, « iniiilf  on  cniiMiti iil" 

mill  Mowers.  ^,^^^|^  |„„kiwiH       "  ((IAS.  W    Wonl.l.r.V  it  CO. 


Kor- 


■Si,  I'liiil." 


.V(ir/i'  /'ilriili/i'x  "(\lrr  o/Jt.,  /..  ,(■  II'.,  St.  /•mil: 

F-ULLEPt       HOUSE, 

S.   #>f>.»'C.',   Supn'hilrmlritt, 
CORNER  OF  SEVENTH  AND  JACKSON  STREETS,  ST.  PAUL,  MIN 

lire  JO  PK'i'zoi.i), 

.\TTiiii\nv  A.M)  mmm  ,\t  l\w, 

THIRD    STRE.'JT, 

iV(j'<  ti>  < 'iiiicift  //all  lliiililiiiij. 

JOHN  A.   W.   JONES, 


MALTUV,    \Vi:i5|}  CO., 
Attorneys    at    Law, 

Tiii/ii)  sT/i/':/-:T. 


V.    K.     KOITT, 
GENERAL    STEAMBOAT  AGENT,  ^y^Qj^j^^y     AT     LAW 

AND   COMMISSION   MERCHANT,  ' 

liOWi'i'  Lcvrc  Street. 

IIENllY  S.  FAIllClllLl), 


l\l}irf  irif/i  Jii/iii  .Wliiitjn;  /:sij. 

WILLIAM  ('.  GRAY, 


REAL  ESTATE  &  MONEY  BROKER,  RKVL  KSTATE  &  WONEV  BROKKIl, 


JACKSON   STIIKKT. 
DANA    &    WHITE, 

THIRD    ST/i /■:/■:'!'. 
"C A L DWELL  k  CO., 


Third  Street. 


JACOJi    MATXZKR, 

Justice  of  the  Peace  &  Notary  Public, 

Tiiii;i)  sTi!i:i:i'. 


MARWUOl)  IXCLKHAKT, 
BAEEIIS  AM)  m\m  1\  EXCIIAMJE,    ATTOR\HV  AM)  REAL  ESTATE  AI]E\T, 

Cor.  Third  k  IJol.eit  Slieets.  rillUD    STRKKT. 

BO  II  UP    ^:     OAKE^rl        GEORCE   rLl-sKiaTT" 

«   .   »,,r..-rK...       Attorney  at  Law, 

Merchants'  Hotel,  Third  St.  ^  ' 


J.    JAY    KXOX    &    CO.,!  IIENJIV   ,\.   HORN, 

T-,        ,  ATTORNEY    &   COUNSELLOR 

Bankers, 


PHCENIX    BLOCK,   THIRD    S.rf?F.ET. 

MP:YER   &   WILLLVMS, 

BANKERS, 

And   Dealers   in   Foreign  Exchange, 

NO.    1    ROGKlis'    BLOCK,  Tlllltl)    STRKET. 


T/tinl  ni'iir  Exclutnijc  Strcft. 

~   JORMAN   cV:   FECJvllAM, 
ATTORNEY    &    COUNSELLOR 

At  Law, 

BANK    now,    Tlllllll    STUKKT. 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 


101 


A.  r    HiilMi. 

{  &  CO., 

CEIVING    AND 
7/.l.\'/\ 
.>ll\\l->OT\. 

Ill  iMrwanlril  with 


llll.I.K.V  ti  CO.. 

,>;t.  Piiiii." 


AUL.  MIN. 

il.l), 

111  AT  LAW. 

ttiltlintf. 

INES, 

■     LAW, 

KAV, 
V  RItOkKU, 

s'  z  i^kT^ 

tary  Public, 

r. 

JI.AKT, 

'ATE  A(]};\T, 
•7; 

IvKlT, 

Law, 

NSELLOR 

Street. 

)K1IAM, 
NSELLOR 


ILLINOIS. 

Ili.in<iih,  one  of  the  Wostorn  United  State*.  U  lunindiMl  on  the  N.  l)y  Wldeonnln ;  E.  hy  I^ke 
Mii'hifjnn  mid  Iiidiiinii,  from  tins  Inut  of  whioh  It  l«  jmrtly  fio[)(init('(l  hy  tlie  Wuhu^h  River; 
S.  Iiy  thr  Ohio  Itlvcr,  wlikdi  (i<'|mrftti'»  It  from  Kentucky ;  iin<l  S.  W.  nnd  W.  hy  Mlmourl 
and  lowu,  fniMi  wlilch  It  if*  «o|i!iriUed  liy  llie  Mi»f«lKsi|)|)i  lUvcr.  It  IIch  lit-twcen  it7"  nnd 
42"  'M)'  N.  hit.,  iind  lictween  87°  !)()'  imd  lU"  in'  W.  hm.,  heini?  nliout  liKO  inilt-H  In  extreme 
h'njrtli  from  N.  to  S.,  nml  iiliout  '2(n»  in  ltd  >,'rci\test,  and  nlmut  140  miles  in  its  average 
breadth,  iiicliidiiif^  .I."), 40.')  i>(|nare  mile»,  or  35,4fi'.t.'JOO  ocreK,  of  whieh  only  5,1715,173  acres 
weri'  improved  in  iHTiO,  ohowiiif?  an  imnien!<e  eapaeity  for  Inereane  of  pupulation  in  tills  ex- 
uliorantly  fertile  .State,  wliieii  has  scareely  any  noil  nnenltlvable. 

I'dmlation.— There  were  in  Illinois  12,'J82  mlmhltants  In  1810;  (58,211  In  1820;  167,446 
in  1830;  47ii,18:i  In  1840,  nnd  8B1,470  In  l^.n,  of  whom  446,044  were  white  ninles,  400,460 
females;  275(1  eo'ored  males,  and  201o  females. 

CiTiia*  AND  Towns. — Illinois  has  a  number  of  thriving  towns,  and  so  rapidly  do  they  In- 
crease, that  the  census  of  1850  will  be  in  ninny  cases  far  below  the  trutli ;  but,  for  want  of 
other  reliable  informal  inn,  we  miiHt  ndlicre  to  it.  I'iiieago  is  the  largest  eity,  population 
130,000;  (ininey.  (V.iol  ;  (ialeiia,  tUio4  ;  IVorla.  S.'itri  ;  Springfield,  4.533,  and  Alton,  3H75; 
besides  Peru,  Uii'jit  Island,  liridge  I'rairle,  Waukegan,  Ilelleville,  Jacksonville,  JoUel,  Elgin, 
yt.  C'harK's,  and  many  otiier  flourishing  villag<s. 

Fack  ok  tiik  Cointhv. — Illinois  is  generally  a  table-land,  elevnted  from  350  to  800  feet 
above  the  levcd  of  the  (Julf  of  Mexico,  with  a  general  inclination  from  N.  to  H,  as  Indicated 
by  the  course  of  the  rivers.  This  state,  generally  speaking,  may  be  characterized  as  level, 
though  there  are  elevated  blufl's  on  the  Illinois  Ulver,  nnd  still  higher  ones  on  the  Missis- 
sippi. Tiiere  is  a  small  tract  of  hilly  country  In  the  S,,  nnd  In  the  N.  W.  Is  a  good  deal  of 
broken  land.  Many  of  the  prairies  ore  quite  small,  but  others  ore  very  large;  among  the 
latter  is  (iraiid  I'rairle,  extending  from  .Faekson  County,  In  ft  N.  E.  direction,  to  Iroquois 
County,  and  varying  in  width  from  1  to  12  miles,  and  even  more.  This  is  probobly  the 
highest  land  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Wabash.  The  prairie  is  everywhere  skirted 
with  wood,  and  on  lt.s  border  Is  n  circle  of  settlements,  which  have  been  here  located  on 
aecouiit  of  the  timber.  The  iirniries  nre  Interspersed  with  groups  of  trees,  but  the  timber 
is  generally  sparse  on  them,  which,  however,  seems  not  to  arise  from  any  thing  unfavour- 
able in  tlio  soil,  but  from  the  annual  burning  of  the  prairie  grass;  for  where  this  Is  pre- 
vented, a  forest  of  young  trees  speedily  springs  up,  and  farmers  are  thus  enabled  to  proceed 
Inward  with  settlements,  as  it  were,  tier  after  tier.  The  prairies  are  not  generally  flat,  but 
gracefully  undulating,  nnd  profusely  decked  with  the  greatest  vnrlety  of  beautiful  wild 
flowers  of  every  hue,  which  ravish  the  beholder  with  delight. 

MiNKRALS. — Illinois  has  within  her  limits  a  large  portion  of  the  great  lead  region,  which 
she  shares  with  Iowa  nnd  Wisconsin.  Galenn,  In  the  ^.  W.  part  of  the  stnte,  Is  nlinost 
wholly  supported  by  trade  in  this  mineral.  Bituminous  coal  occurs  in  almost  every 
county,  and  may  be  often  obtained  without  excavation.  Vast  beds  are  found  in  the  bluffs 
adjacent  to  the  American  IJottom.  Copper  abounds  in  the  N.  part  on  Plum  Creek,  and  on 
the  Peckatonica  River.  It  has  also  been  found  in  Jackson  and  Monroe  Counties.  Iron  is 
found  in  the  southern  part,  and  is  said  to  be  abundant  in  the  north.  Lime,  zinc,  some 
silver,  marble  of  a  fine  quality,  freestone,  gypsum,  and  quartz  crystals  are  the  other  min- 
erals. There  are  salt  springs  in  Gallatin,  Jackson,  and  Vermilion  Counties,  leased  by  the 
State.  Medicinal  springs,  chiefly  sulphur  and  chalybeate,  are  found  In  various  parts,  and 
one  especially,  In  Jefferson  County,  Is  much  resorted  to.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  State 
is  one  strongly  impregnated  with  Epsom  salts.  Others  of  medicinal  properties  are  found 
between  Ottawa  and  Peru. 

Though  Illinois  presents  but  few  bold  or  very  striking  features  to  the  view  of  the 
traveller,  she'  is  not  without  her  objects  of  interest  to  the  lover  of  nature. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Pbohuctioss. — Illinois,  extending  through  more  than  6°  of  longitude. 


102 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 


lias  consklernble  variety  of  climate.  Though  somewhat  milder  than  the  Atlantic  States  in 
the  same  parallel;!  of  Intitmle,  there  is  great  irregularity  in  the  seasons.  Generally  there 
will  not  fall  six  inches  of  sno  v  at  one  time,  which  does  not  lie  more  than  a  few  days,  but  at 
distant  intervals  the  rivers  are  frozen  for  iwo  or  three  months,  and  the  snow  lies  for  as  long 
a  period.  The  summers  are  hot,  but  mitigated  by  the  fresh  breezes  from  the  prairies. 
During  1.5  years,  peach-trees  blossomed  from  March  25tli  to  April  20th,  and  apple-trees 
friiiri  April  Ist  to  May  3d.  In  the  same  period  the  earliest  frost  was  September  17th,  but 
sometimes  there  is  nond  till  near  the  end  of  October.  The  southern  part,  of  course,  lias  a 
milder  climate  than  the  northern.     Cattle  often  arj  unhoused  during  the  whole  winter. 

In  agricultural  capabilities  Illinois  is  unsurpassed,  if  equalled,  by  any  state  in  the 
American  confederaej-.  In  some  of  her  river  bottoms  the  soil  is  25  feet  deep,  and  the  up- 
land prairies  are  but  little  inferior  in  fertility.  The  Great  American  Bottom,  lying  on  the 
Mississippi,  between  the  mouths  of  the  Kaskaskia  ...id  the  Missouri  Rivers,  is  of  exceeding 
fertility,  and  has  been  cultivated  for  100  years  without  apparent  deterioration.  This  bot- 
bom  is  about  80  miles  in  length,  covering  an  area  of  288,000  acres.  On  the  river  side  is  a 
strip  of  heavy  timber,  with  dense  underwood,  which  extends  for  2  or  3  miles.  The  rest  is 
mostly  prairie  to  the  eastern  limit,  which  is  terminated  by  a  chain  of  sandy  or  rocky  bluffs 
from  iiO  to  200  feet  high.  This  fine  region  is,  however,  not  healthy,  though  jirobably 
capable  of  being  made  so  by  drainage.  The  Rock  River  country  is  another  highly  fertile 
district  on  the  Rock  River  and  its  branches.  Of  the  same  character  are  the  regions  nbout 
the  Sangamon,  Kaskaskia,  and  other  rivers.  Other  regions  of  Illinois  are  fertile ;  but  those 
mentioned  pre-eminently  si,  producing  not  unfrequently  40  bushels  of  wheat  and  100  of 
Indian  corn  to  the  acre.  Tiiis  is  cspccinlly  true  of  the  narrow  river  bottoms  ininiediatciy 
adjacent  to  their  banks.  The  prairies  of  this  State  are  peculiarly  favourable  to  the  raising 
of  stock  :i;id  the  productions  of  the  dairy.  Illinois  stands  third  in  the  absolute  ainou.it  of 
Indian  ccni  raised  m  the  states  of  the  Union;  but,  first  if  we  regard  population  an(."  the 
number  ot  i  ires  under  cultivition.  Tlie  other  agricultural  staples  are  wheat,  oats,  Irish 
potatoes,  hay,  butter,  and  cheese.  Besides  these,  large  quantities  of  rye,  wool,  beans, 
peas,  barley,  buckwheat,  fruits,  garden  vegetables,  and  some  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  wine, 
grass-seeds,  hops,  hemp,  flax,  silk,  maple  sugar,  and  molasses,  beeswax  and  honej%  an  1  tlie 
castor  bean  are  produced.  Of  indigenous  fruits  there  are  a  variety  of  berries,  plums, 
grapes,  crabapples,  wild  cherries,  persimmons,  and  the  papaw  (a  sweet  pulpy  fruit,  some- 
what like  the  banana.)  Of  orchard  fruits,  the  apple  and  peach  flourish  best,  but  pears  and 
quinces  art  cultivated  with  facility.  Of  nuts,  the  shellbark  or  hickory,  walnut,  buturnut, 
a  white  walnut,  and  pecan,  abound. 

FoiiEST  Trees. — Illinois  would  not  be  wanting  in  timber  if  it  were  more  equally  difFus^nl. 
The  occupation  of  the  country  will,  however,  remedy  this  deficiency  (oven  in  parts  wiiere 
there  is  now  a  scarcity)  by  protecting  the  young  trees  from  (ho  ravages  of  the  prairie  fires. 
The  bottom  lands  have  a  rich  growth  of  black  and  white  walnut,  ash,  hackhcr'-y,  elm, 
sugar-maple,  honey-locust,  buckeye,  catalpr.,  sycamore,  (of  a  size  unknown  in  tiio  Atlantic 
States.)  Cottonwood,  pecan,  hickory,  and  oak  of  various  species;  and  of  underwood,  rod- 
bud,  papaw,  grape-vine,  eglantine,  dogwood,  spicebush,  hazel,  green-brier,  etc,  On  the 
Uplands  are  post-oak  (very  valuable  for  fencingi  and  other  species  of  oak,  blackjack,  (use- 
less except  for  fuel,)  hickory,  black  and  white  walnut,  linn  or  basswood,  cherry,  etc.  The 
■white  and  yellow  poplar  are  found  in  the  southern  part  of  tlie  State,  and  the  cypress  on 
the  Ohio  bottom*. 

Commer<:e. — Illinois  is  most  favourably  situated  for  internal  commerce,  being  able  to  com- 
municate with  the  western,  southern,  and  central  parts  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  by  means 
of  the  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  Ohio  Rivers,  and  with  the  Northern  and  li^stern  States  by 
way  of  the  great  lakes. 

Education. — On  the  formation  of  the  State,  one  section  in  each  township  was  appro- 
priated for  the  support  of  schools,  and  afterwards  an  additional  income  of  3  per  cent,  on 
the  actual  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  public  lands  within  the  limit  of  the  State.  One-sixth 
of  these  proceeds  is  appropriated  to  colleges. 


STATE  OF  IOWA. 


103 


IOWA. 


i 


Iowa,  a  recently-formed  State,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  is  bounded  north  by  Minnesota 
Territory,  east  by  the  Mississippi,  which  sejiarates  it  from  tlie  States  of  Wiscoiisin  and  Illi- 
nois, south  by  Missouri,  and  west  by  the  Indian  Territory  and  Minnesota,  from  the  former  of 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Missouri,  and  from  the  latter  by  the  Great  Sioux  River.  It 
lies  (with  the  exception  of  a  small  projection  in  the  south-east,  between  the  Des  Moines  and 
Mississippi  Kivers)  betv/een  40°  30'  and  43"  30'  north  latitude,  and  between  90°  and  97° 
west  longitude,  being  about  300  miles  in  extreme  length  from  east  to  west,  and  about  208 
in  breadth,  including  an  area  of  50,914  square  miles,  or  32,584,960  acres,  of  which  only 
824,682  were  improved  in  1850. 

Population. — Ijwa  had  43,112  inhabitants  in  1840,  and  192,214  in  1850,  of  whom  100,- 
885  were  wiiite  inales,  90,994  white  females,  168  coloured  males,  and  167  coloured  females. 
By  a  State  census  in  1852,  the  population  was  230,u00. 

Cities  and  Towns. — At  the  census  of  1850,  Burlington  was  the  largest  town  in  the  State; 
population,  4081.  Dubuque,  Keokuk,  Muscatine,  and  Davenport  have  populations  varying 
from  2000  to  6000.     Iowa  City  had  a  population  of  1250. 

Face  ok  tue  Country. — The  surface  of  Iowa  is  generally  composed  of  rolling  prairies, 
having  nothing  within  its  limits  which  approaches  a  mountain  in  elevation.  The  highest 
ground  in  the  State  is  a  plateau  in  the  north-west,  called  "  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  which  en- 
ters the  State  from  Minnesota.  A  small  portion  in  the  north-east,  on  the  Mississippi,  is 
rugged  and  rocky,  and  Table  Mound,  a  conical  elevation  with  a  flat  suranat,  3  or  4  miles 
from  Dubuque,  is,  perhaps,  500  feet  high.  The  State,  however,  may  be  generally  described 
as  a  rolling  prairie,  crossed  by  rivei-s  whose  banks  are  skirted  with  wood.  Tiiere  are  said 
to  be  some  swamps  in  the  north-west  portion  of  the  State.  The  prairies,  though  sometimes 
20  miles  across,  are  rarely  more  than  5  or  10. 

MiNEBAis. — Iowa  is  rich  in  mineral  resources.  A  portion  of  the  great  lead  region  of  Illi- 
nois and  AViscousin  extends  into  this  State.  The  ore  is  abundant,  but  lies  deeper  than  on 
the  east  side  of  the  river.  Lead  mines  have  been  opened  in  Dubuque  and  Clayton  Coun- 
ties. Zinc  and  copper  are  also  found  in  the  same  localities,  and  in  connection  with  the  lead. 
The  great  bituminous  coal-field  of  Iowa  and  Missouri  has  an  extent  of  near  200  miles  from 
east  to  west,  and  140  from  north  to  south,  within  the  former  State,  and  occupying  most  of 
the  central  and  southern  portions.  Copper  has  been  recently  discovered  in  Cedar  County 
in  considerable  quantities. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — The  principal  claim  of  this  new,  and  as  yet  scarcely 
"xplored  State,  on  the  attention  of  travellers,  must  chiefly  rest  upon  the  beauty  of  its  un- 
dulating prairies,  or  its  picturosnue  laii(''»''apo8.  Tliere  are,  however,  a  few  objects  which 
may  be  classed  among  natural  curiosities,  of  which  the  following  are  the  most  prominent. 
Numerous  siiiks  or  circular  depressions  in  the  surface  of  the  ground,  from  10  to  20  feet 
across,  are  found  in  different  places,  and  particularly  on  Turkey  River,  in  the  north  j)art  of 
the  State.  Small  mounds,  from  3  to  6  feet  high,  and  sometimes  10  or  12  in  a  row,  are 
found  on  the  same  stream,  within  10  or  15  miles  of  its  mouth.  A  cave,  several  rods  in  ex- 
tent, exists  in  Jackson  County,  from  which  flows  a  stream  large  enough  to  turn  a  mill. 
The  Upper  Iowa  and  Makoqueta  Rivers  have  worn  their  channels  through  magnesian  lime- 
stone rocks,  leaving,  on  their  southern  banks,  cliffs  worn  by  the  rain,  frost,  and  winds  into 
resemblances  of  castles,  forts,  etc. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Puoductions. — The  peach-tree  blossoms  in  April,  fall  wheat  ripens  in 
July,  spring  wheat  in  August,  and  Indian  corn  in  October.  The  rivers  are  frozen  over 
from  2  to  3  months  on  an  average  each  winter.  The  soil  of  Iowa  is  generally  excellent, 
and  of  easy  cultivation,  with  prairie  and  woodland  intermingled.  The  valleys  of  the  Red 
Cedar,  Iowa,  and  Des  Moines  (we  quote  Owen's  Geological  Report),  as  high  as  lat.  42°  or 
42°  31',  presents  a  body  of  arable  land,  which,  taken  as  a  whole,  for  richness  in  organic 
elements,  for  amount  of  saline  matter,  and  due  admixture  of  earthy  silicates,  affords  a  com- 


104 


STATES  OF  IOWA  AND  WISCONSIN. 


bination  that  belongs  only  to  the  most  fertile  upland  plains.  After  passing  lat.  42°  30' 
north,  ii'iar  the  confines  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies,  a  desolate,  knobby  country  commences, 
the  highlands  being  covered  with  gravel,  and  supporting  a  scanty  vegetation,  while  the 
low  grounds  are  either  wet  or  marshy,  or  filled  witli  numerous  ponds  or  lakes,  and  where 
the  eye  roves  in  vain  in  search  of  timber.  North  of  41°  30',  and  between  tlie  head  waters 
of  the  Grand,  Nodaway,  and  Nishnabotona  Rivers,  the  soil  is  inferior  in  qnality  to  that 
south  of  the  same  parallel.  The  staples  of  this  State  are  Indian  corn,  wheat,  and  live  stock, 
besides  considerable  quantities  of  oats,  rye,  buckwheat,  barley,  Irish  potatoes,  butter,  clieese, 
hay,  wool,  maple  sugar,  beeswax,  and  honey ;  and  wme  rice,  tobacco,  beans,  peas,  sweet 
potatoes,  orchard  fruits,  wine,  grass  seeds,  hops,  fla.\,  and  silk  are  produced. 

Forest  Trees,  Fruit,  etc. — Iowa  is,  in  many  places,  destitute  of  timber ;  along  the  rivers, 
however,  it  is  well  wooded,  except  near  their  sources.  On  the  int<^rval8  between  the 
rivei-s  there  are  often  prairies  of  from  15  to  i?  iniles,  without  i  o  much  3s  a  bush  higher 
than  the  wild  indigo  and  compass  plant.  The  greatest  scarcity  of  trees  is  north  of  42°. 
Ash,  elm,  sugar,  and  white  mnple  grow  in  alluvion  belts  of  from  one-fourth  to  one  mile  in 
width,  on  the  river  banks.  Tlie  other  forest  trees  are  poplar,  various  species  of  oak,  black 
and  white  walnut,  hickory,  locust,  ironwood,  cottonwood,  lime  or  basswood,  and  some  pine 
in  the  northern  parts  of  the  State.  Oak  constitutes  the  larger  part  of  the  timber  of  the 
State.  Tlie  peach  gi-ows  too  luxuriantly,  and  blooms  too  soon  to  admit  of  its  being  culti- 
vated to  advantage.     The  grape,  gooseberry,  and  wild  plum  are  indigenous. 

Manufactures. — As  a  newly-sottled  State,  Iowa  can,  of  cou.se,  have  made  as  yet  but  lit- 
tle progress  in  manufactures;  though  she  has  within  her  limits  two  important  elements  of 
man"'....Uu"ig  industry,  viz.,  abundance  of  coal  and  water-power. 

Commerce. — Iowa  has  no  foreign  trade,  but  is  very  favourably  located  for  internal  traflic, 
washed  as  it  is  by  the  Missouri  on  the  west,  the  Mississippi  on  the  east,  and  its  interior 
traversed  by  the  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Cedar,  and  other  rivers.  The  principal  articles  of  ex- 
port are  grain,  flour,  lead,  and  pork. 

Education. — All  lands  granted  by  Congress,  all  escheated  estates,  and  wliatever  percen- 
tage Congress  may  allow  on  the  public  lands  sold  within  the  State,  are  to  constitute  a  fund, 
the  interest  of  which,  and  the  rent  of  unsold  lands,  together  with  military  and  court  fines, 
are  to  form  an  api)ropriation  for  the  support  of  public  schools  in  Iowa. 


'^' 


t 


m 


WISCONSIN. 

AViscoNSiN,  one  of  the  recently-settled  states  of  the  American  confederacy,  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Minnesota,  Lake  Supei'ior,  and  llie  nortliorn  peninsula  of  Micliigan,  (from 
which  it  is  separated  in  part  bj'  the  Menomonee  and  Montreal  rivers,)  on  the  E.  by  Lake 
Michigan,  S.  by  Illinois,  and  W.  by  Iowa  and  Minnesota  Territory,  from  the  former  of  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Mississippi,  and  from  the  latter  (in  part)  by  the  St.  Croix  River.  It 
lies  between  42°  30'  and  46°  65'  N.  lat,,  (if  we  exclude  some  small  islands  belonging  to  the 
State  in  Lake  Superior,)  and  between  87°  and  92°  50'  AV.  Ion.,  being  about  285  miles  in  ex- 
treme length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  255  in  its  greatest  breadth  from  E.  to  AV.,  includ- 
ing an  area  of  about  63,924  square  milcs,  or  34,511,360  acres,  of  which  1,046,499  were  im- 
proved in  1860. 

PopuL.\TiON. — This  flourishing  scion  of  the  West  has  had  a  growth  unexampled  even  in 
that  thriving  region,  having  increased  from  30,945  in  1840,  to  a  population  of  805,391  in 
1850;  of  whom  104,221  were  white  males;  140,344  white  females ;  365  free  coloured  males ; 
and  216  free  coloured  females. 

Cities  and  Towns. — Towns  are  springing  up  in  AVisconsin  as  if  by  magic,  and  a  region 
that  but  a  few  years  ago  was  mostly  an  Indian  hunting  ground,  is  now  dotted  over  with 
them.  The  principal  of  these  are  Milwaukee,  population,  20,061 ;  Racine,  5111 ;  Kenosha, 
8455 ;  Janesville,  3461 ;  Waukesha,  2313  ;  Platteville,  219'7,  and  Fond  du  Lac,  2014.  Be- 
sides these  there  are  Beloit,  Madison,  Green  Bay,  Ozaukee,  Mineral  Point,  Oshkosh,  Water- 
town,  Sheboygan,  and  Manitoowoc,  liaving  populations  of  from  2000  to  4000  each. 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


105 


Face  of  the  Country. — Wisconsin  may  be  described  generally  as  an  elevated  rolling 
prairie,  from  600  to  1200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  This  State  has  no  mouhtainB, 
properly  so  called. 

Minerals. — Part  of  the  great  lead  region  extending  from  Illinois  and  Iowa  is  included  in 
the  S.  W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  and  is  no  less  rich  in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  its  ore  than 
in  the  other  states  where  it  lies.  The  lead  is  here  intermingled  with  copper  and  zinc  in 
considerable  quantities,  together  with  some  silver.  In  Lapointe,  Chippewa,  St.  Croix,  and 
Iowa  Counties,  copper  is  found ;  in  Dodge  County,  and  on  the  Black  River  and  other  branches 
of  the  Mississippi,  good  iron  ore  occurs,  Tlie  other  metallic  substances  are  magnetic  iron, 
jron  pyrites,  and  graphite  or  plumbago.  Facts  do  not  justify  any  expectation  of  great  de- 
posits of  copper  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  State.  A  great  bed  of  magnetic  iron  ore  lies  south 
of  Lake  Superior,  near  Tyler's  J'oik  of  the  Bad  River,  in  strata  of  metamorphic  slate.  In 
1850,  509,921  pigs  of  lead  were  shipped  from  Dubuque  and  Mineral  Point;  but,  778,460  in 
1845.  Beautiful  varieties  of  marble  have  been  recently  discovered,  or  made  known  to  the 
public  in  the  N.  jiart  of  Wisconsin.  Others  are  blue  and  dove-coloured,  beautifully  veined. 
These  are  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  and  some  on  the  Menomonee  are  within  navigable 
distance  from  New  York. 

Ob.iect9  of  Interest  to  Tovrists. — This  State  abounds  in  picturesque  objects,  in  water- 
falls, ropids,  bluffs,  and  beautiful  lakes,  with  clear  water  and  gravelly  bottoms. 

Climate — Tiiis  thriving  State,  which  has  surpassed  every  other,  except  California,  in  the 
unexampled  rapidity  of  its  growth,  is  the  theme  of  almost  unmingled  praise  of  the  tourist 
and  the  emigrant  from  every  part  of  Europe  and  America.  Its  beautiful  lakes,  rolling  prai- 
ries, swelling  uplands,  and  "  oiik  openings,"  (j.  e.  lands  covered  with  a  scattered  growth  of 
oak,)  fertile  soil,  its  fine  angling,  abundance  of  game,  and  healthy  climate,  tempt  thither 
alike  the  permanent  settler,  the  sportsman,  and  the  lover  of  the  picturesque.  The  climate, 
though  severe,  and  the  winters  long,  is  more  regular  and  more  free  from  those  frequent  and 
unhealthy  changes  that  prevail  farther  south.  The  lakes,  too,  exert  a  mitigating  influence, 
the  temperature  being  6-^°  higher  on  the  lake  than  on  the  Mississippi  side.  The  lake  shore 
is  also  more  moist,  but  the  State  generally  is  drier  than  in  the  same  parallels  further  east. 
The  diseases  consequent  upon  clearing  lands  are  less  frequent,  it  is  said,  in  this  thai,  other 
new  states,  owing  to  the  open  nature  of  the  country  in  the  oak  openings. 

Soil  and  Pbohuctions. — The  countrj^  south  of  the  middle  is  a  fine  agricultural  region.  In 
the  mineral  district,  W.  of  the  Pekatonica,  the  cc-'ntry  is  broken,  but,  what  is  unusual  in 
mining  tracts,  generally  well  adapted  to  farming,  and  especially  grazing.  But  probably 
the  best  agricultural  section  is  that  E.  of  the  Pekatonica,  which  has  more  prairie  land, 
though  even  here  is  a  considerable  portion  of  timbered  land  on  the  rivers  and  streams. 
The  agricultural  capabilities  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  around  the  head  waters  of 
the  Black  and  Chippewa  Rivers,  and  the  sources  of  the  rivers  emptying  into  Lake  Superior, 
are  small,  the  surface  in  part  being  covered  with  drift  and  boulders,  and  partly  with  ponds 
and  marshes.  The  agricultural  staples  of  this  State  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  Irish  po- 
tatoes, butter,  and  live  stock,  besides  considerable  quantities  of  rye,  wool,  beans,  peas,  bar- 
ley, buckwheat,  maple  sugar,  beeswax,  honey,  cheese,  and  hay,  with  some  sweet  potatoes, 
tobacco,  fruits,  wine,  grass-seeds,  hops,  flax,  and  hemp. 

Forest  Trees. — Tliere  are  vast  forests  of  pine  on  the  Upper  Wisconsin,  the  Wolf  river,  and 
the  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  N.  of  the  Wisconsin.  The  other  forest  trees  are  spruce, 
tnnvirac,  cedar,  oak  of  different  species,  birch,  aspen,  basswood,  hickory,  elm,  ash,  hemlock, 
poplar,  sycamore,  and  sugar-maple.  The  oak  openings  already  described,  form  a  pleasing 
feature  in  the  landscapes  of  Wisconsin. 

MANi'FAi-n'REs. — The  numerous  "ivers  and  streams  of  Wisconsin,  with  their  frequent 
rapids  and  falls,  afford  great  facilities  for  mill  sites  of  every  sort,  and  her  forests  and  iron 
for  ship  and  steamboat  buildirg.  Mr.  Hunt,  in  his  Gazetteer,  estimates  the  manufacture  of 
pine  lumber  at  400,000,000  ioet,  besides  which,  large  quantities  of  oak  and  basswood  are 
sawed  into  scantling,  plank,  lath,  etc.     He  also  gives  the  number  of  barrels  of  flour  manu- 


106 


STATES  OF  WISCONSIN  AND  MICKIGAN. 


fuctured  at  100,000,  (independent  of  kinds  of  mill  stuffs  in  abundance,)  of  paper,  300,000 
pounds,  and  of  shot,  100,000  pounds  annually. 

Education.— There  were  in  August,  1852,  in  the  State,  2763  school  districts,  in  which 
were  ]CC4  scliool  houses,  mostly  frame  or  log,  and  valued  at  $261,986.32.  The  capital  of 
the  school  fund  in  December,  1852,  was  $819,200.50.  It  is  expected  that  ere  long  the  lands 
appropriated  for  the  support  of  schools  will  form  a  fund  of  about  $3,000,000.  Public  in- 
struction is  under  the  charge  of  a  State  superintendent,  receiving  $1000  per  annum.  There 
have  been  granted  for  the  support  of  a  State  university,  46,080  acres  of  land.  There  are 
also  other  colleges  and  academies  supported  by  private  subscriptions,  which  are  promising 
institutions. 

History.— Wisconsin  was  formed  into  a  territory  in  1836,  and  admitted  into  the  Union 
as  an  independent  State  in  1848. 

MICHIGAN. 

Michigan,  one  of  the  more  recently  settled  of  the  north-western  States,  occupies  two 
peninsulas,  the  southern  one  lying  between  Lakes  Erie,  St.  Clair,  and  Huron  on  the  east, 
and  Lake  Michigan  on  the  west ;  and  the  northern  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron  on 
tiie  south,  and  Lake  Superior  on  the  north.  Tlie  whole  is  bounded  north  by  Liikc  Supe- 
rior, east  by  tlie  Straits  of  St.  Mary,  Lake  Huron,  St.  Clair  River  and  Lake,  Detroit  River, 
and  Lake  Erie  (nil  which  separate  it  from  Canoda  West),  on  the  south  by  Oliio  and  Indiana, 
and  on  the  west  by  Lakes  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  from  the  latter  of  which  it  is  partlj 
separated  by  the  Menomonee  and  Montreal  Rivers.  Michigan  lies  between  41°  40'  and 
47°  30'  north  latitude  (if  we  exclude  Isle  Royale,  a  dependency  of  this  State),  and  between 
82°  12'  and  90°  30'  west  longitude.  The  northern  peninsula  is  about  320  miles  in  extreme 
length  from  south-east  to  north-west,  and  130  in  its  greatest  breadth,  and  the  southern 
about  283  from  north  to  south,  and  210  from  enst  to  west,  in  its  greatest  width.  Tlie  joint 
area  of  the  two  peninsulas  is  56,243  square  miles,  or  35,595,520  aeri.9,  of  which  only  1,923,- 
682  were  improved  in  1850.  About  two-fifths  of  the  area  is  included  in  the  northern  pe- 
ninsula. 

PoruLATio.y. — ^Though  originally  settled  by  the  French,  the  great  bulk  of  the  population 
is  from  the  New  England  and  Middle  States.  A  large  portion  of  the  latter  is  of  New  Eng- 
land descent.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  Micliigan,  in  1810,  was  4762;  8896  in  1820; 
31,639  in  1830  ;  212,267  in  1840  ;  and  397,654  in  18.^0,  of  whom  208,471  were  white  males, 
186,626  white  females;  1412  coloured  males,  and  1145  coloured  females. 

Cities  and  Towns. — The  towns  of  this  State  exhibit  the  same  rapid  growth  which  is  so 
wonderful  a  characteristic  of  the  Western  States  generally.  Detroit,  the  largest  town  in 
the  State,  had,  in  1850,  a  population  of  21,019.  The  other  principal  towns  are  Ann  Ar- 
bor, population,  4868;  Jackson,  4147;  Flint,  3304;  Grand  Rapids,  .^147;  Ypsilante, 
3051;  Adrian,  3006;  Marshall,  2822;  Pontiac,  2820;  Monroe  City,  2813;  Teeumseh, 
2679;  Kalamazoo,  2507  ;  Cold  water,  2166  ;  and  Clinton,  2130.  These  populations,  as  in 
New  England,  sometimes  include  the  townships. 

Face  ok  the  Cou.ntry,  Geology,  and  Minerals. — The  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  so 
interesting  in  its  agricultural  and  economical  aspects,  '.s  rather  tame  in  its  topographical 
features,  as  there  is  no  considerable  elevation  (compared  with  the  country  inmiediately 
around  it)  within  its  whole  extent,  though  the  ridge  which  divides  the  waters  flowing  into 
Lakes  Huron  and  Erie  from  those  flowing  into  Lake  Michigan,  is  300  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  lakes,  and  about  1000  above  the  sea.  Tiie  country,  however,  may  be  generally  char- 
acterized as  a  vast  undulating  plain,  seldom  becoming  rough  or  broken.  There  are  occa- 
sional conical  elevations  of  from  150  to  200  feet  in  heiglit,  but  generally  much  less.  The 
shores  of  Lake  Huron  are  often  steep,  forming  bluffs ;  while  those  of  Lake  Michigan  are 
coasted  by  shifting  sand-hills  of  from  100  to  200  feet  in  heiglit.  In  the  southern  part  are 
those  natural  parks,  thinly  scattered  over  with  trees,  called,  in  the  parlance  of  the  country, 
"oak  openings;"  and  in  the  south-west  are  rich  prairie  lands.    The  northern  peninsula 


i 


>i^ 


STATE  OF  MICHIGAN. 


107 


exhibits  a  striking  contrast,  both  in  soil  ond  surface,  to  the  southern.  Wliile  the  latter  is 
level  or  inoilorately  undulating,  and  luxuriantly  fertile,  the  former  is  picturesque,  rugged, 
and  even  mountainous,  witli  streams  abounding  in  rapids  and  watei'-falls — rich  in  minerals, 
but  rigoiirous  in  climate,  and  sterile  in  soil.  The  Wisconsin  or  Porcupine  Mountains  which 
form  the  watei-shed  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Superior,  are  much  nearer  the  latter 
than  the  former,  and  attain  an  elevation  of  about  2000  feet  in  the  north-west  portion  of  the 
peninsula.  Tiio  east  part  of  this  division  of  the  State  is  undulating  and  picturesque,  but 
tlie  central  hilly,  and  composed  of  table-land.  The  shores  of  Lake  Superior  are  composed 
of  a  sandstone  rock,  which,  in  many  places,  is  worn  by  the  action  of  tl»e  wind  and  waves 
into  fancied  resemblances  of  castles,  etc.,  forming  the  celebrated  Pictured  Rocks;  while  the 
shores  of  Lake  Michigan  are  composed  of  a  limestone  rock.  The  streams  on  the  northern 
slope  of  the  Porcupine  Mountain  have  a  rapid  descent,  and  abound  in  picturesque  falls  and 
rapids.  Tiie  north  peninsula  is  primitive,  and  the  southern  secondary;  but  primitive 
rocks  are  scattered  over  the  plains  of  the  latter  of  more  than  100  tons  weight,  most  abund- 
ant on  the  borders  of  the  great  lakes,  on  the  flanks  of  valleys,  and  where  traces  of  recent 
floods  are  apparent. 

Michigan,  in  its  northern  peninsula,  possesses,  probably,  the  richest  copper  mines  in  the 
world,  A  block  of  almost  pure  copper,  weighing  some  tons,  and  bearing  the  arms  of  the 
State,  rests  imbedded  in  the  walls  of  the  National  Monument  at  Washiiigton.  The  region 
from  which  this  block  was  taken  lies  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Ontonagon  River.  The  same  mineral  abounds  in  Isle  Royale,  near  the  north  shore  of 
Lake  Superior.  Iron,  said  to  be  of  a  very  superior  quality,  is  found  in  a  district  about  00 
miles  soutli-i  ast  of  tiie  great  copper  region,  as  well  as  in  some  other  parts  of  Michigan. 
The  other  minerals  known  to  exist  in  this  State,  whose  mineral  resources  are  very  imper- 
fectly developed  as  yet,  are  lead,  gypsum,  peat,  limestone,  marl,  and  some  coal.  An  ex- 
cellent sand  for  the  manufacture  of  the  finer  kinds  of  glass-ware  is  found  on  the  shores  of 
Liike  Michigan,  as  well  as  Lake  Erie.  Tlie  copper  mines  in  the  northern  peninsula  are  es- 
timated to  have  produced  within  the  past  year  (March,  1853)  nearly  4000  tons  of  copper, 
worth,  on  the  seaboard,  $1,500,000.  Great  activity  prevails  in  the  mining  region  this 
year ;  new  discoveries  are  being  made,  an  increased  number  of  hands  employed,  and  addi- 
tional machinery  erected.  A  mass  of  copper,  weighing  5072  pounds,  sent  from  Michigan, 
was  exliibited  at  the  World's  Fair  in  New  York. 

Objects  of  Ixtehest  to  Toubists. — The  Island  of  Mackinaw,  in  the  straits  of  the  same 
name,  already  visited  for  its  picturestjue  beauty,  maj',  probably,  become  the  future  New- 
port of  the  north-western  States.  In  addition  to  its  bold  shores,  rising  to  a  height  of  near- 
ly 200  feet  jierpendieularly  above  the  water,  and  the  charm  of  its  picturesque  views  and 
cool  breezes,  it  has  the  accompaniment  of  fine  fishing  in  its  vicinity ;  and  the  pleasant  ex- 
cursions to  Sault  St.  Mary,  to  angle  for  the  far-famed  white  fish,  to  tempt  the  sportsman 
and  epicure  to  while  away  a  summer  vacation  in  this  vicinity.  About  60  miles  west  of  the 
entrance  of  the  Strait  St.  Marie,  are  the  celebrated  "  Pictured  Rocks,"  composed  of  sand- 
stone of  various  colours,  and  worn  by  the  action  of  the  wind  and  waves  into  resemblances 
of  ruined  temples,  castles,  etc.  One  peculiarly  :',. iking  object,  called  the  Doric  Rock,  is  a 
colonnade  of  4  round  pillars,  of  from  about  3  to  7  feet  in  diameter,  and  40  feet  in  height, 
supporting  an  entablature  8  feet  thick,  and  30  feet  across.  These  rocks  extend  for  about 
12  miles,  and  rise  about  300  feet  above  the  water.  Sometimes  cascades  shoot  over  the 
precipice,  so  that  \  essels  can  sail  between  them  and  the  natural  wall  of  rock.  On  laying 
out  the  track  for  a  railway  across  the  State  from  Detroit,  tlie  engineers  encountered  a  sin- 
gular lake,  covered  with  an  accumulation  of  vegetable  matter — the  growth  of  ages — but 
concealing  beneath  a  deep  and  dangerous,  though  not  extensive  lake,  which  made  it  neces- 
sary to  make  a  detour  from  the  road. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Puoductions. — Notwithstanding  the  severity  of  the  climate  in  Michi- 
gan, it  is  moderated  by  its  proximity  to  the  lakes;  yet  ihe  temperature  of  the  northern 
peninsula  is  quite  rigourous.  The  northern  peninsula  is  favourable  to  winter  grains,  but 
not  to  Indian  corn  ;  while  the  southern  produces  maize,  as  well  as  the  winter  grains,  abund- 


108 


STATE  OP  MICHIGAN. 


BDtly.    The  prevailing  diseases  nre  bilious  fevers,  ague,  and  dysentery:  consumption  is 


rare. 


Great  fertility  is  tlie  characteristic  of  most  of  tlie  soil  in  the  middle  and  south  of  the 
lower  peninsula ;  mostly  free  from  stone,  and  of  a  doep,  dark  sandy  loam,  often  minified 
with  gravel  and  clay.  Tlie  nortlicrn  peninsula  has  a  large  portion  of  rugged  and  poor  soil, 
but  its  agricultural  capabilities  are  not  yet  well  developed.  Portions  of  it  are  well  tim- 
bered with  white  pine,  sj)ruce,  hemlock,  birch,  oak,  aspen,  maple,  ash,  and  elm.  As  the 
wants  of  the  advancing  settlements  increase  the  demand,  this  region  can  furnish  large  sup- 
plies of  lumber  from  its  forests  of  pine,  spruce,  etc.,  manufactured  at  the  fine  mill-sites  af- 
forded by  the  rapid  streams  on  the  Superior  slope  of  the  Porcupine  Mountain.  Much 
of  southern  Michigan  is  occupied  by  those  beautiful  and  fertile  natural  lawns,  called  ook 
openings,  covered  with  scattered  trees,  and  free  from  underwood.  Another  portion  is 
prairie,  and  yet  another  timbered  land,  covered  with  black  and  white  walnut,  sugar  maple, 
different  species  of  oaks,  hickory,  ash,  basswood,  soft  maple,  elm,  linden,  locust,  dogwood, 
poplar,  beech,  aspen,  sycamore,  Cottonwood,  cherry,  pine,  hemlock,  spruce,  tamarack,  cy- 
press, cedar,  chestnut,  papaw,  etc.  Tlie  prairies  are  small,  and  divided  into  wet  and  dry— 
the  latter,  of  course,  being  somewhat  elevated.  The  north-west  of  the  lower  peninsula  is 
but  little  known,  but  recent  letters  from  that  region  represent  it  as  well  timbered,  well 
watered,  and  fertile;  it,  however,  has  an  uninviting  aspect  from  the  lakes.  On  the  shores 
of  Lake  Huron,  near  Saginaw  Bay,  is  a  marsliy  district.  Michigan  is  eminently  an  agri- 
cultural State ;  the  staple  products  being  wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  Irish  potatoes  (for 
which  it  is  espeoially  favourable),  butter,  haj',  maple  sugar,  wool,  and  live  stock,  with  large 
quantities  of  buckwheat,  rye,  peas,  beans,  barley,  fruits,  cheese,  beeswax,  and  honey ;  and 
some  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  wine,  grass  seeds,  hops,  fla.v,  silk,  and  molasses. 

MANUFACTUP.ra. — In  common  with  the  other  more  recently-settled  States,  Michigan  has 
not  yet  had  leisure  to  give  much  attention  to  the  development  of  her  manufacturing  re- 
sources. In  1850,  there  were  in  the  State  1979  manufacturing  establishments  -•  ';  pro- 
ducing $500  and  upwards  annually,  of  which  15  were  engaged  in  woollen  mai..iiaeturc3, 
employing  $94,000  capital,  and  78  male  and  51  female  hands,  consuming  raw  material 
worth  $-13,402,  and  producing  141,570  yards  of  stuffs  worth  'S90,'242  ;  (U  forges,  furnaces, 
etc.,  employing  $210,450  capital,  and  362  male  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth 
$105,865,  and  producing  5430  tons  of  castings,  pig  iron,  etc.,  valued  at  S'iW.GO? ;  $139,425 
capitjil  and  98  hands  were  emploj-ed  in  the  manufacture  of  10,320  barrels  of  ale,  porter, 
etc.,  and  890,900  gallons  of  whisky,  wine,  etc. ;  and  00  tanneries,  employing  $286,000 
capital,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $203,450,  and  producing  manufactured  leather 
valued  at  $363,980;  domestic  manufactures  were  fabricated  worth  $354,936. 

CoMMEBCE. — Michigan,  surrounded  as  it  is  by  inland  seas,  is  most  favourably  situated  for 
internal  trade,  and  trade  with  British  America.  Her  foreign  commerce  is,  however,  small, 
and  only  amounted,  in  1851-2,  in  imports,  to  $191,976,  and  exports,  $145,152;  tonnoge 
entered  for  the  same  year,  66,041  ;  cleared,  69,981 ;  owned,  46,318.12,  of  which  24,681.73 
was  steam  tonnage ;  number  of  vessels  built,  16,  with  a  tonnage  of  2039.00.  In  tlie  spring 
of  1853,  there  were  owned  at  Detroit  and  Mackinaw,  60  steamers,  with  a  tonnage  of  17,925. 
The  lake  trade  of  1851  has  been  stated  at,  imports,  $5,330,609,  and  exports,  $5,790,860. 
Wheat  and  other  grain,  flour,  pork,  live  stock,  wool,  and  copper  are  among  the  leading  ar- 
ticles of  export 

Education. — On  the  subject  of  education,  Michigan  is  largely  imbued  with  the  opinion  of 
New  England  (from  whence  so  many  of  her  sons  derive  their  origin),  that  republican  gov- 
ernment and  common-school  education  must  proceed  or  fall  together.  Ilor  school  fund, 
in  1852,  was  $575,668 ;  in  addition  to  which,  is  a  fund  culled  the  University  Fund,  of 
$100,000. 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 


109 


MISSOURI. 

Missouri,  one  of  tlie  largest  of  the  United  Stiites,  and  the  first  formed  wholly  W.  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  Iiy  Iowa,  (from  wliich  it  is  Boparnted  for  about  30 
miles  on  the  N.  K.  by  the  Des  Moines  River,)  on  the  E.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  wliieh  di- 
vides it  from  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee;  on  the  S.  by  the  Arkansas,  and  on  the  W. 
by  the  Indian  Territory,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Missouri  River.  This  State 
lies  (with  the  exception  of  u  small  projection  between  the  St,  Francis  and  the  Mississippi 
River,  which  extends  to  ;it)°)  between  3(5°  30',  and  40°  30'  N.  hit.,  and  89°  10'  and  «.)./  W. 
Ion.,  being  about  285  miles  in  its  greatest  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  280  in  width  from  N. 
to  S.,  including  an  area  of  07,380  square  miles,  or  43,123,200  acr(3,  only  2,938,425  acres 
vd  of  which  were  improved  in  1850. 

I'oi'LL.VTioN. — ^Though  originally  settled  by  tlie  French,  less  than  one-third  of  one  per 
cent,  of  the  present  inhabitants  of  Missouri  are  of  that  extraction.  The  population  amounted 
to  (50,58(5  in  1820;  140,145  in  183(1;  383,'702  in  184(»,  and  082,244  in  1850;  of  whom 
312,987  were  white  males,  and  279,017  females;  1301  free  coloured  males,  and  1257  fe- 
males; 43,484  male  slaves,  and  43,938  female. 

CniKA  ANi>  Towns. — St.  Louis  is  the  largest  city  in  Slissouri,  population,  77,800,  (by  a  local 
census  in  1853,  88,(t(iO;)  the  other  jirineipal  towns  are  Hannibal, population  in  1850,  2557  ; 
Lexington,  2459;  Castor,  2084;  Weston,  1915;  Palmyra,  1284;  and  St.  Genevieve,  958. 
Capital,  Jefferson  City. 

Fauk  ok  thi-:  Coixtuy. — This  great  State  is  mostly  level  or  undulating  N,  of  the  Missouri 
River,  while  S.  of  this  river  (much  the  larger  portion  of  the  State)  exhibits  a  much  greater 
variety.  In  the  S.  E.  part,  near  the  Mississippi  River,  and  S.  of  Cape  Girardeau,  is  an  ex- 
tensive marsh,  reaching  beyond  the  Strte  into  Arkansas,  and  occupying  an  area  of  about  3000 
square  miles.  The  remainder  of  this  portion,  between  the  ilississippi  and  the  Osage  Rivers, 
is  rolling,  gradually  rising  into  a  hilly  and  mountainous  district,  forming  the  outskirts  of 
the  Ozark  Mt>untnins.  Beyond  the  Osage  River,  at  some  distance,  commences  a  vast  ex- 
panse of  prairie  land,  which  stretches  awaj^  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  ridges  forming 
the  Ozaik  ohiiin,  which  probably  in  no  place  reach  an  elevation  of  2000  feet,  extends  in  a 
N.  E.  and  S,  W.  direction,  separating  the  waters  that  flow  N.  E.  into  Missouri  River  from 
those  that  flow  S.  E.  into  the  JIississip])i  River.  The  geological  features  of  this  Slate  are 
very  interesting.  One  of  the  richest  coal  fields  perhaps  in  the  world  occupies  the  greater 
part  of  Missouri  N.  of  the  Osage  River,  and  extends  nearly  to  the  N.  boundary  of  Iowa.  A 
carbonifi-rous  limestone,  which  comes  to  the  surface  on  the  E.  and  W.  borders  of  the  State, 
forms  a  rini  from  5  to  40  miles  in  breadth.  The  lower  magncsian  limestone  crops  out  on 
the  Missouri  Kiver,  from  25  miles  above  Jefferson  City  to  within  35  miles  of  its  mouth,  with 
occasional  obtrusions  of  sandstone.  Schoolcraft  thus  speaks  of  the  Ozark  Mountains :  "  The 
Ozark  is  a  term  applii-d  to  a  broad,  elevated  district  of  highlands,  running  from  N.  to  S. 
centrally  through  the  States  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas.  It  has  on  the  E.  the  striking  and 
deejt  alluvial  tract  of  the  Jlississippi  River,  and  on  its  W.  the  woodless  plains  or  deserts 
which  stretch  below  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

!Mim:uals. — Missouri  is  particularly  rich  in  minerals,  and  a  vast  region  in  the  neighbour- 
liood  of  Iron  ]SIountain  is,  perhaps,  unsurpassed  in  the  globe  for  proiluetiveness  in  iron  of 
the  best  (piality.  Though  existing  in  the  greatest  abundance  and  purity  in  this  locality, 
this  mineral  is  found  scattered  throughout  tlie  State.  In  the  eastern  counties  S.  of  the  IMis- 
Bouri  River,  large  quantities  of  lead,  sometimes  mixed  with  zinc,  are  found.  Copper  exists 
throughout  the  mineral  region,  (n  tract  of  17,000,000  or  18,000,000  acres,)  but  is  most  abun- 
dant near  the  La  ilotto  mines.  It  is  found  combined  with  nickel,  manganese,  iron,  cobalt, 
and  lead,  and  these  often  yield  34  per  cent,  of  the  pure  metal.  Of  the  other  metals  named, 
all  except  nickel  are  found  in  considerable  quantities.  Silver  exists  in  the  lead  ore,  350 
pounds  of  pure  silver  having  been  obtained  from  1,000,000  pounds  of  lead.  Tin  has  been 
found  in  small  quantities.     Of  the  non-metallic  minerals,  limestone  abounds  N.  of  the  Mis- 


110 


STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 


Bouri  River,  mid  forms  n  good  building  stone.  Miirliles  boiiutifiilly  voined  nnd  cryRtnlHne 
nro  found  in  parts  of  tlie  Stiitc  ;  nlso  gypsum,  -uindstones,  red  and  wliitc,  jiorjiliyrius,  sienite, 
BiUtpetre,  sulplinte  of  biirytn,  Ijiiolin,  nnd  inferior  clays.  The  red  nandstono  is  of  too  coarse 
and  loose  a  texture  for  nrehitecturnl  purposos,  hut  the  white,  found  "car  St.  (ienevieve, 
innkes  superior  gloss.  Porphyries  of  a  red  groMiid  iitorspcrsed  with  crystals,  adndtting  -^^ 
ft  high  polish,  arc  found  1*.  of  the  Missouri  River. 

CoAU— J5i'i'>ninou8  eonl,  !ni;eh  of  it  cannel  eoal,  exists  in  vast  beds  in  the  N.  of  ihe  State, 
and  has  also  been  lound  40  m;|.-3  up  the  Osnge  River.  The  great  eonnel  e<ial-lie.l  in  Cal- 
laway County  confists,  in  one  place,  of  a  solid  stratum  24  feet,  and  in  another  75  fit  t  in 
thickness,  nnd  is  believed  to  be  the  largest  body  of  eannel  coal  known. 

RiVKns. — Misso-iri  enjoys  the  navigation  of  the  tvo  ijreatest  rivers  in  tlie  I  idted  States, 
if  not  in  the  world.  By  nienns  of  the  Mississippi  River,  which  coasts  her  entire  eastern 
boundary,  she  cnn  hold  comnicreinl  intercourse  with  tli  ■  most  northern  territory  of  the 
Union,  with  the  whole  of  the  v  'ley  of  the  Ohio,  with  some  of  the  .\tlnntie  States,  and 
with  ihe  Gulf  of  Mexico.  By  menus  of  the  Missouri,  her  other  great  river,  she  mny  ex- 
tend her  internal  commerce  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  besides  rcceivitig  the  products  that 
mny  be  furnished  in  future  times  by  its  iniillitiide  of  tributaries.  The  Mis-xiui-i  iliver  coasts 
the  N.  W.  of  the  State  for  about  iiod  miles,  (following  its  windings,)  and  th.'n  darts  across 
die  State  in  a  direction  a  little  S.  of  R,  dividing  it  into  two  portions,  df  which  about  n 
t'lird  is  N..  a'ld  the  remainder  S.  of  that  river. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Toihists, — W.  shall  hardly  be  able  to  do  justice  to  Mis-^duri  in  this 
respect,  in  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  the  interior,  as  there  an-  doubtless,  in  her 
mountain  recesses,  gorges,  wntcrfnlls,  ind  cnvea  whose  fame  has  not  yet  reaeiw'd  us.  To 
the  geologist  the  State  already  possesses  ample  inducements  for  a  visit ;  while  the  lnver  of 
line  scenery  will  find  much  to  interest  him  in  the  wild  bluffs  Imth  of  the  Missouri  and  Mis- 
sissippi Rivers,  which  rise  to  an  elevation  varying  from  50  to  ;^((0  feet. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Missouri  is  ver}'  variable  :  in  the  winter  the  tlurtnometer  sinks 
below  zero,  and  the  rivers  are  frozen  so  ns  to  odniit  the  passage  of  hciivily  laden  vehicles. 
The  summers  are  excessively  hot,  but  the  air  dry  nnd  pure.  In  the  autumns,  bilious  and 
remittent  fevers  are  common  on  the  river  bottoins.  I'ulmonary  complaints,  however,  to 
such  a  degree  ns  to  terminate  in  consumpt'  m,  arc  infrequent. 

Soil  and  I'roui'ctions. — The  soil  of  Misfouri,  speaking  g'^ncrallj',  is  gord,  nnd  of  trreat 
agricultural  cnpnbilities;  but  the  most  fertile  jiorfions  nre  in  the  river  bot'  -iiis,  which,  are 
a  rich  nlluvion,  (in  ionie  cases,  however,  mixed  ivitli  si'.nd.)  nnd  in  that  portioi.  N.  of  the 
Missouri  River,  except  in  the  E.,  where  n  siuidy  soil  prevails.  South  ot  ihe  Missouii  there, 
is  a  greater  variety  in  the  soil,  but  much  of  it  ij  fertile,  nnd  even  in  the  mountains  and 
mineral  districts  thero  are  rich  valleys,  nnd  nbout  the  sources  of  the  AVhito,  Eleven  Points, 
Current,  nnd  Big  Black  Rivers,  the  soil,  though  unproductive,  nirnishes  a  valuable  irrow'h 
of  yellow  pine.  The  marshy  district  of  the  S.  E,  pnrt  will,  when  'lie  population  shall  Iniv 
become  sufficiently  dense  to  justify  the  expense  of  drainage,  be  prconbly  <  ne  of  the  most 
fertile  poriions  of  tho  State.  The  gr^  at  staple  of  Misiouri  i*  Indian  corn,  and  more  hemp 
is  produced  than  in  any  State  except  Kentucky ;  the  other  great  products  ni'i-  v.  iieat,  oats 
tobacco,  wool,  p'>ns,  benns,  Irish  nnd  sweet  potntoes,  fruits,  butter,  chense,  pork,  hny,  fiftx, 
honej',  nnd  beeswax ;  considerable  rye,  buckwheat,  market  pro''ucts,  grass-seeds,  mnple 
augnr;  nnd  some  rice,  barley,  wine,  hops,  silk,  and  molasses, 

FouEiiT  AND  FnuiT  Trees. — "Tlu!  river  bottoms  nre  covered  with  a  Iiix:iriiiiit  ^jrowth  of 
oak,  elm,  nsh,  hickory,  coltonwood,  linn,  nnd  white  nnd  black  wnlnuf.  In  the  more  bnrren 
districts  nre  found  white  nnd  pin  onk,  nnd  sometimes  forests  of  yellow  pine.  The  crnb- 
npple,  pnpnw,  nnc.  persimmon  nre  abundant;  ns  also  the  hazel  and  pecan."  There  are 
three  species  of  wiid  grnpr  ■.  nnd  apples,  pcnrs,  peaches,  .ipricots.  nnd  nect^arines  yield  well. 

Commerce. — St.  Lou's  is  the  great  centre  of  internol  coiamerce  of  the  Mississippi  nnd  its 
tributaries,  which  ini,.';t  greatly  increase  as  the  settlements  on  those  great  rivers  extena 
themselves.    T.ie  exports  of  this  State  consist  mainly  of  lead,  pork,  Hour,  wheat,  tol>acoo, 


ll 


MISSOURI,    OB  NORTH-WEST  TERRITORY. 


Ill 


ed  niid  erystnlline 
orphj-rk's,  Bionite, 
lu!  is  of  too  conrse 
■nr  St.  (iciu'viove, 
itnls,  ndniittiiig  -^^ 

lie  N.  of  tlifStnte, 
1  conl-l)('i]  in  Cul- 
luitiicr  7.")  f((  t  in 


and  live  stock.     Missouri  has  long  been  the  principal  scat  of  an  active  caravan  trade  with 
Bonta  F6. 

Education, — Misaouri  Ims  a  school  fund  (in  1852)  of  $575,668,  and  anothor  fund  of 
$100,000,  called  the  seminary  fund.  Tlic  interest  of  the  former  is  distrihuted  aiiinni,'  the 
counties  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  sciiolars  in  eoch.  In  1850  there  were  59,927  chil- 
dren in  the  State,  of  whom  3'.t,983  were  in  tiio  schools.  Annual  expenditure  for  school  pup- 
poses,  $88,124;  niuubcr  of  volumes  in  school  libraries,  (i'200.  Every  sixtceutli  section  of 
public  lands  is  devoted  to  common  schools. 


the  I  nitcd  Stales, 
ler  entire  eastern 
11  tiM'rilory  of  the 
liiiitie  Stiiles,  and 
•ivcr,  slic  may  ex- 
tiie  ]irodiiets  that 
-•'iiuri  I'ivcr  eoasis 
1  then  iliirls  iiero;'8 
iif  wliicli  about  a 

■til  Missouri  in  this 
e  doubtless,  in  her 
>t  reiieiied  u^.  ■  To 
wliiie  the  lover  of 
Jlissouri  iiml  .Mis- 

tliermometer  sinks 
ilv-iaden  vehicles, 
tinnns,  bilious  and 
aiiits,  however,  to 

^d,  and  of  ^reat 
t'  -las',  which  are 
jiortioi.  X.  of  the 
lie  Missouri  tliere 

mountains  and 

,  i'lleven  I'oints, 
valuabl<'  irvowMi 
lation  sliiill  liavr 
I  lie  of  tlie  most 

anil  more  hemp 
are  v.  lieat,  oats 

pork,  hay,  flax, 
rass-seeds,  maple 

iriiiut  growth  of 
the  more  barren 
lunr.  The  crab- 
■an."  Tliere  are 
irines  yield  well. 
lississippi  and  its 
at  riveis  extenu 
wheat,  toliaceo. 


MISSOURI,  OR  NORTH-WEST  TERRITORY. 

Missouri,  or  NoBrri-WEST  Tkrritory,  an  unorganized  territory  occupying  the  vast  region 
lying  between  the  White  Earth  and  Missouri  Rivers  on  the  E.,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains 
on  the  W.,  and  (with  the  exception  of  a  small  tract  in  the  S.  E.,  belonging  to  the  Indian 
Territory)  between  the  Platte  River  on  the  S.,  and  British  America  on  the  X.  It  lies  be- 
tween about  40"  30'  and  19°  N.  hit.,  and  between  abouf  97°  45'  and  113"  W.  Ion.,  covering 
an  I'stiniated  area  of  about  o87,5ti4  scpiarf  miles,  or  8[iacc  enough  for  live  States  larger  than 
Illinois.    This  vast  tract  would  include  the  proposed  territory  of  Nebraska. 

I'opui.ATioy. — We  have  no  census  returns  from  this  wild  region,  which  has  been  appro- 
priated as  the  abode  of  ditTerent  Indian  t"ibes,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Crowa, 
Blackfeet,  (a  very  warlike  and  cruel  tribe,)  Minnetarees,  Ricearees,  Puncahs,  and  Pawneesi, 

Fapk  or  Till-;  Cot  ntuv. — The  greater  part  <if  this  territory,  as  far  as  is  known,  seems  to 
consist  of  a  higli  prairie  land.  A  chain  of  highlands,. called  the  Black  Hills,  I'uns  from 
wear  the  Platte  River  in  a  N.  E.  direction  to  the  Missouri  River,  which  they  approach  in 
about  102°  of  W,  longitude,  dividing  the  waters  running  into  the  Yellow.sfone  from  those 
flowing  into  the  .Missouri  below  its  great  south-eastern  bend.  On  the  W.,  the  Rocky 
Mountains  rear  their  lofty  sununits,  in  some  instances  above  the  snow  line,  and  send  out 
spurs  into  Mis.souri.  Fremont's  Peak,  the  loftiest  known  in  this  chain  in  the  United  States, 
is  on  the  S.  AV.  border  of  this  territory. 

r.ivKii.s  AND  Lakks. — This  exteusivo  tract  is  traversed  by  the  Missouri,  one  of  the  moLt 
important  rivers  in  the  world,  which  rises  near  its  south-western  border,  runs  for  about 
1000  miles  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  to  48°  20'  N,  latitude,  receiving  a  large  number  of  afflu- 
ents from  the  X.,  one  of  which,  the  Yellowstone,  is  980  miles  in  length,  and  a  multitude  of 
snb-triliutaries  from  the  S.  From  il.r>  latitude  named  above,  it  flows  off  to  the  S.  E.,  form- 
ing the  eastern  boundary  for  perhaps  loOO  miles.  In  about  latitude  43°  30'  the  Missouri 
makes  a  grand  detour,  called  the  Great  Bend,  "  where  the  river  makes  a  circuit  of  30 
miles  in  advancing  2000  yards  in  a  direct  course."  A  number  of  important  streams  flow 
into  the  Mis,<ouri,  within  this  territory,  below  the  bend  alluded  to,  so  that  this  region  is 
well  watered,  and  gives  promise  of  being  more  suitable  for  settlement  than  the  country 
below  I'lntte  River.  There  are  some  small  lakes  in  the  S,  W.,  and  perhaps  others  yet  to 
be  discovered  and  described. 

OiuKcrs  or  Intkiust  to  Toirists. — The  Great  Falls  of  the  Misso.iri,  and  the  gorge  below, 
enclosed  witli  perpendicular  rocks  1200  feet  high,  claim  the  first  place  among  the  striking 
natural  objects  of  this  territory. 

ANI.MAI.S. — Tliis  country  is  the  paradise  of  the  hunter  and  trapper.  Vast  herds  of  bufia- 
lo  roam  over  its  prairies,  though  now  rapidly  diminishing  in  numbers.  Lewis  and  Clark 
have  stated  that  at  times  the  Missouri  was  backed  i;p  as  liy  a  dam,  by  the  multitude  of 
these  animal;-  "••issing.  The  gi'izzly  bear,  Rocky  Mountain  goat,  sheep,  and  antelope  in- 
fest the  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  and  the  b«aver  in  former  times  existed  in  great 
numbers,  though  the  trappers  are  now  fast  thinning  them  out.  Panthers  were  met  with 
by  Lewis  and  Clark  ;  also  black  bears,  elks,  aiul  wolves. 

Commerce. — ^Ihe  fur  and  peltry  trade  constitute  the  commerce  of  this  vast  region. 
Steamboats  ascend  the  Missouri  above  the  \  ellowstone,  and  up  the  latter  river  300  miles. 


112 


MINNESOTA. 


MINNESOTA. 

MiNNtiiOTA,  ft  territory  of  the  United  StiitfH,  u  bouinlcd  on  the  N.  I>y  Urllii'li  Atncricft,  E, 
by  Liilif  Superior  and  tiio  Stiite  of  Wist'oimin,  S.  i>y  Iowa  iunl  Mii<:<oiMi  Territory,  imd  W.  liy 
Mii^ouri  Territory.  The  Ijike  of  tlio  Woodn,  with  ii  cliain  of  Kniull  lalics  and  their  outlets, 
form  a  part  of  the  Nortiiern  Imundary ;  the  St.  Croix  and  Mi.-<;<i!<si|>pi  a  part  of  tlie  eastern, 
and  tlie  Missouri  and  Wliite  Kartli  Rivers  the  western  lioundary.  It  liea  l)etween  42"  80' 
and  4!)°  N.  lat.,  and  l)etween  aliout  89°  H(t'  and  103°  3u'  W.  Ion.,  l>eing  nl)out  (loO  miles  iu 
extreme  leni,'th  from  E.  to  W.,  and  4:)()  from  N.  to  S.,  ineludin;,'  an  areft  of  nearly  100,000 
square  miles,  or  100,240,000  acres. 

Fack  of  TnE  Coti.NTRY. — Thonj^li  there  are  no  mountains  in  Minnesota,  it  is  the  most 
elevated  tract  of  l-ii-.d  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Hudson's  Hay,  and  from  its  central 
hei^iita  sends  its  waters  to  every  point  of  the  compass,  hut  mostly  to  the  N.  and  S.  The 
position  from  which  the  Ked  Uiver  of  the  North  alid  the  St.  I'eter's  take  their  opposite 
courses  is  almost  exactly  in  the  centre  of  the  territory,  and  elevated  al)ont  '20(M)  feet  above 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  A  plateau,  called  the  "  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  or  "  I'rairie  IIeif,'hts," 
about  200  miles  in  length,  and  from  15  to  40  iu  lireadth,  runs  tlirouirh  the  middle  of  the 
southern  part  of  Minnesota.  Its  /[greatest  elevation  is  about  I'.tltj  feet  above  the  levd  of  the 
sea,  and  its  average  height  about  1450  feet.  The  northern  ])ortion,  which  is  the  highest,  is 
about  890  feet  abovi  Bi  -stone  Lake,  which  lies  in  its  vicinity.  Passing  the  St.  Peter's  or 
MinnesotJi  Iliver,  we  come  u|.on  another  range  of  heights,  known  as  the  "Coteau  dii  Grand 
Bois,"  or  the  AVoodcd  Ileiglits,  which  extend  for  more  than  100  miles  nearly  parallel  with 
the  "Coteau  des  Prairies."  This  ridge  is  mostly  covered  with  an  extensive  forest  of  hard 
wood.  Through  the  middle  of  the  triangle  which  occupies  the  N.  E.  portion  of  the  ter- 
ritory, runs  a  third  range  of  heights,  called  the  "  Ilautt'urs  de  Terre,"  or  "  lliifhlands," 
whicli  extend  W.  l)y  S.  aijout  .SCO  miles,  and  form  a  dividing  ridge,  wlienee  ilow  the  waters 
that  seek  Lake  Superior  and  the  Mississip|)i  in  one  direction,  and  Hudson's  Bay  in  the 
other.  A  range  of  less  altitude  than  the  "  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  but  continuing  in  the  same 
direction,  forms  the  watershed  of  the  streams  flowing  into  the  ilissonri  on  the  AV.,  and  those 
flowing  into  the  Red  Itiver  on  tlie  E.  The  rest  of  the  country  generally  alternates  Ixtween 
sandhills  and  swamps,  and  river  liottoms  and  prairies.  In  the  N.,  on  the  Ueil  Kiver,  are 
extensive  Savannas,  level  ao  >.  floor,  while  th<^  central  region  and  the  ,  ortion  between  that 
and  Lake  Superior  is  nnieli  of  it  occupied  with  marshes,  se])arated  by  hiMs  of  drift.  We-st 
of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies,  and  Red  River,  the  country  has  been  l>ut  li.tle  explored;  but 
that  portion  of  it  between  the  Riviiire  i\  Jacijues  and  the  Missouri  is  .'eprcsented  as  com- 
posed of  high  rolling  prairies. 

MiNEHALs. — The  indications,  froi;'  geological  survoj's  of  Minnesota,  '".o  no*  favour  the  liopes 
of  great  metallic  wealth  w  ithin  its  Norders.  Copper  has  been  f  mid,  Init  in  most  instances 
it  is  not  "in  place,"  but  appears  to  li've  been  carried  thith.r  by  the  drift  and  boulders. 
Tlie  probability  is  that,  of  richer  metallic  ores  than  'rou,  this  territory  will  not  atl'ord  (I'X- 
cept  near  Lake  Superior)  s\ifKeient  (piantity  i,'  ''ejay  the  labours  of  the  miner;  for  if  they 
exist  at  all,  they  probaldy  lie  at  great  depths.  The  indications  are  eqiuilly  unfavourable  to 
there  being  any  large  deposits  of  coal.  A  lea<l  v<'in,  4  inches  in  thickness,  was  discovered 
on  the  Waraju  liiver,  by  the  geological  corps  of  I'rot'essor  Owen.  The  most  remarkable 
mineral  in  this  territory  is  the  red  pipestone,  of  which  the  Indians  make  their  pipes,  and 
which  is  believed  to  be  peculiar  to  the  region  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies.  Salt  is  n'ported 
to  exist  in  vast  quantities  between  47°  and  49°  N.  lat,,  and  97°  and  99°  W.  Ion. 

Lakks  and  Rivi;ns. — Minnesota  is,  perhaps,  even  more  deserving  than  Jliehigan  of  the 
appellation  of  the  "  Lake  State,"  as  it  abounds  in  lacustrine  waters  of  every  size,  from  lakes 
of  40  miles  in  extent,  to  small  ponds  of  less  than  a  mile  in  circuit.  These  beautiful  sheets 
of  water  give  origin  to  rivers  flowing  K,  S.,  and  E. ;  some  finding  their  way  to  the  Atlantic 
through  the  mighty  Mississippi  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  others  through  the  great  lakes, 
Niagara,  and  the  St.  Lawrence ;  and  others,  again,  pass  oft'  to  the  N.,  and  seek  the  ocean 


MINNESOTA. 


118 


throuijli  Hudson's  fifty  nnJ  Strnits.    Tlie  lftrf?e«t  of  tlieso  liikea,  wltli  the  oxcoptlon  of  Lake 
fiuiuTior,  iiiv  tint  Liiki)  of  ilm  WooiIh,  Rainy  Liiko,  Red,  Miniii-Wiikim  or  Devil  Luke, 
Leech,  iind  Miile  Liie,  or  Spirit  \j\ke.     The^te  ijeiieriilly  Imve  clear,  jiel.My  iiottoinst,  nnd  are 
well  stocked  with  fish,  riniong  which  nro  the  white  fish,  ])ike,  pickerel,  nmskelonjje,  sucker, 
perch  and  trout.    Wild  rice  urows  on  the  Itonlers  of  nniny  of  them,  especially  at  the  North. 
Devil  Lake,  which  in  on  the  ISth  pariiUcl  of  N,  lat.,  in  tiie  N.  \V.  of  Minnesota,  is  uhout  10 
niUei*  in  leni^th,  by  IB  In  hrendth,  and  its  waters,  which  are  hrackish,  have  no  visihlc 
outlet.     Red  Lake,  on  the  same  parallel,  E.  of  Red  River,  with  which  it  communicates,  is 
divided  into  two  portions,  united  liy  a  strait  of  2  ndles  in  wiiltli,  an<l  covers  ahoiit  the  same 
area  as  Devil  Lake.     Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  Rainy  Lake,  (the  former  a  Inr^fe  sheet  of 
water,  jierhaps  IdO  miles  in  circuit,)  are  hoth  on  the  N.  li  houndary  of  the  territory. 
Lake  I'epin,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  Is  a  mere  expansion  of  the  Mississippi  in  the  S.  E. 
of  this  territory.     The  rivtrs  and  larne  streams  of  Minnesota  are  almost  as  iiunu'rous  as  its 
lakes.     Tlu^  far  famed  Mississipjii  takes  its  hmnlih^  oriifin  from  Itasca  Ijiko,  from  wIiosh 
pellucid  waters  it  is.sues  ft  rivulet  of  hut  ft  few  feet  in  width,  and  first  meandering  in  ft  N.  E. 
direction  throui,'h  a  number  of  small  lakes,  to  receive  their  tril)Ut-,  it  turns  to  the  S.,  and 
pursues  its  lordly  way  U>  its  far  distant  exH  in  the  (Julf  of  Mexico,  lavini;  in  its  eour-e  the 
shores  of  nine  States  nnd  one  territory.    About  800  miles  of  its  leni^h  are  included  within 
Minnesota,  of  which  5(10  are  navij^alde,  200  b  -low  the  t'alls  of  St.  Anthonj-,  and  'Mn)  aliove. 
The  Rum  and  St.  Croix,  *ril)iitaries  of  the   Miss";  -iipo',  drain  the  S.  li.  portion  of  the  tcrri 
torv,  and  flie  Red  River  the  northern,  [)assin^'  olf  into  Hudson's  Bay.     It  is  the  o\itlet  of 
Traverse,  Ottcrtail,  Red,  and  several  smaller  laki'S.     It  has  a  course  of  about  500  miles 
williin  Miiinisota,  thoUi,'h  it  does  not  fiow  directly  north  more  than  2o0  miles  in  that  dis- 
tance.    The  Lake  Sujierior  slii]ie  is  jirinoipalty  drained  by  the  St.  Louis  and  its  lii'iin<'lics, 
and  by  the  oulhts  nf  that  scries  of  small  lakes  that  form  the  \.  E.  lioundary  of  Minnesota. 
The  ffrcat  valley  fnrnied  by  the  slopes  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies  and  the  Coteau  du  Hois 
is  drained  by  the  St.  Peter's  and  its  tributaries.     This  river  runs  first  in  a  S.  E.,  and  then 
in  a  N.  Iv  course,  with  a  total  lenjL,'th  of  from  400  t  o  5oo  miles,  and  is  navii,'able  for 
Bteamers,  during  higli  Wftter,  50  miles  above  its  mouth  in  the  Mississippi,  and  G(i  farther 
for  keel-boats.     Its  principal  branch  is  the  Blue  Earth  or  Mankota  River.     Tlie  St.  Peter's, 
with  the  Crow  Wing  and  Crow  R'vers,  are  thf  principal  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  from 
the  West.     The  Kivit^re  i\  .lacijues  (ret)  ve-oir'  ah  zhak)  and  the  Sioux  are  the  priiu'ipal 
ntfluents  of  the  Missouri  from  tins  territorj*.     They  both  have  an  almost  directly  S.  course, 
the  forn!cr  being  about  (ioo,  nnd  the  latter  3.50  miles  long.     Nearly  the  whole  western 
boundary  is  washed  by  the  Missouri,  which  ojtens  the  western  part  of  tlie  territory  to  the 
eoinmerce  of  the  great  Mississip|(i  valley.     The  rivers  of  Minnesota  abound  in  small  falls 
ami  rajiids,  which,  while  they  interrupt  navigation,  furnish  extensive  water-power. 

OujKcTs  OK  Intkuest  TO  TofuisTs. — If  wc  cxccpt  cataracts  of  the  first  magintude  nnd  high 
mountains,  Minnesota  jiresents  as  great  a  variety  of  natural  objects  of  interest  as  any  por- 
tion of  our  widely  extended  domain. 

Minnesota  shares  with  AVisconsin  in  the  falls  and  rapids  of  the  St.  Louis  River,  another 
piclurcsijue  and  romantic  display  of  nature's  works.  Tie  rivers  of  Minnesota  are  filled 
with  jiicturesque  rapids  and  small  falls,  and  often  bordered  with  perpendicular  bluffs  of 
lime  and  sandstone,  or  gently  sloping  hills  that  gracefulh*  recede  from  the  water.  This 
region  is  the  ]iai'adise  of  the  hunter:  its  prairies  and  forests  are  tlie  home  of  many  wiM 
animals,  ami  in  its  rivers  and  lakes  swim  great  varieties  offish. 

Ci.iMATK. — The  climate  of  this  territ.  v  is  severe,  especially  in  the  northern  part.  At  the 
Pcniliiiia  seltlcnient,  under  the  4'.)th  paraliel  of  laliude,  the  cold  is  freijuently  so  great  fts 
to  freeze  quicksilver.  ^Minnesota,  in  some  pans,  is  t  )0  severe  for  Indian  eorn,  but  the  dry- 
ness and  steadiness  of  the  cold  favour  wheat  and  other  winter  grains. 

Soil  and  Puo»uctions. — The  soil  of  Jlinnesota  varies  greatly.  In  the  valleys  of  the 
rivers  it  is  mostly  excellent,  especially  in  those  of  the  St.  Peter's,  nnd  of  the  Mississippi  and 
its  tributaries  in  the  south-east  of  the  territory.  Above  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  with  the 
exception  of  the  river  alluvions  and  some  j)rairie  land,  the  country  is  generally  covered 


114 


MINNESOTA. 


with  drift,  intorcpcri'od  wltli  iimmlu'd,  too  wet  for  onltivnlioii ;  l>iit  tliti  oli'vntotl  iiortlnn  ii 
often  iniipli  of  it  of  tolorulilf  fertility,  tli()iij,'h  itif<nor  to  tlio  cnleiireoux  IuiuIh  of  llio  river 


liotti 


oiii!',  mid  not  iinfii<|uen 


tiy 


'd  with  ilwurf  llnilier. 


FouKsr  TitiiKs. — I'nrt^of  Minnenotii  nro  densely  tiniliered  with  |iiiie  fore-<tt',  and  the  rid^e* 
of  tho  drift  distriets  with  Bnmll  pine,  bireli,  HHpen,  inii|ile,  Msli,  elm,  hemlock,  tirn,  jioplur, 
and  husawood.  In  tho  awninps  hetweon  tho  rld^eH,  tlio  tiunnraek,  codiir,  nnd  cypress  nro 
found;  wiiile  the  river  tiottonin  fiirni»h  n  good  f^rowth  of  oiik,  ii^pen,  soft  mnple,  Imnswood, 
ash,  hireli,  whito  walnut,  linden,  imd  elm.  Mueh  of  this  tindier  on  the  poorer  riili{es,  nnd 
in  some  of  the  innrsliea.  Is  rather  of  a  dwarf  chnrncter.  On  the  Kiini,  St.  Croix,  and  Pino 
Uivers  there  are  extensive  forests  of  pine,  of  ffood,  hut  not  of  the!  lari;est  growth,  Aeeord- 
Uif(  to  I'rofessor  Owen,  "a  belt  of  forest  crosses  Minnesota  in  hit.  -11 '  I!(i',  which  is  reunirk' 
able  for  its  uniisiiid  body  of  timber,  in  n  ooiintry  otherwise  but  scantily  timbered."  Taken 
as  a  wlioh',  thei-efore,  llinncsota  can  scarcely  bo  called  a  well-wooded  country.  IJut  here, 
as  in  other  parts  of  the  West,  when  the  prairies  are  protected  from  lire,  a  !j;rowlh  of  youii)^ 
tindjcr  soon  springs  up. 

ANIMAL8. — .Minnesota  has  always  been  a  favourite  hunling-groiind  of  the  Indians,  and 
vast  herds  of  buffalo,  elk,  deer,  antelope,  and  otlier  game  still  roam  over  llie  |dain»  west 
of  the  Coteau  des  I'rairies  and  the  Ue<l  liiver.  I)eer,  bhu'k  bear,  antelope,  wolverine,  otter, 
miiskrat,  mink,  martin,  wolf,  and  raccoon  abound,  and  the  moose  and  gri/yly  bear  aro 
occasionally  met  with.  Tho  prairies  are  fre((nented  l)y  grouse,  |ilicasants,  and  jwrtridges, 
and  the  streams  by  wild  ducks  and  geese.  The  other  birds  are  liawks,  bu/zards,  harriers, 
owls,  ([uails,  plovers,  larks,  and  a  great  variety  of  snniU  birds.  Among  th(!  water  fowl  are 
the  pelican,  tern,  liooded  slieldrako,  bustard,  broadbill,  rullle-hended  duck,  wond  duck, 
fenl.  wild  goose,  and  loon,  lioth  the  golden  and  bald  cnirle  are  occasionally  met  with. 
The  rivers  and  hikes  abound  in  tine  tish,  among  which  are  the  bass,  cap,  suntish,  pickerel, 
jiike,  catfish,  whitefish,  sucker,  maskelonge,  and  trout. 

Maxi'kactiiiks. — There  aro  great  capabilities  in  the  inmuncrablo  rivers  of  Minnesnta,  witii 
their  falls  and  rapids,  for  manufacturing  e>laMi-liinents.  ,\l  present  the  convtMsion  of  her 
j)in(!  forests  into  boards,  scantling,  etc.,  constitutes  the  principal  manufaclurc  of  this  new 
and  tlourisliing  territorj'. 

Tho  best  lands  of  Minnesota  arc  on  her  two  great  navigable  rivers,  tho  Mississippi  and 
St.  Peter's;  and  the  lirst  acts  of  internal  improvement  neecled  by  this  territory  will  be  the 
removal  of  some  obstructions  in  these  streams.  It  is  among  the  [)robabilities  that  the  great 
racifie  railway  may  traverse  this  region,  as  engineers  aro  now  examining  tho  feasibilities 
of  a  northern  route. 

CoMMKKCi;. — Miimesota  lias  tho  advantage  of  two  outlets  for  her  proiluclions ;  one  bv 
way  of  the  Mississippi,  to  every  portion  of  the  Mississippi  valley;  and  the  other  by  way  of 
Lak(-  Superior,  with  the  Lake  States  and  with  tho  East.  The  great  export  of  this  territory 
is  her  lumber. 

EiiicATiox. — Minnesota  has  a  public  system  of  free  schools,  whieli  are  nnder  tho  general 
direction  of  a  superintendent  of  common  schocds,  and  the  local  supervision  of  trustees. 
Every  township  containing  not  less  than  five  families  is  considered  a  school  district.  "An 
act  to  incorporate  tho  University  of  Minnesota,"  was  passed  February  25,  1851.  This  insti- 
tution consists  of  five  departments,  namely,  of  science,  literature,  and  art;  of  laws;  of 
medicine;  of  agriculture;  and  of  elementary  instruction.  Twelve  regents,  apjiointed  by 
tho  legislature,  manage  its  affairs.  It  is  located  at  St.  Anthony.  The  proceeds  of  all 
lands  granted  by  the  United  States  go  to  form  a  perpetual  fund  for  the  sujiport  of  the 
university. 

The  information  contained  in  the  notice  of  the  State  of  AVisconsin  is  copied  from  "Wis- 
consin as  it  is,"  by  F.  Gerhard,  and  that  pertaining  to  tho  other  States,  from  "Liiipincott's 
Gazetteer.  In  aTntnro  edition  the  information  -will  be  brought  down  to  a  later  period,  in 
articles  now  preparing  specially  for  this  work. 


"W,. 


|)art  ^tmiii. 


SCENES  AND  SCENEEY. 


..5'..' 


CONTENTS    OF   PART    II. 


s 


PAQB 

Albany,  Scenery  between  New  York  and  64 

Alleglmny  Mountains,  The 7 

Altumount,  Alleghanies 13 

Avon  Springs 6'2 

Bnllston  Spa 01 

Baltimore  to  Cincinnati 7 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad 22 

Beaiiharnois,  St.  Lawrence 45 

Bottom  lands  in  Missouri 28 

Breezes  on  the  prairies 2!) 

Burning  Springs,  Niagara 77 

Canadian  boat-song 79 

Canandaigua  Lake 02 

Cape  May 48 

Cassidy's  Uidgc 15 

Catskill  Mountains 5:* 

Caughnawuuga,  St.  Lawrence 45 

Cedar  Rapids,  St.  Lawrence 45 

Crooked  Lake 52 

Chaudorie  Fulls,  Ottawa 82 

Cheat  River  and  Valley 13 

Cincinnati  to  Columbus — Scenery 1!) 

Clarksburg 17 

Clifton  Springs  51 

Climate  of  Missouri  Valley 2U 

Colioes  Falls 48 

Columbia  Bridge,  Susquehanna 23 

Columbia  Springs (32 

Columbus  to  Cincinnati 19 

Columbus  to  Baltimore 21 

Columbus  to  Philadelphia 21 

Columbus  to  New  York 21 

Cranberry  Summit 13 

Cumberland,  Alleghanies 12 

Davenport,  Iow;^ 30 

Descending  the  Rapids 43 

Falls  of  the  Chnuderie 82 

Falls  of  tlie  Rideau 82 

Falls,  Little 02 

Falls  of  Cohoes 48 

Falls  of  Genesee 60 

Falls  of  Kauter.^kill 55 

Falls  of  Minnehaha 39 

Falls  of  Montmorenci 87 

Falls  of  Niagara 72 

Falls  of  the  Passaic dl 

Falls  of  St.  Anthony 37 

F  lis  of  Trenton 40 

Ge.  dsee  Falls 00 

Gen  va  Lake 02 

Grafton  .Tunction 15 

Great  Columbia  Bridge 23 

Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia 10 

Hudson  River 04 

Indian  Lake 62 


PAGR 

Indian  Mouud,  Moundsville 17 

Irofi  Bridge — the  largest  in  America. . .   10 

Iron  Mountain,  Missouri 25 

Islands,  the  Thousand 43 

Jefferson's  Rock 10 

Junction  to  Wheeling  and  I'arkersburg.   15 

Juniata,  Scenery  of  the 23 

Kansas  and  Nebraska 27 

Kauterskill  Falls 55 

Kingwood  Tunnel 15 

La  C'lunj,  St.  Lawrence 45 

Lake  Canandaigua 62 

Lake  George 51 

Lake  Mahopac 62 

Lake  of  the  Thousand  Island? 43 

Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains 80 

Lake  Pepin,  Mississippi 35 

Lake  Pleasant  and  Crooked  Lake 52 

Lake  Saranacs. 62 

Lakes  Geneva  and  Seneca 02 

Lake  St.  Frai'cis 45 

Lake  Superior 40 

Lake  Sylvan,  Catskill  Mountains 54 

Lake  Winnipiseogee 50 

Lebanon  Springs 61 

Little  Falls. 62 

Little  Miami  River  and  Valley 19 

liong  Sault  Rapids 43 

Lumber  in  Missouri 29 

Maiden  Rock,  Mississippi 35 

Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky 48 

Miami  Valley  and  River 19 

Minnehaha  Falls, 39 

Mississippi  Bridge,  Rock  Island 30 

Mississippi,  Trip  on  the  Upper 31 

Missouri,  Mineral  Resources  of 25 

Missouri,  Vallej'  of  the 27 

Monongahela  and  Tygart's  Valley  Rivers  16 

Montmorenci  Falls 87 

Montreal  to  Ottawa  per  Rail 83 

Montreal  to  Ottawa  per  River 79 

Mountain,  The  Iron 25 

Mount  Vernon 49 

Nahant 49 

Nebraska  and  Kansas 29 

New  Lebanon  Springs 61 

Newport,  Rhode  Island 52 

New  York  to  Albany 04 

Niagara  Burning  Springs 77 

Niagara  Falls 72 

Niagara  Falls,  Routes  to 78 

Niagara  Suspension  Bridge 70 

Niagara  to  the  Thousand  Islands 46 

Ottawa  River,  Trip  up  the 79 

Parkersburg 18 


CONTKNTS  OF  PART   II. 


In  i 


PAQK 

Passaic  Falls 61 

Patnpsco  lUver,  Sccnerv  of  the 8 

Piiiladelpiiia  to  Pittsburg 23 

Pictured  Rocks,  Lake  Superior 40 

Piedmont,  Alleghany  Mountains 12 

Pittsburg  to  Philadelphia 21 

Platte  U'iver  and  Valley 28 

Plymouth  Kock 49 

I'o'iut  of  Rocks 9 

Potomac  Valley  and  River  Scenery 10 

Prairies,  IJreezes  on  the 29 

Prairies  in  Missouri 28 

River  Hudson,  Scenery  of  the 65 

River  Hudson,  Source  of  the 03 

River  Juniata,  Pennsylvania 24 

River  Mississippi 31 

River  Jlissouri 27 

River  Ottawa 79 

River  Passaic 61 

River  I'atapsco 7 

River  Platte,  Missouri 28 

River  Potomac lo 

River  Saguenay 85 

River  St.  Lawrence  and  Rapids 42 

River  Susquehanna,  Pennsylvania 23 

River  (Ujiper)  Ottawa 84 

Rochester 46 

Rockawny  IJeach 49 

Rock  Island  Bridge,  Mississippi 30 

Rondout  Creek 09 

Raguenay  River 85 

Saratoga  Springs 49 

Scenery  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ...     7 

Seenery  of  tlie  Catskill  Mountains 53 

Scenery  of  the  Potomac 9 


Scenery  of  the  White  Mountains 57 

Scenes  and  Scenery 5 

Scottish  and  American  Scenery 7 

Sharon  Springs 50 

Shooting  the  Rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence  43 

Sleepy  Hollow,  Catskill  Mountains 66 

Soil  of  the  Missouri  Valley 27 

Source  of  the  Hudson 03 

Springs  and  Watering  Places 48 

St.  Anthony,  Minnesota 37 

Steaming  up  the  Jlississi[)pi 31 

Steaming  up  the  Missouri 28 

St.  Francis'  Lake 45 

St.  Lawrence  River,  Rapids  of 42 

St,  Paul,  Jlinnesotft 35 

St.  Paul  to  St.  Anthony's  Falls 37 

Superior  Lake 40 

Susquehanna  River 23 

Sylvan  Lake,  Catskill  Slountains 54 

Tip-Top  House,  White  Mountains 59 

Trenton  Falls 40 

Trip  up  the  Ottawa 79 

Tri|>  up  the  Saguenay 85 

Trip  tlirough  tlie  Thousand  Islands 43 

Tri|(  up  the  Upper  Mississippi 31 

Tuppcr's  Lake 02 

Turk's  Face,  on  the  Hudson 08 

Upper  JIississip|ii  River 31 

Upper  Ottawa  River 84 

Valley  of  the  Missouri 27 

AVatering  Places 48 

White  Jlountains 57 

White  Sulphur  Springs 50 

Willey  House,  AVhite  Mountains 58 

Wiiinipiseogee  Lake 50 


iFllustrations. 


I'AOK 

Alleohant  Mocntais.s. 

viaduct  across  tlie  Palapsco H 

Scenery  at  Kllysville  and  Iron  Ilridpe 7 

Harper's  Ferry in 

Point  of  Uocks !l 

Mountai.i  View,  Cranberry  (irade ]■'! 

Grand  I'oloniac  Valley  View 11 

fcenerv  on  the  Potomac 11 

The  Clieat  Kiver  (irade 14 

Cheat  Kiver  Valley 14 

Grafton  Junction  and  Iron  Hrldpc      15 

Piedmont--"  Foot  of  the  Mountain" li 

Tyfrart's  Valley  and  Mononijaliela  llivers Iti 

Indian  Mound,  Moundsville 17 

Catskhx  MnuNTAixs. 

ycene  In  the  Mountains M 

The  Kautcrskill  Falls .% 

View  down  i-ieepy  Hollow BO 

Sylvan  Lake 54 

CiTT  or  St.  Pacl,  Minnesota 86 

Clifton  Springs  Watkii  Ccrk 51 

Gknksek  Falls 60 

Juniata,  Scene  on  the 24 

Lake  Scperior. 

The  Pictured  Rocks 41 

LiTTLR  Miami  Hiver  and  Valley. 

View  near  Fort  Ancient 19 

MiamlviUe 20 

Minnehaha  Falls 88 

Montmorenci  Falls 87 

Newport,  Ruodb  Island 52 


PA(iB 

Niagara  Falls. 

.Sus[iension  Hrid;<e,  full  view 70 

Itailroad  Track  on  Suspension  Hridpe  72 

The  American  and  llorse-Shoe  Falls 73 

Terrapin  Tower 7.*) 

Talile  Kock 75 

liurninK  SprinRS 77 

Passaic  Falls,  New  Jersey CI 

Kiver  IIcdsdn. 

Source  of  the  Hudson 08 

The  Palisades fi4 

The  Turk's  Face fiS 

Hondout  t'reek 09 

Iiderior  of  Hudson  .^'leanier 05 

RiVKR  Mississippi. 

Steaminn  up  the  Mississippi 81 

View  hetween  Lake  Pepin  and  St.  Paul 34 

The  Maiden  Kock 3!J 

DridKe  across  the  Mississippi 8d 

River  St   Lawhexce. 

Descending  the  Rapids 44 

Shoolini;  the  Loii){  Sault  Rai)id8 4'i 

The  Thousand  Islands 48 

Steamino  fP  THE  .Ml.s.SOUlll 2S 

St.  Anthony's  Falls ;iS 

Sisgi'EiiANNA,  View  on  the 23 

The  Iron  Mointain,  .Missouri 26 

Trentun  Falls. 

The  High  Falls 4T 

The  Cascades 47 

White  Mountains. 

Tip-Top  House fig 

The  Willey  House 5>j 


PAQI 

57 

5 

7 

50 

rence  43 

66 

27 

(>» 

48 

37 

31 

28 

45 

42 

35 

37 

40 

23 

54 

69 

46 

79 

85 

^ 43 

31 

62 

68 

31 

84 

27 

48 

57 

50 

58 

50 

PACR 

70 

T'J 

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7.1 

75 

77 

61 

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6S 


SCEN^ES   AXD    SCENEllY. 


Did 


henr  th' 


;ciote  of  the  Italian  and  tlic  Ame 


anecdote  ot  tiie  Italian  ana  me  American,  wiio  were  discussing 
the  merits  of  flie  scenery  of  tlie  Old  and  New  World,  in  the  vicinity  of  Niagara  Falls? 
N'Importe.  The  Italian  wound  up  his  animated  description  of  the  beauty  and  variety  of 
European  landscapes  with  the  climax:  "An  eruption  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  with  the  Bay  of 
Naples  in  the  dirtnnce,  forms  the  most  brilliant  Sj.^'ctiiclc  in  the  universe!"  "Fetch  it 
here,  sir,''  said  the  American,  with  that  sanrffroUl  ch'iracteristic  of  one  of  Uncle  Sam's  fam- 
ilv,  "  and  I'll /)»<  it  out  in  five  miiiutos!"  That  retort  reveals  the  general  contrast  that 
cliaraetcrizi's  the  scenes  ..nd  scenery  of  t!ie  Old  and  New  World — the  eclipse  which  is  thrown 
on  the  former  by  the  latlci',  by  their  natural  vastness,  grandeur,  and  sublimity,  as  might 
easy  be  illustrated  by  a  detailed  study  of  their  pliysical  ge()gia|ihy. 

The  surface  of  Europe  is  partitioned,  by  ranges  of  lofty  mountains,  into  petty  nationalities, 
decorated  with  pretty  gems  of  beautiful  landscapes;  the  vast  basin  of  the  ^Mississippi  forms 
an  iniinense  theatre,  walled  round  by  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Alleghanies,  fringed  with 
nodding  pines,  for  the  reception  of  nn  universal  brotherhood  of  humanity. 

The  cities  of  Europe  are  centres  of  civilization,  art,  science,  and  architectural  beauty. 
The  cities  of  America  are  rather  foci  of  commerce,  sites  of  extensive  depots,  stores,  and 
hotels,  periodically  wrapt  in  flames,  and  rising,  like  the  Pliu-nix,  more  stately  and  beauti- 
ful from  their  ashes. 

The  rivers  of  Europe  drain  their  surplus  waters  in  their  rocky  channels,  and  bear  a  few 
liijht  craft  upon  their  swelling  bosoms,  frmn  the  ocean.  Floating  palaces,  the  commercial 
navies  and  merchandise  of  the  wide  wm'ld,  ure  borne  thousands  of  miles  into  the  interior 
of  America  by  the  great     Father  of  Waters." 

The  lochs  and  lakes  of  Europe  sink  into  insignificant  pleasure  ponds  beside  the  "Inland 
Seas"  that  form  the  Mediterranean  highwaj'  between  Canada  and  the  United  States. 

The  very  grass  is  grazed  to  European  cattle  with  difficulty ;  whereas,  herds  of  wild  buf- 
faloes scamper  the  waving  prairie  grass  like  leviathans  through  the  "  vasty  deep." 

Bands  of  plantations,  clumps  of  trees,  and  roads  wind"  g  their  devious  ways  over  hill 
and  dale,  variegate  the  European  landscape ;  not  so  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of 
the  boundless  Continent  of  America.  Roads  run  right  away  in  interminable  straight  lines, 
crossing  each  oti.er  :;'„  right  angles.  You  may  wander  for  miles,  with  cultivated  fields  on 
each  side ;  but  the  primeval  forest,  for  the  most  part,  forms  the  perpetual  horizon,  and  you 
are  compelled  to  dive  into  it,  on  foot,  railcar,  or  buggy,  and  emerge,  not  always  dry-shod, 
from  its  lofty  wooden  waDs.  Tiike  your  passage  on  board  a  steamer,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi,  you  will  sail  through  all  the  zones  of  climate  and  vegetation  between  the  trop- 

railroad  car,  from  New  York,  you  will  steam  right  away, 


pole 


I'y 


I'     ! 


6 


SCENES  AND  SCENERY. 


thousands  of  miles,  through  bush  ond  prairie,  over  lake  and  river,  and  find,  on  your  arrival 
at  St.  Louis,  engineers  going  ahead  towards  the  Pacific. 

The  traveller  accustomed  to  enjoying  the  mountain  scenery  of  Groat  Britain  and  Ireland, 
and  finding  so  much  of  it  within  the  "  Sea-girt  Isle,"  is  apt  to  feel  disappointed  in  travelling 
over  perhaps  thousands  of  miles  in  America,  that  ho  does  not  find  a  proportionate  amount 
of  scenery  of  the  some  character,  and  that  in  many  long  journeys  in  particular  sections 
of  the  country,  the  scenery  becomes  monotonous,  yet  we  have  failed  to  meet  with  the 
traveller  who  cannot  find  within  the  limits  of  the  American  Continent,  a  variety  and  extent 
of  scenery  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  greatest  reveller  in  tlie  beautiful  and  grand  in  nature, 
and  her  works. 

Variety  forms  the  characteristic  of  the  scenery  of  the  New,  as  well  as  of  the  Old  World — 
although  variety  arising  from  the  existence  of  different  climates  within  the  vast  extent  of 
the  North  American  Continent.  Take  up  your  position  on  tlie  Grampians,  in  Scotland  ; 
behind  you  frow.o  the  bleak  and  barren  summits  of  the  Highland  hills;  before  you  gleams 
the  lovely  and  fertile  Carse  of  Gowrie,  extending  towards  the  German  Ocean,  all  within 
the  circle  of  a  few  miles  in  circumference.  Perch  yourself  upon  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the 
blue  waters  of  the  Pacific  mirror  the  blue  expanse  of  heaven  towards  the  fur  west.  There, 
your  eye  will  wander  right  across  an  intervening  continent  of  numberless  hills  and  valleys, 
all  richly  clothed  in  their  coronation  robes  of  summer,  only  to  be  changed  for  others  more 
variegated,  but  none  the  less  beautiful,  -when  tipped  with  the  first  touch  of  the  approaching 
winter's  blast :  wliilst  again,  from  off  some  of  tlie  highest  points  in  the  AUeglmuies,  the 
eye  rests  witli  unmingled  satisfaction  as  it  stretclies  down  the  cultivated  green  swards 
and  waving  corn-fields  of  Pennsylvania,  along  the  charming  scenery  of  tlie  Potomac,  and 
the  Susquehanna — on  towards  the  suburbs  of  the  great  cities  on  the  eastern  seaboard — or 
on  the  other  hand,  again,  as  you  turn  towards  the  mighty  west,  and  there  catch  the  first 
glimpse  of  that  great  western  world,  as  it  lies  teeming  with  life,  on  and  beyond  the  Oliio — 
about  to  take  another  start,  ere  long,  in  its  extraordinary  career — in  tlie  progress  of  its 
development. 

And  be  it  remembered,  when  we  speak  of  North  America,  we  mean  our  remarks  t->  bear 
equal  reference  to  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  which  claims  the  better  half  of  the  sublimest 
scene  exhibited  to  the  spectator  upon  tlie  American  Continent,  viz.,  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 

The  American  boasts  of  the  sail  to  Staten  Island  and  the  Bay  of  New  York,  and  up  the 
Hudson  River;  the  Canadian,  of  the  sail  down  the  St  Lawrence,  threading  the  Tliousnnd 
Islands — shooting  the  Rapids,  and  up  the  Ottawa,  outrivalling  Lomond's  silver  loch,  stud- 
ded with  its  islet  groves;  but  both  stand,  in  union,  dumb  with  awe,  in  silent  admiration 
and  contemplation  of  the  perpetual  motion  of  the  watery  avalanche  that  has  continued  to 
shoot  the  lofty  Rapids,  from  time  immemorial,  and  will  continue  to  proclaim  to  the  whole 
world,  with  Its  voice  of  many  waters,  the  unity  in  variety  of  the  great  stream  of  life  that 
has  been  incessantly  coming  out  of,  and  going  into,  the  depths  of  eternity. 

In  the  following  pages  of  tliis  section  of  the  work,  we  have  availed  ourselves  of  a  few  of 
some  of  the  choicest  scenes  in  the  country,  for  illustration,  ond  hope  that  they  may  some- 
what assist  to  convey  to  readers  at  a  distance  from  such  scenes  some  idea  of  their  beauty 
and  chorocter,  which  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  have  only  to  be  visited  to  be  highly 
enjoyed  and  appreciated. 


ALLEGHANY   MOUNTAINS. 


THE  SCENERY  OF  THE  ALLEGHANY  MOUNTAINS. 

Route  from  Bnltbnore  to  Cincinnati,  via  Marietta. — If  evidence  were  wanting  to  con- 
vince the  most  sceptical,  as  to  tlie  beauty  and  grandeur  of  the  scenery  in  America,  we 
tliink  we  have  only  to  refer  to  the  engravings  in  the  following  pages — of  a  few  views  of 
some  of  the  wildest  and  most  romantic  mountain  scenery — which  it  has  been  our  fortune 
to  witness,  anywhere. 

The  tourist  who  lias  probobly  climbed  Ben  Lomond  and  other  ;  '>int8  of  Scotia's  charm- 
ing scenery,  will  find  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia  a  great  similarity — only, 
that  tlie  eye  in  reaching  to  the  top  of  the  mountains  in  that  porl  ion  of  the  United  States — 
the  iiills  will  be  founded  densely  wooded  to  their  very  suniniit.  In  the  summer  time 
therefore,  it  may  easily  be  imagined  the  great  difference  in  looking  up  toward  the  tops  of 
those  hills  on  the  Susquehanna  and  Potomac,  and  how  much  more  agreeable  to  the  senses 
the  effect  must  be,  than  gazing  on  ttie  snow-copped  summit  of  Ben  Nevis — or  Ben  Mac- 
dliui  (Scotland).  We  candidly  confess  that  our  previous  ideas  of  Scottish  glen  and  moun- 
tain scenery  which  stood  par  excellanee  in  our  estimation  has  somewhat  been  upset — when 
visiting  the  route  in  question,  and  that  the  scenery  of  old  Scotia  must  take  its  rank  only 
alongside  that  of  the  Susquehanna  and  the  Potomac.  On  that  account,  therefore,  we  have 
devoted  a  greater  amount  of  space  than  we  originally  intended  to  this  region  of  the 
"mountain  and  the  flood,"  simply  to  induce  if  possible,  tourists  in  search  of  nature's 
grandest  works,  to  pay  these  districts  a  visit — before  they  return  home.  By  their  not 
doing  so,  they  will  lose  a  great  treat,  and  bo,  comparatively  speaking,  ignorant  of  the 
beauties  of  American  scenery — a  matter  on  which  we  fear  there  is  a  considerable  amount 
of  ignorance  and  error  amongst  niany  who  consider  themselves  even  great  travellers  in 
tlie  "old  country" — as  well  as  many  even  in  America. 

These  districts  now  being  thoroughly  opened  up — the  tourist — the  painter — and  the 
sjiortsman,  has  every  facility  (accompanied  with  moderate  expenditure)  for  enjoying  them- 
sel'-es — to  their  hearts  content — without  let  or  hindrance,  and  the  sportsman  without  be- 
ing obliged  to  have  his  game  license — and  pay  smartly  for  "liberty  to  shoot  over  the 
grounds." 

Leaving  Baltimore,  you  proceed  on  for  9  miles  to  Washington  Junction,  at  which  there 
is  a  handsome  and  substantial  stone  bridge.  (See  engraving.)  Near  to  this  point,  the 
Patapsco  breaks  through  the  rocky  gorge,  ond  finds  its  way  to  the  Chesapeake — whilst  the 
hill-sidea  in  the  vicinity  are  studded  with  the  country  seats  of  the  Baltimore  merchants. 


VIEW  OF  THE  IRON  BRIDGE  AND  SCENERY  AT  ELLYSVILLK, 

TWKNTT-OXB   MILKS   PROM   BALTIMORE. 


ii 


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SCENEKY  ON  THE  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 


9 


A  few  miles  on,  you  cross  the  river  at  the  Ilchestor  Mill,  in  a  very  rugged  part  of  the  vnl- 
li.y — crossing  the  Patterson  viaduct,  and  shortly  reach  the  town  of  Ellicott'a  Mills — situated 
prettily  on  the  face  of  the  liills.  Five  miles  further  on,  you  arrive  at  Ellysville,  where 
there  is  an  iron  bridge,  340  feet  long,  which  spans  the  river.  (See  engraving  of  it — and 
scenery  in  the  neighborhood.)  Further  on,  you  cross  the  I'atapsco  by  another  iron 
bridge  of  50  feet  span — dash  through  a  tunnel  100  feet  long.  Passing  the  pretty  village 
of  Sykesville,  you  are  now  in  the  heart  of  the  mineral  region.  After  that,  the  train  pro- 
ceeds past  Parr's  Uidge — from  the  top  of  which  a  magnificent  view  is  obtained.  Through 
the  Jilonocacy  valley,  you  cross  the  famous  "  Carroll  Manor"  land,  between  the  Catoctin  and 
Sugar  Loaf,  on  towards  the  "  Point  of  Rocks,"  of  which  we  give  a  view.    Tiie  marble — 


POINT  OF  ROCKS, 

WITH   THE   BALTIMORE     AND   OHIO   RAILUOAD   AND   CHESAPEAKE   AND   OHIO   CANAI.- 

FUOM   BALTIUORE. 


fl'll 


-SEVENTY   HILE3 


of  w^hich  the  variegated  columns  of  the  old  National  Legislative  Halls  nt  "Washington  are 
built — is  found  in  a  cut  which  you  pass  on  approaching  this  spot.  Passing  the  Potomac,  ond 
along  the  base  of  the  hills,  you  pass  the  villages  of  Berlin  and  Knoxville,  and  the  "  Wever- 
ton"  factories  in  the  pass  of  South  Mountain — shortly  reaching  the  far-famed  scenery  of 
"  Harper's  Ferry,"  of  which  the  renowned  Thomas  Jefferson  said,  that  the  passage  of  the 
Potomac  through  the  Blue  Ridge  was  "one  of  the  most  stupendous  scenes  in  nature,  and 
well  worth  a  voyage  across  the  Atlantic  to  witness."  Here  the  beautiful  River  Shenandoah 
joins  the  Potomac  immediately  below  the  bridge.     (See  our  engraving  of  Harper's  Ferry.) 


10 


hakpp:rs  fepry,  vtrginia. 


HARPER'S  FERRV. 

PROM  THE  MARYLAND  8IDE  OF  THE   POTOM\C  AT  THE  CONFLl'ENCB  OF  THAT   RIVER  WITH 

THE  8UE.VANU0AU. 

The  bridge  which  you  here  cross  is  900  feet  long — of  6  arches  of  130  feet — one  of  75  foet 
over  the  river,  and  one  of  100  feet  span  over  the  canal. 

The  national  armories  are  located  here — and  occupying  so  much  ground,  the  inhaliitan. 
are  obliged  to  build  their  dwellings  high  up  on  the  face  of  the  hill.     Tlie  beauty  of  the 
ecenery  here  is  of  the  finest  order — language  failing  to  give  an  adecpiate  idea  of  it.     One 
of  the  chief  points  is  that  of  Jefferson  Rock — a  great,  overhanging  clitF — so  balanced  as  if 
threatening  to  fall  down — like  some  destructive  avalanche.     (See  engraving.) 

Leaving  Harper's  Ferr^',  and  the  Potomac  River,  you  pass  up  the  ravine  of  the  Elkbranch 
— arriving  shortly  at  the  rolling  table-land  of  the  "Valley  of  Virginia."  Pn^^ing  onwards, 
the  crossing  of  the  "  Opequan"  Creek — the  open  valley  of  Tuscarora  Creek,  yo,-  arrive  at 
Martinsburg.  Leaving  there,  you  cross  Rack  Creek,  opening  up  again  the  valley  of  the 
Potomac,  with  magnificent  views  of  the  North  Mountain  and  Sideling  Hill.  Passing  Fort 
Frederick,  of  1755  history,  you  reach  Hancock,  the  station  for  Berkley  Springs — a  favorite 
watering  resort.  Proceeding  westward,  you  shortly  enter  a  tunnel  1200  feet  long — passing 
along  the  base  of  the  Warm  Spring  Ridge — and  the  termination  of  the  Cacapon  Mountain, 
opposite  to  a  remarkable  eminence  called  the  "  Round  Top."  You  then  cross  the  (!reat 
Cacapon  River,  over  a  bridge  300  feet  long.  Passing  olong,  you  enter  the  trap  of  Sideling 
Hill — until  the  tunnel  at  Doe  Gully  is  entered,  and  from  there  to  Little  Cacapon  Creek, 
2^  miles  from  Cumberland — at  which  point  some  very  fine  views  are  obtained.  (See  en- 
graving of  Potomac  scenery — between  Berkley  Springs  and  Cumberland.) 

Passing  on  through  some  of  the  richest  bottom  land  on  tiie  river — and  through  some  ex- 
quisite mountain  scenery — you  reach  Patterson's  Creek.  Shortly  after  whioh,  you  cross 
the  Potomac  again,  by  an  iron  bridge,  700  feet  long,  carrying  you  out  of  Virginia  into 
Maryland,  which  you  left  at  Horper's  Ferry.    The  "Mountoin  City"  of  Cumberland  is 


I 


Si 


1 


■'!«|- 


[VER   WITH 

•one  of  "75  foft 

he  inhnliitftii. 
beauty  of  the 
lea  of  it.     One 
bnlimoed  ns  if 

the  Elkliranch 
L^ng  oiiwanli', 
,  yoi;  arrive  at 
le  valley  of  the 
Tas^inf?  Fort 
mg? — a  favorite 
t  long— passing 
apon  Mountain, 
cross  the  (>reat 

gap  of  Sideling 
Caoapon  Creek, 
aineJ.     (See  en- 

iirongh  some  ex- 

khich,  you  crose 

of  Virginia  into 

Cumberland  is 


I 


'.  -.i 


GRAND  POTOMAC  VALLKY  VIEW. 

FROM  THE  CELEDRATED  JEFPERSOX   ROCK-    EIGIITY-ONB   MILES  FROM   BALTIMORE. 


SCENERY  O;       !)*{.    'OTOMAC — between  beuklet  springs  and  Cumberland. 


12 


PIEDMONT,    "FOOT  OF  THE  MOUNTAIN. 


ronclicd,  nftor  which  j-oii  proceed  on  through  some  of  the  most  jilcturesquo  scenery  towards 

llodiiioiit,  28  miles  distant. 

Cinnberlftnd  in  situoted  most  beautifully  in  o  perfect  omplilthcatre,  formed  by  tlio  sur- 
rounding mountains  which  there  seem  to  have  expanded  tlicmHelves  into  extended  curves, 
witli  tlio  view  of  giving  room,  in  tlieir  lnj>,  for  tlio  town,  rc'|uired  for  tlio  great  coal  trade 
naturally  centering  tlicrc. 

From  Cundjcrlnnd  to  Piedmont,  (28  miles,)  the  scenery  is  renmrknbly  j)ieturcsi|ue,  and 
elicits  many  enthusiastic  expressions  of  wonder  and  delight,  as  you  skim  over  the  gni<lually 
ascending  level  along  the  North  J5raneh  of  the  I'otomae,  liet  ween  the  western  slope  of 
Knobly  and  the  eastern  feet  of  Dan's  and  AVills'  Mouiil.iins.  One  of  the  finest  of  the  many 
views  is  had  near  the  crossing  of  the  I'otomae,  21  miles  from  Cumberland,  where  the  rail- 
road, after  passing  through  a  long  and  deep  excavation,  spans  the  river  l)y  a  bridge  of  iron 
and  timber,  on  stono  abutments  and  a  pier.  The  view  from  this  point,  up  and  down  the 
river,  is  well  worth  attention.  For  the  last  6  miles  before  you  reach  Piedmont,  the  river 
courses  its  woy  by  a  deep  chasm,  cut  by  its  own  torrent,  througli  the  mountain  bose.  After 
crossing  the  bridge,  the  road  wound,  l>y  easy  curves,  tlirough  romantic  scenery,  passing 
(Jueen's  Cliff,  Thunder  Hill,  and  Dan's  Mountjiin,  until  you  reach  the  "  f(S)t  of  the  nuiun- 
tain"  at  Piedmont  (See  Engraving.)  This  remote  town  lies  upon  a  flat  of  limited  extent 
on  the  Virginia  side,  opjwsite  the  ancient  Maryland  village  of  Western  Port,  at  the  mouth 


PIEDMONT,  "FOOT  OF  THE  MOUNTAIX." 

0.V   THE   BALTIMORB   AND   OHIO   RAILROAD,    207    MILES   FROM    DALTIMORB. 

of  George's  Creek.  It  is  a  thriving  and  prosperous  town  already,  although  created  simply 
by  the  necessities  of  the  Railroad  Co.,  who  found  an  engine-station  here  desirable.  It  con- 
tains extensive  engine-houses,  each  one  being  arranged  to  hold  16  locomotives.  Here,  too, 
ore  located  very  extensive  shops  for  the  repair  of  engines,  cottages  for  workmen,  etc.  Pied- 
mont is  the  dividing  station  between  the  second  and  third  working  divisions  of  the  road, 
being  208  miles  from  Baltimore,  and  108  from  Martinsburg. 


I 


MOUNTAIN   SCENKHV. 


18 


I'riicecdiiijf  "II  iiikI  windliij^  your  wiiy  ruuiul  ciirvcs — unit  pachiiijf  thron«li,  nn  it  wirr, 
'mi|ii'ii(tnilili'  ]iii»"'i-i — yim  (■i'(p>!*  tin'  rivldiiiiic  iif;iiiii,  iit  lJlci(iiiilnj.'tiiii,  wlicri'  tlu'  Siivnui' 
Itivii'  lidils,  in  nil  its  fury,  ilowii  tlic  west  mi  slidiildrr  iit'Snvii;^<'  Mduiitaiii,  tiiuliii;;  its  level 
'ilKI  fi'et  lielow  tlie  rnilri)llcl  line.  Ymii  tllen  |i:iss  nil  to  tlie  liuMltli  of  ('ral)-troe  Civek — 
reili'll  Alliiniollt,  "i.d'jn  feet  lliljll,  the  trreiltesi  elevation  on  tile  route,  anil  llie  liii,'lie4  lioilit 

of  the  Alle;;lwiniei'.  This  region  is  famous  for  excellent  Imlter,  imitlon,  aliuiiihinl  veiiivon 
iind  other  j{aiiie — innuiuorulile  trout.  ctreaiiiH,  alive  with  spotted  lioautics.  You  jirooeed  on 
to  the  "  1,'lildes,"  or  natural  meadows,  till  yoiirearli  Oaivland — nestled  in  thceentrcof  thi'se — 
T^'J,  miles  from  linltimoi'e.  l.eavini;  then',  you  jiass  the  ti  lis  of  the  Snowy  Creek,  and 
nhortly  arrive  at  Craiiherry  Summit,  \lj>iii)  feet  hiudi,  and  enter  ujmui  the  ^'rades,  to  descend 
the  western  slopes,  towards  tho  Oliio,  gettint{  the  first  f,dimj)so  of  the  "west  tii  world,"  and 
iMiine  of  the  finest  view*  of  mountain  seeuory,  as  you  pass  along.     W«  give  an  engravin;: 


DISTANT  JIOUXTAIN   VIEW. 

FHOM    TUK   CUAMIKIiaV    (illAnK,    TWO   IIlNDREn    AND   TlUlEB   MILES   rROSI   BALTIMORE. 


m 


of  one  of  these,  from  the  "  Criinlierry  Cnide."  llesecndini;  for  11  miles,  you  arrive  ai 
the  eeleliiated  Cheat  Kiver;  see  enirraviiiiTs  of  this  wonderful  vet^ion — "View. on  the  Cheat 
Itiver  (irade,"  and  "Sketeli  of  th.'  Cheat  Uivor  Valley." 

Kor  a  deseription  of  the  remainini;  part  of  this  route,  we  eaiinot  do  hotter  than  (pioti' 
rrom  a  work  liy  Mr.  W.  1'.  Smith,  an  intellia;ent  otlieer  of  the  Ualtiniore  and  Ohio  llailroad, 

"Cheat  Hiver  is  a  ra|iid  iiiountMin  stream,  of  a  dark  coffco-ooloured  water,  whicli  is  sup- 
posed to  take  its  hue  from  the  forests  of  laurel,  hemlock,  and  Mack  spruce  in  wliicli  it  has 
its  rise.  The  road  erosses  the  streiiin  at  the  foot  of  Cranlierry  Grade  by  a  viaduct.  This  is 
eoniposed  of  two  iiolile  spans  of  iron,  roofed  in  on  nliutments,  and  a  jiier  of  solid  freestone 
taken  from  a  neifrliliourint;  fpiarry.  Arrived  at  this  point,  you  enter  the  'Cheat  Kiver 
\'alley,'  wliicli  |>resents  liy  far  the  L'randest  and  most  boldly  picturesque  scenery  to  be 
found  on  the  line  of  this  road,  and  one  of  the  finest  series  of  railroad  views  on  this  conti- 
nent. For  several  miles  you  run  along  tho  steep  mountain-side,  clinging,  as  it  were,  to  the 
gigantic  cliffs,  the  ears  like  great  eaires  suspended — though  upon  the  safest  and  most  solid 
of  beds — midway,  as  it  were,  between  heaven  and  earth.  At  one  moment  the  view  is 
confined  to  the  immediate  locality,  hemmed  in  on  every  side  by  the  towering  mountain 
spui-s.     At  the  next,  a  slight  curve  in  the  road  opens  to  view  fine  stretches  of  the  deep 


ft 


'S 


14 


SCENERY  ON  THE  CHEAT  KIVKH. 


vnlloy,  wltli  the  diirk  river  tlowliiij  iilonir  it*  Iwttoiii,  mitl  ^lorlou*  vlown  o    tlu'  forort- 
■■ovcreJ  ulopei*  doHocMiliiijj;  iVoiu  liu'  ijcalis  to  tlio  wntt'r's  ci\gv. 


VIKW  OX  TlIK  "CllIOAT  KIVKK   (iltADi:," 

AT  TUB  TUAY   RUN   lUON   ANU   STONK    VIAIIITT,   TWO    III  Nllllt:!)   AXI>    FIFTV-SKVK.N    MILKS 

KllOM    llALTIMOltK, 

Tlie  engineering  difficulties  overconie  in  the  ])art  of  tlie  nmd,  witliin  llw  fii-st  few  iiiiles 
west  of  Client  Uiver  bridge,  must  huve  been  very  great,  Imt  the  rouirh  pliiees  have  been 
made  smooth  as  the  prairie  levels'.    After  crossing  the  river  itself  at  IJowlesljurg,  the  next 


SKETCH  OF  THE  CHEAT  RIVER  VALLEY. 

THE   POINT    WHERE   TUB    RAIL    LEAVES  THE    RIVEIl    AX»   PROCEEDS   ON   TOWARDS    KINOWOOI)   Tl  NXEU 


SCKNKUY   AT  TIJK  (III.M'TON  JUNCTION. 


16 


o   till-  fori'st- 


till-  tii-st  ft'W  iiiilp« 
wlcsiburg,  tlif  iifxt 


I 


piiliit  U  to  nspcnd  iiloiij{  ilA  luitik:*  lln!  "Clu'iU  Uivir  Illll."  Tlic  rnvino  of  Kyor's  Uiin,  ii 
mill'  fmiii  tlio  liridj,'!',  7ti  feci  (lci'|i,  U  i'ros»i;il  l)y  u  soliil  (.'iiiliunkiiuiit.  'i'lini,  ufur  boMly 
cutllni?  iiliiii){  the  stt'i'p  rocky  liill  cliK',  you  rcai'li  Huckoyu  Hollow,  which  I*  lU8  feet  l)elow 
tlie  riiail  level,  iirnl  tinully  entile  lo'l'niy  Ituii,  wiiieli  is  eru-^id  iit  n  lieiijlil  of  l.'j(t  feet  iibovu 

itH  original  lied  liy  ll  !-|>leliiiid  viudllet,  I'lllO  feet   liill^,  founded  on  li  liia!<>i\('  liltse  of  lllltHonry 

piled  ii|Mm  thti  Kolld  rock  below.  Thece  viiidiict*  ui'e  of  iron,  and  oi'o  exceedingly  graceful, 
n»  Well  MS  \ei'y  Hiilprttantiiil  strneture^. 

The  view  fi'iifii  thin  "Illll,  both  of  the  ecencry  and  grand  ptrucltu'o  wliieh  bo  splendidly 
B|ian8  the  IniiiienHe  niountniii  ravine,  U  nioitt  ini'iiiring.  Knini  the  great  elevatiim  the 
«t renin  appoars  to  be  alnio.^t  beneath  your  feet. 

I'a'/iiii,'  two  great  clefts  in  the  iiKHintain,  you  pans  upward  ncrocs  Jiuekliorn  Hranch.and 
half  a  mill'  further  left,  the  deelivitiemif  Cheat  Itiver,  whieli  lllean^ler^<  off  to  the  iKirth,  and 
(if  whieh  i*  obtained  a  last  glimpse,  through  a  tall  arch  ol  fore^la,  reposing  in  n*  wealth  uf 
wilderness  colitude  far,  far  bilow. 

At  Cassiily's  Itidge,  nearly  a  mile  from  the  river,  and  8n  miles  from  t'nmberlaiicl,  you 
enter  the  great  western  coal  lield  ol  the  Alleghany  range.  Here  again  the  rcnid  tinds  a 
threatening  barrier  to  itu  further  progress,  I5y  bursting  through  the  wall  of  the  vast 
jiiison-house  alone  eaii  you  hope  for  an  ontlrt.  For  awhile,  before  the  entire  enmjiletion 
of  the  road,  a  track  was  laid  across  this  steep  suimiiil,  with  an  ascent  of  ,0110  IVel  to  the 
mile,  over  which  iron  for  the  track  westward  was  hauled  by  n  locomotive  engine,  which 
propelleil  a  single  ear  at  a  time,  weighing  with  its  load  eighteen  tons,  at  a  speed  of  111 
miles  ail  hour,  or  more.  This  plane,  however,  was  not  available  for  trade  and  travel ;  ond 
80  the  last  westward  wall  of  the  Alleglianies  was  pierced  by  the  Kingwood  Tunnel, 
throtigh  whieh  you  pass.  This  subterranean  passage,  4,ln(>  feet  in  length — not  including 
its  "  ajiproMoh  cuts" — was  made.  The  entire  cost  of  the  tunnel,  in  all  its  elements,  has  ex- 
ceeded ."Si  1,(11  Ml, (II Ml!     F-ike  all  the  other  tumii'ls  on  this  road  it  is  now  enduringly  arched. 

lAiiving  Kingwood  Tunnel,  the  line  for  5  miles  descends  along  a  steep  hillside  to  the 
flats  of  Uaeeoon  Creek,  at  Newburg  Station,  8H  miles  from  Cuniberland,  and  2t'itJ  from  Hal- 
tiniore.  Two  miles  west  of  the  Kiiigwoml  Tunnel,  is  Murray's  'J'niiiiel,  'ioO  feet  long,  a 
regular  and  beautiful  semicircular  arch  eut  out  of  a  line  scilid  sandstone  rock,  overlaying  a 
Vein  of  coal  (i  feet  thick  which  is  seen  on  the  floor  of  the  tunnel.  From  Newburg,  weat- 
wanl,  the  route  pursue-    ho  valleys  of  Raccoon  and  Three  Forks'  t'reek,  which  present  no 


ins   KINUWOOI)   Tl  NNEl- 


GRAFTOX, 

JUNCTION    OF    BALTIMORE    AND   OHIO    WITH    XORTUWESTERN    VIRGINIA    RAILROAD, 
27U    MILKS    FROM    BALTIMORK. 

The  Road  to  WhcelinR  is  seen  In  the  foroKroimil,  wliilo  the  Road  to  Partiorslmrg  crosses  the  Tygart's  Val- 
ley Itivcr  by  the  uew  Iron  Uridge,    The  Road  Workshopa  and  the  new  Hotel  are  seen  In  the  forks. 


It!  I 


16 


SCENERY  ON  THE  MONONGAHELA  AND  TYGART's  VALLEY. 


features  of  difficulty,  to  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  101  miles  from  Cumberland,  nt  the  Ty- 
gart'8  Valley  River,  at  Grafton,  the  junction  of  the  Baltimor'!  and  Ohio  with  the  North- 
western Virginia  Road,  the  newly-completed  branch  line  to  I'arkcrsburg  on  the  Ohio. 

Proceeding  on  along  the  main  stem  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  you  now  pro- 
ceed on  to  Wheeling,  and  thence  per  Central  Ohio  Railroad  to  Columbus,  and  from  there 
along  one  of  the  best  made  lines  in  the  country,  as  well  as  through  the  beautiful  valley  of 
the  Little  Miami  River,  till  you  reach  Cincinnati.  Leaving,  therefore,  Grafton,  you  now 
proceed  on  to  Fetterman,  where  the  Turnpike  to  Parkersburg  and  Jlarietta  crosses  the  river. 
The  route  from  Fetterman  to  Fairmount  has  but  one  very  striking  feature.  The  Tygart's 
Valley  River,  whose  margin  it  follows,  is  a  beautiful  and  winding  stream,  of  gentle  current, 
except  at  the  Falls,  where  the  river  descends,  principally  by  3  or  4  perpendicular  pitches, 
sonic  70  feet  in  about  a  mile.  A  mile  and  a  half  above  Fairmount,  the  Tygart's  Valley 
Iliver  and  the  West  Fork  River  unite  to  form  the  Monongahela — the  first  being  the  larger 
of  the  two  confluents. 

A  quarter  of  a  mile  below  their  junction,  the  railroad  crosses  the  Mohongahela,  upon  a 
viaduct  G50  feet  long,  and  39  feet  above  low  water  surface.  The  lofty  and  massive  abut- 
ments of  this  bridge  support  an  iron  superstructure  of  3  arches  of  200  feet  span  each,  and 
which  forms  the  largest  iron  bridge  in  America. 

The  road,  a  mile  and  a  half  below  Fairmount,  leaves  the  valley  of  the  beautiful  Mor.on- 
gahela  and  ascends  the  winding  and  picturesque  ravine  of  Buffalo  Creek,  a  stream  some  26 
miles  in  length.  The  creek  is  first  crossed  5  miles  west  of  Fairmount,  and  again  at  two 
points  a  short  distance  apart,  and  about  9  miles  further  west.  About  11  miles  beyond 
Fairmount  we  pass  the  small  hamlet  of  Famiington,  and  7  or  8  miles  further  is  the  thriving 
village  of  "  Mannington,"  at  the  mouth  of  Piles'  Fork  of  BufFn^D — thence  to  the  head  of 
Piles'  Fork.    Numerous  tributaries  open  out  f)retty  vistas  on  either  hand.    This  part  of  the 


i      \ 


JUNCTION  OF  TUE  MONONGAHELA  AND  TYG.^RT'S  VALLEY  RIVERS, 

WITH  THE  OREAT   IRON   BRIDGE  CROSSING  THE   FORMER. 


valley,  in  its  summer  dress,  is  sii/gularly  beautiful.  After  reaching  its  head  at  Glover's 
Gap,  28  miles  beyond  Fairmount,  the  road  passes  the  ridge  by  deep  cuts,  and  a  tunnel  350 
feet  long,  of  curious  shape,  forming  a  sort  of  Moorish  arch  in  its  roof.  From  tliis  summit, 
(which  divides  the  waters  of  '.lie  Monongahela  from  th<.?o  of  the  Ohio,)  the  line  descends 
by  Church's  Fork  of  Fish  Creek— a  valley  of  the  same  general  features  with  the  one  just 
passed  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  ridge.  Passing  the  "  Burton"  station,  the  route  continues 
down  stream  to  the  crossing  of  a  tributary  called  "  Cappo  Fork,"  4  miles  from  Glover's  Gap. 
The  road  now  becomes  winding,  and  in  the  next  4  miles  you  cross  tho  creek  8  times ; 


.LEY. 


SCENERY   ON  THE  BALTIMORE  AND   OHIO  RAILROAD. 


k1,  at  the  Ty- 
th  tlic  North- 
;he  Ohio, 
you  now  pro- 
ud from  there 
tiful  vuHey  of 
fton,  you  now 
osses  the  river. 
Tlie  Tygavt'9 
gentle  current, 
liculnr  pitches, 
L'ygart's  Valley 
leing  the  larger 

igahela,  upon  a 
(1  massive  abut- 
,  span  each,  and 

)eautiful  Mor.on- 
i  stream  some  25 
mil  again  at  two 
11  miles  beyom! 
,p  is  the  thriving 
3  to  the  head  of 
This  part  of  the 


EY  RIVEBS, 

s  head  at  Glover's 
:9,  and  a  tunnel  350 
.  rom  this  summit, 
,,)  the  line  descends 
IS  with  the  one  just 
♦he  route  continues 
3  from  Glover's  Gap. 
s  tho  creek  8  times ; 


■1 


also,  Sole's  Tunnel,  112  f;et;  Eaton's  Tunnel,  370  feet;  and  Martin's  Tunnel,  180  feet  long, 

the  first  a  low-browed  opening,  wliich  looks  as  if  it  would  knock  off  the  smoke-pipe  of 

the  engine;  the  next,  a  regular  arched  roof;  and  the  third,  a  tall  narrow  slit  in  tlie  rock, 
lined  with  timbers  lofty  enougli  to  be  taken  for  part  of  a  church  steeple.  Shortly  after, 
the  route  turns  up  tlie  ravine  of  "  Board  Tree  Run,"  after  passing  through  a  high  spur  at 
its  mouth  by  o  formidable  cut  more  than  60  feet  deep  through  slate  rock.  Tlienee  it  as- 
cends the  eastern  bank  of  the  run  just  named,  cutting  and  tilling  heavily  along  a  precipi- 
tous hill  side,  until  it  reaches  the  point  43  miles  west  of  Fairmount,  where  the  temporary 
road  leaves  the  permanent  grade.  Leaving  Board  Tree  Tunnel,  the  line  descends  along 
the  hill  side  of  the  North  Fork  of  Fish  Creek,  crossing  ravines  and  spurs  by  deep  fillings 
and  cuttings,  and  reaching  the  level  of  tho  flats  bordering  the  creek  at  Bell's  Mill ;  soon 
after  which  it  crosses  the  creek  and  ascends  Hart's  Run  and  Four  Mile  Run  to  the  Wellingr 
Tunnel,  50  miles  west  of  Falrriiount,  and  28  from  Wheeling.  From  tlie  Welling  Tunnel  the 
line  pursues  tlie  valley  of  Grave  Creek,  1/  miles  to  its  mouth  at  the  Flats  of  Grave  Creel: 
on  the  Ohio  River,  11  miles  below  Wheeling. 

The  approach  to  the  bank  of  the  ( )hio  River,  at  the  village  of  Moundsville,  is  very  beau- 
tiful. The  line  emerging  from  the  defile  of  Grave  Creek,  passes  straight  over  the  "  flats" 
which  border  the  river,  and  forms  a  vast  rolling  plain,  in  the  middle  of  which  looms  up  tho 
great  "  Indian  mound,"  80  feet  high  and  2iiO  feet  broad  at  its  base.  Tliero  is  also  the  sepa 
rate  village  of  Elizabethtown.  half  a  mile  from  the  river  bank,  the  mound  standing  between 
two  towns  and  looking  down  upon  them  both.  The  "  tlats"  embrace  an  area  of  some 
4liO(t  acres,  about  three-fourths  of  which  lie  on  the  '"^irginia,  and  the  remaining  fourth 
on  the  Ohio  side  of  the  river.  Tiio  soil  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  and  the  spot  possesses 
great  interest,  whether  for  its  agricultural  richness,  its  historic  monuments  of  past  ages, 

or  the  beautj'  of  its  shape  and  position 
as  the  site  for  a  large  city.  About  3 
miles  up  the  river  from  Moundsville, 
the  "  flats"  terminate,  and  the  road  passes 
for  a  mile  along  rocky  narrows  washed 
by  the  river,  after  which  it  runs  over 
wide,  rich,  and  beautiful  bottom  lands 
all  the  way  to  Wheeling.  (See  Wheel- 
i >!(/.)  Tiie  whole  length  of  the  road  to 
Wheeling  is^S  miles  from  Fairmount,  201 
miles  from  Cumberland,  and  380  miles 

TUB   (JRKAT   INDIAN    MOtTNI),    MOINDSVILLE.  ffolll  Baltimore. 

From  Wheeling  proceed  per  the  Central  Ohio  Railroad  to  Columbus,  thence  per  Little 
Miami  River  Railroad  from  Columbus  to  Cincinnati.  Passengers  from  Baltiiiore  and 
Wheeling  going  direct  to  Niagara  Falls,  proceed  on  from  Columbus  via  Cleveland  to  Buf- 
falo, and  from  there  to  the  Falls.  But  no  one  who  has  not  visited  Cincinnati,  should  neg- 
lect the  opportunitj-  of  doing  so  when  at  Columlius.  Travellers  who  prefer  the  more  south- 
ern route  may  diverge  from  the  main  stem  o€the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Road  at  Grafton,  and 
take  its  North-western  Virginia  Branch  to  Parkersbiirg.  Should  the  tourist  prefer  that 
route,  we  annex  the  following  particular.^ : — 

From  Grafton  you  now  proceed  to  Parkersburg,  104  miles  off,  Grafton  is  pleasantly 
situated  amid  some  picturesque  scenery  at  the  three  forks  of  the  Tygart's  Valley  River,  one 
of  the  main  branches  of  the  Monongahela  River — of  which  we  give  an  en^^raving  where 
the  two  join  near  Fairmount — the  great  gas-coal  region. 

Clarksburg,  Va.,  22  mi'es  from  Grafton,  prettily  located  in  a  more  open  country,  is  the 
centre  of  a  grazing  district,  from  which  Baltimore  obtains  a  considerable  installment  of  her 
finest  beef.  The  county  town  of  Harrison,  is  one  of  the  richest  portions  of  the  State.  An 
immense  business  is  d(  ne  on  the  line  of  the  road  in  staves,  of  which  you  wil!  see  enough, 
apparently,  to  barrel  the  Mississippi ;  or.  if  that  figure  is  not  strong  enough,  coop  up  all 


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18 


PARKERSBURG — THE   KANAWHA  RIVER. 


the  whisky  which  floats  down  the  "  father  of  ■waters"  and  its  tributaries.  Tlio  country 
traversed  by  the  road  is  exceedingly  rich  in  minerals.  Of  coal,  its  supplies  arc  inexhaustible. 
Ten  miles  east  of  Parkersburg,  you  strike  the  bonk  of  the  Little  Kanawha  River,  and 
bowl  down  its  quiet  valley  to  the  Ohio  terminus  of  the  North-western  Virginia  Road, 
883  miles  from  Baltimore.  Tlie  depot  at  this  place  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  United 
States,  being  over  800  feet  in  length.  It  will  safely  enclose  16  of  the  largest  class  cars — 
bus  storage-room  for  1 0,000  barrels  of  flour — and,  altogether,  is  one  of  the  most  fitly  arranged 
railroad  stations  to  be  met  with.  It  fronts  its  entire  length  on  the  Kanawha  River,  and 
is  only  about  100  yards  from  the  Ohio. 

The  town  of  Parkersburg  is  advantageously  located  on  a  high  bluff  at  the  junction  of 
the  Ohio  with  the  Kanawha.  Though  civilization  has  somewhat  modified  and  tuiiiod  the 
natural  ajipcarance  of  the  locality,  it  yet  presents  much  to  remind  one  of  the  still  current 
legends  of  the  trials  and  struggles  of  which  it  was  the  scene  in  the  early  history  of  West- 
ern Virginia.  There  is  scarce  a  point  in  sight  which  has  not  connected  with  it  some  tale 
of  bloody  massacre,  or  thrilling  hair-breadth  escape,  or  undying  deed  of  bravery  in  re- 
sistance to  savage  outrage. 

Tlie  town  presents  on  every  side  abundant  evidence  of  vigorous  growth  and  extra- 
ordinarj'  prosj)erity.  The  town  contains  six  niodcrn-biiilt  church  eilificc.>*,  occupioil  by  as 
man}'  different  denominations.  It  also  boasts  a  sound  bank,  two  daily  papers,  a  number 
of  steam  flour  and  saw  mills,  and  several  nianufaetorios.  One  of  (he  latter,  a  wooden- 
ware  establishment,  uses  up  every  particle  of  wood  brought  within  its  walls,  turning  out 
every  thing  in  the  shape  of  wooden  ware,  from  a  whisky  barrel  to  a  match  box. 

Standing  upon  the  bluff  in  front  of  the  town  is  had  n  fine  view  of  Blaimerhasset  Island, 
a  little  way  down  the  Ohio  River,  with  its  wild  and  natural  beauties. 

After  a  brief  stay  at  Parkersburg,  you  proceed  on  board  the  steamers  which  are  lying  in 
wait  at  the  levee  to  convey  you  to  Marietta. 

Swinging  out  into  the  stream,  the  vessel  proceeds  leisurely  uj)  the  river  tow  i  .'d  Marietta, 
some  eleven  miles  distant.    From  Marietta  you  proceed  by  rail  to  Cincinnao 

The  preceding  as  well  as  following  account  of  route  to  Cincinnati  is  taken,  for  the  most 
part,  from  a  work  treating  on  those  districts  by  Mr.  W.  P,  Smi'ii,  of  Baltimore. 


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ROUTE  FROM  COLUMBUS  TO  THE  SEABOARD. 


21 


the  river,  until  it  finally  reaches  the  far-famed  "  Queen  City  of  the  West."  (See  Cincinnati.) 
Omnibuses  wait  there  upon  the  arrival  of  every  train,  to  convey  passengers  and  bag 
gage  to  any  address  in  the  city. 


COLUMIJUS  TO  BALTIMORE,    nilLADELPIIIA,  AND   NEW  YOKK. 

Passenoeks  desirous  of  leaving  Columbus  for  either  of  these  cities,  can  do  so  by  various 
routes,  as  can  be  seen  by  our  Table  of  Distanoes,  etc.,  in  connection  with  Columbus. 

rri>suiniiig  you  wish  to  go  to  IJaltiMioro,  you  proceed  via  the  Central  Ohio  Itailroad,  which 
extends  to  JS'cwark,  through  a  ])artially  cleared  country,  with  no  features  of  particular 
interest. 

Tliirly-three  miles  distant  you  reach  Newark.  The  Sandusky,  Mansfield,  and  Newark 
Ilaih'oiid,  running  from  Sandusky  City,  on  Lake  Erie,  here  intersects  the  Central  Ohio  Kail- 
road,  iind  gives  it  a  connection  with  north-west  Ohio  and  beyond.  The  Steubenville  and 
Indiiiiiri  I'liilroad  also  terminates  here,  and  connects  at  Steubenville  with  the  Ohio  River 
Road  to  rittsl)urg.  From  Newark,  20  miles'  j)rogress  brings  the  train  to  Zauesville,  the 
county  seat  of  iluskingum,  one  of  the  richest  counties  in  Oliio,  embracing  in  its  area  the 
valleys  of  the  Muskingum  and  Licking  Ttivers,  which  have  their  confluence  at  that  point, 
and  atjouiid  with  niinoral  and  agricultural  advantages.  The  city  has  a  population  of  about 
18,0(i(t,  and  is  a  neat,  well  built,  and  prosperous  place. 

An  hom-'s  ride  from  Zauesville,  through  the  fertile  l^eatherhead  valley,  brings  the  train 
to  the  ancient  town  of  Cambridge,  situated  at  the  crossing  of  the  old  National  Turnpike 
Road,  over  Wills'  Creek.  For  many  miles  on  each  side  of  Cambridge,  the  Central  Railroad 
runs  close  to,  and  parallel  witli,  tlie  National  Road.  From  Cambridge  the  Central  Ohio  Itoad 
continues  its  course  for  fifty  miles  through  a  rich,  rolling  country,  tiie  agricultural  fe  r  ires 
of  which,  its  lichtiess  iif  soil,  abundance  of  heavy  timber,  and  large  herds  of  stock.  ;il- 

ways  arrest  and  gratify  tlie  eye  of  the  traveller,  until  ycui  reach  Rellaire. 

At  I'lellaire  you  ))roeeed  by  steamer  on  the  Uiver  Ohio  across  to  Benwood  in  ^  iiia. 
Starti'd  in  tlie  cars  from  there,  you  pr<iceed  swiftly  past  Moundsville,  Cameron,  Willing 
Tunnel,  and   other  ]ilaces  of  interest,  and  finally  approach  the  western  slope  of  Alle- 

glianies      You  soon  iipjiroiieh  to  the  Monongaliela  Uiver,  above  the  beautiful  us  of 

FairuMunt  and  I'alatiiie,  with  'he  pieturescpie  wire  suspension  bridge  uniting  <  The 

great  t'liid  foot  iron  bridge,  too,  by  wliieh  the  railroad  crosses  the  JIunongahel.  ,  .le  east 
of  Fairinount,  stands  out  as  a  rennirkably  strong  and  beautiful  structure.  The  \  lews  along 
the  Tygart's  Valley  Uiver,  between  the  Monongaliela  and  Grafton,  for  twenty  miles,  with 
the  "Valley  River  Falls,"  are  among  the  objects  most  admired,  so  far,  \ipon  this  ri'Ute. 

Passengers  for  l'ittsl)urg  go  by  rail  from  Ifjllaire  to  Steubenville,  and  thence  to  1   ttsburg. 

Passengers  for  Wheeling  go  by  rail  from  Pcuwood  thence. 

After  leaving  Benwood  Station  you  reacli  (jrafton,  thence  proceed  on  to  Cumberland, 
]\lartinsburg,  Harper's  Ferry,  on  to  Baltimore. 

J'assengers  from  Cincinnati  or  Columbus,  for  Philadelphia  or  New  York  direct,  nnd  de- 
sirous of  seeing  the  scenerj-  of  tlie  Alleglmnies,  and  Susquehanna  River,  proceed  vi  i  .v'heel- 
ing  'ir  Pittsburg,  tlieiiee  to  Pliiladelphia  and  New  York  direct.  The  journey  from  Pitts- 
burg to  i'hiladelphia  should  by  all  means,  if  possible,  be  made  by  daylight. 

A  deserlption  of  the  route  from  (Jrafton  to  Baltimore,  and  views  of  scenery  on  the  line, 
will  be  t'diuiil  Lfiveii  elsewhere,  in  connection  with  the  trip  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road from  Baltimore  to  Cincinnati  via  Marietta. 


m 


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111 


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; 


22  THE  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD, 


THE  BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 

TiiK  Baltimore  nnd  Ohio  Railroad  was  tlio  first  line  wliicli  was  o]>oii»'(l  for  goods  and 
pttsscniu'crs  in  the  United  States,  and  eonscqneiitly  niny  be  termed  the  I'ather  of  niilroads 
in  this  country.  It  has  proved  also  a  sort  of  nursery  for  rearing  railway  as>i-tants,  for 
nil  the  other  roads  in  the  country. 

It  extends  from  Baltimore  (Maryland)  to  T'arkersliurL,'  on  tlie  banks  of  the  Ohio — hence 
the  name  Baltimore  and  (>hio  liaiiniad.  We  euljuin  a  few  particulars  respeeting  tiiis  line 
of  road,  which  may  he  found  interesting  : 

E.VTKNT  AND  OliNliHAL  fllAR.WTEnlKrirS  OF  TUE  IIOAI). 

Lenyth  nf  Line.  Miles. 

Main  line  of   roa.l— Tl.'iltlmnre  to  '',  liecliiit; itT9 

Wasliinntoii  .Tiriclion  (nine  luilet.  fniin  llMjliniore)  to  \Vasliiri(!ton  Cily 30 

Blount  C'lu  e  .Jnnotioii  to  l.ntnist  IN'iiit  Sliippio^^  .^tutioti,  iit  Itilltinioru ii 

Monocucy  .'^tiition,  nn  the  Mum  ."^tein,  to  Kreilerick  (.'il.v .'J 

Grafton,  ou  the  Mai.:  Stem,  Ili79  miles  from  liiiltlmcre)  to  I'arkershuri,',  on  the  Ohio  Itiver 104 

Total  Iciitrth  of  first  (rack TilO 

I.i'iif,'th  of  seoonil  nack  lincluili]!;.'  I'.lfi  siilini.'sl  on   tins  Main  i'tem 212 

yecoml  track  in  ^i(iinp'  upitn  the  'Vashirijfton  Itranch 7 

Second  truck  In  sidings  upon  the  Nortlnvcstern  Virginia  Koad 7 

Total  length  of  track  owned  and  worked  Iiy  the  IJaltlinore  and  Ohio  Itallroad  Company 745 

To  this  add  the  fiiliowitig  e.\elll^iv■'  Irilititiii'les — 

Winchester  and  Potomac  Itaihvnv  from  Ilarnci's  Ferr> .  on  the  Main  Ptem,  to  Winchester,  Va .32 

The  several  lateral  roads  traversing  the  coal  regions,  :unl  uniting  with  tlie  .Main  Stem  at  Cumberland 
and  I'ledmont 45 


Total  lengtli  of  road 8'J2 

Heaviest  permanent  grade  per  mile 11G  feet. 

Heaviest  tem|iorary  grade,  worked  witli  locomotive ,VJil     " 

Longest  continuous  grade,  (from  I'iedmnnt  to  Altanenit,) 17  miles. 

Greatest  altilmle  of  rnad-lied  aliovc  tide  water '.'.O'JII  feel, 

Weight  of  rail  per  lineal  yard,  on  m  '.-,'  and  seeoml  traii< .'>.'>  to  "■.')  llis. 

Numljer  of  locomotive  engine-liouses  and  shops .'>7 

Aggregate  nunilier  of  stalls  for  locomotive  engines 2.'tO 

Numher  of  machinery  and  car  repair  stations 12 

Number  of  repair  shops , ,'W 

Number  of  water  stations,  (on  the  Main  Stem,  70;  on  the  Northwestern  Virginia  Koad,  II;  on  the  Wash- 

ingt-M  Hranch,  4,)  94 

Nundie.  -  f  telegraph  stations .'!0 

Number  of  freight  -.nd  passenger  statiiuis,  (Main  Slum,  02  ;  Washingluu  llranch,  S  ;  Northneslern  Vir- 
ginia Itoad,  I.M _  S,-) 

Number  of  tunnels  between  llaltimore  and  Wheeling '  14 

Total  length  of  tunnelling I'J.liill  feet. 

1-ength  of  tunnelling  solidly  areheil  with  stone,  iron  or  brick, iL'.lint    " 

Number  of  bridges  lietween  llaltimore  and  Wheeling ISO 

Total  length  of  briilging l.\OsS  feet. 

Length  of  new  ircui  railroail  bridges  completeil,  moslly  with  double  track M.TIO    " 

Length  of  stone  bridges  completed .'i.'.'IO    " 

Length  of  wooden  bridges  ciunpleted , d,!!!!"*    " 

Nundier  of  tons  of  freight  hauled  In  IS'iT Ml."i,4l)l 

Nundier  of  tons  of  freight  hauled  one  miu'  in  ls,"i7 20'J,'-.">2,4ill 

Number  of  ollicers  and  employees 4  tlOO 


." 


^/f'":-'^«»^%5ft 


SCKXPMIY    IN    PEXNSYLVAXIA. 


28 


r  goods  nnil 
of  niilroiidH 
•»i^taIlt^',  for 

)liio — lioiico 
iiii'  this  Hue 


MUCH. 

;t70 

80 

!! 

I! 

104 

M!) 

'iVi 

7 

T 

745 

«2 

iiiI'Li'laiii) 
45 

S22 

...     no  feet. 
...    WM    " 

17  miles. 

...'.'.(i'JO  ri>et. 
.  .,,''j.'>  to  <>  ll'«- 

f)T 

2;!0 

12 

!!)» 

the  Wiish- 

94 

30 

ivesloru  Vir- 

....     ^.-i 

'14 

12,tlii  I  feet. 
V.'.CiiU    " 

ISO 

,  ]r,,Os-ifeet. 
,  .M.71i>  " 
.  ,%.2lil  " 
,  -l,!!:'.-*  " 
,siiri,40t 
.202,<i2,lill 
4  WO 


THE  SUSQUEIIANXA   AND  JUNIATA 

lloCTi;    FROM    1'II1L.\I>IX1'IIIA    TO    riTTSDfnO,    AND    Tllli    Wi:<T. 

Tni'.  imturo  of  tlio  country  aloiit;  this  roiid'  is  similar^  in  soiuo  respects,  to  the  ]ifi'C((Vn\g 
one,  a  |iorlioii  of  llio  soencry  jx'rlaiiiiiijj;  to  tho  same  raiiL,'i'  of  iiioiiiitaitis,  viz.,  tUo  .Mhijlm- 
iiics.  rhroughoiit  the  entire  roiito,  howovi-r,  tulccn  as  a  wliolo,  tlio  scenery  on  the  IVnnsyl- 
vania  line,  is  iniioh  nioi'o  snlxlncil  in  charaolcr,  and  docs  not  [irosoiit  so  liiri,'e  a  projiortioii 
of  wild,  romantic  scenery,  ns  is  to  lie  seen  on  the  Jialtiniove  and  Ohio  lload. 

The  Pennsylvaniii  route  is  one  of  the  groat  hii^hwnys,  from  the  Atlantic  seaboiird  to  tho 
Western  States,  and  is  one  of  the  liest  manisrod,  and  best  »(f«^i3  lines  in  the  country. 

Tlie  scenery  pertains  chiefly  to  tlio  Ijeaulifid  llivers  Snsipichanna  and  Jnniala.and  their 
trilmtarios,  whilst  along  their  hanks,  ns  well  ns  in  the  Wyoming,'  district,  views  of  the 
wildest  mountain,  and  tinest  landscape  and  river  scenery,  are  to  bo  mot  with. 

The  Suscpiehannu  is  the  largest  river  in  Pennsylvania,  rising  in  Otseg-  I  ..iki  State  of 
New  York,  and  runs  through  the  entire  breadth,  rroiii  iu)rth  to  south,  oi  '•  msjlvania, 
through  the  windings  of  the  valleys  of  the  Alk'ghaiiie.s,  and  tho  coal  districts,  uu:il  it 
reaches  tho  ocean,  in  all  about  iiOO  miles  long. 


THE  GREAT  COLUMBIA  BRIDGE  ACROSS  THE  SUStJUEIIAXNA. 

It  is  impossible,  in  our  limits,  to  do  any  thing  like  juslieo  to  tho  beautiful  seonery  of  this 
route.  To  represent  such,  wo  have  selected  a  view  of  the  magnificent  Columbia  Bridge, 
which  crosses  tho  Snsipulianna,  near  Columbia  village.  This  liridgo,  which  is  more  than  a 
mile  long,  crosses  the  river  at  a  spot  where  tho  scenery  is  particularly  pleasing.  The,  river 
there  is  studded  with  nmnorous  island.*,  reposing,  as  it  wore,  in  a  magnificent  basin,  which, 
with  the  lofty  hills  wooded  to  their  tojis,  pri'sontsa  scene  of  great  beauty. 

Throui;h  u  ])oi'tion  of  the  same  district,  Hows  the  beautiful  Juniata,  an  engraving  of  which 
we  give  from  a  drawing  by  Jesse  Talbot,  an  American  artist. 

Few  rivers  in  tho  States  afford  a  finer  field  for  tho  toi'.rist,  or  artist,  than  tho  Jnniata. 
This  river  is  about  200  mih's  in  length,  and  takes  its  rise  at  tho  foot  of  tho  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  flowing  for  about  II  miles,  falls  into  tho  Susquehanna  at  Ilarrisburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. The  country  through  which  it  runs,  is  diver.sitied  by  limestone  valleys,  and 
mountain  ridges,  in  which  iron  and  coal  are  abundant.  Tiie  scenery  along  its  course,  is  in 
tho  highest  degree  picturesque. 


I*  if 


■  SI'S 


t^. 


24 


SCENE  ON  THE  JUNIATA. 


SCENE  i»N  THE  JUXIATA. 

From  nil  wo  hoar,  tlio  Vioautifiil  scin.rv  in  tlic  Sfnto  of  Ponii?yIvniiia,  nm],  in  fnot,  tli.' 
vliolo  i)i()\iiitain  range  of  iho  Alli'irlianio.'',  and  tlio  rivors  travorsiiiif  tin;  valleys,  arc,  ('diii- 
paralivcly  sponkinir,  unknown.  Now,  liowivor,  that  tlio  c'oniinnnica(i<iii  to  and  from  thosi' 
distriffs  is  so  froqucnt  am]  on?y,  ami  that  accotnino<la(ioii  for  tourists  is  ovory  year  in- 

croasiniT,  avo  liavo  little  doubt  Imt  that  si  ■•uos,  ns  above  represent cd,  will  b<!  more  than 

ever  visited  by  all  in  peareh  of  the  h<  .•  in  nature.     ISayanl  Taylor,  tlu^  eehbrated 

Aineriean  traveller  and      riliT,  thus  sp.  .rJing  the  seenery  of  llie  Juniata:  — 

"At  the   commenee;  of  June,   \v  len    the   loaves  are   fully  expanded    and   retain 

their  fresh  and  benutifu,  .  eeii,  the  -wuri  'h,  briLrhtncss,  and  richness  of  the  landscapes  of 
this  region  are  the  very  on  liodiment  of 'I  spirit  of  suinnici'.  The  forests  are  |)iled  inapses 
of  gorgeous  foil. .ire,  now  ^lr■  '  hing  li!  a  rani|iart  over  the  hills,  now  foll(,\ving  ponio 
winding  wator-eours'  and  n>'\  broken  into  proves  ami  clinnps,  dotting  the  undidalions  of 
the  grain  and  grass  t  -Ids.  '  the  t  nu  nml  lareful  beauty  of  Englaml,  and  the  broad  gar- 
den of  the  lihine  pi.dn,  »  ecs  ip"thinif  .  'is  jjrodigalily  of  Llooui  and  foliage — ^^this 
luxury  of  nature." 


^'i 


MINERAL   KESOURCES  IN  STATE  OF   MISSOURI. 


26 


rP 

m^"' 

am],  ill  I'iK't,  th.' 

Vlllli'VS,  lll'c,  ('"III- 

II  iiiid  fniiu  llu'sc 
is  cvi-ry  ycur  iii- 
vUt  1).'  iiwirc  tlum 
r,  llic  iM'lctinUed 
hiiiiiita: — 

iiilnl  mul  I'flnin 
till'  laiid^cniies  of 
■!  ari'  pilcil  iiiiipses 
V  fi)lli.wiii!;  ?onio 
li.>  (iiitliil'.iiions  of 
lid  ilio  liroad  ^'iir- 
and  foliage— tills 


MINERAL  PvESOUUCES  OF  MISSOURI. 

The  Iron  Mountain,  of  wliioli  w«  tfivo  a  sketch,  nffords  one  of  the  most  imposini;,'  siunples 
of  till'  iniiicral  wt'allli  of  tlii'  Stato  of  Missuiiri  wliicli  we  oould  posriihly  ]iri'S('iit. 

Iron  Mountain  in  siliiatcd  in  St.  Francois  County,  in  tlu;  coutli-fai-t  part  of  Mis.*oun,  a  few 
miles  from  I'otosi,  where  viilualde  lend  mines  nro  situated,  the  ore  yieldiii','  70  to  80  per 
cent,  of  metal.  It  is  aliout  llo  foet  high,  and  1|  inih'S  lonir.  The  yid.l  of  ore  is  fii) 
jxT  cent,  of  \)\g,  of  u  ipiality  said  to  he  superior  to  Xor\ve!,'ian  or  Swedish  iron.  Dr. 
Feuehtwanger  estimates  that  hetween  Iron  Mountain  and  I'ilot  Knob — another  such  mine 
of  wealth  in  the  same  state — there  nro  (iO(i,{i(i(»,()(io  tons  of  iron  ore.  Regarding  the  Iron 
Slountain  it  is  said  "its  whole  to])  is  u  solid  mass  of  iron,  and  one  sees  nolhing  hut  iron 
lumjis,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach." 

A  plank  road  e.vtends  from  Iron  Mountain,  a  distance  of  12  miles,  to  St.  Genevieve,  a  port 
on  the  Mississiitpi,  01  miles  below  St.  Louis,  to  which  the  manufactured  ore  is  shipp<d  from 
the  wiirks  at  Iron  Mouiitain.  \  railroad  is  in  progress  of  heing  laid,  wliicii  will  form  the 
connecting  link  lutweenSt.  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain. 

Regarding  the  geiical  mineral  resources  of  Missouri,  we  may  here  ijuote  from  a  writer 
on  this  siihject ; — 

"The  miller, il  region  of  Missouri  oceu]iies  an  area  of  aliout  IH.dud.OOi)  acres.  As  iiirlv 
ns  1718  it  was  described  in  a  French  chart  as  'an  pays  pleiu  de  mines.'  It  extends  from 
the  head  waters  of  the  St.  Francis  to  the  Maramec  Itiver,  a  ilistance  of  about  7o  miles  in 
leiigtli,  and  from  the  Missi:-sippi,  in  a  south-westerly  iliredion,  about  00  miles.  The  eleva- 
tion of  the  district  above  the  sea  level  varies  from  OiiO  to  1,'ioi)  feet.  The  climate  is 
equable  and  salulirious,  and  the  superincumbent  soil  moderately  fm-tile.  No  one  of  the 
milling  districts  of  Kiirojx'  enjoys  such  facilities  of  su]i])oi'ting  a  large  ]Hipuhition.  Except- 
ing L,'old  and  jilatina,  most  of  the  important  and  useful  metals  and  ores  are  known  to  exist 
ill  Missouri.  The  following  tiiiiierals,  metiiHie  and  noii-nieliillie,  arranged  here  according 
te  their  intrinsic  value,  have'  been  found  witliiii  its  limits — lead,  iron,  cop|)er,  cobalt,  silver, 
nickel,  zinc  and  ealamiiie,  manganese  iind  wadd,  coal,  rock  salt,  liarytes,  siind  and  ([iiartz, 
caibi'iiatc  and  -.ulphale  of  liiiie,  aliiniiiie  and  potter's  clay,  fuller's  earth,  variei:iit<d  marble 
and  oolite,  salt|)itre,  antiiiioiiy,  tin,  tiiiiirstiite  of  iron  and  lead,  diamonds,  chalcedony  and 
f>,ds]iar,  and  soiiii'  others  I'f  perhaps  a  minor  iiiiportanee, 

'The  lead  mines  have  beiii  wroii'ilit  since  tlie  first  settlenunt  of  the  country.  The  ore  is 
in  the  form  of  sulpliiiret  and  carlioiiale,  and  in  the  upper  mines  at  I'otosi  it  is  found  mixed 
witli  calamine  aii<l  blende.  Tlie  lead  r<'gion  extends  over  the  counties  of  Madison,  St. 
Francois,  St,  Louis,  Washiiiirton,  etc.  Formerly  tlu'  carbonate  was  considered  as  worthless, 
but  it  is  now  reduced  in  bbir-t  furnaces,  and  yields  7  2  |ier  cent,  Tiie  suliihuret  yields  from 
00  to  Sii  ]pcr  cent,,  and  contaiiis  abiuit  0  jier  cent,  of  silver.  Iron  in  tlie  form  of  hematite, 
and  the  oehrey,  the  micaeeoiis  and  red  oxydes,  are  fouiiil  in  the  trreati-st  abundance.  The 
ores  exist  tliroiigliout  the  mineral  reirioii,  and  extend  even  into  the  coal  formation,  which 
oceii)iies  so  liir^e  a  surface,  .Muuidant,  easily  iiianiit'actiiri'(l,  and  the  treiisportation  easy, 
this  is  es-eiillMlly  the  staple  of  Missouri,     Tlie  mines  of  copper  are  chietly  found  in  the 

south  ami  west  |iortions  of  the  mineral  reirion,  but  exist  in  otlur  parts,    Tl re  is  of  every 

variety,  and  usually  vi'i'v  ri<di.  It  is  found  in  coiiibiniition  with  lead  aiul  iron,  i're<|iientlj" 
with  maii'j'anese,  cobalt,  and  niekel,  and  oeeasionally  with  silver.  It  is  generally  pyritous, 
but  oxeyiles  and  <'ai-boiiatcs  are  fre(iueiitly  t'oiind.  The  ores  appi'iir  as  a  cement  uniting 
aiiLruhir  Iragiiients  of  liiiie  rock,  I'oniiiiig  a  breccia,  and  inueli  of  it  is  ca.-ily  removed  by  u 
]>iekaxe  alone,  Asa  general  thing  llic  yield  is  about  ;it  per  cent,  of  nietiil.  The  coji])er 
mines  of  Missouri  ai'c  said  to  be  mori'  valuable  than  even  those  of  Lake  Su[ierior,  The 
several  metals  tcuiiid  in  combination  with  the  above,  namely,  silver,  /inc.  manganese, 
cobalt,  nickel,  etc.,  give  an  a<l<litional  value  to  the  iiiines;  and  as  tin  has  lieeii  fo'iiid  near 
Caledonia,  it  may  be  siiid  of  Missouri,  that  no  other  slate  or  county  is  richer  in  nntallic 
Wealth,  or  has  i'etter  ]irospects  of  future  prosperity." 

Another  writer  says:  "(ieologists  say  that  the  rock  m  the  west  side  of  the  mountain  he- 
longs  to  the  lower  silnrian  limestone  era.  The  boring  of  IJeleher's  .\rtesian  V.'ell,  tells  us 
that  this  same  bed  of  rock,  which  forms  the  surface  of  the  country  on  the  west  .side  "f  the 
mountain,  is  in  the  well  2,0(iO  feet  below  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi  Itiver,  a  ilip  of  2,8iiO 
feet  from  the  mountain  to  St,  Louis,  (ieologists  say  that  this  dip  was  neeissary  to  form 
the  great  basins  which  contain  coal  in  the  eentrnl  part  of  Illinois.  On  the  east  side  of  the 
Dmunlain  a  granite  country  is  found." 


M 


I 


•   l1 

!    ill 


KANSAS   AND   NKUIIASKA. 


27 


Tin:   VALLEY   OF  TIIK   MlSSoriil. 


m 


iPt 


;i-. 


n^ 


:ir. 


¥' 
/ 
W 


¥^ 


.Sc-v'! 


AQ: 


fcd   r 


In  our  (l('son|ilii)ii  nf  llio  \m -imi  |)or- 
tloii  of  the  Stiili'!',  wi'  liiivi'  iMiiii'ludcd  for 
tiie  liri'Hi'lit  not  to  rxlriid  tin'  liiniU  of  o\ii- 
liiforiiiiitioii  fiirtlicr  wi^'l  tliaii  thai  of  tlic 
Missouri  Nulli'V — iiixl  »lllioiii;li  Ni'lp|M>kii 
niiil  Kaiir^ai  I'ihiihiI  iid  |iiii'l  in  tlio  oiii,'iiml 
iilaii,  ill  tio'  imlilii'iiiioii  of  tiio  work,  y<'l, 
hviii  lilt'  f;i'<'iit  (•luijjriition  niovciiicnl  in  tliat 
(liroL'tioii,  of  late,  wo  liavo  tlio\iL'lil  il  lolvisi- 
l)li!  to  u'ive  till'  I'ollowiMi,'  details  of  that  won- 
derful rct^'loii,  HlthoUL;h  not  from  our  own 
ex|»'i'ifnc'c,  not  hii\  ini;  i\*  _v>'t  hud  an  oppor- 

tiiiiily  of  ]icnitraliiit,'  mi  far  wi-i.     In  si 

future  edition  of  this  work,  we  niiiy  •"•  aide 
to  presiMit  siudi,  from  our  ov  ii  ohservatioii — 
ineaiitiini',  we  eoni|iiio  fi'oi'i  wliil  appears  to 
iirt  to  Ije  u  relial)le  notice  of  this  territory, 
whieh  ajipeiired  in  Iho  Xnrl/i  Aiinrirtiii  It't - 
r'liir,  for  .Inly,  iSoS,  in  a  leview,  in  that 
iournal,  of  two  works  lately  piildislied  on 
that  part  of  tlie  Inion. 

After  deseriliiiii,'  that  portion  of  tlu mi- 

trv  we>t  of  Nehraska  and  Kansiis,  whieh  is 
co'risideri'd  to  1)0  \ind  siralde  as  a  tiehl  for 
finiLTration,  the  writer  asks; — 

"  What  ell'eel  will  the  important  fact  have 
on  these  yoiiiif,'  territories  themselves,  as  well 
fts  on  the  eountry  at  lar^'e'.'  Neliiaska  and 
Kanwi^i  will,  in  that  case,  he  tlii'  shores  at 
wliii'h  will  teiminali;  u  vast,  ocean  desi'rt, 
nearly  limo  miles  in  hreadtli.  To  the  west, 
of  that  lie  Californiii  and  Oreiroii,  irreat  pro 
diiein;;,  and  yet  not  capahle  of  liecomiiii; 
great,  inaMiifacliirim;  count ries, 

"On  the  eastern  coast  of  this  trreat,  desert 
BO!i  will  lie  Kansas  and  Nehra-ka,  of  all  coun- 
tries the  best  suited  for  the  .sites  of  vast  nian- 
ufai'lories.  There  run  rivers  whose  descents, 
mill  whoso  oiipaeiousness  adii])t  them  as  well 
to  turn  the  wheel  ns  t<i  irriu'nlc  the  land. 
There,  miderdeath  a  soil  which  can  support 
ft  million  of  workmen,  are  spread  layers  of 
coal  which  will  foiiii  the  find  for  tons  of 
thoii-ands  of  square  miles.  There  i:<  the  iron 
which  is  to  form  lioth  tho  eni.'iiie  iiiid  the 
staple — the  arm  that  strikes,  as  well  as  the 
material  which  is  struck.  ller«',  in  fad,  are 
the  f^real  fiirnishiiii;  warerooms,  wln^'i'  the 
people  of  t'i'.Ufi>rnia  will  e.\chani;e  their  ,i,'old 
ftnd  (pii(disilver,  and  those  of  OrcLCon  their 
fish  and  lumljer,  for  the  hardware,  tlo-  cloths, 
and  the  furniture  which  the  manufactories  of 
the  Missouri  N'allcy  will  proiluce,  .  ,  .  I'reiirht 
aniouiitiiii;  to  live  ilollars  per  liiii  weiLrht  will 
bo  a  sullicieul,  protection  to  force  the  liuuiil- 
factories  of  the  Missouri  \'alley  at  once  into 
enortietie  action."  If  maiiul'acluriMl  there, 
heavy  floods  will  lie  aide  to  he  sohl  "Jo  per 
CPnt,  less  than  those  broutjht  from  the  facto- 
ries  in  Connectici,!  oi'  I'eiiupylvnnia, 

"  When  tho  time  oonies  for  the  inland 
transportation  of  the  floods  of  India  and 
China  from  the  I'aoitlc  to  the  .Mlanlic,  il  wil 


nesn— nt  IcHsl,  for  iiea\  y  i,'oods — will  t'linhle 
It  to  outbid  all  eonipet'itors.".  .  .  ,  "The  t'o- 
liimbia  Itivcr,  while  it  forms  one  vast  and 
naviirable  stream  from  the  oceantotlie  centre 
of  the  <  (rej^ou  plains,  Hares  out  at  the  hitter 
point  into  tlircc  forks,  each  of  which  olbrs  a 
pass,  and  the  only  ]m-ses  Inri'  accessible 
lliroue;h  I'le  Itockv  Mountains.  It  is  the  Co- 
lumbia a  l.iiie  that  In  diln  tlu'  keys  to  the  passes 
of  the  mountains,  from  whiidi.on  the  eastern- 
mo>t  side,  run  the  Iriluitaries  of  the  I'lattc. 
Tho  forks  of  the  Columbia  will,  therefore, 
have  one  side  of  them  the  only  navij^able 
waters  leadiiii^  to  the  I'acitic,  and  on  tho 
otiur  the  only  liiixhways  throii^'h  whoso 
mountaiii  piles  the  locomotive  cm  course  to 
the'  Mis-oiiri  Valley."  That  tho  I'latto  and 
the  Kansas  are  incapable  of  iiaviL;atioii,  wo 
think  is  abundantly  jiroved ;  but  it  is  eipially 
clear  that  the  valleys  throiiiih  whiili  they 
run  are  the  natural  courses  thrcunrh  w  hicli 
till'  canal  inii-t  be  o|ien('d  and  the  railway 
laid.  Thus  there  will  pour  into  the  i^nal 
depots  which  these  fronlici'  Stall's  will  pre- 
sent, not,  only  tho  prodiicls  of  Liistern  and 
Western  America,  luit  those  of  China  and 
India. 

The  corn  and  wheat  prairies  of  Nebraska, 
Iowa,  and  Kansas,  stand  on  the  banks  of  that 
1,'reat  river  (Missouii)  whieh,  with  a  volume, 
a  I'orcc,  and  throuijh  an  extent  of  territory  no 
other  stream  can  equal,  shoots  down  the 
freiirlit  eoiiimittiMl  to  it  on  the  vast  corn- 
cousumint;  plains  of  tho  Soiithern  Mississippi. 
....  Mever  was  there  such  an  avenue  for 
such  ft  freiiiht.  I'Vir  oiii)  miles  these  iiiaifiiiti- 
ceiit  prairies  slope  npwai'd  from  the  I'ivor 
banks.  For  loiiii  miles  il  dashes  down,  with 
a  velocity  which  enables  oven  the  .'ilowor 
class  of  steamboats  to  make  the  deseont  in 
from  l.j  to  20  miles  per  hour.  It  is  hero  that 
the  Missouri  has  the  irreiit  advanta<jo  over 
the  Mis>is>ippi.  The  prairie  country  is  scarce- 
ly I'caclicd  by  the  latter  river — so  far  as  con- 
tinuous navitration  is  concerned Tho 

navie;arion  of  the  Missmiri,  on  the  other  hand, 
contimii's  nearly  lnim  miles  beyond  where 
that  of  the  Mississi]ipi  stops It  is  on  ac- 
count of  the  cheapness  and  rapidity  which 
transportation  in  such  a  cliannel  gives  that 
we  think  the  market  of  tho  trulf  country  will 
be  supplied  from  tlu^  valley  of  the  Missouri — 
not  froi  I  that  of  tho  Mississipjii. 

Tin;  '^XTKNT  AM>  CuAllArTKi;  or  TIlK  Son.. — 
"The  bitloin  lands,  of  whieh  the  base  of  this 
seam  (th' Missouri)  is  composed,  form  a  plain 
extendiii!.'  from  .'>  to  -J,")  miles  in  Ijreadth,  and 
aceompaii\ 'iml;  the  river  throuirh  nearly  its 
whole  course.''  T'lie  soil  is  of  a  very  shifting 
ualure,  ami  the  coiirso  of  the  river  very  cir- 
cuitous. "  It  doiibles  and  curves,  for  instance, 
to  such  an  extent  arouiid  a  line  of  l(ii>  miles, 

tween  Leavenworth  and  Nebraska  City,  as 


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28 


THE  VALLEY  OF  THE   MISSOURI. 


STEAMING  UP  THE  RIVER  MISSUURL 


(    i 


popularly  called  the  'weBtern  bank,'  is,  by 
turnR,  the  southern  and  the  eastorn."  For 
farming  purposes,  therefore,  the  lands  of  that 
nature  are  very  uncertain  and  precarious. 

In  its  course,  however,  it  leaves,  on  the 
one  side  or  the  other,  a  rich  bottom,  which, 
for  immediate  productiveness,  has  probahly 
no  superior  in  the  world.  "  To  this  are  add- 
ed uniform  belts  of  forest  trees,  interposing 
themselves  between  the  bottom  and  the  bluft's, 
which,  along  the  States  of  Iowa  and  Missouri, 
and  the  opposite  shores,  develop  themselves 
in  great  beauty.  These  trees,  in  cunneetion 
with  the  stone  with  which  tlio  blulTs  are  often 
filled,  give  building  materials  to  the  settler  in 
the  richest  abundance. 

In  Nebraska,  the  fertile  bottom  lands  on 
the  Missouri  River  begin  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Vermilion  River,  on  the  '.iTih  meridian, 
about  60  miles  from  Sioux  City,  and  about 
1000  miles  on  the  river-course  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi. Tlie  trees  on  the  river  bottoms  are 
immense  and  lu.xuriant.  AVest  of  Sioux  City, 
the  bottom  lands  become  narrow  and  irregu- 
lar, and  give  only  an  uncertain  prospect  of 
support.  Tlie  soil  on  the  table  prairie  lands, 
which  lie  back  from  the  blnll's,  is  not  suscep- 
tible of  much  cultivation — degenerating  into 
a  cold  and  desolate  moor.  The  exception  lo 
this  is  ft  patch,  fiO  miles  above  the  Rig  Sioux, 
nt  tlie  month  of  the  Eau-fiui-Court,  which 
there  runs  into  the  Missouri.  No  point  be- 
yond the  Vemilion  can  be  relied  on  to  raise 
corn. 
The  Pl.\tte  River  Valley. — Tlie  valley  of 


the  Pliitte  is  sodded  with  firm,  and  yet  nutri- 
tious grass,  wliicii  affords  a  road  for  wagons, 
and  food  for  the  oxen  or  mules  by  wliich  the 
wagons  are  drawn.  Along  this  great  high- 
way, the  emigration  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacitre  will  puss. 

In  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Plnlte,  cotton- 
\vui>,l  of  excellent  (junlity  is  to  be  found  ;  and 
above  an<l  around  the  forks,  cedar  in  consid- 
erable (junntily  is  \o  be  seen. 

The  width  of  the  I'lutte  is,  genernlly,  one 
mile;  and,  when  full,  is  six  feet  deep,  but 
rarelj'  is  so:  eonse(iuently,  is  considered  of 
no  use  for  iwivigiition  purposes. 

The  arable  jmiiries  that  arise  from  the 
bliilTs  by  wliieli  tlie  I'latte  is  hemmed,  do  not 
spread  to  any  considerable  extent  after  the 
first  l.'iO  miles  of  its  course  are  jmssed. 

Tlie  region  south  of  tlie  I'latte  presents  a 
much  wider  swoi  p  for  agricultural  enterprise. 
There,  a  cliiiiatc  not  yet  infected  with  the 
parching  heat  of  the  low  country,  is  united 
with  ft  soil  of  eminent  fruitfuliiess;  and,  as 
the  arable  lands  begin  to  widen,  they  disclose 
one  of  the  loveliest  regions  in  the  world. 
TIio  arable  lands  extend  from  150  to  200 
miles  from  the  river  liauks. 

TiIeCoMI'OSITION  and  PlioDlCTIVENESS  OF  THE 

Soiu — Tlie  general  character  of  the  bottom 
lands — not  only  of  tlie  Missouri,  but  of  the 
Kansas,  the  Yellowstone,  and  the  Platte — is 
of  sand  and  clay,  richly  im|)regnated  and 
saturated  with  carbon,  and  with  the  vast 
nuantities  of  decayed  vegetable  matter  which 
tne  rivers  are  constantly  precipitating. 


CLIMATE  OF  KANSAS  AND  NEBRASKA. 


29 


from  the 
ni'd,  do  not 
\  nfler  the 

prcsentB  a 
(■iiU'ri)n!<e. 
1  with  the 
•,  is  united 
>s;  and,  as 
loy  disclose 
the  world. 
150  to  200 


i 


Not  unusually,  Indian  corn  to  the  amount 
of  150  busht'lfl  to  tho  acre  are  produced,  with 
pcurccly  any  more  jireparation  than  tlie  ordi- 
nary turning  over,  which  is  easily  done  by 
the  plough.  From  the  river  basin,  rii-e  ter- 
rnccH,  or  aul>si<liary  bottom,  at  an  average  of 
50  feet  from  the  nvcr  level,  and  sloping  and 
sweeping  away  till  Ihoy  reach,  sometimes,  the 
prairies  tiiemsclves. 

For  |K'rmaneney,  depth,  richness,  and  ex- 
tent, the  prairie  soil  can  find  nothing  in  tlie 
world,  to  say  the  least,  to  excel  it — many 
parties  declaring  tiiat  tiiere  is  notliing  to 
c(jual  it. 

ITnlike  the  bottom  lands,  which  are  soft 
and  pliable,  the  prairie  lands  of  the  Missouri 
are  tough  and  tenacious.  In  Nebraska  and 
Kansas,  as  many  as  six  or  eight  yoke  of  oxen 
are  employed  at  a  single  ])lough  in  breaking 
the  ground  for  the  tirst  time.  When  once 
upturned,  however,  the  sod  rots  in  a  single 
summer,  after  wiiicli  it  may  be  ploughed  liy 
a  single  yoke.  Indian  corn  and  potatoes 
grow  upon  it  after  the  first  ])loughing ; 
wiieat  not  until  after  tlie  second. 

Tlie  present  appearances  of  tiie  prairies  of 
the  Missouri  show  clear  evidence  of  having, 
some  centuries  ago,  been  under  cultivation, 
tln!  fields,  etc.,  being  clearly  traced.  Tliey 
are  found  in  the  best-watered  and  richest  sec- 
tions, and  extend  from  one  to  tiiree  huiulred 
acres  in  area. 

LuMUKR. — In  respect  to  forests,  south-east- 
ern Nebraska  and  Eastern  Kansas  have  a 
great  advantage  over  Illiiuus  and  Iowa.  In 
the  latter  States  we  may  travel  for  miles  with- 
out seeing  a  single  tree  within  sight.  In  the 
central  valley  of  tiie  Missouri,  the  cotton- 
wood,  willow,  and  poplar  spread  tliem- 
selves  in  great  abundance  and  beauty  along 
the  bottom  lands,  and  on  the  bluffs  are  found 
tlie  oak,  elm,  cedar,  and  the  black  walnut, 
llius  jiroviding  abundant  material  on  tiie  spot 
for  building  and  fencing. 

ri.iMATK, — Hi'tween  tlie  Missouri  Valley 
and  the  same  range  of  latitude  towanls  the 
I'ast,  tlie  advantages,  so  far  as  evenness  of 
teinj)crature  is  concerned,  are  witli  the  latter. 
Both  in  Kansas  and  Xeliraska  the  tlicrniom- 
eter  ranges  from  15  degrees  higher  in  sum- 
mer, and  1,")  degrees  lower  in  winter,  tiian  in 
Virginia  or  I'ennsylvauia.  It  is  not  unconi- 
iniui  for  the  mercury  to  sink  to  :<0  degrees 
below  zero  in  the  oue  season,  and  to  keep 
steady  in  the  other,  even  as  far  north  as 


Omaha  City,  at  110,  It  is  an  error  to  seek 
tlie  causes  of  these  extremes  in  the  as  yet  un- 
settled conilition  of  the  country.  They  result 
from  the  fact,  tiiat  as  we  recede  furtlior  from 
the  sea-coast,  both  heat  and  cold  l)eeonie,  in 
tlieir  degree,  greater,  as  can  be  explained  on 
pliilosopiiic  grounds. 

Two  features,  however,  tend  greatly  to 
soften  these  extremes.  The  winter  is  relieved 
by  the  crisp  dryness  of  the  air,  as  compared 
with  tho  piercing  sharpness  of  the  Atlantic 
seaboard,  or  the  raw,  damj),  cold  atmosphere 
of  (ireat  liritain. 

The  Bukezes  on  the  Prairiks. — Tlio  sum- 
mer— to  those  wiio  can  take  refuge  in  the 
siiade — has  nearly  all  its  terrors  removed  by 
the  cool  and  powerful  breezes  by  which  the 
prairies  are  incessantly  swept. 

It  is  in  tiu'se  bveezes,  in  fact,  that  consists 
one  of  the  main  charms  of  prairie  life.  In 
their  uniformity,  tlieir  bracing  purity,  their 
vigour,  they  rival  those  of  the  sea.  Tliey  arc 
greatly  preferable,  in  these  respects,  to  those 
that  traverse  the  eastern  Alleghany  slopes. 
There,  the  wind  is  fractured  into  puffs,  or  slit 
into  threads  by  the  forests,  gorges,  mountain 
crags,  and  ravines,  through  which  it  passes. 
liut  the  breezes  of  the  prairies  pass  onward 
in  one  grand  and  unbroken  sheet.  They 
blow  with  the  evenness  and  continuity  of  the 
eastern  trade  winds,  which  may  always  be 
relied  on,  and  in  summer,  at  least,  is  as  far 
from  sinking  at  one  time  into  a  calm,  as  from 
rising  into  n  hurricane.  In  winter  the  wind 
then  covers  the  prairies  with  a  cold  and 
heavy  weight,  whose  very  uniformity  aggra- 
vates its  severity.  Hut  in  the  summer,  the 
delicious  coolness  and  the  unfailing  regular- 
ity of  the  prairie  winds  are  blessings  to  which 
all  travellers  will  boar  a  grateful  testimony. 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  we  quote 
from  a  writer  in  Cnlhiirn'ii  New  Monthlij  Jfng- 
nzinc  for  Julv,  1838,  who,  on  an  excursion  to 
the  "  Great  West,"  and  close  to  the  Missouri, 
says : — 

"Tho  west  of  America  must  be  a  healthy 
country,  except  wliere  the  land  is  low  or  near 
sluggisii  mud-banked  rivers,  for  there  inter- 
mittent fevers  prevail  as  well  as  elsewhere. 
There  seemed  in  the  midst  of  the  excessive 
heat,  a  power  of  exertion,  a  springiness,  not 
at  all  like  the  faint,  relaxing  sensation  of  a 
very  hot  English  summer's  day.  I  speak  of 
tho  dry  prairies  of  the  west*  Tlie  air  was 
olways  clear,  dry,  exhilarating  beyond  idea." 


I 


80 


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TRIP  ON  THE   UPPER  MISSISSIPPI, 

FHOM    I'KAIUtK   DP   ClIIEN   AND    8T.  PAUL. 

A  counE8roNM>EXT,  who  ninde  tliis  trip  Inst  summer,  has  furnislied  us  with  tlie  following 
notes,  which  wn  have  illustrnted  with  severnl  sketclies  of  some  of  the  most  importnnt 
plncos  mill  olijt'cts  of  intiivst  on  tlie  route.     He  tlius  writes: — 

It  mny  l)e  as  well  to  siiy,  that  toiu'ists,  bent  on  this  trip,  can  take  the  railway  cars  from 
either  ("liirasro,  Milwaukee,  Madison,  or  any  of  the  principal  points  of  rail  terminating  at 
Prairie  du  Chien. 

At  11. HO,  A.  M.,  therefore,  we  left  Milwaukee  (^Wisconsin)  l>y  the  train,  on  a  most  lovely 
day,  n  fre.sh  breeze  tempering  the  blazing  heat  of  old  Sol,  which  rendered  his  rays  more 
agrc'Hble. 

After  wliirlinir  along  pretty  rapidly  and  sniootldy,  we  found  ourselves  at  a  station  called 
the  Y  station,  a  little  beyond  the  town  of  Milton,  and  the  junction  of  the  line  from  Chica- 
go, where  the  tourists  and  travellers,  going  to  Prairie  du  Chien  and  North,  meet  with  those 
from  Milwaukee. 

Started  from  tliis  point,  we  bowled  along  over  the  beautiful  sward  of  what  is  considered 
up  there  the  unrivalled  roek-prairie.  Gliding  swiftly  along,  we  in  course  of  time,  (4,  p. 
M.,)  reaelifd  Madison,  the  capital  of  Wisconsin.  (See  Madison.)  Started  from  Madison, 
we  pursiieil  our  journey  down  the  valley  of  the  Black  Earth — named  so,  we  presume,  from 
the  rich,  black  soil  of  the  valley — whose  richness,  some  say.  will  never  wear  out,  and 
never  reipiire  manure.  After  passing  through  the  ever-varying  landscape  of  that  beau- 
tiful valley,  we  soon  reach  Maz<.>maine — where  there  is  an  excellent  refreshment  saloon. 


82 


UPPER  MISSISSIPPI— SUNSET. 


From  this  ptoppinp-plnco,  wo  jirooeedod  on,  willi  the  shiidos  of  cveiiinff  beginning  to  close 
upon  us,  till  we  ri'iu'hcd  the  viilloy  of  flio  Wisconsin,  iiiul  tliroufih  wonio  neat  viiliiffCH  which 
the  rail  has  called  into  existence.  The  Wiseonsin,  which  flown  hci-c — the  earn  crossing  it  8 
times — is  stmicthing  of  the  character  of  tiie  Missouri,  rather  shifting  in  its  course,  render- 
ing, by  its  sand  banks,  the  navigation  rather  difficult.  By  and  by,  we  arrived,  at  about  9,  v. 
M.,  at  Prairie  du  C'hien.     (See  Prairie  du  t'hien.) 

Having  alighted  from  the  cors,  we  soon  found  ourselves  on  the  bank  of  the  mighty  Mis- 
sissipiti. 

Arrived,  therefore,  nt  Prairie  du  Chien,  the  tourist  will  find  liis  way  on  board  the  "  Mil- 
waukee," or  some  other  steamer  in  waiting — unless  it  be  that  some  of  hist  year's  steamers 
have  "gone  up  in  a  cloud  of  smoke,"  or  down  into  the  "  fearful  abyss,"  in  a  determined 
heat  with  some  opposition  boat,  since  last  .lulj-. 

On  board  the  "  Milwaukee,"  however,  we  fouml  ourselves,  a  little  after  9,  i-.  m.,  bound  for 
the  "  Far  West,"  still  scarcely  realizing  any  thing  particular,  but  that  we  were  embarking 
on  board  at  Gravesend  on  a  trip  up  the  Tlianus  to  London,  only  that  the  splendid  steamer, 
and  her  comforts,  (unknown  in  river  navigaiion  in  Great  Hritain,)  brought  us  to  our  recol- 
lection that  we  were,  as  some  Americans  would  say,  "consideralile"  from  home,  being  at 
Prairie  du  Chien,  about  1300  miles  from  New  York,  and  some  4800  miles  from  London, 
(Eng.,)  and  with  other  300  miles  up  the  Misfis:i])pi  before  we  reached  St.  I'aul. 

First  thing  to  do,  was  to  secure  a  stateroom  for  the  night,  which  being  done,  we  soon 
found  ourselves  in  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel,  seeing  what  we  could  all  "by  moonlight 
alone."  Nothing,  however,  was  to  be  seen  but  the  mighty  river  stretching  far  iii  front 
and  behind  us.  As  we  were  not  to  start  till  next  morning,  we  were  soon  conipelled  to 
seek  the  retirement  of  our  state  room  for  tlie  i.iglit, 

Next  morning  found  us  at  an  early  and  •xeellent  breakfast,  after  which  we  were  on 
deck.  At  9,  a.  m.,  the  night  mail  train,  from  Milwaukee  anil  the  East,  brought  up  the  nniils 
and  j)assengers,  which,  after  being  all  safely  on  bonrd,  we  started  otV  on  our  way  north. 
Having  formed  the  ae(piaintanee  of  some  phii^ant  eoiiipaiiy,  on  board,  we  soon  fouTid  our- 
selves sometimes  playing  at  draughts,  heoring  music,  or  admiring  the  Vjeauties  of  the  river 
scenery,  and  so  morning,  noon,  and  evening,  passed  away.  The  scenery  on  the  river  is 
truly  fine ;  in  some  parts  the  little  islands  forming,  with  their  green-clad  vegetation,  u 
miniature  "  Thousand  Islands." 

Tlie  sides  of  the  river  were  covered,  for  the  most  part,  with  theirsummer  attire  of  shrub- 
bery, the  high  blutl's  siiowiiig  fortii  in  bold  relief. 

By-and-by  we  reach  La  t'rosse  and  \Vi'non;i.  two  of  the  liest  looking,  and  busiest  towns 
on  the  Upper  Mississippi.  Between  these  two  towns  and  Treinpeleau,  the  sceni'ry  became 
very  fine,  and  what,  with  a  beautiful  sunset,  (sunsets  scarcely  known  in  Britain,)  beamed 
forth  a  perfect  blaze  of  rich  crimson  light,  tinting  the  islets  on  the  river,  and  the  tops 
of  the  bluffs  on  each  side,  altogether  forming  a  panorama  beyond  our  powers  of  de- 
scri[(tion.  Gradually  the  sun  departed  in  the  western  horizon,  and  witlnlrawing  with 
him  the  glorious  scene  before  us — till  at  length  it  disappeared — leaving  us  only  the 
verj'  short  interval  of  twilight,  before  we  again  found  ourselves  in  the  saloons,  all 
lighted  for  the  enjoyment  of  the  night.  Any  one  who  has  the  good  fortune  to  see  such  u 
sunset  on  the  Mississippi  will  never  forget  it.  It  is  different  from  the  sunsets,  even  in 
Canada,  New  York,  and  on  Lake  Erie,  but  still  more  diHerent,  from  what  may  be  seen 
from  off  llampstead  Heath,  when  the  loud  hum  of  the  day's  bustle  in  London,  (Eng.,) 
is  dying  away  toward  the  close  of  the  day — from  off  Edinburgh  Castle,  when  the  sun 
is  receding  behind  the  hills  in  Stirlingshire,  sending  his  lurid  glare  of  light  down  the 
Firth  of  Forth,  till  it  touches  the  Inchkeith  Lighthouse,  and  lighting  up  the  whole  of  the 
new  town  of  Modern  Athens,  (Edinburgh,  Scot.,)  and  gilding,  with  his  rays,  the  tops  of  the 
hills  in  Fifeshire,  Perthshire,  and  other  portions  of  the  highlands  of  Scotland — or  when  he 
would  be  bidding  farewell  to  the  day,  ns  he  tinted  up  the  lops  of  the  high  hills,  between 
Taymouth  Castle,  and  the  pass  of  Killiecrankie,  sending  a  flood  of  light  down  the  glens 
and  valleys  of  Loch  Tay,  and  Kinloch  Rannoch.    Sublime  as  these  sunsets  arc,  the  tourist 


g  to  close 
;eH  which 
iseiiig  it  8 
0,  rciider- 
ihoiit  9,  p. 

frhty  Mi»- 

the  "  Mll- 

t  fttoiiniors 
etfrinined 

liound  for 
•inbitrkiut; 
il  steampi", 
our  ri'i'ol- 
',  lifiiig  at 
n  Loiuloii, 

P,   wo    ?0()ll 

mooiilijrht 
ir  ill  front 
miclloil  to 

O    WtTf    oil 

|)  tho  mails 
way  iiorlli. 

foiiiul  our- 
>f  tlio  livti- 

lie  rivor  U 
i;i'tatioii,  11 

:e  of  shriit)- 

isii'st  towns 
ry  lieonine 
n,)  licamod 
1  tlie  tops 
vers  of  (lo- 
wiiift  with 
IS  only  the 
iMilooiia,  nil 
)  soe  such  11 
ets,  even  in 
nv  lie  seen 
lion,  (.Eni;.,) 
len  tiie  sun 
t  down  the 
hole  of  the 
>  tops  of  the 
-or  when  he 
Us,  lietweon 
'n  the  glens 
,  the  tourist 


THE   UPPER   MISSISSIPPI — ST.    PAUL — MINNESOTA. 


35 


0), 


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s 

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luQM) 

ft.  e 

Hn/^ 

ft-  i 

H^ 

m  - 

|BKk\ 

i:  H 

MS^ 

■r.   " 

JWcy// 

—  ? 

jB/Ki 

will  fiiul  in  tlio  Biinst'ts  of  the  "far  wost"  n  i^rciitor  rii'linoss  nnd  vividiiPCB  of  colouring— 
mid  luiiifr  ovtT n  diircrint  cliniiu'ttr  of  eoutitrj- — tliu  widc-Kweppitig  i)rnii'ie  on  the  one  hand, 
iind  the  liliitV*  on  the  river  on  the  other — such  us  cnnnot  full  to  strike  hlni  lit  once  with 
udinirntion  ub  to  their  extent  niul  heuuty. 

Tiint  evcidng  we  went  up  the  Mississippi ;  there  wns  a  very  gay  and  happy  conijinny  on 
lioiird,  BO  towards  evening,  the  music  brought  some  of  the  company  to  their  feet  to  dance, 
till  at  last  It  ended  in  a  regular  ball.  The  time  flew  rapidly  past,  as  may  bo  supposed, 
amidst  such  excitement  and  hilarity,  till  at  length  the  "  wee  short  hour"  on  the  other  side 
of  12  announced  it  was  bedtime.  Some  of  the  party  Bat  up  on  the  upper  deck  all  night, 
to  enjoy  the  scenery  of  Lake  Pepin  (which  we  had  now  approached)  by  moonlight. 

Lake  Pepin  is  36  miles  long,  a  to  5  miles  wide,  and  from  50  to  100  feet  deep.  Sometimes 
it  blows  hard  on  this  lake,  so  much  so,  that  the  river-boats,  not  being  constructed  to 
stand  cither  a  "  aou'-wester"  or  a  "  nor'-wester,"  sometimes  lay-to  all  night,  till  it  is  safe  for 
them  to  venture  further.  On  this  occasion,  it  was  a  beautiful  night,  so  we  went  a-head  on 
its  placid  waters.  About  2,  a.  m.,  we  passed  the  "  Maiden  Rock,"  on  the  lake,  and  shortly 
afterwords  we  were  again  on  the  river,  the  lake  forming  a  large  expanse  of  the  river, 
similar  to  the  lakes  on  the  River  Ottawa,  C.  AV.,  forming  in  Buccession  as  they  do  that 
beautiful  river. 

The  town  of  I'rescott  was  next  reached.  Situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  St,  Croix  Kiver,  it 
is  the  most  north-westerly  town  of  Wisconsin.  The  location  is  a  very  pretty  one,  and  we 
understood  it  contimies  to  be  a  fast  rising  town.  By-anJ-lty,  about  9,  a.  m.,  we  descried 
the  "city"  of  St.  Paul  "looming  In  the  distance."  After  jiassing  the  business  portion  of 
the  town,  we  landed  at  the  wharf  there,  and  set  foot  on  the  terrritory  of  the  far-famed 
Minnesota,  and  in  its  ca|)ital,  St,  I'aul. 

ST.    PAUL 

On  our  visit,  St.  Paul,  like  every  other  place,  was  affected  with  the  prevailing  epidemic, 
of  "  hard  times,"  which  had  checked  the  ardour  of  some  of  her  speculative  citizens  quite  as 
much  as  it  had  done  those  of  older  cities.  Consequently  the  town  was'dull,  and  also  most 
of  the  people  In  it.  All,  however,  with  plenty  of  pluck,  confident,  that  ere  long,  the  little 
north-wesfc  city  must  of  necessity  go  a-head  again,  and  not  stop  till  she  is  up  sides  with 
some  of  her  south  and  easterly  sister  cities.  Unlike  most  American  towns,  the  streets  of 
St.  Paul  are  narrow,  which  we  fancy  will  be  regretted  ere  long.  Tlie  streets,  moreover,  like 
those  of  New  York,  were  dirty,  and  In  bad  order,  but  no  doubt  that  in  time  will  be  rec- 
tified. The  suburbs  of  St  Paul,  however,  are  very  beautiful,  and  many  of  the  private  resi- 
dences, on  the  higher  parts  of  the  town,  are  very  handsome  and  attractive.  The  population 
of  St.  Paul  is  variously  estimated  at  from  ten  to  tirioen  thousand,  of  which  a  large  propor- 
tion— probably  a  third — are  foreigners ;  it  contains  a  capitol  and  other  public  buildings, 
seven  or  eight  churches,  among  which  are  two  Episcopal,  two  Roman  Catholic,  two  Pres- 
byterion,  and  one  or  two  Methodist  and  Baptist.  The  Romanists  are  also  putting  up  a  fine 
college,  decidedly  the  handsomest  public  building  in  the  place.  The  limestone,  with  which 
the  whole  town  is  underloid,  affords  an  admirable  building  stone,  being  very  durable,  hand- 
some, and  distributed  in  laj'ers  so  as  to  be  most  conveniently  worked. 

There  are  three  dally  and  three  weekly  papers  published,  which  seem  to  have  a  large 
circulation,  and  to  be  ably  conducted.  Tliere  are  also  two  German  and  a  Norwegian 
paper,  and  one  or  two  other  small  publications. 

The  principal  street  fronts  the  river  for  about  two  miles,  and  is  lined  with  large  stores 
of  all  kinds,  to  supply  the  increasing  trade  of  that  north-westerly  region.  The  principal 
hotel  is  the  Fuller  House — a  magnificent  house,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $100,000,  and  fitted  up 
with  every  modern  comfort  and  convenience. 

There  are  five  railroads  In  this  State,  just  commencing,  or  In  course  of  cnmpletion:  the 
Minnesota  and  Pacific — running  from  St.  Paul  to  a  point  on  the  Missouri  River;  the 
North-western — from  St.  Paul  to  Lake  Superior;   the  Cedar  Valley  and  Minneapolis— 


SUSPENSION   BKIDOE  AT  ST.   ANTHONY's   FALLS. 


87 


SI 


31 

i 


from  MlnncnpolU  to  lowu  lino;  tlio  Tniii^it  niul  Uoot  lUvor — ooniliiR  from  Prnirio  du 
("liieii;  mill  tliu  olhcr  from  Lii  t!ro!!!<t',  uiiiliiij;  at  Uiu'lioMiT,  and  then  oiiitiiiiiing  to  St, 
I'aiil.  Tlu'!<i'  mmU  art'  all  in  proj^ro^'K,  ami  MiMiicMita  will  Koon  have  liiT  nt'lwork  of  rail- 
ways, wliii'h  will  (li'V<'lo|it'  her  resources,  ami  h\k<;  licr  a  proiiil  |)(i.'»ilioii  anionjf  licr  »\*\tT 
Stale*,     (f^ee  Vii'w  of  St.  I'ntil,  mxt  piiu'c. ) 

i,'n  pnnKdiit,  we  may  nieiilion,  llial  !>onie  ol  the  iiicrehants  of  St.  I'aul,  who  import  their 
ifoodK  from  Kritain,  do  ho  direct  from  Liverpool  via  New  Orleann,  thence  perstennieron  tlio 
Mis/i-'-'ippi.  The  siivini;  i-i  I'licli,  ihal  llie  whole  cost  o'  ranr-porlalion  from  Liverpool  to 
St,  I'aul  i^^  very  little  mori'  than  llie  nu're  char;.'!':*  of  tranr^hippitii;  nl  .\iw  Vnrk,  and  the 
freii^ht  from  tfinr  to  St.  I'anl.  We  have  no  donhl  Tniiiiy  imporli'rs  on  the  other  jiorts  on 
the  .Mir'>i>>ippi  and  the  Mi-soin'i  will  he  fullowini,'  tlic  cxiiniple  of  the  St.  I'aul  nierclianls, 
the  iidand  earriat;e  from  the  Atlantic  ncaboard  being  extremely  heavy  on  ^oodn  bound  for 
tlio  west  and  north-west  provinces. 


C     o 


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WM!V 


88 


FALLS  OF  ST.   ANTHONY  AND   MINNKILVHA. 


ST.  PAUL  TO  8T.  ANTHONY  AND   FALLS  OF  MINNEHAHA. 

Enuaoino  a  liorau  nnd  btii^iry  nt  tlio  Fuller  Huii!i*>  Hotel,  wo  aoon  fouii<I  oiiraflvvR  on  route 
for  llif  fulls,  fiml  li  iiiK^t  <lcli(.'lilfiil  (Irivf  if  I*,  over  fine  rollltiif  ii|i1iiiiiN,  covtTt'd  with  the 
iiri'i'iouK  Kliitl"  of  lift',  mill  wnvint,'  ami  i*iiri,'iii^  uihIit  the  ffi'iillc  lircfzc,  ri|iriiing  for  f lie 
mower,  and  then  to  lie  Bvnt  nbroiid,  pcrlm|H  tlioiiMindH  of  iiiilen,  to  foi'd  the  liun^^ryin  xoine 
of  the  cities  in  the  en!<t,  or  t'von  (irciit  Itrilain.  On  hoth  Kidon  of  the  roiid  the  landi*on|id 
is  beautiful,  now  nnd  then  showini;  (»liiii|i!ies  of  the  Mi!*!*!?"!-!!)!)!  in  the  distanee,  At  length 
we  reached  St.  Anthonj'.  Much  a»  we  have  heard  of  the  nituation  of  St.  Antlniny,  a»  the 
nite  for  a  mnniifacturiii);  city,  we  did  not  expect  to  »eo  ho  jfood  a  location  for  that  purpose, 
and  were,  therefore,  aureealily  tli^iappointed.  The  water-power  is  uniiniiled  and  inex- 
hau!<tible — the  great  dedidcrntuiii  for  a  Tiianufaeturiiig  city.  Tlie  surrounding  country  i» 
very  fertile  nnd  the  climate  i'alid)ri<iU!',  in  fact,  similar  to  the  more  northerly  portions  of 
Cnnadn  West,  with  hot  summers,  tenijiered  by  the  breezes  from  the  west,  with  a  very  cold 
but  dry  atmosphere  in  winter. 


MINNEHAHA  FALLS    "THE  LAUGHING  WATER.' 


FALLS  OF  8T.   ANTHONY   AND   MINNEHAHA. 


89 


At  St.  Antliony,  tlio  MlfHlti-lpiii  Iuim  n  prrpcndloiilar  full  of  18  fvet— tin-  first  wlilch  occun 
in  nwciKliriK  ttio  riviT. 

Tlu'  Hit«  i)f  llio  villii){f  U  on  nn  i-lfvntod  pliiln,  ami  oomninndu  n  fiiif  viflw  of  tlie  Falls, 
mul  U  <listiint  iiImiuI  h  iniltH  liy  liiml  from  St,  I'aiil, 

Tlio  Knlvfrhity  of  .Mimicootu  in  cHtat.li-licil  iil  St.  Antliony,  licnidti  wliicli,  it  cotitiiins  6 
or  tl  churi'lii'M,  iilioiit  'M)  MtorcH,  '2  ncwKpnpcr  otllccH,  iiml  m'vcral  Kiiw-niill!*,  and  otliiT  i.  iiiu- 
factiirin^'  cKtaliliHlinu'ntB.     Tlii'  po»t-o(lic'i'  in  niiMU'd  St.  Anthony's  FuU-i,     ropulatioii,  aliont 

Oppimltn  to  the  town  of  St.  Anthony,  Ik  Mlnncnpolin,  on  tlii'  opjwdlte  «ido  of  tho  rivor. 

At  niijht  we  Bttty<'d  at  St.  Anthony.  Nt'Xt  day  wu  But  ont  on  n  vinlt  to  Fort  SncUing 
nnd  Miniu'linhn.  After  crotftinff  tlu-  MnFpcnclon  lirld^jf,  wo  hooii  found  oiimclvoH  in  Minnn- 
niHili^'.  iiiid  at  tlKM'fU'liratt'il  Falls  of  Minnohahii — "tln^  lnii^'hini<  water" — "  tho  Hinilt!  of  tliu 
groat  Hpirit" — which  will  Ixi  foiind  the  prt'ttiest  little  fall  iniaginiiMe,  eonipleteinnll  its  parts. 
A  clear,  sparlilini^  stream  eomos  rushinj?  nlon^;  the  j)rairie,  until  it  suddenly  takes  a  leap  of 
t)(i  fi'et  oviT  the  precipiep,  and  is  lost  in  a  deep  dell,  the  sides  of  whieh  are  eovered  with 
ghrulihery  of  luxurious  jrniwth.  Thi-  roek  over  whieh  the  stream  leaps,  has  lieeii  worn 
into  an  areh,  and  one  ean  pass  to  and  fro  uiuK-rneath,  between  tho  falls  and  the  rook,  with 
little  or  no  ineoiiveiiienoe. 

The  reeecs  liehind  the  full  extends  back  nearly  50  feet,  and,  from  that  point,  on  extraor- 
dinary beautil'id  view  of  tho  fall  is  ohtaincd,  na  the  sun  shines  on  the  outsi<Ie  of  it.  Tile  tou- 
rist can  j)ass  in  at  one  side  heliitid  tho  fall,  and  find  oj^ress  at  the  other  side, 

Fi"om  the  world-wide  known  Indian  poem  of  Hiawatha,  by  Longfellow,  we  aiiiiex  a  few 
Verges,  descriptive  of  the  scene  now  under  notice: — 


"  Only  once  hti  pace  he  alnclcened, 

Oiil.v  (iiice  tic  iiaimucl  or  Imllcil — 
I'linscil  111  iJiirclmxe  liciids  of  iiriows 
Of  Itiu  uiic'k'iit  iirniwiiinkvr, 
III  tlic  laiiil  of  III)'  Itiicotulia, 
Where  tlie  Fallii  of  Mlnncliuiia 
Kliir'li  mill  Kicaiii  aiiioiiK  tlie  onk  treea, 
Laui,'li  anil  lca|i  into  tlic  valley. 

"  There  the  ancient  arrow-maker 
MakcH  Ilia  arron-liead.i  of  nandstone, 
Arrowlieail!!  of  chalceilony. 
Arrow-heads  of  Hint  and  jasper, 
Ciiiootlieil  and  sharpened  at  the  edgea, 
Hard  and  puliahed,  keen  and  costly. 

"  With  him  dwelt  Ills  dark-eyed  daughter, 
Wayward  us  the  Minnehaha, 
With  lier  iiiouds  of  shade  and  sunshine; 
Kyps  that  smiled  and  frowned  alternate, 
Feet  as  rapid  us  the  river, 


And  aa  mualcal  ns  lauKhter ; 
And  he  named  her  fiom  the  river, 
Kroiii  the  waterlall  he  imiiicd  her 
Minnehaha,  Luughliig  Water,. 

"  Was  It  here  for  heads  of  arrows. 
Arrow-heads  of  elialcedoiiy, 
Arrow-heads  of  Hint  and  Jasper, 
That  my  Hiawatha  halteil 
In  the  lund  of  the  Dacotahsf 

"  Was  It  not  to  see  the  maiden. 
See  the  face  of  I.aiighlnK  Water, 
IVeping  from  liehind  the  curtain  ; 
Hear  the  rustling  of  her  garments 
Prom  behind  the  wuving  curtain, 
Aa  we  see  the  Minnehaha 
Gleaming,  glancing  through  the  hranchea, 
As  one  hears  the  Laughing  Water 
From  beliind  its  screen  and  brunches?" 


Altogether,  It  is  a  beoutiful  sight,  in  a  most  romantic  spot,  and  should  not  be  neglected 
by  the  tourist  when  at  St.  Paul.  About  2  miles  from  the  Falls,  is  situated  Fort  Snelling, 
sitting  on  the  crest  of  a  bold  promontory,  between  the  Mississippi  and  Minnesota  Kivers. 
(See  Fort  Snelling.) 

Before  leaving  St  Paul,  the  tourist  will  find  a  cave  about  2  miles  from  the  town,  worthy 
of  a  visit,  It  is  a  subterranean  curiosity  in  its  way.  Through  it  flows  a  stream  of  woter, 
pure  as  crystal.  The  roek  overhead  is  quite  soft.  To  penetrate  it,  one  or  two  guides  are 
necessary  with  lights.  Near  the  further  end  of  it,  there  is  said  to  be  a  small  waterfall,  and 
all  in  search  of  the  wonderful  underground  should  visit  it  to  its  utmost  extremity.  Start- 
ing from  Milwaukee  on  Tuesday  forenoon,  we  thus  spent  that  night  on  board  at  Prairie  du 
Chien,  Wednesday  night  on  board  on  Lake  Pepin,  and  landed  in  St  Paul  on  Thursday 
morning  at  9  o'clock.  Saw  all  about  St  Paul  on  Thursday ;  went  to  see  the  Ff  "Is  and  Fort 
Snelling  on  Friday,  and  returned  to  St  Paul  on  Saturday ;  Sunday,  went  to  a  neat  little 
church  there  (Ei)isoojial).  On  Monday  afternoon,  at  4  o'clock,  wo  started  on  our  return 
trip,  accomplishing  the  distance  from  St  Paul  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  802  miles,  in  17  hours, 
being  fully  7  hours  less  time  than  we  took  to  go  up — the  stream,  of  course,  being  against 
us  on  our  upward  trip. 


40 


LAKE  SUPERIOR  AND  PICTURED  BOCKS. 


LAKE  SUPERIOR 

One  of  the  trips  now  enjoyed  by  hundred!?  every  year,  from  different  parts  of  tlie  Uni- 
ted Staffs  and  Canada,  iti  that  made  by  tlie  sjib'ndidly  appointed  steamers  wliicli  sail  from 
Cleveland  (t)luo)  to  the  head  of  Lake  Superior — toticliini;  at  Detroit  and  Mackinaw. 
Passengers  will  also  fiiid  steamers  from  Chicago  for  same  |>oints.  Tlie  distance  for  the 
whole  trip  round  is  about  2(KI0  miles.  Time  occupied  about  8  days.  Fare,  ^44  (£8  111.-., 
Btg.,)  including  the  very  best  accommodation  and  meals. 

In  the  summer  season,  it  is  one  of  the  most  delightful  and  invigorating  trips  which  can 
be  taken. 

Tlie  commerce  i.f  the  Lake  Superior  districts,  as  is  well  known,  consists  eliiefly  in  copper 
and  iron,  from  tlie  mines  situated  in  different  parts. 

The  value  of  copper  shipped  in  one  year,  from  Ontonagon — the  largest  mining  dejiot, 
and  second  town  in  size  on  the  lake— exceeded  ?!l,nO(i,0(iO  (.€200,000,  .  r<r.). 

From  Marquette,  it  was  expected  that  2(M(,0(li(  tons  of  iron  would  lie  hipped  last  year. 
The  other  mining  establishments  are  at  the  towns  of  Eagle  Hiver,  Kagle  ]lar1>our,  C'ojiper 
Harbour,  JJayfield,  Lapoint,  JJay  City,  Ashland,  (Jrand  island  City,  I)u  Liitli,  etc.,  etc. 

The  City  of  Superior,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Superior  and  Nemadji  liiver,  at  the  head 
of  the  lake,  is  the  most  iiii]>(irtaiit  town.  It  was  laid  out  in  IHTili.  The  jiopulation  in 
January,  1S;)7,  was  over  l,,')(lO — with  !!  10  Ikiuscs.  In  addition  to  tieiiiir  ajiproaehed  from 
Cleveland  and  Chicago,  it 's  also  reached  from  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  via  the  St.  Croix  and 
Bruht  Itivers,  per  canoes. 

With  regard  to  the  climate  of  the  Lake  Superior  country,  many  erroneous  inijiressious 
are  entertained. 

Professor  David  Dale  Owen,  the  government  geologist,  in  his  re|v>rt,  says: — 

"The  health,  even  of  the  more  niar,*liy  ]H)rtioiis  of  this  district,  seems  better  than,  from 
its  appearance,  one  might  expect.  The  long,  bracing  winters  of  these  northern  latitudes 
exchule  many  of  the  diseases  which,  under  the  prolonged  heat  of  a  southern  cliuiate,  tlie 
miasm  of  the  swamp  engendei's.  At  the  Pembina  settlement  (in  latitude  41t  ),  owned  by 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Cmupany,  to  a  population  of  five  thousand  then'  was  but  a  single  [iliy- 
sieinn,  and  he  told  me,  that  without  an  additional  salary  allowed  him  by  the  Comjiany, 
the  diseases  of  the  settlement  would  not  alford  him  a  living." 

Another  writer  says: — "  Xone  of  the  American  lakes  can  compare  with  Lake  Superior 
in  healthfulness  of  climate  during  the  summer  months,  and  there  is  no  place  so  well  ealcii- 
laled  to  restore  pressing  miasms  of  the  fever-breeding  soil  of  the  Southwestern  States. 
This  oiiinion  is  fast  gaining  ground  among  meilieal  men.  who  are  now  reeoitimending  to 
their  patients  the  healthful  climate  of  this  favoured  lake,  in  preference  to  sending  tliem  to 
die  in  enervating  soutliern  latitudes. 

"The  waters  of  this  vast  inland  sea,  covering  an  area  of  over  32,OtiO  miles,  exercise  a 
powerful  influence  in  modifying  the  two  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  The  uniformity  of 
temperature  thus  produced  is  highly  favourable  to  animal  and  vegetabie  life.  The  wo.il 
delicate  fruits  and  ■plant »  are  raised  vil/iout  injiiri/,  while  four  or  f\ve  degrees  further  south 
they  are  destroyed  by  the  early  frosts," 

Amongst  the  exports  from  there,  we  find  "  10  tons  of  Raspberry  Jam,"  consigned  to  a, 
party  in  Cleveland, 

THE  PICTURED  ROCKS,  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 


The  subject  of  the  sketch  on  the  next  page,  is  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  natural  cu- 
riosities which  the  region  of  the  far  north  districts  of  America  present. 

The  "  Pictured  Rocks"  are  situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Superior  at  its  outlet  at 
St.  Mary's  lUver.  The  author  of  "  Wisconsin  na  it  is,"  in  his  description  of  Lake  Superior, 
says: — 

"  But  its  greatest  attraction  is  the  '  Pictured  Rocks,'  which  commence  at  this  point  and 
extend  east  about  ten  miles,  and  arc  so  called  from  the  varions  forms  atid  colours  presented 
by  the  rocks  forming  the  shore  of  the  lake.  These  rocks  are  of  fine  laminated  sandstone, 
rising  from  150  to  300  feet  above  the  water  level,  and  received  the  name  of  '  Pictured' 
from  the  brilliant  colon: s  formed  from  the  oxides  and  sulphurets  of  metals,  and  vegetable 
fungi,  which,  by  combination,  form  the  most  various  )iictures,  and  whicli,  by  the  least 
imagination,  assume  the  forms  of  ancient  temples,  religious  iirocessioiis,  jirairies,  liuffalo 
hunts,  portraits,  humorous  scenes,  until  one  is  almost  persuaded  he  is  looking  upon  the 
magnificent  masters,  ond  not  of  nature.  Among  these,  cataracts,  falls  and  rivulets  ara 
pitching  down  in  mighty  volume,  or  dissipating  their  torrents  into  smoky  mist." 


42 


DESCENT  OF  THE  BAPIDS  OF  THE  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


DESCENT  OF    THE    RAPIDS  ON  THE  ST.   LAWRENCE. 

One  of  the  most  exciting  trips,  we  believe,  to  be  enjoyed  in  America,  is  the  descent 
of  the  rapids  of  the  St.  Lavrence,  in  one  of  the  steamers  wliich  now  ply  between  To- 
ronto, Kingston,  and  Montreal,  affording  a  treat  of  no  ordinary  description,  so  far  as 
the  rapids  are  concerned — even  in  themselves — but  doubly  so,  when,  in  the  same  trip, 
the  far-famed  scenery  of  the  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands  may  be  seen  to  great  ad- 
vantage, as  the  steamers,  which  descend  the  rapids,  pass  through  them.  For  a  descrip- 
tion of  a  descent  of  the  rapids  we  copy  the  following  from  Ilunter's  Guide  to  tiie  St 
Lawrence: — 


at 

Q 

P- 


B  > 

< 

CD 

o  " 


H   ^ 
m 

o  g 
S  it 


I 

s 


00 


u 

^  2 

O     H 


« 
PS 


H 
OQ 
U 

a 

•< 
u 

M 


Lake  of  the  thousand  islands  and  rapids. 


43 


LAKE    OF    THE   THOUSAND   ISLANDS. 

The  steamer,  after  leaving  Kingston,  C.  W.,  or  Cape  St.  Vincent,  on  the  American 
side  eliortly  after  ajiproftehes  the  fur-fumed  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands.  These 
islands  oppear  so  thickly  studded  that  the  appearuncc  to  tlie  spectator,  on  approaching 
them,  is  as  if  the  vessel  steered  her  course  towards  the  head  of  a  londloeked  bay  which 
barred  all  furtlier  j)rogre!<s — coining  nearer,  a  small  break  in  the  line  of  shore  opens  up, 
and  ho  enters  between  what  he  now  discovers  to  be  islands,  and  islands  which  are  innum- 
erable— now  he  sails  in  a  wide  channel  between  more  distant  shores,  again  he  enters  into 
a  strait  so  narrow  that  the  large  puddle  boxes  of  the  steamer  almost  sweep  the  foliage  on 
either  side  os  she  pursues  her  devious  course — now  the  islands  are  miles  in  circumference, 
and  again  he  passes  some  which  are  very  small,  shaded  by  a  single  tiny  tree  occupying  the 
handful  of  pnrth  which  represents  the  "  dry  land."  On  all,  the  trees  grow  to  the  water's 
edge,  and  dip  their  outer  brandies  in  the  clear  blue  lake.  Sometimes  the  mirage  throws 
its  air  of  enchantment  on  the  whole,  and  the  more  distant  islands  seem  floating  in  mid- 
heaven — only  descending  into  the  lake  as  a  nearer  approach  dispels  the  illusion,  and  when 
the  rushing  steamer  breaks  tlie  fair  surface  of  the  water,  in  which  oil  this  loveliness  is  re- 
flected as  in  a  mirror — to  quote  the  words  of  Warburton,  "  the  eye  does  not  weary  to  see, 
but  ihe  head  aches  in  even  writing  the  one  word — beauty — wherever  you  steer  over  this 
sweet  scene  beauty — beauty  still."  To  see  and  really  enjoj'  and  appreciate  the  charms  of 
the  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Isles,  one  ought  to  visit  it  in  a  small  boat,  ond  spend  many  days 
amid  its  labyrinths;  but  we  are  on  board  a  steamer,  and  must  be  content  with  the  passing 
glance  whieii  her  rapid  and  noisy  course  affords.  An  hour,  or  less  even,  and  wo  are 
through, — the  Islands  and  the  mighty  Ontario  are  left  beliind,  and  we  now  emerge  into 
the  majestic  river,  though  not  to  disappointment,  for  all  is  grand  and  beautiful  still. 

As  the  steamer  proceeds  onwards  the  traveller,  as  he  looks  on  the  river  from  time  to 
time,  will  soon  remark  that  the  current  gains  strength,  eddies  begin  to  sweep  round  in 
wide  circles,  and  the  upheaving  surges,  gently  at  first  but  angrily  as  you  proceed,  boil  and 
roar  around  and  beneath  your  vessel — on  slie  goes,  faster  and  still  faster — look  ahead,  the 
white-crested  breakers  meet  your  eye;  while  you  look,  you  are  in  the  midst  of  them,  and 
again  you  are  out  into  smoother  but  still  rapid  water.  In  this  way  you  puss  down  the 
upper  rapids — the  Galops,  Point  I'-oquois,  and  some  others  which  do  not  strike  you  as  any 
thing  remarkable.  But  now  the  water  becomes  again  agitated,  and  boils  and  roars  as  it 
rusiies  down  the  Long  Sault. 


LONG  SAULT  RAPID,  ON  THE  ST.  LAWRENCE. 

Tliis  is  a  continuous  rapid  of  nine  miles,  divided  in  the  centre  by  an  island.  The 
usual  passage  for  ."teamers  is  on  the  south  side.  The  channel  on  the  north  side  was 
formerly  considered  unsafe  and  dangerous ;  but  examinations  have  been  made,  and  it  is 
now  descended  with  safety.  Ti\e  passage  in  the  southern  channel  is  very  narrow,  and 
such  is  the  velocity  of  the  current,  that  a  raft,  it  is  said,  will  drift  the  nine  miles  in 
40  minutes. 

SHOOTING    THE    LONG    SAULT. 

This  is  the  most  exciting  part  of  the  whole  passage  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  rapids 
of  the  "  Long  Sault"  rush  along  at  the  rate  of  something  like  twenty  miles  an  hour.  When 
the  vessel  enters  within  their  influence,  the  steam  is  shut  off,  and  she  is  carried  onward 
by  the  force  of  the  stream  alone.  Tiio  surging  waters  present  uU  the  angry  appearance 
of  the  ocean  in  a  storm  ;  the  noble  bout  strains  and  labors;  but,  unlike  the  ordinary  pitch- 
ing and  tossing  at  sea,  this  going  down  hill,  by  water,  produces  a  highly  novel  sensation, 
and  is,  in  fact,  a  service  of  some  danger,  the  imminence  of  which  is  enhanced  to  the  ima- 
gination by  tiie  tremendous  rour  of  the  headlong,  boiling  current.  Great  nerve,  and  force, 
and  precision  are  here  required  in  piloting,  so  as  to  keep  the  vessel's  head  straight  with 
the  course  of  the  rapid ;  for  if  she  diverged  in  the  least,  presenting  her  aide  to  the  cur- 


u 


DESCENDING  RAPIDS  OF  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


rent,  or  "  broached  to,"  an  the  nniifical  phrnso  is,  she  would  be  instantly  enpBieed  and 
submerged.  Hence  tlie  necessity  for  enormous  power  over  lier  rudder ;  and  for  tliis  pur- 
pose the  mode  of  steering  affords  grent  fiicility,  for  the  wliocl  Hint  governs  tlie  rudder  is 
placed  ahead,  and,  by  means  of  chain  and  pulley,  sways  it     But,  in  descending  the  ra- 


f 


H 

a 


50 

a 

» 
a 

H 

o 

o 

Q 

Q 


pids,  a  tiller  is  placed  abtern  to  the  rudder  itself,  so  that  the  tiller  can  be  maimed  as  well 
as  the  wheel.  Some  idea  may  be  entertained  of  the  peril  of  descending  a  rnjud,  when 
it  requires  four  iiieii  at  the  wheel,  and  two  at  the  tiller,  to  insure  sJife  steering.  Here 
is  the  region  of  the  daring  raftsmen,  at  whose  hands  are  demanded  infinite  courage  and 
skill  J  and,  despite  of  both,  loss  of  life  frequently  occurs. 

Large  steamers,  drawing  seven  feet  water,  with  passengers  and  the  mails,  leave  the 
foot  of  lake  Ontario  in  the  morning,  and  reach  the  wharves  at  Montreal  by  daylight,  with- 


ROUTE  ON  THE  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


45 


out  passing  through  a  single  loclc.  At  some  of  the  rnpiils  there  ftre  obstacles  preventing 
the  descent  of  deeply-laden  criift;  but  tlie  government  are  al)out  to  give  the  main  chan- 
nel in  all  the  rapids  a  depth  of  ten  feet  ■water,  when  the  whole  descending  trade  by  steam 
will  keep  the  river,  leaving  the  canals  to  the  ascending  craft. 

After  passing  Cornwall  (which  is  the  boundary  line  between  United  States  and  Canada) 
and  the  Indian  village  of  St.  Regis  opposite,  tli'j  slianitr  approaches  Lake  St.  Fiaucis. 


LAKE    ST.    FRANCIS. 

This  is  the  name  of  that  expansion  of  the  St.  Lawrence  which  begins  near  Cornwall  and 
St.  Regis,  and  extends  to  Coteau  du  Lac,  a  distance  of  4i)  miles.  The  surface  of  this  lake 
is  interspersed  with  a  great  number  of  small  islands.  Tlie  village  of  Lancaster  is  bituated 
on  the  northern  side,  about  midway,  of  this  lake. 

CoTEAL-  vv  Lac  is  a  small  village,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Lake  St.  Francis.  The  name,  as 
well  as  the  style  of  the  buildings,  denotes  its  French  origin.  Just  below  the  village  are 
the  Coteau  Rapids. 

Ckdar"*. — This  village  presents  the  same  marks  of  French  origin  as  Coteau  du  Lac.  In 
the  expedition  of  Gen.  Amherst,  a  detachment  of  three  hundred  men  that  were  sent  to  at- 
tack Montreal,  were  lost  in  the  rapids  near  this  place.  The  passage  through  tiicsc  ra- 
pids is  very  exciting.  Tiiore  is  a  peculiar  motion  of  the  vessel,  which,  in  descending,  seems 
like  settling  down,  as  she  glides  from  one  ledge  to  another.  In  passing  the  ra[iiils  of  the 
Si)lit  Rock,  a  pers<jn,  unacquainted  with  the  navigation  of  these  rapids,  will  almost  invol- 
untarily hold  his  breath  until  this  ledge  of  rocks,  which  is  distinctly  seen  from  the  deck 
of  the  steamer,  is  passed.  At  one  time  the  vessel  seems  to  be  running  directly  upon  it, 
and  you  feel  certain  that  she  will  strike;  but  a  skilful  hand  is  at  the  helm,  and  in  an  in- 
stant more  it  is  passed  in  safety. 

IJKAtniAiixois  is  a  small  village  at  the  foot  of  the  Cascades,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river. 
Hero  vessels  enter  the  Bcauliarnois  Canal — witl>  9  locks — and  pass  around  the  rapids  of  the 
Cascades,  Cedars,  and  Coteau,  into  Lake  St.  Francis,  a  distance  of  14  miles.  On  the  north 
bank,  a  brancii  of  the  Ottawa  enters  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  river  again  widens  into  a 
lake  called  St.  Louis,  24  miles  long.  From  tiiis  place  a  view  is  had  of  Montreal  Mountain, 
several  miles  distant.  In  tliis  lake  is  Xun's  Island,  wl;ich  is  beautifully  cultivated,  and  be- 
longs to  the  Gray  Nunnery  at  Montreal.  There  arc  many  islands  in  the  vicinity  of  Montreal, 
belonging  to  the  different  nunneries,  and  from  which  they  derive  large  revenues. 

La  Chine. — This  village  is  9  miles  from  Montreal,  with  w'\ich  it  is  connected  bj' railroad. 
The  La  Chine  Ra|.ids  begin  just  below  the  town.  The  current  is  here  so  swift  and  wild, 
that  to  avoid  it,  a  canal  has  been  cut  around  these  rapids.  This  canal  is  a  stupendous 
work,  and  reflects  much  credit  upon  the  energy  and  enterprise  of  the  people  of  Montreal. 

At  La  Chine  is  the  residence  of  Sir  George  Simpson,  Governor  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
]>any,  and  of  the  officers  of  this,  the  chief  post  of  that  corporation.  It  is  from  this  point 
that  the  orders  from  head-quarters  in  London  are  sent  to  all  the  many  posts  through- 
out the  vast  territory  of  the  company;  and  near  the  end  of  April  each  year  a  body  of 
trained  voi/affenrx  set  out  hence  in  large  canoes,  called  inaitrcs  canots,  with  packages  and 
goods  for  the  various  posts  in  the  wilderness.  Two  centuries  ago,  the  companions  of  the 
explorer  Cnrtier  on  arriving  here,  thought  they  had  discovered  a  route  to  China,  and  ex- 
])ressed  their  joy  in  the  exclamation  of  La  Chine!  Hence,  the  present  name,  or  so  at  least 
says  tradition. 

Caugiinawaoa. — This  is  an  Indian  village,  lying  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river,  near  the 
entrance  of  the  La  Chine  Rapids.  It  derived  its  name  from  the  Indians  that  had  been  con- 
verted by  the  Jesuits,  who  were  called  "  Caiighnawagas"  or  "  praying  Indians."  This  was 
probably  a  misnomer,  for  they  were  distinguished  for  their  predatory  incursions  upon  their 
neighbours  iu  the  New  England  provinces.    The  bell  that  now  hangs  i    vheir  church,  was 


I 


11 


46 


ROUTE  ON  ST.   LAWRENCE — TRENTON  FALLS. 


the  "  proceeds"  of  one  of  these  excursionB.  The  Indians  ut  Cnuglinawnga,  subsist  eliiofly  by 
navigating  barges  ami  rafts  down  to  Montreal,  and  in  winter  l)y  a  trade  in  n'oocasins,  snow- 
shoes,  etc.  They  are  mostly  Konian  Catholios  and  possfi^s  an  ek'gant  ehiiroh.  The  village 
of  La  Prairie  is  some  seven  miles  below  Caugliuawnga,  or  Village  of  tlie  Ka|>id!<,  after  wliicli 
tlie  steamer  sails  on  for  a  few  miles,  and  reaches  tlie  city  of  Montreal.    (See  Montreal.) 


.  ! 


i 


NIAGARA  FALLS  TO   THE  LAKE  OF  THE  THOUSAND  ISLANDS. 

BY   STEAMEK   ON    AMEKICAN   SIDE   OF   ST.    LAWKESCE. 

FnoM  the  outlet  of  tlio  Niagara  at  the  Fort  of  tliat  name  U>  iho  boundary  line  45',  the 
entire  littoral  is  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  comprises  in  succession  ttie  countii's  of  Ni- 
agara, Orleans,  Monroe,  Waj-ne,  the  nortliern  corner  of  Cayuga,  Oswego,  JclTcrson,  and  St. 
Lawrence.  The  last,  olong  its  entire  western  frontier,  and  a  half  of  .li'lferson  county,  are 
bounded  by  the  river.  From  Fort  Niagara  to  tlie  mouth  of  the  Genesee  lliver,  in  ilunrue 
county,  a  distance  of  about  85  miles,  the  coast  presents  an  almost  undeviating  level  under 
the  primeval  brush-wood,  relieve<l  by  a  few  scattered  clearances. 

Should  the  tourist,  on  ascending  tiie  Genesee  to  Carthage,  which  is  the  port  of  lloehcster, 
resolve  upon  visiting  this  city,  he  will  find  enough  to  engage  and  gratify  his  curiosity  till 
he  resumes  his  journey  by  tlie  next  steamer.  This  large  conunereial  and  manufacturing 
town  owes  its  greatness  mainly  to  the  "  water  privileges"  which  the  proprietois  on  the 
banks  of  tlie  Genesee  here  possess.  For  a  considerable  way  above  the  Uiijier  Falls,  the 
banks  are  on  both  sides  surmounted  bj-  a  great  variety  of  mills.  Its  proximity  to  Lake 
Ontario,  and  the  passage  of  the  Erie  Canal  through  its  principal  streets,  contribute  ma- 
terially to  its  prosperity. 

Oswego,  the  principal  commercial  port  on  the  American  side  of  the  lake,  is  pleasantly 
situated  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  river  of  that  name.  The  principal  part  of  the  town  is  on  the 
western  bank,  and  has  a  neat  and  stirring  appearance.  On  the  opposite  bank  are  some 
large  mills,  ond  here  terminates  the  Oswego  Canal  from  Syracuse,  distant  about  'M  miles, 
And  the  railway  from  the  same  place.  About  half-way  betwixt  Carthage  and  Oswego  is 
Great  Sodns  IJay.  At  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  lake,  on  the  south  side  of  I5laek  River 
Bay,  lies,  in  a  very  sheltered  situation,  Sacket's  Harbour.  This  was  the  naval  station  of 
the  United  States  on  the  lake  during  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain.  After  reaching  Cape 
St.  Vincent  and  proceeding  onwards,  for  about  20  miles,  the  steamer  reaches  French  Creek, 
after  which  the  vessel  will  stop  at  Clayton,  and  Alexandria,  from  which  points  excellent 
views  of  the  "Thousand  Islands"  will  be  obtained.    (See  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands.) 

TRENTON  FALLS,   STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

The  tourist  proceeding  from  New  York,  by  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  from  Albany 
on  his  way  to  Niagara,  will  find  liimself  well  paid  by  a  visit  to  the  Falls  of  Trenton, 
which  are  situated  on  the  Utica  nnd  Black  River  Railroad,  and  15  miles  N.  by  K,  of  the 
Town  of  Utica,  in  the  County  of  Oneida.  Trenton  Fulls  consist  of  a  series  of  ti  falls  within 
the  distar'oe  of  two  miles,  with  an  aggregate  fall  of  312  feet,  and  present  a  sight  more  re- 
markable for  the  wild  and  romantic  situation  in  whiqh  they  are,  tlian  for  their  great  vol- 
ume of  water. 

The  name  of  the  stream  on  which  these  falls  are,  is  known  as  West  Canada  Creek,  which 
flows  through  a  densely-wooded  country — particularly  near  the  falls — of  which  no  sign  is 
to  be  seen  till  the  tourist  comes  upon  them  at  the  edge  of  the  gorge  where  they  are  situat- 
ed, and  down  which  the  water  rushes  with  great  violence,  as  it  conies  from  the  falls,  only 
to  be  lost  to  sight  in  the  dark  recesses  of  the  wooded  ravine.  In  one  place,  the  height  of 
the  embankment  is.  140  feet  perpendicular. 

At  the  upper  falls  the  descent  is  20  feet,  from  which  the  water  rushes  on  to  the  second 
falls,  called  the  Cascades.     (See  engraving.) 

The  third  fall  is  named  the  Mill-dam,  and,  a  little  below,  are  the  High  Falls,  which  has 
a  pernendicular  fall  of  109  feet.  (See  engraving.)  Sherman's  Foils — named  so  after  Rev. 
Mr.  Sherman,  who  lost  his  life  there — form  the  fifth  fall,  witli  a  descent  of  about  40  feet,  un- 
til the  last  of  this  exquisite  series  of  falls  is  reached,  named  Conrad's  Falls. 


'-*i?«^i 


m 


THE  HIGH   FALLS,  TRENTON  FALLS. 


THE  CASCADES,  TRENTON  FALLS. 


48 


HPUINOS  AND  WATEUlNQ-r LACES. 


SPRINGS,  AND  WATEUTNG-PLACES. 

Fon  t)>c  infominflon  of  tourii^ts  wo  niinex  pnrticulars  of  a  fow  of  tlio  most  cclnhrnto.l  siim- 
inor  resort?,  oompiltd  from  cxtrnots  derivod  from  tli«<  morti,  rt'linliU-  sources,  to  wliicli  \vc 
havo  nddeJ  gucli  iiiforiimtion  08  wo  jioggcM  from  our  own  ne«|imiiilniioe  with  tlio  viirioiw 
looiilitlog  nnd  routf<  wliich,  toijcthcr  with  Mi»;  views  presented,  nently  entrriived  from 
|ihoto^riii)hB  taken  last  year,  will,  we  trnst,  l>o  of  some  assistanee  to  the  stranirer  wiio 
wishes  to  become  acquainted  with  some  of  tlic  most  celeljruted  lociilitiea  in  America. 


"  CAPE  MAY,  X.  .!.— This  ).laee,  situated 
at  the  moutti  of  Dilaware  Hay,  on  the  X. 
E.  side,  has,  for  a  tiumher  of  years  pa^t.  lie- 
come  an  attraetive  waterinu'-phu'e,  niueli  fre- 
(juented  liy  the  eili/.ens  of  l'liiliidcl|ihia  and 
others.  Duriiifj  the  summer  season,  a  steam 
l)ont  runs  from  the  eity  to  the  t'lipe,  and  at" 
fords  a  ])leasant  triii.  The  lieach  is  uiisur- 
nassed  as  a  liathini;-|ilaee,  and  the  aeeonmio- 
dations  for  the  entertainment  of  visitors  are 
of  tlie  first  order.  Distance  from  riiiladcl- 
phia,  lii2  rTiiles." 

("OilOl-y.  [-'ArXS  are  situated  on  the 
River  Mohawk  (State  of  Xev  Vork,)alMiut  •! 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  (do-e  to  the  rail- 
roiiil  from  'I'roy,  passim;  aloiiir  whieli  a 
lilaiiee  can  he  had  of  them,  pourins^  down  a 
perpemlieuiar  rock  "<•  feet  ilecp. 

"MAMMOTH  CAVi:,  KV.— This  Mupen- 
dous  wonder  of  naturi!  is  situated  in  I'Miiion- 
son  county,  ahout  ".Ml  miles  S.  from  ivouisville, 
and  ahout  C(piallv  distant,  in  a  X.  \\  direc- 
tion, from  Xasliville,  Tenn.  Tlie  tourist,  leaves 
the  stage  road  nliout  ti  miles  from  the  en- 
trance to  the  cave,  and  passes  throui;h  some 
of  the  most  romantic  and  benutil'ul  scenery. 
It  is  only  within  a  few  years  that  this  cave 
has  been  very  extensively  explored;  and  it  is 
still  supposeJl  that  l)ut  a'  small  part  of  it,  in 
comparison  with  the  whole,  has  ever  been 
trodden  by  the  foot  of  man.  Tt  has  been  es- 
timated that  the  length  of  nil  tlie  different 
avenues  and  brnnclies,  when,  added  togetlier, 
wonld  make  more  than  600  miles.  As  far 
as  known,  there  arc  in  the  cave  24((  avenues, 
47  domes,  8  cataracts,  and  23  pits.  The 
darkness,  deeper  than  that  of  the  Idnckost 
midnight,  whicli  pervades  these  subterrane- 
an recesses,  and  which  is  little  more  than 
rendered  visible  by  the  torches  which  the 
visitors  carry  with  them,  renders  it  ditficult 
for  the  spectator  to  form  any  thing  like  an 
adequate  idea  of  its  vast  dimensions,  its 
great  heights  and  depths  in  the  different 
apartments,  nnd  of  the  singularity  and  beau- 
ty of  the  natural  decorations  they  contain. 
'  "  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  fish  without  eyes 
have  been  caught  In  the  rivers  of  this  cave. 
They  have  been  dissected  by  skilfid  anato- 
mists, it  is  said,  who  declare  that  they  are 
without  the  slightest  indication  of  an  organ 
similar  to  the  eve,  and  also  that  they  pos- 
sess other  anomalies  in  their  organization  in- 


teresting to  the  mituralist.  These  fishes  are 
from  !i  to  (i  inelies  in  length. 

"The  waters  of  the  cave  are  of  the  purest 
kind  ;  and,  besides  the  s|iriiigs  and  streams 
of  fresh  watir,  there  are  one  or  two  sulphur 
spriniTs.  ThiM'e  are  streams,  laki'S,  and  wa- 
terfalls of  sutheieiit  wi  lib  and  depth  to  eoni- 
pan-  with  the  world  aliove  ground.  Some 
of  these  rivirs,  as  thev  are  called,  are  navi- 
u'ated  by  boats  of  sufheient  size  to  carry  12 
persons;  and  one  of  them,  called  the  Kelio, 
is  said  to  be  broad  and  deep  enoULch,  at  all 
tiine.^  to  float  the  largest  steannr.s.  The 
rivers  of  the  Mamniotli  Cave  were  never 
erossed  till  IM'i.  Some  of  them  flow  in 
ileep  channel*,  the  sides  of  wliieli  risi'  liiLili 
above  their  cu'dinary  level.  .\fler  lu'avy 
rains,  they  are  sometimes  swollen  so  as  to 
I'ise  more  than  .")ii  feet.  At  such  times  the 
■streams,  and  especially  the  cataracts,  of  tin! 
I'.'iVe,  exhibit  a  most  terrific  appearance, 
(ireat  exertions  have  been  made  to  diseover 
I  the  sources  of  these  streams,  and  wheri'  they 
find  tlieir  outlets:  yet  they  still  remain,  in 
this  respect,  as  mucli  a  mystery  as  ever. 

"  It  would  be  impossible,  within  the  limits 
of  this  article,  to  describe  in  detail  the  many 
objects  of  curiosity  and  scenes  of  grandeur 
which  are  to  be  foimd  in  the  apparently  in- 
terminable recesses  of  the  Mammoth  Cave. 
The  names  of  some  of  the  principal  apart- 
ments, are  (liant's  Coffin,  the  Labyrinth,  the 
Cascade,  Gorin's  Dome,  the  Bottondess  Pit, 
the  Winding  Way,  the  Bandit's  Hall,  Great 
Relief  Hall,  River  Hall  and  Dead  Sea,  Na- 
tural Bridge  over  the  River  Styx,  (80  feet 
high,)  Pass  of  El-Ghor.  Crogan's  Hall,  City 
of  the  Tombs,  Saint  Cecilia's  Grotto,  Silli- 
man's  Avenue,  Great  AVestern  Vestibule, 
Martha's  Viiu'yard,  Snowball  Room,  the  Ho- 
ly Sepulchre.  Cleveland's  Cabinet,  Serena's 
Harbor,  Fairy  Grotto,  Paradise,  and  others 
of  a  hardly  less  remarkable  character. 

"To  select  only  from  this  list  of  Avonders 
for  the  conclusion  of  our  descriptions,  we 
would  offer  the  remarks  of  an  intelligent 
clergyman,  who  lately  paid  a  visit  to  the 
cave,  U]ion  that  splendid  hall  known  by  the 
name  of  ClevelamVs  Cabinet.  "The  most 
imaginative  poet,"  says  this  gentleman, 
"  never  conceived  or  jminteil  a  pala  jo  of  such 
exquisite  beautj-  and  loveliness  as  Cleve- 
land's Cabinet.     Were  the  wealth  of  princes 


i 


SPRINGS  AND  WATEHIXO-PLACES. 


49 


hrnti'il  suin- 
,()  wliit'li  we 
tlio  viiridua 
;nive(l  from 
runner  wlio 
.iinricu. 

!0  lUlu's  nre 

f  till'  purest 
iiikI  sti'eaina 
two  siilpluir 
»(•!<,  mill  \va- 
■plli  to  POIll- 
mml.  Soino 
■d.  lire  iiiivi- 
t(i  ciirrv  12 
.1  tiie   Keho, 

Kiuirli,  lit  nil 
liners.  The 
Were  never 
lelll  llow  in 
I'll  rise  lii^'li 
Al'lir  heavy 
lell   Sii   as   ti) 

eh  times  the 
miets,  of  the 

llppeaniliee. 
•  ti>  ili^eDver 
1  wliere  thoy 
reiimin,  in 
as  over, 
in  the  linuts 
ail  the  iiiany 
of  ifranilcur 
ipareiitly  in- 
iiiiolh  Cave, 
icipal  npart- 
l)yrinth,  the 
toinli'ss  I'it, 
Hall,  Croat 
•ad  Soil,  Nii- 
yx,  (80  feet 
■s  Hall,  City 
rotto,  Silli- 
Vostihule, 
tin,  the  Ho- 
ot,  Serena's 
and  others 
•aett'r. 
of  wonders 
riptions,  we 
intollisont 
visit  to  the 
lowu  by  the 
"  Tho  most 
i;entlonian, 
ilii  .'0  of  such 
as  CI e ve- 
il of  princes 


bestowed  on  the  most  skilful  lapidnrios,  with 
n  viowof  rivallini^  tho  splondoiirH  of  this  sin- 
(jle  elminher,  tho  attempt  would  lie  vain. 
The  Caliinetwas  diseoverod  hyMr.  I'atten  of 
Louisville  and  Mr.  Crai^  of  riiiladelphia,  ae- 
eoinpaiiieil  liy  Stoiihon,  the  nuide,  and  ex- 
tends in  nearly  a  itiroot  lino  nlmut  1^  miles, 
(the  iriiides  say  '2  miles).  It  is  a  perfoot  areh, 
of  rtd  feet  span,  and  of  an  avora;,'o  hiis;lit  of 
1(1  feet  ill  the  ooiitre — just  liiffli  onouifh  to 
he  viewed  with  ease  in  all  its  piirts.  The 
liiise  of  the  whole  is  earhoiiate  (siiliihiito)  of 
lime,  in  part  of  a  dii/.xlin^  whiteness  and  jier- 
feeily  smooth,  and  in  |iart  ovystalli/ed,  sous 
to  i;liltir  like  ilianniiids  in  the  liLtlit.  (!i'ow- 
iiif,'  from  this,  in  oiiilles>|y  diversitied  forms, 
is  a  siilistaiieo  rosemlilint;  seleiiile,  tninshi- 
eeiit  and  iiiiperfeetly  laininated.  Some  of 
the  erystals  lioar  a  strikini,'  resemlilanee  to  : 
lii'iiiiehes  of  celery  ;  others,  a  foot  or  more  in 
leiiL'th,  have  the  oolour  and  appearaneo  of 
vanilla  oreimi  oaiidy;  others  are  set  in  sul- 
plialo  of  liiiie  in  the  foriii  of  a  rose;  and 
othiM-s  roll  out  from  the  Imse  in  forms  ro- 
deiiililiiiL;  the  iiriiaments  of  a  Coriiitiiian  col- 
umn. Some  of  tho  ineriistrations  aru  mas- 
sive and  splendid,  others  are  as  delioato  as' 
the  lily,  or  iis  faiiey  work  of  shell  or  wax. 
Think  of  traver-ini;  an  iirehed  way  like  this 
fur  a  mile  and  a  liiiif ;  and  all  the  wonders  of 
tho  tales  of  youth — Aratiiiin  Niirhls,  and  all 
— s,.,.iii  tame,  eoiiiparod  with  the  liviiijr, 
f;i'(iwiii;r  reality.  Hero  and  there,  throiiirh 
the  wliolo  extent,  you  will  find  opoiiin^s  in 
the  sides,  into  which  you  may  thrust  a  jier- 
soii,  and  often  stand  erect,  in  little  p-ottoes, 
])erfeetly  iiicrusted  with  a  delicate,  white 
suhstance,  rotlectin!;;  the  light  from  a  thous- 
and ditferoiit  points." 

"  It  is  (piito  impossilile  to  give  in  n  lirief 
notice  such  as  this,  any  thing  like  an  ado- 
auate  idea  of  this,  one  of  the  greatest  won- 
ders of  the  World.  It  must  be  vistod  to  be 
appreciated. 

"  The  route  from  Louisville,  Kentucky,  is 
by  rail  to  Mumfordsville,  and  tlienco  per  stage 
for  21  miles.  Time  from  Louisville  to  the 
cave,  15^^  hours.  The  train  at  Mumfords- 
ville connects  also  with  the  railroad  to  Nash- 
ville. Superior  hotel  accommodations  is  to 
be  found  close  to  the  cave,  with  guides,  etc. 
The  charges  are  very  moderate. 

"  MOUNT  VEIlNOX,VA.— This  venerated 
spot,  whore  onco  resided  tho  father  of  his 
country,  and  where  his  ashes  now  repose,  is 
universally  regarded  with  a  sacred  interest. 
It  is  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Potomac,  15 
miles  S.  from  the  city  of  Washington,  and  8 
from  Alexandria.  General  Washington's 
mansion  is  still  in  a  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion. Tho  now  tomb  into  which  his  remains 
were  removed  in  1830,  and  subsequently 
placed  in  a  marble  sarcophagus,  is  in  a  re- 
tired situation  n  short  distance  from  the 
house.  It  is  a  plain  but  substantial  structure 
of  brick,  with  an  iron  gate  at  the  sarcophagi 
of  white  marble,  in  which  slumber,  side  by 


side,  tho  mortal  remalnii  of  that  'gront  and 
good  man  and  of  his  amiable  consort, 

"The  old  tomb,  in  which  the  remains  of 
Washington  were  first  deposited,  and  which 
is  now  going  to  decay,  is  upon  an  elevation 
in  full  view  from  theriver. 

"  A  glimpse  of  this  interesting  spot  may  be 
had  from  the  I'otomiic  steamer,  on  its  way 
from  Washington  to  the  railroad  torminuBat 
Acfjuia  ("reek.  Hut  to  visit  the  place,  it  is 
noci.'ssary  to  stop  at  Aloxandria,  and  take  a 
jirivate  eonvoyaiico  to  Mount  Vernon,  The 
grounds  are  open  to  the  pulilie." 

NAIIA.NT,  MS.— Tliisis  one  of  the  olde-t 
and  most  eelelpratod  watoring-plaees  in  New 
Hiii;lanil,  and  a  place  to  which  ninny  of  the 
wealthy  citizens  of  Hoston,  having  provided 
thoiiisolvos  with  |)leiisaiit  cottau'es,  resort  in 
the  summer  nioiiths  with  their  families. 

"  It  is  only  lo  miles  X.  E.  from  Hoston,  by 
tho  steamboats  continually  plying  in  summer 
months.  At  this  place  are  good  tishing  and 
fowling,  and  oxoellonl  aoeominodalions;  the 
ocean  scenery  is  exceedingly  lioautifiilin  fair 
weatlior,  and  truly  siililiiiie  in  a  storm." 

I'LYMOUTH  KOCK,  MS.— One  of  the 
most  interesting  spots  connected  with  tho 
history  of  .America,  being  tho  jioint  in  New 
Kiigliind  where  the  I'ilgrim  Fathers  landed 
from  tho  >hiytlowor  in  tlie  year  lli'JO.  The 
Rook  is  denoiiiinatod  "  Korefathers'  Itock,'  is 
now  buried  under  a  warehouse  with  wharves 
around  it.  The  town  of  I'lyniouth,  in  wliich 
till-  Kook  is,  is  :i7  miles  from  lioston  bv  rail. 

"UOCKAWAYHE.UII,  L()N(i  ISLAND, 
N'.  Y. — This  fashionable  watering-place  is  on 
the  Atlantie  shore  of  Long  Island,  about  20 
miles  from  Now  Y''ork.  The  principal  hotel 
is  the  Marino  I'avilion,  which  is  a  splendid 
establishment,  erected  in  1834,  upon  the 
beach,  only  a  short  distance  from  the  ocean. 
There  is  also  another  hotel,  which  is  well 
kept,  and  several  boarding-houses,  where  the 
visitor  or  the  invalid  may  enjoy  the  invigor- 
ating ocean  Ijreezos  with  less  of  cost  and  dis- 
]daj-  than  at  the  hotels.  The  most  eonveiii- 
ent  route  to  Uoekaway  is  by  the  Long  Island 
Railroad  to  Jamaica,  12  miles  from  New 
York,  and  thence  8  miles  by  sUige  to  the 
beach." 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  N.  Y.— This  cele- 
brated watering-placo  and  summer  resort, 
occupies  tho  same  position  in  America,  as 
Ilarrowgato  does  in  England,  whilst  the 
characteristics  of  both  places  are  alike,  in 
many  respects. 

I'hoyare  the  most  celebrated  springs  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  annual  resort  of 
visitors — from  all  parts  of  the  world — who 
tlock  there  in  search  of  health,  pleasure,  and 
o.vcitement. 

"  Large  and  splendid  accommodations  are 
provided  in  the  various  hotels  and  boarding- 
houses,  which,  in  the  season  of  company,  are 
often  thronged  with  visitors,  presenting  an 
animated  scene  of  gravity,  luxury,  and  dis- 
play. 


60 


8PUIN08  AND   WATKIUNO-rLACKS. 


"  Tlie  vnifl«c,  which  I*  In  t!io  N.  nnrt  of  tin- 
t<i\vii!«hi|)  III'  Sariitonii,  U  iplciiKiinlly  xitiiiitfil 
1)11  II  Kiiiiily  pliiiii,  111  |iiii't  Hiii'i'iiiiiiili'd  liy  u 
licaiiiit'iil  (Vfovo  of  |iim'«,  liiiviiiK  ili  priiu'l- 
pill  htrccl  ii|><>ii  till'  \V.  iniii-f{iii  (if  11  iiui'i'ow 
Mile  in  wliicli  tlu'  f*|iriiii{i<  ur«  fuiitid.  Tin- 
iiotrl:*  lire  iiirf,"'  mill  iniiiifi'oiix. 

"  rii(isciif.'i'ri«  for  Saniii>i;ii  frmii  New  Ynrk, 
tiiki-  citlit'i'  tlic  llii<l?<iiii  Kivi'i-  or  lliirliin 
Itiiili'diiil:*,  or  (III!  dtciinilMiiil  III  Alliiiny  or 
Ti'oy  ;  t'l'oiii  Alliiiiiy,  \iii  Alluiny,  Vrniiuni  uihI 
l.'iiiiiiiiii  Itiiilwiiv;  from  Ti'ov.  via  Kciisscliifr 
ami  Sanitoir"  llailwiiy.  t'nmi  ilo-'toii  tin- 
traveller  taken  the  Western  Kiiilwiiy  to 
Alliaiiy,  Troy  niul  Siiriitoi;a.  I'liHseiiirers 
from  the  West  hy  the  I'eiilriil  lliiilway  st.iii 
at  Sehelieetaily.  The  route  from  the  Norl.ii 
is  via  Lake  Chamiilaiii,  ami  Whitehall  v.i 
Saratottii  Itailwav. 

"SlIAKOX  sI'lUNtiS,  N.  Y..  are  in  the 
town  of  Sharon,  in  Seholiarie  eouiily,  ahoiit 
45  miles  west  of  Alhany  hy  tlie  Cherry  \'al- 
ley  Turii|iike.  They  are  also  reiieheil  hy 
Dta^es  from  Canajoharie,  on  the  I'tiea  an<l 
Seheneotjiiiy  Riiiiroiiil,  from  which  place  they 
are  distant' alioiit  I'J  miles  in  n  S.  W.  ilirec- 
tion,  They  are  jmro  ami  clear,  ami  have 
been  found  to  lie  highly  ethcaeious  in  eutiine- 
oiis,  ilyspeptiu,  and  I'heumatic  complaints. 
They  have  an  cxiiilaratin)^  ellVet  upon  the 
spirits,  invit;orating  the  system,  and  piirify- 
iiii^  the  complexion,  and  in  some  respects 
possesses  iiiedicinal  and  healing;  properties 
unsuriwissed  hy  any  in  the  I'luinlry. 

"The  prospect  from  the  Pavilion  House  to- 
wards the  X.  is  almost  unlimiti'd,  and  hy 
many  oonsidered  harly  inferior  to  that  from 
the  i'litskill  >h)Uiitain  House.  Its  elevated 
situation,  nlways  seciirini,'  a  imre  and  lirac- 
ini;  atmosphere,  conspires  with  the  use  of 
the  waters  to  render  the  residence  of  vis- 
itors hero  in  liot  weather  delightfully  sulu- 
brious  and  refresliim^.  I 

"Tourists  proceed  from  Alhany  via  New; 
York  Central  Railway  to  I'alatine  Ilridiie,  do 
miles,  thence  per   stai;e   for   1(»   miles  over  ' 
plank  road.  ' 

"  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRIN'tiS,  VA.— 
These  are  •ho  most  celebrated  and  most  gen- 
erally visited  of  nil  the  mineral  springs  of 
Virginia,  and  are  to  the  south  what  Sarato- 
ga is  to  the  north.  They  are  situated  on  a 
branch  of  the  (Jrcenbrier  River,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  on  the  western  declivi- 
ty of  the  Alleghany  ridge,  some  (i  or  8  miles 
from  the  summit  of  the  mountains.    They 


are  III  an  clevatod  ami  beautifully  nictiir- 
est|iiti  valley,  hemmed  in  hy  iiiouiilains  on 
every  side.  Thousands  resort  to  them  annu- 
ally "either  to  enjoy  thi-  heiietit  of  llu'  wa- 
ters, or  in  |iursiiii  of  leeiealion  and  amuse- 
lllelit. 

"There are  nuiiu'rou* routes  to  the  Vlr;;liita 
springs,  all  of  which  within  a  few  years 
have  been  greiilly  improved.  One  of  the 
plcMisanlesI  and  ino.sl  exipedilioiis  routes  from 
Italiimori-  is  by  the  railroad  thence  to  Har- 
per's Kerry  ;  thence  by  railroad  to  Winches- 
ter to  (Josheii.  Prom  Staunton  there  are 
two  lollies,  one  directlyacross til  '  inoimiains, 
to  the  vviirni  and  hot  springs;  the  other,  viu 
Lexington,  to  the  Natural  Itriilge,  ami  theneo 
to  the  While  Sulphur  Springs.  Thesi'  springs 
are  Iliil   miles  W.  of  ISallimore. 

"  Parlies  from  the  Soulli  proceed  to  Wil- 
mington, North  Carolina,  to  Itiehmoiid,  pro- 
ceeding from  Richmond  to  Lynchburg  and 
thence  hy  >lni.'e. 

"  WINNTPlSKotiLK  LAKK,  N.  11.— This 
lake  |ii>ssi'sses  simriiliir  chiirnis.  However 
romanlie  and  lieiiiitil'ul  Luke  (ieorire,  the 
chiiriner  of  all  travellers,  a|ipears  in  ils  ele- 
vation, the  purity  <if  its  waters,  its  depth,  its 
riipiil  outlet,  ils  ItCi.'i  islands  which  be^pangle 
its  lio-oiii,  its  mountain  scenery,  ils  tish,  its 
mineralogy,  still,  in  all  hut  its  historic  faiiie, 
it  has  a  rival  at  the  east,  in  the  Winnipisi'O- 
gee  of  New  Hampshire. 

"  The  lake  is  in  the  counties  of  Helknnp  and 
Cnrrol.  Its  form  is  very  irregular.  At  the 
West  end  it  is  divided  into  three  large  bays; 
on  the  north  is  a  fourth  ;  and  at  tlw  east  end 
there  are  three  others.  Its  general  couise  is 
from  north-west  to  northeast  ;  ils  length  is 
about  'J.'i  miles,  and  it  varies  in  width  from 
one  lo  111  miles. 

"The  waters  of  this  lake  not  only  serve  as 
a  lovidy  orniiment  to  the  scenery  of  this  re- 
gion, and  as  a  means  of  recreation  and  amuse- 
ment to  the  mullitmle  who  ]mss  and  repass 
upon  tluni,  but  answer  an  iin|iortant  purpose 
as  a  great  reservoir  of  power  for  the  exten- 
sive manufacturing  establishments  at  .Man- 
chester, Lowell,  and  other  jilaces  which  are 
located  on  Merrimac  River,  ils  outlet  to  the 
sea.  Till-  fall  of  this  immense  body  of  wa- 
ter, in  its  jiassage  to  the  ocean,  is  so  great 
that  its  ])ower  for  manufacturing  ])urposes 
can  hardly  be  computed. 

"  The  Indian  name  of  Winiiipisoogee,  signi- 
fies 'The  smile  of  the  (Jrcat  Siiirit.' "     (See 


""Vhile  Jlouutaiiis.j 


fl 


CLIFTON   Sl'RINOS   AND   LAKE  GEOHOK. 


51 


h 


WATEKCURE  ESTAllLISHMEXT,  CLIFTON  SPRINGS. 

Aboit  linlfwiiy  between  Lnke»  Gcnovft  nnd  Cnnnndnigua  is  cltiinted  tlio  cololjrntcil 
Cliftcm  Spritiijs,  wliicli  nre  nuioh  ri'sortrd  to,  fDriniiif;  ns  tliry  do  one  of  the  most  pli'iismit 
1111(1  ictiri'd  wiitoriiii^-iilaeoiii,  within  easy  dir^tance  of  soiao  of  the  fiii'^st  Beonery  in  tlie 
Xorthcrn  States. 

Sitiiatcil  at  lliosft  springs  is  flio  eelolirated  water-eure  establishment  of  Dr.  Forstor.  Tlio 
iioiise,  although  a  viry  lari;<'  one,  yet  is  t;<'neral]y  filled  witli  patients,  one  of  the  best 
proofs  of  Its  excellent  standing.     The  charge  for  board  varies  from  $7  to  ijill  per  week. 


"L.\KR  fJEORGE,  soMCTivfs  callkp 
LAKE  IIDUICO.V.— This  lov.'ly  sheet  of 
wiiti'r,  husking  in  the  rays  of  the  sun,  rippled 
hy  the  breeze,  or  reelining  in  the  shadows  of 
twilight,  still  presenting  a  lovely  aspeet — 
famed  in  song  and  story,  and  its  eounterpart 
oeeupying  a  space  in  innninerable  annuals 
and  Imoks  of  travel — is  2:50  feet  above  the 
llinUon  Iliver,  lying  partly  in  Warren  .nd 
Wasiiington  Counties,  having  its  outlet  into 
L;ike  CliaMi|>lain.  Its  shore  contains  the  re- 
mains of  several  old  forts,  memorable  in  the 
French  and  Revolutionary  wars.  This  beau- 
tiful mountain  lake  of  New  York  is  3(1  miles 
in  length,  varying  in  breadth  from  J-  to  4 
miles.  The  water  is  remarkably  transparent, 
and  in  some  places  is  mort!  than  4iM»  feet 
deep.  Scarcely  any  thing  can  be  imagined 
more  beautiful  or  y)ictures(pio  than  the 
scenery  along  its  banks.  The  romantic  effect 
of  the  prospect  is  greatly  enhanced  by  the 
multitude  of  islands  of  various  forms  and 
sizes,  which  meet  the  gaze  on  ■'  e  ^ry  side. 
A  popular  notion  prevoils  that  tb.-u'  number 
corresponds  with  that  of  the  days  of  the 
year.    Twelve  miles  from  the  south-west  ex- 


tremity of  the  lake  there  is  an  island  of  about 
201)  acres,  called,  from  its  position.  Twelve 
.Mile  Island.  A  mile  further  north  there  is  a 
high  point,  or  tongue  of  land,  called  Tongue 
.Mountain,  west  of  which  j)rojccts  a  small 
arm  of  the  lake  called  North-west  I5ay. 
Mere  the  narrowest  part  oi  the  lake  com- 
mences, and  continues  7  or  8  miles.  Near 
the  west  end  of  the  Narrows,  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  lake,  is  Black  Mountain,  the  sum 
mit  of  which  is  the  highest  point  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  the  lake,  having  an  ele- 
vation of  2,200  feet  above  its  surface.  About 
12  miles  beyond  Black  Mountain  there  is  a 
rock  about  200  feet  high,  rising  almost  per- 
pendicularly from  the  surface  of  the  water. 
During  the  French  war,  Major  Rogers,  being 
closely  pursued  by  the  Indians,  slid  down 
this  deep  declivity,  and  safely  landed  on  the 
ice,  leaving  his  pursuers  petrified  with  aston- 
ishment at  the  daring  exploit  they  had  wit- 
nessed. From  this  circumstance  the  rock  has 
been  named  Rogers'  Slide.  Just  beyond  is 
Lord  Howe's  Point,  where  the  division  of 
the  English  army  under  Lord  Howe  landed 
previous  to  his  attack  on  Ticonderoga." 


I- 


r 

t 

5^ 

NEWPORT,    LAKE   PLEASANT   AND  CROOKED  LAKE. 

■      7-"-ft.T,-rffl«ltii — =- 

NEWPORT,   RHODE  ISLAND. 


The  al)ove  sketch  roprofoiits  iirolial)ly  llic 
iii'fiivst  upproncli,  both  in  iippciiriiiicc  niul 
siluiiliiui,  toScarhoroiiifh,  (I'^iiiiliiiul.)  of  iiny 
^<•;l-l>!^thilll5  (luai'tor  in  tin;  ruitccl  Stutcs 
Newport  is  h)oatO(l  on  llio  S.  W.  side  of  tiic 
ru'ii  and  fertile  State  of  lUuxle  Island,  lyinj,' 
within  the  month  of  Xarmi^ansct  Hay,  5  miles 
fi'om  the  ocean.  "  Ilsiiai'liour,  one  oft  he  finest 
in  the  woi'ld,  spreads  W.  liefore  the  town, 
which  is  huilt  on  a  gentle  declivity  to  the 
shore,  and  a]ipears  beaufifnl  as  it  is  ap- 
proached upon  tlio  water.  Its  insidar  situa- 
tion gives  to  Newport  the  advantage  of  a 
cool,  refreshing  sea-uree/.e  fi'oni  almost  every 
point  of  the  compass;  bo  that  in  all  the  hot 


months  it  is  one  of  the  most  comfortahle  places 
of  resi<leiice  any  where  to  he  found.  On  this 
account  it  has  long  heeii  a  favourite  jilace  of 
fashionalile  resort,  esjiecially  for  visitors  from 
the  south,  Witliina  few  years  past,  a  iiumher 
of  huge  and  splendid  hotels  have  Keen  erect 
ed,  allordinir  the  hest,  aceommo(lations  that 
coiilil  lie  desired  for  all  who  come;  so  that, 
in  this  respect,  Newport  is  now  the  rival  of 
Saratoga  itself." 

Steamers  \Ay  daily,  during  the  summer 
seasfui,  hetweeu  Newport  and  ProvidiiuM — 
with  which  the  communication  hy  railroad 
aiul  steamers  is  fre(iuent.  157  miles  from 
New  York — 7<)  miles  from  Boston. 


"  LAKE  PLEASANT,— Thissmnll  but  love- 
ly lake,  is  ft  favourite  unil  enchanting  resort 
for  the  disciples  of  the  angle  and  the  gun, 
the  waters  teeming  with  trout,  etc.,  ami  deer 
and  other  game  are  abundant  in  the  forest*. 
It  is  a  delightful  summer  home  for  tin,-  stu- 
dent, and  may  be  pleasantly  and  satisfactori- 
ly visited  by  ladies.  The  wild  laixls  and 
waters  here  are  a  part  of  the  lake  region  of 
northern  New  York.  The  Saraiuic  region  is 
connected  with  Lake  Pleasant  by  interme- 
diate waters  and  portages.  To  reach  Lake 
Pleasant,  and  the  ailjoining  waters  of  liotind, 
Pisced,  and  Louis  Lakes,  favourite  summer 
resorts,  take  the  Central  Railroad  from  Al- 
bany to  Amsterdam;  thence  by  stage  to 
Holmes'  Hotel  on  Lake  Pleasant,  30  miles.'" 


"  CROOKED  LAKE,  situated  in  the  west- 
ern pi'.rt  of  New  York,  is  included  in  the 
limits  of  Steuben  and  Yates  Counties,  is  18 
miles  long,  and  1^  miles  at  its  greatest 
breadth.  At  the  north  end  it  is  divided 
into  two  forks  or  branches,  one  of  which  is 
u  and  the  other  !)  miles  long.  Its  surface  is 
■1S7  feet  above  Lake  Ontario,  and  718  feet 
above  tlio  level  of  the  Atlantic,  it  usually 
freezes  over  in  the  winter;  at  other  seasons 
a  steamboat  leaves  Penn  Yan,  at  its  N.  N.  K. 
extremity,  for  Ilammondsport,  at  its  S.  W. 
extremity.  The  scenery  along  the  shore  is 
extremely  picturesque  and  beautiful.  The 
outlet  wliich  flows  into  Seneca  Lake  has  a 
descent  of  271  feet  in  7  miles,  affording  valu- 
able water  power." 


tl 
r' 


St 
CI 


.    ^.  .u.UllBBa 


SCENERY  OF  THE  CATSKILL  MOUNTAIKi 


58 


SCENE  IN  THE  CATSKILL  MOUNTAINS. 

One  of  the  most  ogreeablo  trips  for  the  tourii-t,  when  at  New  York,  is  for  liim  to  visit 
tlie  fiiTiious  soonerj-  of  the  Cntckill.  There,  ii  variety  of  wood,  river,  and  mountain  scene- 
ry will  he  enjoyed,  not  to  be  met  with  in  most  places. 

The  trip  there  and  back,  can  be  made  in  3  or  4  days  from  New  York,  and  at  not  much 
expense. 

The  charge  at  the  Mountain  House  is  $2.50  (or  10«.,  stg.,)  per  day — although  cheaper 
accommodation  is  to  be  had  as  well. 

Near  the  Mountain  House  is  said  to  be  the  pite  where  Mr.  AVasliington  Irving  located  the 
I'cene  of  liis  celebrated  novel  of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle." 

Few  places  of  summer  resort  are  more  frequented  by  tourists,  whether  as  artists  in 
sonreh  of  some  charming  scenery  to  study,  the  invalid  in  quest  of  l)racing  air,  or  the  gen- 
eral traveller  in  search  of  all  the  "  lions"  in  America. 


54 


SYLVAN   LAKE,    CATSKILL   MOUNTAINS. 


1 

3 


A  good,  general  view  of  these  mountuins  is  obtained  from  Ihe  deck  of  the  steamers 
which  pass  up  and  down  upon  the  Hudson. 

Strangers  take  cither  the  Albany  steamer,  from  New  York,  or  Albany,  to  Cutskill,  on  the 
Hudson,  (111  miles  from  New  York)  or  tlie  Hudson  River  Railroad  to  Oakhill  StJition, 
thence  per  feiry  across.  From  Catskill  Village,  passengers  are  conveyed  per  staifo  to  the 
Mountain  House,  12  miles  distont,  but  the  road  being  very  steep,  it  takes  4  hours  to  go 
that  distance. 

The  first  view  we  present,  "Scene  in  the  Catskill  Mountains,"  is  from  a  painliii;;  by  J. 
F.  Kensett,  an  American  artist,  the  only  objection  to  which  wo  have  is,  the  introdiietioii  of 
two  of  the  aborigines — of  the  district,  we  presume — a  fault  rather  common,  we  think, 
amongst  American  artists,  to  give  effect  in  pictures,  whilst  such  figures  can  now  only  be 
introduced  with  truth  in  such  districts  as  Minnesota,  or  the  Red  River. 


THE  UPPER  OR  SYLVAN  LAKE-CATSKILL  MOUNTAIN'S. 

The  other  engravings  which  follow  are  without  any  such  additions,  being  from  photo- 
graphs, taken  last  year  of  the  scenes  represented.  To  quote  from  a  writer  who  has  visited 
this  locality  : — 

"The  ride  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain  is  not  speeially  interesting;  but  the  ascent,  by  n 
very  circuitous  route,  from  every  successive  opening  and  turn  of  which  some  new  and 
more  extensive  vista  is  presented  to  the  eye  eontinunlly,  is  in  a  high  degree  inspiring  and 
delightful.  And  when  at  length  the  lofty  eminence  is  reached,  there  opens,  from  the  fnmt 
of  the  noble  edifice,  a  prospect  of  vast  extent  and  beauty;  embracing  an  apparently  end- 
less succession  of  woods  and  waters,  farms  and  villages,  towns  and  cities,  spre.id  out  as  In 
a  boundless  panorama,  over  which  all  ineqiujlities  of  surface  are  overlooked,  The  beauti- 
ful Hudson  appears  narrowed  in  the  distance,  with  numerous  vessels  scattered  along  its  sil- 


IL 


KAUTERSKILL   FALLS,   CATSKILL   MOUNTAINS. 


66 


very  line,  discerned  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  by  their  canvas  gleaming  in  the  Bun,  and 
with  tlie  trailing  cloud  of  smoke  from  steamlwuts  almost  constaiiily  in  sigiit. 

"  The  view  embraces  an  area  of  about  70  miles  north  and  south.  Fur  in  tlie  eastern  out- 
line rise  the  Taglianic  Mountains,  and  tlie  higltlands  of  Connecticut  and  Mafsachiisctts. 
To  the  left  are  seen  the  (Jreen  Mountains  of  Vermont,  stretching  p-way  in  the  north  till  their 
blue  summits  are  lilended  with  the  sky.  At  other  times  nil  the  prospect  below  is  enveloped 
in  a  rolling  sea  of  mist  and  cloud,  surging  with  tlie  wind,  and  presenting  over  new  and  fan- 
ciful forms  to  the  sight.  Tliunder  storms  are  luit  unfrcqueiitly  seen  passing  below  the 
spectator,  wliile  the  atmosphere  is  delightfully  clear  and  cool  around  liim." 

Tiie  preceding  engraving  represents  one  of  two  lakes  of  great  beauty,  Avhich  lie  close  to- 
gether, overlooked  from  tlic  nortli  mountain,  ami  a  short  way  from  tlie  Mountain  House 
Hotel.  All  who  are  acquainted  with  this  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  will  at  once  recognize 
it  in  the  above  sketch,  which  we  have  had  engraved  from  one  of  the  series  of  pliotograplis 
taken  there  last  year.  For  a  pleasant  walk  alongside  its  sliores,  a  row  on  its  waters,  or 
for  practising  the  "  gentle  art"  with  tishing-rod  and  line,  few  spots  present  greater  attrac- 
tions. 


VA 

m 


ne=eent,  by  a 
ie  new  and 
spiring  and 
om  the  front 
arently  end- 
>nd  out  ai  In 
The  boauti- 
along  its  sil- 


KAUTERSKILL  FALLS. 

The  Sylvan  Liik",  nlreadv  alluded  to,  is  the  source  from  which  proceed  the  beautiful 
K,iuter«kiU  FalN  represented  above,  as  also  the  source  of  the  Kauterskill  River,  which 
finds  its  way  into  the  Hudson,  at  Catskill  Village.     The  falls  are  situated  about  2  miles 


50 


SLEEPY   UOLLOW,    CATSKILL   MOUXTAINS. 


from  llio  Mountain  House.     Cooper,  the  novelist,  in  liis  novel  of  tlio  "  Pioneer,"  thus  men- 
lions  thoni : — 

"  Tito  wiitor  conios  croaking  and  windins?  among  the  roolcs,  first,  so  slow  tliat  a  trout 
miglit  swim  into  it,  then  starting  and  running  liiie  any  creature  tiuit  wanted  to  make  a 
fair  spring,  till  it  gets  to  where  the  mountain  divides,  like  the  cleft  foot  of  a  deer,  leaving  a 
deep  hollow  for  the  Ijrook  to  tumble  into.  The  first  pitch  is  nigh  2Ul)  feet,  and  the  water 
looks  like  flukes  of  snow  before  it  touches  tiie  bottom,  and  then  gathers  itself  togetiier 
again  for  a  new  start ;  and  maybe  flutters  over  5U  feet  of  flat  rock  before  it  falls  for  another 
l(tO  feet,  when  it  jumps  from  shelf  to  shelf,  first  running  tiiis  way  and  that  way,  striving 
to  get  out  of  the  hollow,  till  it  finally  gets  to  the  plain." 


I 


VIEW  DOWN  SLEEPY  HOLLOW-CATSKILL  MOUNTAUrat 


As  another  view  of  one  of  the  cascades,  we  present  one  taken  from  the  ledge  of  rocks 
over  which  the  water  rushes  silently  but  swiftly  over  the  precipice,  down  into  the  beauti- 
ful gorge  of  "Sleepy  Hollow." 


THE  WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


WHITE  MOUNTAINS,  NEW   HAMPSHIRE. 


57 


Thk  accomplished  author  of  "  Amcricn  and 
the  AriierifiiiiH"  thus  writes  regnrdiiig  thia 
portion  of  llie  United  States; — "This  is  one 
of  tlie  wilih'st  regions  in  tlie  United  States. 
From  tlie  top  of  the  8tai;e  we  luive  a  wide 
prospect  over  forests,  pastoral  valleys,  ravines, 
and  diiiiflcs;  Mount  Ijifuyette  rising  betore 
us  in  soieniii  majesty,  and  behind  us,  far  as 
the  eye  can  reach,  an  undulating  country, 
strcteliing  away  towards  tiie  frontiers  of 
Canada.  For  tlie  first  3  miles  the  drive  lies 
througli  a  tangled  wood,  and  up  an  ascent 
8o  steep  that  our  team  occasionally  pauses. 
The  roail  is  so  narrow  that  the  trees  touch 
tiie  carriage  on  both  sides  at  the  same  time, 
an<l  so  rough  that  jiassengers  hold  on  firmly 
for  tiieir  lives;  yet  tiie  eoaclinian  drives  his 
Bi.\  in  haTid  wilh  the  utmost  ease  and  skill." 

During  nine  or  ten  months  of  tlie  year, 
the  sinmnits  of  the  mountiiiiis  are  covered 
witli  snow  and  ice,  giving  them  a  bright  and 
diiz/ling  appeiiranee.  Un  every  side  are 
long  and  winding  gullies,  deepening  in  their 
descent  to  tlie  |ilain  behiw. 

Tiicse  mountains  are  situated  in  the  county 
of  Coos,  in  tiie  X.  part  of  the  State.  Tlie'y 
extend  about  20  miles,  from  S.  W.  to  N.  K,, 
and  are  tlie  more  elevated  parts  of  a  range 
extending  many. miles  in  that  direction. 
Tiieir  base  is  about  lo  miles  broad,  and  are 
the  highest  in  >ii'W  I'iMu'land  ;  and,  if  we  ex- 
cept tiie  lloeky  Moiinliiiiis,  niul  one  or  two 
fienks  in  Nortli  Carolina,  tliey  are  the  most 
ofty  of  any  in  the  United  States. 

.Vitl.oMtrli  tliese  mountains  are  (i5  miles  dis- 
tant IVoiii  till'  iiecan,  tlic^ir  snow-wliite  sum- 
mits are  distinelly  visible,  in  good  weather, 
more  tlian  OD  miles  from  sIkhv'.  Their  ap- 
pearance, at  that  ilistanee,  is  tiiat  of  a  sil- 
very cloud  skirting  the  liorizon. 

'I'lie  names  here  given  are  those  generally 
a]i]M'o])riated  to  the  different  summits:  Mniint 
Wuxhhuiton  is  known  liy  its  sujierior  eleva- 
tion, an<l  by  its  being  tlie  southern  of  the 
three  highest  peaks.  Mount  Adams  is  known 
by  its  sharp,  terininating  peak,  and  being 
the  north  of  Washiniilon,  Jeffemon  is  situ- 
ated between  these  two.  Aindhon  is  the 
eastern  peak  of  the  range.  Monroe  is  the 
first  to  the  soiitli  of  Wasliington.  Ffnuklin 
is  the  second  south,  and  is  known  by  its  levt'l 
surface.  Lafai/iltf  is  known  by  its  conieal 
shape,  and  tieing  the  third  south  of  Wash- 
ington. The  ascent  to  the  summits  of  these 
mountains,  thouirii  fatiguing,  is  not  danger- 
ous ;  anil  the  visitant  is  richly  rewarded  for 
his  labour  and  curiosity.  In  passing  from 
the  Notch  to  the  liighest  summit,  the  travel- 
ler crosses  the  summits  of  Mounts  Lafayette, 
Franklin,   and   Monroe,      In   accomplishing 


this,  he  must  pass  through  a  forest,  and  cross 
several  ravines.     These  are  neither  wide  nor 
dee]),  nor  are  they  diseovered  at  a  great  dis- 
tance; for  the  trees  fill  tliem  up  exactly  oven 
with  the  niountain  on  each  side,  and  their 
branches  interlock  witli  each  other  in  such  a 
manner    that    it    is  very  difficult    to    pasa 
through    them,  and   they  are    so   stiff    and 
thick  as  almost  to  support  a  man's  weight 
After  crossing  Mount  Franklin,  you  pass  over 
the  eastern  |iinimele  of  Blount  Monroe,  and 
soon  find  yourself  on  a  plain  of  some  extent, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  AVashington.     Here  is 
a  fill"  resting-j)laee,  on  me  margin  of  a  benu- 
tiful  sheet  of  water,  of  an  oval  form,  cover- 
ing  about   three-fourths   of    an   acre.     The 
waters  are   jileasaiit  to  the  tasle,  and  <lecp. 
Not  a   livinir  creature  is  to  be  seen  in  the 
waters  at  this  licitrlit  on  the  hills;  nor  does 
vegetation  grow  in  or  around  tlicm,  to  ob- 
scure the  clear  rocky  or  gravelly  bottom  on 
wliieh  they  rest.     A  small  spring  discharges 
itself  into  this  pond,  at  its  south-east  an;jle. 
Another  pond,  of  about  two-thirds  its  size, 
lies  north-west  of  tir.s.     Directly  before  you, 
the    pinnacle    of    .Mount  Washington    rises 
with    majestic   grandeur,   like   an   immense 
])yramid,  or  some  vast  krenilin,  in  this  mag- 
nificent eity  of  monnlaiiis.     The  iiiiiiiaele  is 
elevated   about  l.'idii  feet    above  the   ]!lain, 
and   is  eomjiosed  jiriiieipally  of    luii;<'  I'ot'ks 
of   granite  and  gneiss,  piled    logetlier,  ])re- 
senting  u  variety  of  colours  and  forms.     The 
ascent  is  made  on  horseback. 

In  ascending,  you  must  pass  enormous 
masses  of  loose  stone:  but  a  ride  of  half  an 
hour  will  generally  carry  you  to  the  suniiiiit. 
The  view  from  this  point  is  wonderl'ully 
gi'and  and  [)ictures(pie.  lnmin,<'rable  moun- 
tains, lakes,  ])onds,  rivi'rs,  towns,  and  vil- 
lages meet  the  delighted  eye,  and  the  dim 
Atlantic  stretches  its  waters  along  tlie  east- 
ern horizon.  To  the  north  is  seen  the  lofty 
summits  of  Adams  and  Jetterson  ;  and  to  the 
east,  a  little  delaehed  from  the  range,  sup- 
ported on  the  north  by  a  high  ridge,  which 
extends  to  Mount  Jeftcrson ;  on  the  north- 
east by  a  lorge  grassy  plain,  terminating  in 
a  vast  spur,  extending  far  away  in  that  di- 
rection ;  east,  by  a  promontory,  which  breaks 
off  aliruptly  at  St.  Anthony's  Nose;  south 
and  south-east  by  a  grassy  ]dain,  in  summer, 
of  more  than  40  acres.  At  the  south-eastern 
extremity  of  this  ]ihiin  a  ridge  coniiiieiices, 
which  slopes  gracefully  away  towards  tlie 
vale  of  tlie  Saco,  upon  which,  at  short  dis- 
tances from  each  other,  arise  rocks,  resem- 
bling in  some  places,  towers;  in  others,  rep- 
resenting the  various  orders  of  arcliitec- 
tare. 


i 


!:•! 


i 


l»8 


I 


58 


WILLEY   HOUSE,   WHITE   MOUNTAINS. 


THE  WILLKY   HOUSE,   WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


The  nhove  house  staiuls  upon  iv  spot  wliirli 
will  ever  rLMiuiiu  iiiciuoralilt;  in  tlio  liisiorv 
of  llie  Wiiilc!  Mountiiiiis,  as  liavini;  licon  tlio 
ccom-  of  a  foarful  ('alaiiiity  wliidi  overt ooli  u 
family  iianu'il  Willcy,  rcsi'liiii^  tlicrc,  wiio 
Were  all  buriod  benoath  an  avalandio,  or 
i^li'lo,  from  tlio  mountain,  vliicli  oocurrcil 
(luring  till!  year  \H'1C>,  h  year  ivtniirkablo  for 
ii  groat  Hooil  in  tlicsL-  uiountain  rciiions. 

Leaving  Willoy  IIousi',  ilu;  tourist,  who  is 
tli>sirous  of  ascending  higher,  will  tind  liiin- 
Rclf  in  the  vieinitv  of  the  "Notch,"'  as  it  is 
called. 

"  The  Xotch  of  the  Wluh'.  ^[oHnt(lillx  is  n 
phrase  ajiproprialed  to  a  very  narrow  defile, 
extending  two  miles  in  length,  between  two 
huge  elilfs,  apparently  rent  asunder  by  some 
vast  coiividsion  of  nature,  probably  that  of 
the  deluge. 

"  The  seenery  nt  this  |)laoe  is  pxcoeilingly 
beautiful  and  grand.  About,  half  n  luile 
from  the  eiitraneo  of  the  ehasm  is  seen  a 
most  beautiful  easeade,  i-isuing  fVom  a  moun- 
tain on  the  right,  about  Will)  feet  aliovc  tlu^ 
subjacent  valley,  and  about  two  miles  dis- 
tant. The  stream  ])as>'es  over  u  serirs  of 
rooks,  almost  porpendieular,  with  a  course 
so  little  broken  as  to  preserve  the  appear- 
ance of  a  uniform  eurriMit,  and  yet  so  far 
disturbed  ns  to  be  ]ierfeotly  white.  This 
beautiful  strcaia,  which  passes  down  a  stu- 


]iendous  preoijiice,  is  called  by  Dwiirht  (ho 
Si/ivr  ('•txciuh'."  It  i>  jrol  ably  nue  of  Iho 
most  beautiful  in  the  world,  ami  has  been 
thus  described  :  — 

"  The  stream  is  scanty,  but  its  oourso  from 
among  the  deep  fore.-l,  whence  its  sprinirs  is- 
sue into  light,  is  one  of  singular  beauty. 
r.uri<'(l  beneath  the  lofty  proeipii'o  of  the 
gorge,  after  aseiiiding  throuirh  J'ii//iit  Rock, 
by  the  side  of  the  turbulent  torrent  of  the 
^a^■o,  the  ear  issudihnly  salulo<l  by  the  soft 
dashings  of  the  sweetent  of  cascades;  ami  a 
glance  n|)ward  reveals  its  silver  streams  issu- 
ing from  the  loltiest  crests  of  the  mounlain, 
and  leaping  from  eriiir  to  crag.  It  isii  beau- 
tiful vi>i(in  in  tin;  midst  of  the  wildest  and 
mo.'t  <lreary  scenery." 

Miiiuit  Wiishiifiton  IfoHxe,  capalde  of  ac- 
coimuodaliiiir  luil  guests,  is  s-itualeil  about  -1 
miles  from  the  Xnlili. 

'J'lic  yulch  lliiiixf  is  at  the  heiel  of  llie  Sa- 
eo  River,  and  about  ',)  miles  from  the  top  of 
>h)unt  Wasliingt(ui. 

The  U'il/ri/  lldimc,  alluded  to  above,  is 
about  2  miles  below  the  Nolell. 

The  Cnnef'onl  llditsc,  in  tin'  valley  of  the 
Snco,  is  about  8  miles  below  the  Notch, 
these,  togetlu-r  with  the 

(Ihn  IloHse,  will  be  foumlin  i  v(  I'y  res|ioct 
desirable,  for  stopjiing  at.  I'articulars  of 
Tip-Top  IltjUKC  will  be  found  on  next  piigo. 


TIP-TOP  HOUSE,    WHITE   MOUNTAINS. 


59 


I 


TIP-TOP  HOUSE,  WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


1^ 


As  nlrendy  expliiinod,  Mount  Wn?liinittoii 
fi>nns  tlie  liii,'liost  of  tlic  niiij^u  of  tlio  White 
Alountain-j,  O'jy-l  fi'ot  above  tiie  sen. 

AVe  prorioiit  ii1)ove,  a  pkch'li  iiin<le  from 
a  ]ili(iloi:i'!i])h  taken  of  tlie  liii;liest  point  of 
Mount  WiisliiiiL'ton,  known  l>y  tiiivelli-rs  a? 
"Tip-To|)  Ilonse,"  to  attain  to  wliieli  is  tlie 
ainliition  of  all  toui'ij^ls  who  make  tlie  at- 
tempt to  crnuli  to  the  apex  of  the  iiighest  of 
the  raniCt?  m  this  I'fj^ion  of  "the  mountain 
anil  ihc  llooil." 

'rip-To])  Ilonse  is  a  rude  Imilt  inn  erected 
\iiiilcr  mo>t  ililiii'ull  ciivniiislanoes,  and  not 
without  iriiat  li-k  of  life  luid  jn'opcfty. 

In  Tip  'I'l'i)  House,  tourists  ean  tie  aeeom- 
modateil  all  nii;lil,  so  that  any  who  are  de- 
sirous of  w  itiicssinir  the  scllintr  of  the  sun, 
and  Ih'Iiiu;  np  in  time  for  suiui.-e  next  nioni- 
inir,  ean  aeeompli-h  lioili,  hy  ascciKlini^  in 
the  aftcrnoiui,  slayiiiLT  there  all  iiii^iit,  and 
ri'tnrninij;  next  nioriiimr.  Tiiose  who  trythe 
expcrituiiit,  if  favounil  willi  a  elear  morn- 
in;j,  will  Ik^  errtaiii  to  he  rrpaid  for  their 
trouhle. 

1I<'L,M1  iliuir  the  view  t'roni  the  sunnnit  of 
this  ilizzy  luiirht,  we  (piolc: — 

"If  the  day  lie  tdcar,  a  view  is  aflbrded 
mie(piallid  pi'i'liajis  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
North  American  eoiitiuent.  Around  you  are 
confused  masses  of  nionnlains,  lieariiiif  the 
appearanee  of  a  sea  of  molten  lava  suddenly 
cooled  whilst  its  ponderous  waves  were  yet  in 
commotion.  On  the  S.  E.  liorizo.i  gleams  a 
rim  of  silver  liirlit — it  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
65  miles  distant,  laviiii'  the  siiorea  of  Maine. 


Lakes  of  all  sizes,  from  Lake  Winnipiseogce 
to  mere  mountain  jtonds,  and  mountains  he- 
neatli  you,  s;leam  misty  and  wide.  Far  ott'  in 
the  N.  E.  is  Mount  Katalidin.  In  the  western 
iKU'izon  are  the  (ireeii  Mountains  of  A'ermont, 
while  the  space  is  tilled  «]i  wiih  every  kind 
of  landscape — mountain  and  hill,  plain  and 
valh'V,  lake  aiul  river." 

It  would  he  vain  in  us  to  atteni]it  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  varied  woiuh  rs  w  hieh  here  as- 
tonish and  deliirht  the  liehohhr.  To  those 
who  have  vi>ited  these  mountains,  our  de- 
scri|ition  woulil  he  taun>  and  unhiterestiiiir ; 
and  he  who  has  never  ascended  their  hoary 
summits  caiuiot  realize  the  extent  and  iiiag- 
nitieeiice  of  the  scene.  These  mountains  are 
decidedly  of  primitive  formation.  Nothini; 
of  volcanic  oriniu  has  ever  yet  heeii  di.-cover- 
ed,  on  the  most  dilii^eiit  resi'arch.  They 
have  forages,  prohalily,  <'xhil  ited  the  same 
unvarying  aspect.  No  minerals  are  here 
found  of  much  rarity  or  value.  The  rock 
which  most  ahounds  is  si.histnsc,  intermixed 
with  greenstone,  mica,  granite,  and  gneiss. 

There  are  several  routes  to  this  highland 
district;  ninongst  the  ]irincipal,  and  those 
which  will  please  the  tourist  liest,  we  name 
from  Portland,  Elaine,  per  I'vastern  Railroad, 
or  from  Boston  to  Plymouth,  thence  per 
coach  to  tliii  I'lume  House,  thence  through 
Franconia  Notch — ahout  ITii)  miles.  Another 
route,  ami  said  to  he  the  finest,  is  via  Lake 
Winnipiseogee,  180  miles.  Proceed  from 
Ik)stoii  |ier  I'oston  and  Maine  and  Coebeco 
Railroad.     (See  Winiiipiseogee  Lake,  N.  H.) 


tt" 


60 


GENESEE   FALLS,   NEW  YORK. 


VIEW  OF  GENESEE  FALLS,  NEAR  PORTAGE, 

STATE   OF    NEW    YOUK. 

Tiin  imme  of  Oonesee  is  ono  of  the  Iioiisfliold  wonl^^  of  Oront  Rritftin  ns  well  as  Americn. 
From  tlio  nenosoe  district  tliousaiuU  of  Imrrols  of  flour,  made  from  its  world-ronowncd 
wheat,  finds  its  way  to  Encfland  every  year,  tlio  host  proof  of  tlip  well-known  richness  of 
tlie  soil  of  tlie  Genesee  Valley,  of  whioli  the  above  engraving  represents  one  of  its  most 
striking  features. 

Tlie  Railroad  Bridge,  seen  in  the  backsround,  is  ft  mngnifieent  structure,  for  the  purpose 
of  enahlini;  the  r.tiffalo  &  New  York  City  Railroad  to  cross  the  valley.  Situated  about  ft 
mile  from  the  villaije  of  Oenesee  Falls,  this  bridge  spans  the  valley  by  its  entire  length  of 
800  feet,  with  a  height,  from  the  bed  of  the  river,  of  2154  feet.  Tiie  precipices  in  the  vicin- 
ity are,  in  some  jilaces,  400  feet  higli. 

Genesee  Falls  consist  of  a  series  of  falls  situated  at  different  point;.  Near  Rochester, 
they  are  about  100  fc.^t  hi^'h.  Whilst  another  fall  is  about  tlie  same  heiiiht  over  the  mouth 
of  the  river.  The  point,  we  have  selected  for  engraving  from  a  photograjdi,  represents 
one  of  the  series  of  falls — from  one  of  the  most  picturesque  spots  in  the  fJenesee  Valley — 
viz.,  above  tlie  saw  mill,  near  Portage. 

Genesee  Falls  are  much  visited  by  tourists  every  year. 

Rochester  is  one  of  the  leading  stations,  leading  from  New  York  to  Suspension  Bridge 
and  Niasara  Falls,  so  that  tourists  can  easily  visit  the  Falls  of  the  Genesee  on  their  way  to 
the  Falls,  par  excellence. 


THE    PASSAIC,    BALLSTOX  SPA   AND   LEBANON  SPRINGS.  61 


I     . 


THE  PASSAIC,  AT  PATERSON,   NEW  JERSEY. 

The  aluivc  cntiraving  ropiv^oiits  one  of  the  most  picturesque  sconca  in  the  State  of  New 
.IiTsey.  Tlie  Falls  of  the  I'a.-saic  are  Mfuated  near  the  town  of  Paterson,  which  owes  its 
siijniticaiice  to  the  water-power  affonled  lij'  the  river,  and  these  falls,  which  fall  7li  feet 
pcrpemliculnrly  over  the  rocks,  forininij,  when  the  river  is  full,  a  very  iniposinsf  sii^lit,  in  a 
most  romantic  situation.  Tlie  Passaic  River  rises  in  Morris  County,  is  l(ii)  miles  in  length, 
and  enters  Newark  l>ay,  ;?  miles  helow  Newark.  I'aterson  is  reached  by  rail  from  New 
York,  from  wiiich  it  is  17  miles  distant,  on  the  New  York  it  Ev'iti  Railroad. 


"  ISALLSTON  SPA, acharminf;  village, and 
capital  of  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  on 
the  Saratoga  and  Schenectady  Railroad,  8(» 
miles  N.  of  Albany.  7  miles  \V.  of  Saratoga 
Springs,  and  175  miles  N.  of  City  Ihili,  New 
York;  enjoying  a  wide-spread  eelehrily  on 
account  of  the  excellence  of  its  mineral 
waters.  From  inelination.and  also  from  the 
overflowing  of  the  Saratoga  hotels,  the  Spa, 
during  the  summer  solstice,  is  constantly 
tlu'onged  with  visitors.  There  are  several 
delightful  promenades  and  drives  in  the 
neighbourhood,  and  a  ]icrson  may  verj-  de- 
lightfully jiass  awaj'a  month  or  more  in  par- 
taking of  the  waters,  and  enjoying  the  fresh, 
pure  country  air.  The  Spa  is  readied  from 
Troy  by  the  Troy  and  Schenectady  Railroad." 


I     "  NEW  LEBANON  SPRINC.S  VILLAOE. 
I — A  beautiful  village  of  Columbia  County, 
New  York,  25  miles  S.  E.  of  Albany,  mucii 
fre(piented  on  account  of  the  medicinal  j)rop- 
ei'ties  of  its  waters.     The  hotel  accommodn- 
,  tions  are  ample  ;  and  the  place  also  contains 
'  a  Water-cure    Establishment,  pleasantly  lo- 
I  cated  on  a  hill  slope,  overlooking  a  beautiful 
i  valley.      The  celebrated  Shaker  Settlement 
]  and  New  Lebanon  Village  are  within  2  miles 
'  of  the  Springs.     Reached   from   New  York 
j  by  the  Hudson  River  Railroad  to  the  City  of 
Hudson,  thence  by  the  Hudson  and  Berk- 
shire, and  the  Albany  and  Boston  Railroads, 
or  by  the  Harlem  Railroad,  and  its  connec- 
tions Avith  the  above  routes,  or  per  steamer 
from  New  York  to  Hudson,  thence  by  rail," 


1^1 


62 


SPRINGS  AND   WATERING  PLACES. 


"  AVON  SriUXCS,  I.ivin^'Htoll(  '..iiiity.  N.'W 
Yoi'k,(l.'lii,'litl'iiliyKilimtr(l  on  lli«'  ri^'lit  Imnk 
of  till!  (iiMii'rtfe  Itivir,  i>M  ail  oli'vattMl  tiTracf 
1(11)  fi'ct  alxivu  till!  wattT,  (.•uiiiiiuiiiiliii;,'  a 
licaiiiifiil  and  varicil  prortpcct.  In  tln'  iiii- 
iiuiliatf  virinily  an'  Iwd  cclfliratid  iiiiiHTal 
I'lirini,':',  wliifli  ari'  tlu'  resiirt  of  tluiiisanils 
•liiriiii;  llic  siiinnicr  si'ii-soii.  Tlio  waters  aiv 
t'stoi'incd  I'rticacidws  in  iMitaiicoiis  atfccti  nis, 
rliciiniulisiii,  and  iiiclii;''<lioii.  TIk'  iiIiioocdii- 
lains  sovfi'al  cxctliciit  hotels,  four  eliiiielies, 
and  a  niiiiilier  <il'  faelories.  lleaelied  liy  Ceii- 
ti'al  Kaili'oail  fnnii  Albany  to  ISuf'alo,  via 
Itoi'lieslef,  from  which  city  they  are  distant 
Un  miles. 

"  (.( )LUM1JI  A  SI'iUNCS  have  of  late  years 
<;r:)\vii  into  popular  favour.  They  are  easy  of 
access,  lyiiiii;  t  luileii  from  tlio  City  o(  Hudson, 
and  within  the  town  of  Stockport,  t'olnmbia 
County,  New  York.  The  view  and  ;;roinids 
are  hii,'lilv  pictnres(|Ue  and  varied,  strclch- 
ini;  dclinlil fully  from  hill  to  dale,  from  fonsl 
tjleii  to  velvet  liiwii.  In  tlic  immi<liMte  iieif;h- 
liourhood  there  is  a  larice  stream,  otlVriiiir  all 
the  country  charms  of  hoalini;  and  tishiiiji;. 
There  h  a  well-kept  liolcl  at  the  Spring's, 
and  |)rices  iiunjerate.  Ueftched  hy  lliidsoii 
Iliver  llailroad  'n  Ihiusoii,  thence  by  ataj;e 
or  carriaife,  4  miles. 

'LAKK  MAHOl'AC  lies  in  tlie  western 
part  of  the  town  of  Carnicl,  I'utiiam  County, 
New  Yo:-k.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  sources 
of  supplj-  to  tlio  Croton.  Its  (piiet  waters, 
its  pretty  wooded  islands,  tlie  romantic  re- 
sorts ill  its  vii'.ijiage,  the  tiirongs  of  ])lcasiire- 
Bcekinj,'  strantrers,  the  hoatiiif;  and  tishinir, 
nml  otiier  rural  sports,  make  it  a  delightful 
place  for  either  o  visit  or  periiiaiieiil  resi- 
<leiice.  There  are  two  c.vcelleiit  iiolils  liere, 
be^dcs  good  boai'ilin;;diouscs,  should  visitors 
jirefer.  Keached  by  llmleiu  Railroad  to 
Croton  Fails,  -lit  miles,  fare  jfll.liS  ;  thence  by 
slaifc,  5  miles,  fare  2'i  cents. 

"CAXANDAKil'Al.AKi:.— Tliisb.fuiliful 
lake,  with  a  charmini?  villiiL^e  situated  at  it> 
north  end,  is  II  miles  loiiir,  and  from  1  to  lA 
miles  wide,  and,  with  its  liiithly-ciiltivateil 
shores,  jiresents  many  tine  views.  The  water 
is  remarkably  clear,  and  abounds  with  excel- 
lent fish,  very  eommuidcative  with  the  aii- 
t/'tr.  Its  outlet  Hows  into  Flint  Creek,  then 
iiiN)  Clyde  River,  and  thence  into  Seneca 
River,  the  common  outlet  of  a  duster  of 
lakes.  Caiiandaisjuu  VilhiL^e,  built  with 
neatness  and  taste,  presentini;  many  desira- 
ble situations,  is  the  capital  of'Ontario 
County.  The  surface  consists  of  ireiitle  iiills, 
beautiful  [tlains,  anil  a  fertile  soil.  Months 
may  be  nleasantly  i)assed  at  this  jiopular 
siimnier  resort  The  railroad  from  Flmiia, 
on  the  A'ew  York  and  Erie  route  to  Niagara 
Falls,  passes  tlirout;h  the  village. 

'•  (JEXEVA  ANi)  SEXECA  LAKE.— This 
lovely  village  is  beautifully  situated  in  Seneca 


Townshii>,  Ontario  Counlv,  at  the  north  ei.J 
of  Seiieea  Lake,  on  the  Auburn  and  Kochesler 


1 
r 

Railroad,  f)!!  miles  E.  S.  F,.  of  Rodiesier.  It 
is  handsomely  built,  and  eoiilains  a  nundier 
of  churches,  a  iiaiik,  three  iiews|iaper  otliees, 
and  alioiit  50  stores,  besides  .-everal  mills  niid 
otiier  estaiilishniellts.  The  Episcopal  ( 'hiiieh 
is  a  tine  (iothic  e.lifiee;  cost  $-iri,ii[\l\.  Here 
is  the  Ilobart  Free  College,  under  the  dirie- 
lion  of  l\>t:  Episco])alians,  founded  in  IS'Jll; 
in  IHol  it  had  T)  professors,  (')7  students,  and 
a  library  of  jKiii  volumes.  The  Medical  In- 
stitute of  (ieiieva,  founded  in  18;(5,  has  (1  pro- 
fessors am!  about  80  students.  The  (ieneral 
Union  Seho(d  is  attended  by  alioiit  lit  id  pupils. 
Steamboats  ply  daily  bctwei'ii  (Jeiieva  ami 
■letferson,  at  the  head  of  the  lake.  The  lake 
abounds  in  tish.and  the  woods  are  alive  with 
^laiiie,  atVordiiig  excellent  sport  for  tlie  loiter- 
ing tourist. 

'••  TLIM'ER'S  LAKE,  situated  in  the  S.  W. 
part  of  Franklin  County,  Xew  York,  is  (1 
miles  long  and  2  wide.  The  shores,  head- 
lanils,  and  islands  are  especially  liold  and 
|jiclures(pie.  Deer  abound  in  the  forest,  and 
the  laki^  is  Hll"d  with  trout  and  otiu'r  tish. 

"SARANAC  LAKRS.— These  wonderful 
links  of  the  great  chain  of  mountain  waters 
ill  u]>per  Xew  York,  are  about  u  do/en  in 
number,  large  and  small.  These  lakes  lie 
princi])ally  in  Franklin  Comity,  and  may  be 
most  readily  reached  by  stage  from  Westport 
or  Keefville,  about  midway  on  the  we^tern 
shore  of  Lake  Cliam|)lain.  All  tlicst^  lakes 
abound  in  trout  and  (.ther  tish;  and  the 
forests,  which  are  on  the  farthest  bounds  of 
civi'izatioii  within  the  State,  are  alive  with 
deer  and  featliered  game. 

"  INOIAX  LAKE  lies  in  Hamilton  County, 
Xew  York,  surrounded  by  a  wild  and  iiioiin- 
tainous  region,  the  peaks  of  which  me  from 
l.')Oll  to  '2(1(1(1  feet  above  the  Miri'oundiiig 
I'oiintrv.  It  is  1  mill's  loni;  and- 1  wide,  and 
abounds  with  various  kimls  of  tish. 

••  LITTLE  FALLS  i-  remarkable  for  a  bold 
pas>iige  of  the  .Mohawk  Kiveraiid  Erie  Canal 
through  a  wild  and  most  pietures(pie  iiioiin- 
laili  detile,  where  the  river  .'.<'scends  -12  feel 
in  1  mile.  Tln'  scenery,  with  the  river 
rapids  and  ca.scades,  the  locks  and  windings 
of  the  ea.iiil,  the  bridges,  and  the  glim|ises 
far  away  of  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk,  is 
especially  beautiful.  The  Falls  are  in  Her- 
kimer County,  New  York,  l)y  the  side  of  the 
Erie  Canal  ami  Utica  and  Schenectady  Rail- 
road. The  village  is  situated  on  both  sides 
of  the  Mohawk.  Tln'  i'",rie  Canal  lias  a 
feeder  which  crosses  the  river  in  a  tine  aipie- 
duet  '214  feet  long  and  1(1  wide,  with  walls 
14  feet  high,  upheld  by  1  arcll  of  70  feet 
span,  and  '2  others  of  50  feet  each.  The 
canal  passes  the  brow  of  a  mountain  liere 
which  reaches  to  the  border  of  the  river." 


Tl 
West 
higli 
taiui 
sont 
The 


THE  SOURCE  OF  TUK   UIVKK  HUDSON. 


63 


o 

cl 
90 

n 
n 

o 

H 

a 
w 


-1 
w 

93 

a 
o 
o 

'-? 

» 

w 

(> 

o 

W 

o 

o 
?1 


o 

H 


M 


Tlie  view  here  pi  esented  is  a  scene  in  the  Adirondack  mountain?,  in  the  vicinity  of,  and 
west  of  Lnlte  Champlain.  Some  of  tlie  pealcs  of  these  mountains  (Mount  Marcy)  rise  as 
high  as  5-l6t  feet  above  the  level  of  tide  water  in  the  River  Hudson.  Up  in  that  moun- 
tainous region  does  that  noble  river  take  its  rise.  From  tliere  it  proceeds  almost  due 
south,  for  about  300  miles,  until  it  enters  the  Atlantic,  through  the  Lorbour  of  New  York. 
The  Adirondacks  are  famous  as  a  deer-hunting  country. 


64 


THE   hlVKU   IILDSOX. 


THE   HUDSON,  NEW  YOKK  TO   ALBANY. 


As  cxplftlneil  pIhpwIuto  IIih  noMo  rivor 
tnki's  Us  riso  nciirly  'T'"'  mili'^  from  Now 
York,  in  tlio  A'Tirondnrk  Monnfniiii*.  (See 
cnirniviiit;,  Soiiivo  of  tlii'  lliiil^on.) 

Tlio  lltiil-oii  forms  ono  of  flio  irroat 
loadiiii;  roiiti'-*  for  all  clnsscs  of  friivi'UiTS 
boiinil  for  tlio  north  or  nortli-\vc!»t,  alike 
oilliiT  fortlic  tourist  in  nciircli  <if  plfiisiire, 
tlio  invali.l  for  lioaltli.  nnd  tlie  omliirant 
from  tlio  old  worM  in  quost  of  ft  home  in 
the  now.  Up  tho  Hudson  the  great  stroani 
of  trnvoUors  po;  so  that,  for  gonoral  in- 
formation, wo  purpose  nofioing  tho  chief 
foatnros  of  (Ids  inaLriufioont  trip,  whicli.  if 
made  l>y  a  day  liont,  from  citlior  Xow  Vol  k 
or  AUiaiiy,  oannot  foil  to  astonish  and  de- 
liixht  the  traveller.  Tho  trip  is  enjoyod, 
also,  hy  many  hy  ni,i,'ht,  startini;  from 
either  terminus  about  6,  p.  m.  Tho  time  oeenpiod  on  the  journey  is  from  8  to  10  hours. 
Enii,i,'rants  ^^onerally  loavo  New  York  hy  tin-  ni;;lit  hoat.  which  starts  ahout  fi,  v.  m.,  arrivinir 
in  Albany  in  time  for  the  trains  via  tho  Xcw  Vork  Central,  and  other  railroads  for  the 
north  and  north-west,  wliioh  run  in  oonnootinn.  For  si/.o,  comfortable  accoinniodatitm,  and 
internal  mai;nificonee,  wo  believe  the  New  York  and  Albany  steamers  to  be  unequalled  by 
any  river  boats  in  the  world. 

Tourists  cfiu  have  their  bacrtfage  cheeked  on  hoard  the  Albany  steamers  in  tlio  same 
manner  as  on  tho  railroads,  on  application  to  the  bas^'^ai^e-mastor  on  board.  The  fare  to 
Albany  is  from  .fl  to  ,$1.,50,  (4.1.  to  ~>s.  sti;.).  d.'pondin'jr  upon  Itio  nccommodution  required. 
The  meals  supplied  on  board  are  most  excellent  and  very  moderate. 


TRIP  UP  THE   IIIDSOX. 


65 


i 


lUDSON. 

I  nolilo  river 
s  (Vi)in  Now 
ntaiiis.  (See 
son.) 

f  tlip  trroiit 
of  tnivclli'ra 
li-woat,  nlike 
I  (if  ploiisure, 
lie  piiilirrant 
)f  ft  lioiiio  in 
groftt  ctronui 
■  f^'cticral  in- 
ng  the  cliii'f 
•ip,  wliicli,  if 
IT  Ni'w  Yi'ik 
inisli  ftiul  <lo- 
1  is  onjoyeil, 
iirtiiig  from 
to  10  ho\irs. 
.  M.,  nrriving 
oads  for  tlie 
lodation,  and 
noqunllcd  by 

in  tlio  same 

Tiic  faro  to 

ion  required. 


STATE-ROOM  SALOON   OF  THE  "  ISAAC   NEWTON." 


The  River  Hudson  has  boon  named  after  its 
discoverer,  Henry  lliidson— an  Kn^lislininn.tlien 
in  the  service  of  tlie  Dntcli— and  wlio,  in  an  ex- 
ploring expedition,  about  2.")ii  years a^o,  was  tlie 
first  to  discover  this  niai?nilicent  river,  and  a  •- 
cended  it  as  far  as  the  village  of  Vorplnnck's 
Point— in  his  ship  called  the  "  Hidf  Moon."  The 
Indian  name  of  the  Hudson  was  the  Shateniuck, 
in  later  times  it  has  been  termed  the  River  of 


Mountains,  the  Great  River,  the  North  River, 
and  the  Rhine  of  America. 

In  the  year  l^i",  Robert  Fulton,  who  con- 
structed tlie  first  steamboat  in  America — if  not 
in  the  world — started  the  steamer  "  Clermont" 
on  the  waters  of  the  Hudson — from  New  York 
to  Albany.  The  engine  wliicli  worked  the  Clor- 
ninnt,  was  brought  from  England  for  the  pur- 
pose.    Although  we   have  stated  that  the  time 


i 


« 


:l 


i-^ 


m 


•v. 

a- 


Ill 


M 


SCENERY  OF  THE  HUDSON. 


taken  for  this  trip  is  from  8  to  10  hours,  yet  the 
entire  distance  of  ISO  miles  has  been  run  in  0 
hours  and  r>0  minutes. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  interior  of  a  river 
steamboat,  we  jjive  the  prefixed  engraving  of  an 
interior  view  of  the  state-room  of  tlie  "  Isaac 
Newton,"  one  of  tlio  nigiit  boats  which  runs  be- 
tween New  York  and  Albany. 

Destined  for  u  trip  up  the  Hudson,  we  shall 
brioUy  notice  a  few  of  the  chief  points  on  the 
route,  although  no  description,  whatever,  can 
convey  to  the  reader  a  just  idea  of  this  trij) — 
which  should  be  made  by  all  tourists— if  at  all 
por>sible— as  the  scenery  of  the  Hudson,  for 
river  scenery,  is  not  equalled  by  that  of  any 
other  river  on  the  American  Continent,  which 
we  are  acquainted  with. 

Started  from  the  wharf  at  New  york,  the  tirst 
place  we  pass  is 

HoBOKEN,  one  of  the  hmgs  of  New  York, 
to  which  great  numbers  resort  every  Sunday  to 
enjoy  a  drink  of  wr.ter  from  the  Sybil's  Springs 
there,  and  a  walk  through  the  pleasant  Klysian 
Fields,  or  from  there  to  Wechawken,  or  llcrgen 
Heights. 

Passing  on,  the  ucsi  prominent  point  reach- 
eu,  is  Fort  Lee,  which  is  the  commencement  of 
the  fur-famed  Palisades.  These  bold  pi'ecip- 
itous  rocks  resemble,  in  some  respects,  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  Giant's  Causeway  in  Ireland. 
The  height  of  the  Palisades  ranges  from  '20  to 
600  feet,  and  being  fringed  with  brushwood  on 
the  top,  and  at  their  base,  with  some  neat  little 
cottages  at  the  water's  edge,  form  a  very  tine 
appearance  as  the  steamer  skims  past  them. 
On  the  opposite  side,  will  next  be  seen 

Manuattanville,  situated  on  the  island  on 
which  the  City  of  New  York  stands,  and  prettily 
embosomed  amidst  woods  and  hills.  On  a 
height  above  the  town  is  Clermont,  once  the 
residence  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  other  celeb- 
rities. Manhattanville  is  also  the  resting- 
place  of  Ai.dubon,  the  great  natura'ist. 

Fort  Wasuisoton — celebrutjd  .n  the  Ameri- 
can Revolutionory  annals — is  now  in  sight.  To 
capture  this  fort,  the  British  lost  1200  men,  be- 
sides having  the  ship  "  Mercury"  so  riddled 
with  shot,  that  she  sunk.  Spuyten  Duyvel 
Creek  is  about  2  miles  further  on — passing 
which  is 

Y'o.vKERS,  a  thriving  town  on  the  cost  bank 
of  the  river — 17  m;,o°  fro'-  New  York — in  the 
vicinity  of  which  are  several  ueat  villas,  ond 
fine  panoramic  scenery.  Amongst  otho'-  resi- 
dences may  be  seen  Fonthill,  once  the  residence 
of  Edwin  Forrest,  the  celebrated  tragedian. 

Hastings,  about  8  miles  from  Yonkers,  is 
next  reached,  und  2  iiiiles  further  on  that  of 
Dobbs'  Ferry,  on  the  some  side  of  the  river. 
On  the  opposite  shore  is  Piermont,  where  the 
New  \''ork  and  Erie  Uailroad  commences.  In 
the  immediate  vicinity  is 

SuNNVSiDE— one  of  the  most  celebrated  plucef 


on  the  river— being  the  residence  of  Washmg- 
ton  Irving — a  spot  of  great  beauty,  almost  hid- 
den from  view  by  the  dense  shrubbery  iv.  which 
it  is  enveloped.  Sunnyside  ought  to  be,  one 
would  suppose,  one  of  the  quietest  and  most 
retired  nooks  extant,  but  we  fear  that  the 
fame  of  the  author  of  "  Kip  Van  Winkle"  is 
such,  together  with  the  exquisite  situation  of 
Sunnyside,  that  the  intrusion  of  friends  and 
tourists  are  too  frequent  for  him  to  secure  that 
retirement,  which  literary  men,  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  their  labours,  require,  and  like  to  enjoy. 

Further  on  is  the  village  of  Nyack —  ilst  di- 
rectly opposite  is 

Tarkytow:j,  a  place  replete  with  many  at- 
tractions of  a  pictorial  and  historical  character, 
and  where  some  beautiful  rosidences  have  been 
erected  by  New  York  merchants.  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood is  Sleepy  Hollow,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  dells  in  the  whole  route.  Passing  on- 
ward, we  reach  the  wharf  for 

Si.NG  SiNO,  33  miles  from  the  city,  at  one  of 
the  Li'oadest  points  on  the  river.  A(.  Sing  Sing 
is  the  celebrated  State  Prison,  an  object  of  great 
interest  for  visiting,  with  cells  for  upwards  of 
1000  prisoners.  Almost  2  miles  from  Sing 
Sing,  the  Croton  River  rises,  from  which  water 
is  conveyed  to  New  York.  Opposite  to  Sing 
Sing  is  Verdriteges'  Hook,  a  high  headland,  be- 
hind which,  on  the  same  height,  250  feet  above 
the  river,  is 

Rockland  Lake,  from  which  the  denizens  of 
New  York  receive  their  chief  supply  of  ice — an 
engraving  of  which  will  be  found  in  another 
portion  of  this  work.  The  lake  is  about  4  miles 
in  circumference.  Proceeding  onward,  we 
come  to 

Haveustuaw  Village,  on  the  same  side  of 
the  river,  30  miles  irom  New  York.  Here  are 
the  old  forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery — cele. 
bratcd  ir  Revolutionary  history. 

On  the  opposite,  or  east  side  of  the  river,  is 

Vekplanck's  Point,  celebrated  as  being  the 
sjjot  at  which  Henry  Hudson  anchored  the  ship 
"  Half  Moon"  on  his  lirst  voyage  up  the  Hud- 
son. The  surprise  of  the  Indians  in  those  days 
may  be  imagined  at  seeing,  for  the  first  time,  u 
vessel  of  such  proportions  opposite  their  homos. 
One  writer  records  the  following  incident, 
which  followed  that  event : — 

"  Filled  with  wonder,  they  came  flocking  to 
the  ship  in  bouts,  but  their  curiosity  ended  in  a 
tragedy.  One  of  them,  overcome  by  acquisi- 
tiveness, crawled  up  the  rudder,  entered  the 
cabin  window,  and  stole  a  pillow  and  a  few  arti- 
cles of  wearing  apparel.  The  mate  saw  the 
thief  pulling  his  bark  for  land,  and  shot  ut  and 
killed  him.  The  ship's  boat  wos  sent  for  tho 
stolen  articles,  and  when  one  of  the  natives, 
who  had  leaped  into  the  water,  caught  hold  of 
the  side  of  the  shallop,  his  band  was  cut  otT  by 
a  sword,  and  he  was  drowned.  This  was  the 
first  blood  shed  by  these  voyagers.    Intelligence 


SCENERY  OF  THE  HUDSON. 


6T 


3  of  Washing- 
ty,  aliiiu.st  hid- 
bbery  in  wiiidi 
[lit  to  be,  one 
test  ami  must 
fear  tliat  the 
111  Wiiiiile"  is 
e  situation  of 
)f  friends  and 
to  secure  tliut 
n  tlie  prosecu- 
like  to  enjoy, 
icic —      list  di- 

ivith  many  at- 
ical  character, 
ices  have  been 
In  the  nci^h- 
5  of  tlie  most 
Passing  on- 

;ity,  nt  one  of 
A(  Sing  Sing 
object  of  great 
jr  upwards  of 
L's  from  Sing 
11  which  water 
posite  to  Sing 
headland,  be- 
250  feet  above 

le  denizens  of 

ply  of  ice— an 

id  ill  another 

about  4  m\\a 

onward,   we 

some  side  of 
rk.  Here  are 
goniery — cele. 

the  river,  is 
as  being  the 
lored  the  »liip 
up  the  llud- 
in  those  days 
le  first  time,  u 
e  tlieiriiouies. 
iig    incident, 

ic  flocking  to 
ity  ended  in  a 
le  by  acquisi- 

entored  the 
lud  tt  few  arti- 
iiato  saw  tlie 
id  shot  at  and 

sent  for  llio 
'  the  natives, 
night  hold  of 
vas  cut  off  by 
This  was  the 

Intclligenc** 


of  it  spread  over  the  country,  and  the  Indians 
hated  the  white  man  ever  after." 

Leaving  Verplanck's  Point,  the  river  now  nar- 
rows considerably.  On  the  opposite  shore  is 
Stony  Point,  with  a  light-house  upon  it— once 
the  scene  of  a  sharp  engagement  between  the 
British  and  Americans  in  IVTli,  when  the  latter 
took  possession  of  it  by  storm.  Ueyond  this 
point  is  Ilaverstraw  Boy,  where  the  celebroted 

HirfHLAN'DS  OP  TUB  HuDSDS  commcnce.  On 
the  east  shore  is  the  pretty  little  town  of  Peek- 
skill,  fronting  Dunderberg,  or  Thunder  Moun- 
tain. At  the  foot  of  which  lies  Caldwell's 
Landing.  As  the  steamer  proceeds  up  the 
river,  tlic  tourist  accustomed  to  sail  up  Loch 
Lomond  (Scotland)  will  be  forcibly  struck  with 
the  similarity  in  appearance  which  the  Hudson 
here  presents  to  it,  as  the  steamer  proceeds  on- 
wards. At  one  time,  you  will  be  sailing  past 
islands  possessed  of  all  the  beauty  of  Ellen's 
Isle  on  Loch  Katrine  (Scot.,)  with  high  bills 
wooded  to  their  tops  on  each  side,  whilst  pro- 
ceeding onwards  the  channel  of  the  river  ap- 
pears completely  blocked  up,  till  the  steamer, 
ill  approaching,  takes  a  turn  round  the  base 
of  one  of  the  hills,  only  to  open  up  another 
scene  of  great  magnificence,  and  reveal  the 
Ilitrliland  beauty  of  hill  and  dale,  clothed  in 
til  ir  brightest  summer  foliage.  The  Highlands 
—as  they  are  well  named — extend  over  an  area 
of  about  •_',')  miles,  along  the  course  of  the  Hud- 
son, and  during  the  whole  trip,  no  portion  will 
be  better  enjoyed  till  the  steamer  reaches  about 
the  hist  height  near  Xewburg. 

On  rounding  Dunderberg  Mountain,  will  be 
seen 

Anthony's  Nose,  1128  feet  high.  Two  miles 
further  on,  Siitjar  Lxif,  800  feet  high — whilst  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river  Biiftfrmilk  FulU  will 
be  -seen  descending  over  the  face  of  the  hill.  In 
some  of  these  Highland  passes,  in  the  river,  are 
sometimes  to  be  found  numbers  of  wind-bound 
vessels — taci.ing  about — and  forming,  often,  a 
beautiful  sight,  as  they  are  to  be  seen  endeavour- 
ing to  get  into  a  broader  part  of  the  river. 

Wkst  Point  forms  one  of  the  stopping-places 
for  the  steamer.  Here  i  <  situated  the  United 
States  Militory  Academy,  where  cadets  are  edu- 
cated. It  is  beautifully  situated,  and  visited  by 
niimy  tourists. 

From  there  we  proceed  on  to 

CnoNKST,  142S  feet  high,  of  which  the  poet, 
G.  P.  Morris,  writes  : — 

"  Where  the  Hudson's  wave,  o'ei  "ilvery  sands. 
Winds  through  the  liUls  afiir. 
And  Cront'st,  like  ft  monarch  stands, 
Crown'd  v/ith  a  single  scar !" 

After  p  issing  this  romantic  locality,  we  reach 
Butter  Hiii— or,  as  it  has  been  re-christened  by 
Mr.  N.  P.  Willis, 

Storm  Kino— l.'iOO  feet  high,  and  the  last 
high  range  of  hills  on  that  side  of  the  river. 
Cold  Spriaig  and  UiukrcUff  are  now  approached 


— the  latter  where  Mr.  Morris  resides.  We  are 
now  54  miles  from  the  City  of  New  York— be- 
yond which  point  is 

Beacon  Hill,  1088  feet  high,  from  off  which 
some  of  the  finest  views  may  be  had — pas.iing 
which,  we  reach 

CoiiNWALi,  IjASDiNO^above  which  is  the  seat 
of  Mr.  N.  P.  Willis— named  Idlew'M — surround- 
ed with  all  the  natural  romantic  beauties  which 
we  fancy  any  poet  would  delight  to  dwell 
amongst.  Shortly  after  leaving  which,  wo 
reach  the  important  town  of 

Newbi;iio — with  its  12,000  population — nice- 
ly situated  on  the  face  of  the  hill.  To  the 
south  of  the  town  is  the  spot  which  once  form- 
ed the  head-quarters  of  Washington,  during 
the  stoy  of  his  army  at  New  Windsor,  not  far 
off. 

Opposite,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  is 

Break-Neck  Mountain,  which  was  supposed 
to  have  a  resemblance  to  a  Turk's  Face,  and  can 
be  easily  seen  from  the  deck  of  the  steamer 
when  approaching  Pallopel's  Island. 

"  The  story  goes,  that  some  Irishmen  were 
quarrying  for  granite  once,  when  one  of  them 
put  a  blast  of  powder  before  the  Turk's  face, 
saying  he  thought  the  old  fellow  would  like  to 
have  his  nose  blowed.  And  the  nose  was  com- 
pletely blown  away;  while  the  admirers  of  the 
curious  and  beautiful  tliink  that  the  Irishman, 
who  was  shortly  after  killed,  was  hurried  from 
the  world  for  his  barbarity  to  the  works  of  Na- 
ture." (See  engraving.)  Opposite  to  this  spot 
is 

FisHKiLi.,  the  scene  of  many  of  the  incidents 
related  in  Cooper's  novel  of  "  The  Spy."  Pro- 
ceeding on,  we  reach  New  Hamburg,  Mar- 
borough,  Barnegat ;  and,  passing  which,  the 
pretty  and  retired  town  of 

PoiroHKEEi'siE — 75  miles  from  New  York — is 
reached,  and  one  of  the  largest  towns  between 
New  York  and  Albany.  It  has  a  population  of 
upwards  of  15,000,  and  is  the  centre  of  a  rich 
agricultural  district,  which  sends  largo  supjilies 
of  farm  and  dairy  produce  to  New  York. 
Founded  by  the  Dutch  150  years  ago.  Oppo- 
site Poughkeepsio  is  New  Paltz  Landing. 

HrnE  Park  and  Placentia  ore  C  miles  be- 
yond, situated  on  the  east  side  of  the  river. 
Placentia  is  the  residence  of  the  veteran  author, 
J.  K.  Poulding,  ond  from  which  is  seen  some 
of  the  finest  views  of  the  river  ond  country 
round  obout,  as  for  up  as  the  Cotskill  Moun- 
toins.  Passing  Stootsburg,  we  shortly  reach 
the  wharf  for  Kondout  and  Kingston.  (See 
engraving  on  page  69.)  Kingston  is  a  town 
of  consideroble  importance,  with  a  population 
of  13,000,  and,  probably,  tlie  most  important 
town  on  the  route.  It  was  founded  in  1003  by 
the  Dutch,  and  burned  by  the  British  in  1773. 
There  the  first  Constitution  of  New  York  was 
framed.  Vanderlyn,  the  eminent  painter,  was 
born  in  Kingston,  where  he  also  died  in  1853.  As 


-%■ 


68 


SCENERY  OF  THE   HUDSON. 


m 


VIEW   OF  THE  TUllK'S   FACE,   ON  THE   HLTJSOX. 


I 


: 


I 


tlio  stcanior  pusses  Siiiitri'i'tics,  Tiviili,  ami  Ocr- 
niiintDWii,  llic  I'atskill  Mountains  and  Sliawan- 
gunk  raiif^c  cif  lulls  aijpear  in  siiiht,  and  tour- 
ists lor  tliu  Catskills  may  now  ])ri'paro  to  '.!.-em- 
bark  at  Catskill,  (i|)|iosite  to  Uukbill,  on  tlio 
lludbon  Uivcr  Uailioad. 

Catskii.l,  tlie  point  of  debarkation  for  tlio 
Mountains,  HiJ  tniles  from  Now  York,  and  40 
from  Albany,  is  at  tlio  nioutli  of  Catskill  Creok. 
For  description  and  views  of  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains, s<'e  ])recedinir  pages  in  tliis  part— or  in- 
dex. As  tbe  steamer  passes  the  muutb  of  the 
Creek,  and  onwards  towards  Hudson  City,  an 
excellent  distant  view  of  the  Catskills  is  ob- 
tained, with  the  Mountain  House,  like  a  s|iee 
on  the  fo|)  of  u  ridj;e.  The  distance  to  the 
Mountain  House  is  about  10  miles  from  the 
Creek.  Time  of  staixe.s  noinjj;,  4  hours — on  ac- 
ccuint  of  the  ascent  in  the  road. 

HiD.soN,  on  tl.c  other  side  of  the  river,  is 
about  4  miles  furth  >■  (ui,  beautifully  situated  on 
rising  ground,  and  o])pnsite  to  the  classically- 
iiametl  town  of  Atiikxs.  A  visit  to  Hudson 
will  repay  the  tourist.     From  it  ii  trip  can  be 


made  to  Columbia  Springs,  ."i  miles  distant, 
with  the  Claverack  Falls  some  s  miles  oU". 

Tourists  destined  for  licbauon  Springs  (.'Hi 
mdes  oU')  take  the  Hudson  and  IJerkshire  cars. 

Thk  SilAKKit  Vii.i.ACK,  at  New  Lebanon,  is 
about  I)  miles  from  I^'banon  Sjirings,  and  if  the 
tourist  has  time,  a  visit  to  the  interesting  vil- 
lage of  the  .Society  of  (Juakers,  will  well  repay 
him  for  the  e.\|)ense  anil  trouble. 

At  Hudson,  you  are  now  within  34  miles  of 
.Mbany.  The  route  now  begins  to  lose  unieh  of 
its  Highland  character —but  still,  in  many  jilaces, 
hilly.  The  ne.\t  village,  after  .\tliens  ami  Hud- 
son, is  Stock|iort,  4  miles  onwards;  then  Cox- 
sackie,  '!  miles;  Stnyvesant, :!  miles,  to  Kinder- 
hook  lianding — a  few  miles  from  which  is  the 
village  of  Kiiiderhook,  the  birth-place  of  Mar- 
tin Van  Ituren,  E.\-presi(lent  of  the  United 
State 

After  a  few  mill's  sailing,  you  reach  Scho- 
dack,  17  miles,  and  Castleton,  14  miles  from  Al- 
bany, which  will  shortly  appear  in  sight,  and, 
•soon  after,  you  will  reach  the  capital  of  the 
State  of  New  York— the  City  of  Albany. 


SCENE   ON  THE   KONDOUT. 


69 


;  rl 


Jli 


M 


Jji 


f     il  ] 


SCENE   ON   KONDOUT   CHEEK.  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


Tim:  nliovo  view  rupiv-^ents  n  scone  on  llic  sniall  stroain  of  l)ie  Rondout,  wliieli  takes  its 
riso  in  Snllivan  county,  N.  Y.,  nliout  100  miles  from  New  York,  and  enier*  tlio  Hudson  at 
Eddyvillo,  near  Ilondout,  ',)0  miles  from  New  York.  Tlie  Delaware  and  Hudson  CViial  fol- 
lows the  stream  all  the  way  tliroudi  tlie  valley  in  wliieli  tlie  Rondout  ilowi*. 

Rondout,  a  village  on  tlic  Hudson,  takes  its  name  from  tlie  crock,  and  is  tlie  stop]iinflr- 
]ilacc  for  tlio  steamers  liotween  New  York  and  .Mhany,  for  Kimrston,  tliree  mil  'S  distant, 
tiio  most  important  town  lietween  those  two  eilies, 

Tiic  view  iriveii  aliove  was  enirraved  from  a  ]iliotocrrapli  liy  1>.  nuntingdon,  and  portrays 
a  scene  of  great  lieanty. 

A  writer  on  tliis  scene  says: — '•  In  it  wo  have  tlie  constituents  of  many  pieluros  wliioli 
reproduee  oi;r  cliaraeteristie  land-features,  viz.  :  repose,  trraee.  rielmes-i  of  foliage,  softness 
of  sky,  gentle  flow  of  water — all  liarmonizipg  to  produce  a  very  inspiriting  sensation  in 
the  mind." 


70 


THE  NIAGARA  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE. 


W 

O 

Q 
1— I 

P^ 
O 

p-i 
p 

03 

I— I 


The  nbovc  sketch  represents  the  ftrcat  Internntionnl  Bridge,  which  spans  the  Niagara, 
anil  joins  the  United  States  with  Canada.  Its  length,  from  tower  to  tower,  is  821  feet  4 
inches.  Erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $400,000  (£8  ),00()  sfg.).  The  lower  floor  or  road-way 
is  used  for  foot  passengers,  carriages,  carts,  etc.,  same  as  any  ordinary  road.  The  upper 
floor  is  for  railroad  traflnc  exclusively.  Across  this  bridge,  tlie  trains  of  the  Great  Western 
Railroad  of  Canada  and  the  various  railroads  of  New  York  State,  travel,  each  train  drown 
very  slowlj',  by  a  light  pilot  engine. 

From  a  report,  liy  Mr.  lloebling.  Engineer,  on  this  gigantic  structure,  we  copy  the  fol- 
lowing particulars: — 

"The  base  and  towers  on  the  New  York  side,  contain  1350  cubic  yards,  which  weigh 
about  .3,000  tons.  Add  to  tliis  weight  of  the  superstructure  of  1,000  tons,  and  we  hove  a 
total  of  4,000  tons,  in  a  compact  ond  solid  mass. 

"  There  are  4  cables  of  10  inches  diameter,  each  composed  of  3640  wires  of  small  No.  9 


NIAGARA  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE. 


71 


I! 
■ 

II; 


gnuge,  60  wires  forming  one  square  inch  of  solid  section ;  making  the  solid  section  of  ench 
cubic  00.40  square  inches,  wrapping  not  included. 

"  Each  of  the  four  large  cables  is  composed  of  seven  smaller  ones,  which  I  call  stramls. 
Eiieli  strand  contains  520  wires.  One  of  these  forms  the  centre,  tlie  six  others  are  placed 
around  it — the  520  wires  forming  one  strand  of  endless  wire,  obtained  by  splicing  a  num- 
ber of  single  wires.  Tl\e  ends  of  the  strands  are  passed  around  and  confined  in  cast-iron 
shoos,  which  also  receive  the  wrought-iron  pin  that  forms  a  connection  with  tho  anchor 
chains. 

"  Tiie  wire  measures  18.31  feet  per  pound,  and  the  strength,  therefore,  is  equivalent  to 
1040  lbs.  per  single  wire,  or  nearly  100,000  pounds  per  square  inch. 

"  Assuniing  the  above  average  strength,  the  aggregate  strength  of  the  14,560  wires  com- 
posing the  four  cables,  will  be  23,878,400  pounds.  But  their  actual  strength  is  greater, 
because  the  above  calculations  are  based  upon  a  minimum  strength  of  the  imlividual 
wires.  AVe  may  assume  their  aggregate  ultimate  strength  at  12,000  tons,  of  2,000  pounds 
each. 

"  Both  ends  of  the  bridge  rest  upon  the  cliffs,  and  are  anchored  to  the  rock.  As  far  as 
supported  by  the  cables,  I  estimate  its  weight  at  less  than  1000  tons,  which  includes  the 
weight  of  cables  between  the  towers,  and  the  pressure  of  the  river  stays  below. 

"  Tliere  are  624  suspenders,  each  capable  of  sustaining  thirty  tons,  which  makes  their 
united  strength  18,720  tons.  The  ordinary  weight  they  have  to  support  is  only  1000  tons. 
A  locomotive  of  thirty-four  tons  weight,  including  tender,  spreads  its  weight,  by  means  of 
the  girders  and  trusses,  over  a  length  of  no  less  than  200  feet.  Of  course  the  greatest 
pressure  is  under  the  engine,  and  is  tiiere  supported  by  no  less  than  twenty  suspenders. 
If,  by  any  accident,  a  sudden  blow  or  jar  should  be  produced,  the  strengtii  of  the  suspenders 
will  be  abundant  to  meet  it. 

"  A  change  of  temperature  of  100°  causes  a  difference  in  the  level  of  the  floor  of  two 
feet  tliree  inches.  The  lower  floor,  or  river  stays  have  enough  of  slack,  or  deflection,  to 
iuljiist  thonisclvcs  under  these  changes.  The  only  difference  will  be,  that  they  arc  tighter 
in  winter  than  in  summer;  consequently,  that  the  equilibrium  of  the  bridge  will  be  less 
atrectod  by  passing  trains  in  cold  weather  than  in  warm. 

•'  Droves  of  cattle  are,  according  to  the  regulations,  to  be  divided  off  into  troops  of  20,  no 
more  than  three  such  bodies,  or  60  in  all,  to  be  allowed  on  the  bridge  at  one  time.  Each 
troop  is  to  be  led  by  one  person,  who  is  to  check  their  progress  in  case  they  should  start 
off  on  a  trot. 

'•  In  my  opinion,  a  heavy  train,  running  at  a  speed  of  20  miles  an  hour,  does  less  injury 
to  tlie  structure,  than  is  caused  by  20  heavy  cattle  under  a  full  trot.  Public  processions, 
marching  to  the  sound  of  music,  or  bodies  of  soldiers  keeping  regular  step,  will  produce  a 
still  more  injurious  effect." 

Tiio  charge  for  passing  over  the  bridge,  on  foot,  is  25  cents — going  and  returning.  Car- 
riage $1.00,  with  25  cents  for  each  passenger  inside. 

The  promenade,  during  u  hot  day,  on  the  foot-path  of  the  bridge,  is  deliciously  cool, 
from  the  breeze  wlucii  generally  blows  up  or  down  the  gorge  of  the  river.  .The  views 
looking  towards  the  Falls,  from  different  points  on  the  bridge,  are  also  exceedingly  good, 
presenting  to  the  stranger  the  picture  of  Niagara  Falls,  as  they  are  represented  in  many 
engravings  wiiich  are  given  of  them,  and  even  the  best  of  thera,  after  all,  only  can  give  a 
very  faint  idea  of  the  great  reality. 


hi\] 


fl 


m 

m 

i 


72 


SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,   FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


;.»;■  -  ft  rf.;- 


NIAGARA   SUSPENSION    DUIUOE — UAILUOAD    TIIACK    VIEW. 

THE  FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 

[nistnnl  from  N'ew  York,  440 ;  Quelw.',  535  ■,  rliiladelphlB,  441  j  liilUimon!,  632 ;  Tnmnlo,  «l ;  Uuffiilo,  'i't  nilliv] 


To  nttcinpt  to  convey  tlic  faintpst  im])rcssion 
(if  the  unspeakiiblo  ma^fnitiulo  ami  inafrniliceTice 
<it'  the  Falls  of  Niagara  almost  bonlers  on  ]ife- 
sinnption.  They  have  been  clad  with  u  brilliant 
halo  of  imagination  since  we  (list  heard  of  their 
existence,  at  school.  The  pen,  the  pencil,  and 
pliotograi)hy,  have  all  been  laid  under  contribu- 
tion, for  the  purpose  of  describiuif  and  iilnstrat- 
ini{  the  mighty  cataract.  The  powers  of  word- 
painting  have  been  wielded  by  the  liternteur, 
the  preacher,  and  the  poet,  to  furnish  suitable 
representations  of  the  "  world's  wonder."  Fu- 
tility and  failure  have  been  written  upon  every 
altcmjit.  The  thunder  of  waters  is  inexpressi- 
bi.  '  ,)  liunnin  lang\uige;  but  yet,  to  be  admired 
it  needs  only  to  be  seen ;  aiul  the  deep  impres- 
sion that  is  stamped  ui)on  the  mind  of  every 
spectator  that  stands  before  the  stupendous  scene 
of  Niagara,  will  never  Ik?  erased  from  the  tablets 
(d'menujry.  Who  shall  ever  forget  that  moment 
when  he  leapt  from  the  cars,  bounded,  with  all 
the  impatience  of  n  curiosity  cherished  from 
earliest  infancy,  down  the  declivity,  and  the 
sublime  scene  burst  upon  his  astonished  vision  V 


The  eye  wandered  up  and  down  "the  Rapid-'," 
rushing,  for  a  mile  aljove  the  Falls,  in  tiiii'.ultu- 
ous  nuidness,  fretting  and  eddying,  whirling  and 
twirling,  rumbling  and  tumbling,  pell-mell,  in 
precipitate  confusion ;  fell  then  up<in  the  pure, 
pellucid  waters,  that  soothed  themselves  into  a 
solemn  sweep  as  thej'  moved,  with  the  majesty 
of  irresistible  might  over  the  lofly  ])iecipice, 
with  the  deafening  roar  of  gratulation  at  their 
safe  descent ;  and  last,  not  least,  u])on  the  beau- 
teous bow  that  cap]ied  and  crowned  the  glowing 
scene  resplemlent  with  inagnilicence  and  re- 
dolent of  transcendent  sublimity. 

IJut  instead  of  straining  the  capabilities  of 
lang\n\ge,  by  heaping  nietai)hor  on  rMetajihor, 
in  a  listless  endeavour  to  describe  the  inde- 
scribable, let  <is  act  as  chvrone  to  the  tourist, 
and  leave  him  to  drink  inspiration  from  the 
voice  of  the  living  waters  themselves. 

We  may  here  notice  that  the  Falls  arc  formed 
by  the  United  waters  of  Lake  Superior,  Lake 
Michigan,  Lake  Huron,  and  Lake  Erie,  which 
uU  meet  in  the  llivcr  Niagara,  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  Luke  Erie,  from  which  it  pursues  its 


ill  tiiir.iiltu- 
wliirliiiLjiiiui 
Iiell-iiicll,  in 
oil  tlio  pure, 
st'lvL's  into  a 

the  iiiajosty 
(y  iiiecipice, 

idii  at  their 
on  tlie  beaii- 

the  friowing 
lieu  1111(1  re- 

piihilitics  of 
II  tMeta))lior, 
)o  tlie  iiide- 
the  tourist, 
II   from  the 

s  nn?  formed 
x'rior,  Lake 
Erie,  which 
:  eastern  ex- 
.  pursues  its 


[I 


74 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


course  for  about  22  miles,  where  it  is  divided, 
by  Gont  Island,  in.  «o  falls— the  one  forming 
a  fall  in  a  struight  lint,  culled  the  Ameiucas 
Fall,  us  it  fulls  on  the  United  Stntes  side  of  the 
Uiver,  and  the  other  in  a  sort  of  sonii-cireulnr 
form,  or,  us  it  has  been  called,  the  IIorsk-Suoe 
Fall,  on  the  Canada  side  of  the  river. 

The  American  Fall  is  about  9U0  feet  wide,  with 
a  descent,  in  one  unbroken  sheet,  of  1C3  feet  per- 
pendiculur. 

The  Canndian  or  Horse-Shoe  Fall  is  about 
2000  feet  wide,  with  a  full  of  ir>8  feet.  The  total 
descent  of  the  water  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake 
Ontario  is  334  feet.  Such  is  the  great  action  of 
the  water  upon  the  precipice  over  which  it  fulls 
—as  well  us  upon  the  embankments  upon  both 
sides  of  the  river— it  is  estimated  that  nbout  one 
foot  is  worn  away  annuully,  ond  that  the  falls 
have  receded  during  the  Qourse  of  ages— es- 
timated by  geologists  at  87,000  years— from 
Qucenstown,  7  miles  below,  to  where  they  are 
at  present. 

With  these  preliminary  remarks,  we  shall 
proceed  to  describe  the  most  important  objects 
of  interest,  addressing  ourselves  us  if  the  reader 
were  on  a  visit  there. 

As  one  very  common  route  for  strangers  who 
wish  to  "  do"  the  Fulls  in  the  most  methodical 
and  purticulur  manner,  we  subjoin  the  follow- 
inCT,  which  can  be  odoptcd,  either  in  whole  or  in 
part,  by  the  tourist,  us  he  may  feel  dis])osed. 

Supposing:,  then,  that  you  are  on  the  American 
side  of  the  river,  you  proceed  to  Goat  Island, 
In  proceeding  thither  you  cross  the  bridge  of  3 
arches,  which  spans  the  river,  to  Bath  Islnnd, 
from  oft' which  you  get  an  excellent  view  of  the 
Rapids,  us  they  come  rushing  along,  us  if  bent  on 
sweeping  away  the  bridge,  and  every  thing  on  it, 
before  them  down  the  stream  und  over  the  full. 
Arrived  ucross  the  bridge,  you  enter  a  cottage, 
register  your  name,  and  pay  a  toll  of  25  cents, 
(Is.  stg.,)  which  will  admit  you  to  cross  and  re- 
cross  during  the  whole  season.  Pa.ssing  on,  you 
may  observe,  to  your  right  hand,  the  paper 
works  which  were  burned  down  lust  autumn. 
Passing  them,  you  cross  another  small  bridge, 
and  then  enter  upon  the  beautiful  grounds  of 
Goat  Island.  Turning  to  the  right  hand,  you 
proceed  to  the  "  Hog's  Back,"  and  across  a 
small  bridge  to  "  Luna  Island,"  which  divides  a 
small  portion  of  the  American  Fall.  An  excel- 
lent view  is  there  obtained  of  the  American  Fall, 
and  scenery  up  and  down  the  river. 

After  leaving  Luna  Island,  yow  proceed 
through  Goat  Island,  keeping  on  the  walk 
nearest  the  river,  townrds  the  Canadian  Full. 
Before  rpaching  there,  however,  you  descend 
Biddle's  Stairs  (named  after  Mr.  Biddle,  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, who  built  them)  to  the  Cave  of  the 
Winds. 

Cave  of  the  Winds. — Reaching  the  bottom 
of  Biddle's  Stairs  you  proceed  by  a  narrow  foot 
path  towards  the  American  Fall,  behind  which 


the  Cave  is  situated.  There  you  are  provided 
with  a  waterproof  dross,  und  obtuin  a  mugiiiti- 
cent  view  of  the  Full  us  it  thunders  down  from 
ubove  and  in  front  of  you.  Charge  for  loan  of 
dress,  ?1.00(4«.  stg.).  The  Cave  is  130  feet  high, 
lUO  feet  wide,  und  30  feet  deep. 

Retruciug  your  steps  to  Biddle's  Stnirs,  but  be- 
fore reuscending  them,  you  can  have  un  excel- 
lent view  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Full,  us  seen  from 
the  edge  of  the  river.   After  regnining  the  to|)  of 
these  stairs  you  may  be  disposeu  to  rest.   Plenty 
of  seats  are  to  be  found  close  at  hand,  where  you 
may  rest  and  admire  the  scene  around  and  in 
front  of  you.    Proceeding  from  there,  you  now 
follow  the  path  towards  the  grandest  point  of 
all,  the  Terrapin   Bridge,   (Terrapin   signities 
Turtle,)  and  Prospect  Tower.    (See  engraving.) 
Teriiapin  Bridge,  and  Prospect  Tower. — 
Arrived  at  the  edge  of  the  river,  as  it  sweeps 
rapidly  past,  you  i)roceed   along   the  wooden 
bridge,  which  extends  to  the  base  of  the  Tower. 
At  every  step,  you  may  be  apt  to  pause  und  ud- 
mire  the  grnndeur  of  the  scene.    From  the  bu.so 
of  the  Tower  a  nmgniticent  view  of  the  river 
and  rapids  are  to  be  seen  ;  but  you  now  ascend 
to  the  top  of  Prospect  Tower,  up  through  a 
narrow  spirul  sfuircase,  o;id,  once  outside  oa 
the  top,  it  is  then  and  there,  in  our  opinion, 
that  the  true  grandeur  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall 
is  to  be  seen,  us  its  mighty  volume  of  tJTo.oOO 
tons    of   water    comes    rushing    along    every 
minute,  and  falls  with  a  continuous  roar  over 
the  n''"cipice  of  I'lH  feet  deep,  down  into  the 
gorge  below,  where  the  river  has  been  estimated 
to  be  250  feet  deep.   The  vast  volume  of  wuter — 
the  magnificent  view  down  the  river  to  Suspen- 
sion Bridge — the  rupids  coming  down  the  cata- 
ract behind  you — together  with  the  scenery  on 
every  side— will  all  combine  to  entrance  you-to 
the  spot  with  admiration  und  delight,  and  ren- 
der you  almost  unwilling  to  leave  a  scene  so 
grand  and  inspiring. 

Retracing  your  steps  towards  Goat  Island, 
you  next  proceed  to  the  Three  Sisters— three 
islands  which  stand  out  in  the  river,  und  named, 
respectively, "  Moss  Island,"  "  Deer  Island,"  and 
"  Allan's  Island."  Between  the  first  of  the  Three 
Sisters  and  Gout  Isli.nd  is  the  "Hermit's  Cas- 
cade," named  after  a  religious  hermit,  who  be- 
came so  enamoured  with  the  s|)ot  that  he  took 
up  his  abode  und  lived  there  for  some  time,  in 
Robinson  Crusoe  fushion,  till  one  duy  he  was 
fton  est,  it  being  supposed  he  had  ventured  too 
fur  upon  a  particular  log  of  wood,  which  cap- 
sized him  into  a  watery  grave. 

The  walk  around  Goat  Island  will  be  highly 
appreciated.  Some  charming  nooks  of  great 
beauty  are  there,  whilst  from  the  head  of  the 
Island  is  to  be  seen,  2i  miles  up  the  river, 
Chippewa;  and,  four  miles  from  there.  Navy 
Island,  belonging  to  Canada,  which  was  occu- 
pied by  the  Canadian  patriots  of  1837-8.  From 
there,  also,  the  steamer   Caroline  which  woa 


:' 


V 


70 


KIAOAKA   FALLS. 


oonreyInK  prnviHions  iind  ninmunitioii  to  tlie 
rcbi'ls,  witH  cut  iidrit't  and  Hi'iit  iilldiit  down  the 
river,  uiid  over  the  Ilorse-Shoe  Full.  Near  the 
bend  of  the  Ixlaiid  the  point  may  he  Keen  where 
— before  any  hridnes  eoiinected  the  Island  with 
tlio  inalidan<l  Stedinan,  the  oeenpier  ut'  the 
Inland,  eroNsed  with  IiIh  guuts  for  pustule,  hence 
the  nunu-  (ioat  Island. 

Fort  Sehlosser  niny  bo  seen  further  up  the 
river,  also  on  the  American  side,  where  La  Salle, 
the  ;;reat  explorer,  llrst  founded  a  trading  post. 
This  fort  has  chunked  hands,  lirst  frinii  the 
French  to  the  Hritish,  und  ne.\t  from  the  Hritish 
to  the  Americans.  About  this  sjpot  the  vessel, 
(nan-ed  the  d'rijh'n,)  which  lirst  navij;ated  the 
river  and  lakes,  was  huilt.  A  Fntlier  Ilannepin 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  white  nuui  who 
visited  Niaj^ura  and  saw  the  Falls,  anil  who, 
like  nuuiy  who  have  succeeded  him,  |>ublisheil 
a  very  e.\nfrtierated  account  of  them. 

In  wanderinj{  round  (iout  Island  you  have 
now  reached  the  startini;-iioint  on  it,  viz.,  the 
Bridffe  ut  the  Ha|)ids,  which  you  re-cross,  and 
make  direct  for  I'oint  View. 

Point  Vikw  is  situated  close  to  the  edne  of 
the  American  Fall,  und  on  the  very  brink  of 
the  i)recipice.  From  this  point  you  j;et  nn 
excellent  view  of  both  Falls,  but  more  partic- 
ularly a  distant  view  of  the  Ilorse-Shoe  Fall. 
In  the  ferry-house  at  I'oint  View  there  is  u 
railway,  down  jin  incline  of  1  in  .Tl  feet.  The 
cars  are  worked  up  and  down  by  water  i)ower, 
and  uro  completely  under  the  control  of  those 
in  charge.  The  fare  for  (joinj;  up  or  down  is 
5  cents.  At  the  bottom  of  the  incline  is  the 
river,  where  boats  may  bo  hired  to  tnke  you 
acro.^s  to  the  Canada  side  of  the  river  for  iiO 
cent.s.  Along.side  of  the  railway  incline,  there 
are  steps,  u])  and  down  which  parties  may  go 
free.  The  depth,  to  the  edge  of  the  water,  is  260 
feet— 2'.tl  steps  in  all. 

In  the  snnimer  season  a  small  steamer,  called 
the  "New  Maid  of  the  Mist,"  sails  from  the  foot 
of  the  ferry  stairs,  up  as  near  as  jjossible  to  the 
base  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall.  On  proceeding  on 
board  you  jjut  on  an  oil-skin  cloak  and  hood, 
which  envelo])es  the  whole  person,  excepting 
the  face;  and,  thus  clad,  you  stand  on  deck, 
viewing  the  Falls,  as  the  steamer  makes  her 
speedy  trip,  and  as  she  rocks  about  amid  the 
agitated  water.  Certninly  the  view  is  excellent, 
unless  when  the  sun  is  shining  out  very  strong, 
then  much  of  the  sight  is  lost,  owing  to  that  and 
the  spray  from  the  Falls  fulling  so  thickly  upon 
the  face  and  eyes.  The  sail  is  one  only  of  a  few 
minutes,  nevertheless  we  recommend  all  to  take 
a  trip  on  board  the  little  craft.  Great  vigilance 
and  care  is  necessary  in  steering  round  the  base 
of  the  Fall.  When  it  bus  reached  the  middle 
of  the  Fall  the  steam  is  shut  off,  and  then  the 
boat  is  swung  round  and  carried  down  by  the 
current,  when  steam  is  j)Ht  on,  und  she  is  turned 
round  to  the  landing-point,  reudy  to  take  on 


board  another  lot  of  passengers.  Faro  for  the 
trip  .'lO  cents,  c.'i.  stg.  I. 

In  the  ferry-house  a  benntifully  clear  stream 
of  water,  from  the  rock,  is  kept  rnnning  con- 
tinually, with  tumblers  provided  for  the  us"  of 
visitors. 

The  .Messrs.  Porters,  to  whom  the  pidperty 
belongs,  have  done  much  lately  to  improve  the 
appearance  of  the  pluce  all  around,  and  added 
greatlt  to  the  comfort  und  convenience  of  visit- 
ors, by  ])roviding  «•  ats,  etc.,  etc. 

Ilavinu'  "i-eiil  some  time  at  i'oint  View,  you 
may  now  proceed  down  the  incline  we  have 
mentioned,  cross  the  river  in  a  smull  boat,  and 
land  on  tlic  Canadian  side,  near  the  Clifton 
House,  on  your  road  to  u  curiosity  in  its  wnv  — 
the  Ituining  Springs — shown  to  strangers  by  an 
old  native  of  Ahenleeushire,  i  Scotland  i. 

Del'ore  reaching  there,  howi'ver,  you  w  ill  pass 
Table  Rock — a  view  from  of.' which  will  inlcicst 
you. 

Taiii.e  Kdck,  of  which  we  give  an  illnsti;ilion, 
is  situated  on  the  Canadu  side  of  the  river,  near 
the  angle  where  the  Ilorse-Shoe  Fall  ]ioins  over. 
It  is  a  crag,  whicli  ]iidjects  over  the  edge  ol  ilie 
|)recipice,  and  is  about  ItUl  feet  above  the  river. 
It  is  now  much  smaller  than  in  former  years, 
large  ])ortions  having  fallen  away  (rom  it  at  dif- 
feient  times.  Near  Table  Kock  there  is  another 
staircase,  which  you  may  descend  and  get  a 
view  from  behind  the  great  sheet  of  water  which 
falls  over  the  Horse  Shoe,  from  oil'  u  narrow 
ledge  of  rock,  called  Termination  Hock,*  wljich, 
together  with  the  ground  all  uboiit  it,  shakes 
with  the  immense  jiower  of  the  water  pouring 
down  upon  it.  It  is  only,  however,  when  the 
water  is  not  very  full,  that  this  sight  can  bo 
seen. 

A  favourite  time  with  many  for  visiting  the 
fidls  is  at  sunset,  about  which  time  .some  most 
beautiful  phenomena  are  to  be  seen.  Again,  the 
view  by  moonlight  is  considered  to  he  very  line, 
and  p.  esenling  to'ally  different  features  from 
any  thing  to  be  seen  during  the  day.  In  winter 
time  also,  we  understand,  the  Falls,  together  with 
the  scenery  around  them,  present  sights  well 
worth  being  seen  by  every  tourist. 

To  reach  Uuriiing  Springs  it  is  a  considerable 
walk  round  from  the  Clifton  House,  so  that 
most  parties  engage  a  conveyance  thither.  The 
pedostriuu,  however,  will  enjoy  the  walk  very 
much.  The  charge  at  the  Hurning  Sjjrings  is 
2')  cents  each. 

Hi'iixiNO  Si'HIXOS. — From  the  sketch  we  give, 
readers  at  a  distance  will  .see  an  exact  represent- 
ation of  where  the  .Spring  is  exhibited,  in  an 
old  wooden  "shanty,"  pitch  dark,  but  lighted 
up  by  the  attendant,  as  he  applies  a  light  to  the 

♦  fince  this  was  written,  wc  understaml  that  Ter- 
mination Hock  lias  l>oen  wuslieil  aniiy— tlius,  we  fear, 
depriving  all  in  future  of  obtaining  tlie  view  here  ul 
hiduil  to. 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 


77 


THE  BURNING  SPRINGS,   NIAGARA, 


pns,  na  if  Imsium  np  throiijjh  iin  iron  pipe  fixed  in 
u  bani'l,  wliidi  is  placoil  iiiiiidMf  flii!  water  3  or 
4  feet  uixleniealli.  Tlie  water,  wliicli  is  cliarfjed 
witli  siilpliurated  hydrogen  jjas,  rises  in  tlie  rock 
close  at  lian<l,and  forces  its  way  up  tliroiit;ii  tlie 
bed  of  the  stream,  which  is  there.  Sometimes 
it  hums  niueh  brighter  than  iit  other  times,  tlie 
water  emitting  a  strong  smell,  similar  to  tl  :t 
of  some  mineral  springs.  When  nt  lUirniiig 
Springs,  another  and  dilferent  view  from  any 
hitherto  seen,  is  presented  of  the  River  Niagara, 
as  it  comes  down  from  Lake  Erie,  and,  in  sum- 
mer, the  scenery  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Springs  is  beautiful  in  the  extreme. 

Leaving  the  liurning  Sjirings,  you  may  now 
proceed  to  the  battle-ground  of  Lnndy's  I,ane. 
There  a  wooden  tower  is  erected,  for  the  benelit 
of  those  who  wish  to  ascend  and  obtain  n  mag- 
nificent view  of  the  country.  On  the  top  of  this 
tower  one  of  the  heroes  of  the  Hnttle  of  Lundy's 
Lane  will  be  met  with,  in  the  shape  of  an  at- 
tendant, who  will  be  glad  to  jioint  out  to  you  nil 
the  points  of  interest  connected  with  the  fight- 
ing between  the  Americans  and  the  British,  on 
those  very  fields  you  will  there  survey.  If  you 
happen  to  be  a  British  visitor,  the  faithful  at- 
tendant will  not  wound  any  initional  prejudices 
you  may  have  regarding  who  was  most  success- 
ful on  particular  occasions  during  the  struggle, 
but  rather  flatter  them  by  leading  you  to  under- 
stand that,  of  course,  the  British  came  oft'  vic- 
torious. You  will,  however,  perhaps,  be  in 
some  doubt,  after  all,  as  to  that,  if  you  toko  the 
ipse  dixit  of  this  inilitury  chronicler,  when  you 


learn  that  the  American,  who  preceded  or  ful- 
lowed  you  on  j'our  visit,  was  j)arte(l  company 
with  on  the  same  terins,  and  with  an  ei|ua1ly 
Haltering  account  of  how  the  Americans  licked 
the  British,  and,  of  course,  also  won  the  battle! 
On  the  way  to  I,undy's  Lane,  you  may  pass 
through  the  pretty  little  village  of  Drunnnond- 
#ille,  named  after  General  Drununond,  com- 
mander of  the  British  forces  at  the  battle  refer* 
red  to.  From  Lundy's  Lane  you  may  now 
I)roceed  on  to  the  Susjiension  Bridge  and  the 
Whirlpool.  I'artieuhirs  respecting  the  Suspen- 
sion Bridge  will  be  found  annexed,  with  illus- 
trations of  if. 

The  Whirlpool  can  be  seen  from  the  Canada 
side  of  the  river.  When  at  the  Suspension 
Bridge  you  proceed  along  the  top  of  the  em- 
bankment, through  fields  and  brushwood,  fol- 
lowing the  course  of  the  river,  till  its  course 
turns  at  a  right  angle  on  towards  Lake  Ontario. 
It  is  at  this  angle  of  the  river  where  the  whirl- 
pool is.  An  excellent  view  of  the  river  and 
scenery  along  its  banks,  and  around  the  whirl- 
])ool,  is  to  bo  had  from  the  Canada  side  imme- 
diately above  it,  and  the  beauty  of  the  scene  there 
may  tempt  you  to  prolong  your  rest  on  the 
wooden  seat  erected  there  for  the  wearied  trav- 
eller. 

The  visitor  who  expects  to  see  an  immense 
whirlpool  will,  we  think,  be  disappointed,  as  the 
Whirlpool,  so  called,  consi.sts  of  n  series  of  eddies 
in  the  rapid  stream  as  it  reaches  the  end  of  the 
gorge  nt  the  angle  of  the  river — more  remnrka- 
ble  for  being  raised  up  in  the  centre  of  the 


NIAGARA  FALLS  AND  KOU  IKS. 


utreani,  thnn  for  any  great  Rimilarity  to  nn  im- 
niciim'  wliirlpool,  wlik'li  many  I'xprct  tii  ni'c. 

Till'  Ijrst  viow,  lioweviT,  lit"  tlu'  Wliii'l|io(il  in  to 
be  liail  at  tlio  ciIku  of  tlu;  livvr,  on  tliu  Ainvriuan 
Hi<U>,  oxactly  o|i|ii)sito  to  tliu  point  tiiontionvil 
above,  To  rracli  tliiTc,  yoii  procci'd  aiTosH  tbt; 
Siitpi'iisiim  lli'iilg(>,  liii'ii  lo  yoi\r  li'Ct,  ami  walk 
alon;:  tbu  piililiu  road  till  ymi  rcacli  Di'vaiix'N 
Collect'  wiiicli  yon  cannot  but  obncrvi,'  a.s  yon 
p)  aliin^t.  Tlu'i'o  yon  turn  from  oH'  llio  pub- 
lic road,  and  follow  ii  narrow  road  llirou^li  a 
dcuHc  wood,  until  you  reach  a  itniall  wooden 
bouNe,  where  you  will  tlud  parties  ready  to  j{ive 
you  all  information  re:4pcetin){  tbu  path  down 
to  the  edne  of  the  river  below.  V<ni  there  pay 
ti")  cents,  whiuli  goes  to  the  support  of  Devanx's 
C'ollejfe  — a  collcgo  CHtablished,  ot  ii  cost  of 
ljl,'il,oo0,  by  a  Frenchman  named  Devaux,  for 
the  free  nniintenanco  and  education  of  loo  boys. 
You  will,  in  all  probability,  be  pleased  with  your 
visit  to  the  Whirlpool.  Whilst  then-,  you  may 
|)rocee<l  to  tbo  Devil's  lloie,  a  short  way  down 
the  river,  on  the  Hamu  fiide,  and  which  consists 
of  a  chasm  of  about  'Joo  feet  deep  on  the  bank 
of  the  river.  The  snndl  stream  which  pours 
over  the  i>recii)ice  above  there,  is  called  Hloody 
Kun — nann'd  so  in  coiise(|uenco  of  the  cohnir 
fjiven  to  it  on  one  occasion  by  the  blood  of  the 
llrilisb  troops  nuxin^  with  it,  during  an  cn- 
^a^renient  with  some  Indians  and  French  dur- 
ing the  war  there  in  K'i;!. 

Ukock's  Monumknt  forms  one  of  the  "lions" 
of  Niagara,  which  tourists,  in  approaching  from 
Toronto,  per  steamer  and  rail,  will  observe  to 
great  advantage,  as  they  proceed  in  the  cars  from 
the  town  of  Niagara  to  Suspension  Uridge.  It 
stands  on  Queenstown  Heights  (Canada  side"). 
Erected  to  the  Itritish  general,  Sir  Isaac  Hrock,* 
wh(j  fell  in  the  engagement  fought  there  in  \^l\>. 
On  the  top  stands  the  statue  of  the  gallant  ollicer. 
Although  a  considerable  distance  from  the  Falls, 
(about  7  miles,)  yet  if  the  tourist  has  time,  the 
visit  to  it  will  repay  the  time  and  trouble,  as  a 
most  magnificent  view  of  the  river,  country 
round  about,  unU  Luke  Ontario  is  there  obtained. 


Opposite  (JuecnHtnwn,  on  the  Ilivor  Niagara, 
is  Lewiston —famous  for  its  stupendous  suspen- 
sion bridge  -even  longer  than  tbu  one  further 
up  the  river,  being  lot.")  feet  long. 

NiAiiAHA  Falls. —  In  aildilion  to  the  mime  of 
the  celebrated  Falls,  the  town  in  the  immediate 
vicinily  takes  also  the  name  of  Niagara  Falls  - 
situated  in  the  Slate  of  New  Viu'k. 

As  is  well  known,  it  is  the  fashionable  resort 
of  all  who  <lesire  to  make  their  residence  on  the 
American  side  of  the  river.  The  hotels  are  on 
the  largest  scale,  and  characterized  by  great 
magiiilleence  and  comfort.  Trains  ai'riv(>  at 
and  dejiart  from  the  station  at  the  town,  to  and 
from  wbieb  omnibuses  run  in  connection  with 
the  principal  hotels. 

The  town  on  the  American  Hide,  at  Suspen- 
sion liridgo,  is  known  by  the  name  of  Niagara 
City. 

Travellers  for  tho  Falls  should  check  their 
baggage  to  "  Niagara  Falls,"  if  they  intend  resid- 
ing on  the  American  side  ;  and  to  "  Suspension 
llridge,  Clifton,"  if  on  the  Canadian  side  -on 
which  side  there  are  excellent  hotels  also. 

The  large  illustration  of  the  Falls  given  in  the 
accompanying  page,  was  taken  from  what  is 
considered  the  best  point  for  seeing  both  the 
American  and  Canadian  (or  Ilorse-Shoei  Falls 
together,  viz.,  near  the  Cliflon  House,  on  the 
('anadian  side  of  the  river.  This  view  was 
taken  by  photograph,  by  M.  Haiiungel,  I'lioto- 
graphcr,  llroadway,  New  York,  last  summer, 
and  is  decidedly  the  best  and  most  correct  view 
of  tho  Falls  we  ever  saw  on  paper.  To  pre- 
seive,  as  far  as  possible,  in  the  process  of  en- 
graving, all  the  (letails  of  the  great  original,  we 
have  had  M.  llanungers  ininienso  photograph 
re-photographed  on  a  reduced  scale  on  wood, 
by  Price's  patent  process,  and  engraved,  so  that 
we  can,  with  conddeiice,  refer  to  the  iiceompany- 
iiig  view  of  the  Niagara  Falls  as  correct  in  every 
particular. 

The  other  illustrations  presented  have  also 
been  engraved  from  photogra|)lis  taken  there 
last  .summer. 


FROM  NEW  ronK. 
No.  3.  Miles.       ('ost. 

New  Vork  anil  Krie  Knllroad  to  Klmlra..  274 $6.00 

Kail,  from  Kliuira  to  Niagara  Kails lt!(l 4.10 


ROUTES  TO  THE  FALLS. 

There  are  several  routes  from  the  Atlantic  scabonnl,  the  best  of  wlilch  we  give,  with  the  distances  and  fare, 
a!<  near  as  can  be  asceituinud ;  as  aUo  uiie  fruiii  Quebec  through  Canada : — 

rnoM   NKW  YORK. 

No.  1.  Miles.       Cost. 

l<U'iiiiier,  from  New  York  to  Albany ^M  . .  .♦I..''i0 

Kiill,  frnm  Albany  to  Uocbester.. ," '229 iM 

Kali,  froiu  Kocliester  to  Niagara  Falls. ..     70 i.ti'i 

Total 4.W....|7.(iO 

£1  lOi.  (ill.  stg, 
Froi.i  >>w  York  to  Albany  the  Hud.son  Klver  Itall- 
lOBil  can  be  taken;  distance,  144  miles;  fare,  i'iM. 

No.  2,  Miles.       Cost. 

N.  York  and  Erie  It.  R.  to  Hornellsvllle. .  3»i. . .  .♦«.7.') 

Rail,  from  Hornellsvllle  to  HulTalo 91   ...  2.11) 

Rail,  from  UulTalo  to  Niagara  Falls .    22 O.GO 


Total 446 ... .  $9.4fi 

£1  ls».  sic 
Or,  per  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  to  Rochester 
and  UuQalo  direct,  298  miles,  thence  as  above. 


Total. 


..  440.  ..110.10 

£2  0«.  M.  atg. 

rROM  qCEDEC. 

No.  4.  Miles.       Cost. 

Kail,  to  Montreal 171 |ti.oo 

Rail,  from  Montreal  to  Toronto 8*) lO.lM) 

Kail,  from  Toronto  to  Niagara  Falls 81 1.88 

Total BS.^. . . $17.88 

£3  \U.  6</.  stg. 

From  Toronto  the  steamer  can  be  taken  to  Niagara, 

(36  miles,)  on  Lake  Ontario ;  thence  rail  (U  miles)  to 

Suspension  Bridge.     Total  distance,   from  Toronto, 

about  60  miles  ;  cost,  (1.60  (C«.  stg.). 


ivnr  N'ia^nrii, 

tlotIA  ltllH|KMl- 

3  one  I'lirilicr 

thu  iiitino  III 
he  iliillli'(li:ito 
itfuiu  Fiills  - 

(mal)li'  ii'Hdil 
idi'iK'f  (111  till' 

lliltl'l:*  nil'  i>l\ 

/.u(l  t)y  uri'iit 
inti  uri'ivi!  ut 
I  town,  to  ivml 
iiiiection  willi 

\e,  ftt  Huspcn- 
III'  of  Xiii^iini 

(1  clii'i'k  tlii'ir 
•y  iiiti'iicl  rosiil- 

>  "  SllHlll'ILsioIl 

idiiiii  siilf  -oil 
tols  also. 
IIh  ^ivuii  in  tliu 
iVoin  wlmt  in 
L'l'inij  Ixilli  tlio 
isi'-Slioi')  Falt.H 
House,  on  llie 
riiis  view   was 

lllUllgl'l,  I'lioto- 

,  last  hiiniini'i', 
ist  correct  view 
apcr.  To  lire- 
iroccss  of  di- 
al orijjinal,  wc 
IMO  pliotogiiipli 
scale  on  wood, 
ijjraved,  so  that 
till"  ucconiiiuny- 
correct  in  every 

inted  have  also 
Iks   taken  tlicro 


stances  anil  fare, 


Miles.       t'ost. 
ra..  •274....»6.(lO 
..  Kit)....   4.11) 

..  441)... $10.10 
£2  U8.  6d.  atg. 

Mile*.  Cost. 
.  U1....»«00 
..  88iJ....10.l>0 
..     81....  1.88 


....  5Sft...»lT.83 

£S  Uh.  6</.  stR. 

taken  to  Nlapara, 

rail  (14  miles)  to 

;e,  from  Toronto, 


R.  M.  GODDARB  &  CO., 
BANKERS, 

NIAGARA    FAL.L$i,    IV.   Y. 

R.  II.  OODDARD.  DANISL  UORRK. 

KRrtR  TO 

Impnrtem'  A  Traders'  Hank,  New  Yiirk, 
KxchiiiiKe  lliink,  l.iu-kport,  New  York, 
llrown  A  Keep,  iluiikura,  llulliilo,  N"W  York. 
Depimlts  recelveil ;  Kxoli«iigi'  on  New  York,  Alliany 
HTiil  Udstiin ;  Collections  niaile  at  current  rates,  anil 
proiiiptl.v  remltte<l  on  day  of  payiaent.     Uncarreiit 
iMoiicy  iiouKlit  anil  sold.    Money  remitted  to  (ireat 
llrltain  and  all  other  parts  of  Kurope.     hand  War- 
runts  lioiiKlit  and  sold.     Al.ii>,  nKenU  fur  lliu  sale  of 
Iiassaue  llekets  to  and  from  tlie   irlnclpal  cities  In 
iurope.    IW  n.  M.  OODOAUl),      ilary  Public  for 
Niagara  County. 


The  Six  Nations  Indian  Store, 

FALLS  ST.,  NIAGARA  FALLS, 

(OI'I'UHITB  INTERN ATIO.NAL  HOTEL.) 

Kept  by 

A  large  Aiiortment  of 
INDIAN   BEAD   WORK, 

MOOSE  HAIR   it  rOUCUPINE  QUILLS, 

r  A.  N-  s. 

And  other  Fancy  Goods  and  Indian 
Curiosities, 

MANUFACTUnii:!)    BY    INDIANS   ON   TIIE   PREMISEfl. 


L.  H.  F.  HAMIIjTON, 

O-UIIDE, 

WILL 

CONDUCT    PARTIES 

ANO  GIVE  INFORMATION 

CONCERNING    ALL   rolNTS  OK    INTEREST 

Around     rVia8:ara     FallN. 

Refers  to  tho  OtHccrs  of  tho  several  Ilotols. 


JANES  DAVY  &  BROTHERS, 

(forhkrlt  nuiDEtt,) 
HAVE     ALWAYS     IN     READINESS 

CARRIAGES, 

TO    CONVEY     FARTIES    TO    ALL    THE    POINTS 
OF   INTEREST   IN   THE 

VICINITY  OF  NIAGARA  FALLS. 

N.  B. — Bebi(j  hriff  residents  of  this  place,  can 
give  Hranijers  all  dtnired  information. 

Inquire  nt  the  Six  Nations  Indian  Store, 
opposite  Internationul  Hotel,  Falls  Street,  or 
at  the  Niagara  llouso.  Main  Street. 


GREAT    WESTERN    HOTEL, 
SUSPENSION  BRIDGE, 


CANADA   SIDE. 

I' 


3VC.     TS.  .A.  •\7- A.  T^  J 

PROPR  I  ETOR. 


[ki. 


fW  Trains  anive  at,  and  depart  from,  the  Kailroad  Station 
opposite  the  Hotel. 


O  ^.XiXlX  ^.a-S  S      TO       TXXS      FA.XiIiS, 

AND  DRIVES  IN  TIIE  VICTNITY. 


I 


TRIP  FROM  MONTREAL  TO  OTTAWA. 


79 


MONTREAL  TO  OTTAWA,  0.  W. 

Tins  beautiful  route  may  be  traversed  either  by  rail  from  Montreal  to  Prescott  Junction, 
and  th'jnce  by  rail  to  Ottawa,  as  described  elsewhere ;  or  it  may  be  taken  by  way  of  rail 
to  Lachine,  steamer  from  Lachine  to  CaiTillon,  rail  from  Carrillon  to  Grenville,  and  Gren- 
ville  to  Ottawa  by  steamer  again.  By  this  route  it  will  be  seen  that  there  are  several 
changes  to  be  made,  which  cannot  be  avoided,  on  account  of  the  rapids  on  the  riTcr,  which 
cannot  be  "  run"  by  the  steamer. 

This  route  is  one  so  little  known,  that,  notwithstanding  the  disadvantages  which  chong- 
ing  80  often  presents,  we  have  thought  it  advisable  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the  trip  to 
Ottawa,  as  made  by  us  last  June,  addressing  ourselves  as  if  the  reader  were  going.  Pro- 
ceeding in  cab  or  omnibus  to  Griffiniown  —  1-J-  miles  from  post-office,  Montreal — you 
arrive  and  book  at  the  Lachine  Railroad  Depot ;  fare  through  to  Ottawa,  first  class,  $3  ; 
second  class,  $2.  Strange  to  say,  no  baggage  is  "  checked  through,"  on  this  route  as  via 
Grand  Trunk  railroad,  or  the  other  lines  in  the  United  States. 

Started  on  the  cars,  therefore,  with  a  string  of  tickets  to  and  from  the  different  points  on 
your  way,  you  soon  reach  Lachine,  nine  miles  off.  At  Lachine  you  change  cars,  and  step 
on  boaid  the  steamer  "  Lady  Simpson"  'n  waiting,  and  once  under  weigh,  you  get  a  fine 
view  of  the  mighty  St  Lawrence,  with  Lake  St.  Louis  close  at  hand. 

Not  long  after  the  steamer  starts,  breakfast  will  be  announced,  which  may  be  partaken 
of,  if  you  had  not  got  it  before  you  started  from  Montreal.  An  excellent  breakfast  for 
U.  lOid.  currency,  (Is.  6d.  stg.,)  or  S'?-}  cents.  If  a  fine  morning,  you  will  be  delighted 
with  the  sail,  as  the  steamer  skims  along  the  shore  of  the  Island  of  Montreal,  till  she 
reaches  St.  Anne's,  at  the  extreme  corner  of  that  island.  At  St.  Anne's,  the  steamer  leaves 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  passes  through  the  locks  there,  and  is  then  on  the  bosom  of  the  Ot- 
tawa. You  will  scarcely  be  able  to  imagine  it  to  be  a  river ;  in  reality,  it  forms  the  Lake 
of  the  Two  Mountains,  being  one  of  the  numerous  lakes  which  the  Ottawa  may  be  said 
to  be  a  succession  of. 

At  St  Anne's  you  will  get  an  excell  ot  view  of  the  substantial  8ton<5  bridge  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  Roilway,  which  here  crosses  the  Ottawa,  and  which  foraw  a  striking  contrast  to  the 
mistaken  policy  of  the  railway  companies  in  the  United  States  in  building  so  many 
"  rickety"  wooden  bridges — with  their  warnings  up  of  fines  of  so  much  if  you  trot  a  horse 
over  them — and  which  in  going  over  so  many  accidentt;  have  occurred.  Here,  possibly, 
you  moy  observe,  against  one  of  the  piers  of  this  bridge,  a  portion  of  a  large  raft,  which,  in 
"  running"  the  rapids  last  season,  became  unmanageable  and  dashed  up  against  the  bridge 
— scattering  the  raft  in  all  directions — to  the  great  loss  of  the  proprietor  of  it  Some  of 
the  logs  may  be  seen  j  v.!,,  resting  up  against  the  pier  of  the  bridge,  as  if  trying  to  clear  all 
before  them,  and  the  gigantic  pier  standing  up,  in  its  mighty  strength,  as  if  bidding  them 
float  quietly  past 

St  Anne's  is  the  spot  where  the  poet  Moore  located  the  scene  of  his  celebrated  Canadian 
Boat  Song, 

CANADIAN  BOAT  SONG. 

BT   TU0MA3   HOORE. 

Faintly  as  tolls  the  evening  chime, 
Our  voices  keep  tune  and  our  oars  keep  time ; 
Soon  as  the  woods  on  shore  look  dim, 
We'll  sing  at  St.  Anne's  our  parting  hymn. 

Bow,  brothers,  row,  the  stream  runs  fast, 

The  Rapids  are  near,  and  the  daylight's  past. 

_  Why  should  we  yet  our  sail  unfurl  ? 
There  is  not  a  breath  the  blue  wave  to  curl ; 
But  when  the  wind  blows  off  the  shore, 
Oh  I  sweetly  we'll  rest  our  weary  oar. 

Blow,  breezes,  blow,  the  stream  runs  fast, 

The  Rapids  are  near,  and  the  daylight's  past. 


80 


TRIP  UP  THE  OTTAWA. 


Ottawa's  tide  !  this  trembling  moon 
Shalt  see  us  float  over  thy  surges  soon. 
Saint  of  this  green  Isle  !  hear  our  prayers, 
Oh !  grant  us  cool  heavens  and  favoring  airs. 

Blow,  breezes,  blow,  tlio  stream  runs  fast. 

The  Rapids  are  near,  and  the  daylight's  past. 

Started  from  St  Anne's  you  shortly  reach  a  beautiful  expansion  of  the  Ottawa — which 
forma  here  what  is  called  T^e  Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains — named  from  the  two  moun- 
tains which  are  seen  to  the  north,  rising  four  hundred  to  five  hundred  feet  high. 

After  sailing  a  short  time,  and  witli  youi  face  to  the  bow  of  the  steamer,  you  will  ob- 
serve, to  the  right,  where  this  great  river — coming  slowly  and  silently  along — is  divided  by 
the  Island  of  Montreal ;  'he  one  fork  of  the  river  which  you  observe  to  the  north-oast,  wind- 
ing its  way  past  the  island,  after  which  it  makes  its  acquaintance  with  the  St.  Lawrence, 
to  the  north-east  of  Montreal.  The  other  fork,  or  division  on  which  you  have  just  started 
from,  at  St.  Anne's,  meets  the  St.  Lawrence  there ;  although,  strange  to  say,  the  waters  of 
these  two  immense  rivers — as  if  not  relishing  the  mixture  of  each  other,  and  thus  forming 
one — continue  their  separate  and  undivided  distinctness  for  milos,  -till  they  meet  with  such 
rough  treatment,  from  cither  torrents,  wind,  or  waves,  that  they  join  issue,  and  form  at 
last,  one  immense  river  in  the  St  Lawrence,  in  which  the  beautiful  but  majestic  Ottawa  is 
swallowed  up. 

In  the  last  report  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  the  following  remarks  on  the  com- 
ponent parts,  and  other  peculiarities,  of  the  Ottawa  and  St  Lawrence  occur : — 

"  The  water  of  the  Ottawa,  containing  but  little  more  than  one-third  as  much  solid  mat- 
ter as  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  impregnated  with  a  much  larger  portion  of  organic  matter, 
derived  from  the  decomposition  of  vegetable  remains,  and  a  large  amount  of  alkalies  uncora- 
bined  with  chlorine  or  sulphuric  acid.  Of  the  alkalies  determined  as  clilorids,  the  chlorid 
of  potassium  in  the  Ottawa  water  forms  thirty-two  per  cent,  and  in  that  of  the  St  Lawrence, 
only  sixteen  per  cent.;  while  in  the  former,  the  silicia  equals  thirty-four  per  cent.,  and  in 
the  latter,  twenty-three  per  cent,  of  the  mineral  matters.  The  Ottawa  drains  a  region  of 
crystalline  rocks,  and  receives  from  these  by  far  the  greater  part  of  its  -vaters;  hence  the 
salts  of  potash,  liberated  by  the  decomposition  of  these  rocks,  are  in  large  proportion.  The 
extensive  vegetable  decomposition,  evidenced  by  the  organic  matters  dissolved  in  the  water, 
will  also  have  contributed  a  portion  of  potash.  It  will  be  recollected  that  the  proportion 
of  potash  salts  in  the  chlorids  of  sea-water  and  saline  waters,  generally,  does  not  equal  more 
than  two  or  three  per  cent  As  to  the  St  Lawrence,  although  the  basin  of  Lake  Superior, 
in  which  the  river  takes  its  origin,  is  surrounded  by  ancient  sandstones,  and  by  crystalline 
rocks,  it  afterwards  flows  through  lakes  whose  basins  are  composed  of  palaeozoic  strata, 
which  abound  in  limestones  rich  in  gypsum  and  salt,  and  these  rocks  have  given  the  waters 
of  this  river  that  predominance  of  soda,  chlorine,  and  sulphuric  acid  which  distinguishes  it 
from  the  Ottawa.  It  is  an  interesting  geographical  feature  of  these  two  rivers,  that  they 
each  pass  through  a  series  of  great  lakes,  in  which  the  waters  are  enabled  to  deposit  their 
suspended  impurities,  and  thus  are  rendered  remarkably  clear  and  transparent" 

The  two  rivers  thus  not  mixing  at  once,  is  owing,  we  presume,  to  the  specific  gravity  of 
the  one  being  much  heavier  than  that  of  the  other.  Tlie  two  are  distinctly  seen  flowing 
down  together,  by  the  diff'erence  in  their  color. 

The  lake  you  are  now  upon — if  a  fine  morning,  and  in  summer — will  be  as  calm  as  a  mill- 
pond,  and,  with  its  wooded  islands,  and  nicely-wooded  country  round  about,  forms  a  scene 
of  the  finest  character.  Each  turn  the  steamer  takes,  it  opens  up  with  it  new  beauties. 
Sometimes,  however,  the  lake,  now  so  placid  and  beautiful  to  look  upon,  is  raised  like  a 
raging  sea,  rendering  its  navigation  not  so  easy,  as  many  a  poor  raftsman  has  found  to  his 
cost,  whilst  navigating  his  treasure  of  lumber  to  Quebec  or  Lachine.  You  niay,  possibly, 
see  some  of  these  rafts  of  lumber  as  you  pass  along.  Nowhere  in  the  whole  of  America, 
we  believe,  will  you  see  such  magnificent  and  valuable  rafts  of  lumber  as  on  the  Ottawa. 
The  rafts  on  the  Delaware,  Ohio,  and  Mississippi,  which  we  have  seen,  are  nothing  to  com- 


TRIP  UP  THE  OTTAWA. 


81 


rks  on  the  com- 


pare to  them— either  in  size  or  in  the  value  of  the  wood  of  •which  they  are  composed.    (See 
Lumber  and  Lumbermen,) 

Passing  onwards  on  the  lake,  you  will  ohserve  Tire  Indian  Village,  at  the  base  of  the 
Two  Mountains.    There  reside  the  remnants  of  two  tribes,  the  Iroquois  and  Algonquins. 

On  the  sandy  soil  behind  the  village,  the  Indians  have  their  games,  foot  races,  etc.,  etc. 

After  passing  there,  the  steamer  will  probably  stop  at  Vaudbeul,  at  the  head  of  the  Lake 
of  the  Two  Mountaius.  Proceeding  on  from  there,  the  steamer  will  steer  for  Point  Anglais, 
(English  Point,)  find  from  there  cross  over  to  the  settlement  of  Eegald,  and  a  hill  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  river  Le  Graisse. 

After  enjoying  the  beauties  of  the  scene  on  every  side,  you  will  shortly  find  yourself  at 
Carrillon.  Opposite  Carrillon  is  situated  Point  Fortune,  the  station  which  leads  per  stage 
to  the  Caledonia  Springs,  unless  passengers  wish  to  go  there  from  L'Original,  which 
you  will  reach,  by-and-by.  by  taking  the  cars  at  Carrillon,  the  point  you  have  now 
reached. 

At  Carrillon  you  will  leave  the  steamer,  walk  iip  to  the  train  which  is  in  readiness  to 
convey  you  from  there  to  Grenville.  On  alighting  from  the  steamer,  look  after  your  bag- 
gage— see  it  placed  on  the  cart  which  is  to  convey  it  from  there  to  the  train — and  then  ses 
it  placed  on  the  train. 

You  will  have  a  few  minutes  to  wait  at  Carrillon,  during  which  time  you  can  be  survey- 
ing the  beauties  of  the  scene  around  you — and  get  a  peep  of  the  rapids  Avliich  here  pass 
from  Grenville  to  Carrillon,  where  you  are. 

"  All  aboard,"  as  the  conductor  says ;  the  bell  on  the  engine  rings,  and  you  are  on  the 
high  road  to  Grenville. 

This  road  passes  through  farms  in  all  stages  of  elearing — the  numerous  shanties  betoken- 
ing that  they  are  held  by  their  original  proprietors,  who  are  struggling  to  see  them  all 
cleared  some  day,  and  present  a  very  different  scene  from  what  they  do  at  present.  Pass- 
ing through,  therefore — dismal  enough  swamp — some  good  land — farms  cleared  and  un- 
cleared— you  arrive  at  Chatham  Station  (C.  E).  You  will  remember  that  you  are  noAv  in 
Canada  East — the  ether  side  of  the  River  Ottawa,  all  the  way  up,  nearly  to  its  source,  being 
Canada  West ;  you,  no  doubt,  arc  aware  that  Canada  East  is  inhu liited  chiefly  by  French 
Canadians,  (Roman  Catholics,)  and  Canada  West  chiefly  by  British,  or  descendants  of 
such,  (and  mostly  Protestants,)  the  Scotch  people  forming  a  large  portion  of  the  population 
in  Canada  West.  Passing  Chath  ni  Station — and  a  good  many  cleared  farms  in  its  neighbor- 
hood— you  shortly  reach  Grenville,  where  the  train  stops,  and  you  take  the  steamer 
"  Phoenix."    Here  again  look  after  your  baggage,  and  see  it  on  board. 

At  Grenville,  you  cannot  fail  to  be  forcibly  struck  with  the  beauty  of  the  scenery  now 
disclosed  to  your  view.  Not  being  of  a  poetical  disposition,  we  regret  our  inability  to  do 
it  that  justice,  in  our  description  of  it,  to  which  it  is  entitled.  From  this  point,  the  steamer 
turns  round,  to  start  on  towards  Ottawa,  58  miles  off  (6^  hours).  To  our  mind,  this  is  the 
finest  scene  on  the  whole  trip.  Tlie  Ottawa  here  forms  a  sort  of  bay,  with  exquisitely 
beautiful  scenery  all  round  it— on  one  side  a  range  of  hills,  stretching  along  as  far  as  the 
eye  can  carry,  wooded  to  their  tops.  Tlie  scenery  reminds  us  of  the  vicinity  of  Ellen's  Isle, 
on  Loch  Katrine,  (Scot.,)  only,  tliat  on  the  Ottawa,  at  this  point,  the  hills  are  wooded — 
whilst  those  of  the  Scottish  lake  are  barren — or  covered  only  with  pasture  and  heather. 

Passing  on  from  this  charming  point  of  view,  the  steamer  now  goes  direct  up  the  river 
for  Ottawa  City,  making  several  stops  by  the  way :  the  first  is  Hartwick's  old  landing,  next, 
L'Original,  with  its  excellent  pier,  and  pretty,  quiet  little  town  in  the  distance. 

Proceeding  on,  you  will  pass,  on  the  right  hand  or  north  side  of  the  river,  the  lands  of 
the  Papincau  Seigniory,  belonging  to  L.  J.  Papincau,  of  183*7  Canadian  rebellion  notoriety. 
Tills  gentleman,  we  believe,  still  strongly  adheres  to  his  republican  opinions,  and  is  not  a 
member  in  the  Canadian  legislature,  at  present.  Before  the  rebellion  alluded  to,  Mr.  Papi- 
ncau held  the  office  of  Speaker,  and  at  the  time  of  the  rebellion,  it  is  said  government  was 
due  him  about  $4,000,  which,  on  the  restoration  of  peace,  etc.,  he  received  on  his  return 
from  exile,  notwithstanding  that  he  had  been  one  of  the  leaders  in  that  movement,  in  1837. 


, 


If 
\ 


fi 


82 


TRIP  UP  THE  OTTAWA. 


The  seigniory  extends  for  about  16  miles,  and  is  considered  one  of  the  poorest  in  Canada. 
As  you  pass  on,  you  will  observe  the  beautiful  range  of  hills,  to  the  north,  which,  from  the 
different  sizes  and  shapes  they  assume,  present,  with  their  shrubbery,  a  beautiful  fringe 
work,  to  the  scene  all  around.  These  hills  form  part  of  the  chain,  which  range  from 
Labrador,  all  the  way  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Passing  the  stopping  point  of  Montebello,  you  will  observe  Mr.  Papineau's  residence, 
embosomed  amongst  trees  and  shrubbery  of  beautiful  foliage.  It  is  called  Papineau's  Castle 
— Cape  St.  Marie.  At  this  point,  the  steamer  turns  to  the  left,  leaving  the  hills  referred 
to,  behind  you.  From  Mr.  Papineau's  house,  a  most  magnificent  view  of  the  river,  and 
surrounding  country,  must  be  had — occupying  so  prominent  a  position,  at  the  bend  of  the 
river,  which  there  forms  a  sort  of  bay. 

Proceeding  on,  you  will  now  observe  that  the  scenery  assumes  rather  a  different  aspect, 
but  still  beautiful  in  its  character.  You  sail  past  little  islands  wooded  all  over,  and  on  be- 
tween the  banks  of  the  river — which  in  some  places  become  very  flat,  with  the  river  ex- 
tending in  amongst  the  forest.  At  a  more  advanced  season  of  the  year,  the  river  is  lower, 
consequently,  much  of  the  water  previously  spread  over  a  great  portion  of  the  country,  re- 
cedes during  the  summer  months,  and  before  the  winter  season  sets  in,  a  heavy  crop  of 
hay  is  reaped.  For  nearly  eight  months  in  the  yeor,  however,  the  ground  is  thus  covered 
with  the  swelling  of  the  river,  and  of  course  only  fit  for  cultivation  during  the  hot  season 
of  about  four  months'  duration. 

You  are  now  approaching  to  a  ploce  about  twenty-eight  miles  of  Ottawa — called  Thurso 
— which  presents  nothing  particular  but  an  immense  yard  full  of  sawn  lumber,  belonging 
to  the  greatest  lumbering  estoblishment  in  the  world — PoUok,  Gilmour  <t  Co.,  of  Glasgow, 
(Scotland,)  being  one  of  the  many  stations  which  that  firm  have  in  Canada,  for  carrying  on 
their  immense  trade.  From  off  immense  tracts  of  land,  which  they  hold  from  government 
for  u  mere  trifle — situated  in  diflferent  districts  on  the  Ottawa — they  have  the  lumber 
brought  to  wharves  on  the  river,  made  into  rofts  and  then  floated  down ;  that  intended  for 
the  ports  on  the  St.  Lawrence  and  United  States,  to  the  west  of  Montreal,  going  via  La- 
chine,  whilst  the  greater  proportion  goes  via  the  route  you  have  been  travelling — over  the 
rapids  and  down  to  Lake  St.  Peter's,  on  the  St.  Lowrence,  till  it  finally  reaches  Quebec. 
There  it  is  sold  or  shipped  by  them  to  ports  in  Great  Britain,  large  quantities  of  it  finding 
its  way  to  the  Clyde  (Scotland).  Opposite  to  Thurso,  will  be  observed  what  is  called 
Foxe's  Point.  An  English  family  of  that  name  have  settled  there,  and  to  this  day  they 
appear  not  to  hove  forgot  their  taste  for  neat,  well-trimmed  grounds,  fences,  etc.,  exhibit- 
ing many  of  the  characteristics  of  an  Englishman's  home.  Passing  on,  you  next  stop  at 
probably  the  wharf  for  Buckingham,  (C.  E.,)  17  miles  inland.  Opposite  to  this  landing  is 
Cumberland,  (C.  W.) ;  passing  wliich,  you  will  shortly  reach  Gill's  wharf,  6  miles  from  Ot- 
tawa, and  the  last  stopping-place  previous  to  reaching  there. 

In  half  an  hour  or  so,  you  will  observe  the  bluffs  of  Ottawa  in  the  distance,  but  no  ap- 
pearance of  the  city,  it  being  situated  on  ground  high  above  the  level  of  the  river,  where 
you  land  at.  To  the  left  you  will  notice  the  beautiful  little  waterfall  of  the  Rideau — a 
Niagara  in  miniature — with  its  Goat  Island  between  the  horse  shoe  and  straight  line  fall. 
It  falls  about  30  feet,  and  forms  one  of  the  prettiest  little  falls  to  be  seen  almost  anywhere. 
On  the  right  hand,  you  will  observe  a  cluster  of  wooden  shanties,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Gatineau,  which  there  joins  the  Ottawa,  and,  as  you  stand  admiring  the  beauty  of  the 
scenery  before,  behind,  and  around  you,  the  steamer  touches  at  the  wharf  of  Ottawa  City. 
From  the  deck  of  the  steamer,  you  will  have  an  excellent  view  of  the  suspension  bridge 
and  the  Chauderie  Falls  in  the  distance,  with  the  rapids  and  the  falls,  throwing  up  the 
spray  all  around,  forming  a  white  cloud  over  the  bridge.  At  the  wharf  you  will  find 
vehicles  waiting  to  convey  you  to  any  hotel  or  address  you  may  wish  to  go  to.  On  reach- 
ing the  top  of  the  steep  incline  from  the  steamer,  you  will  then  obtain  a  first  sight,  per- 
haps, of  Ottawa  City,  which  was  to  hove  been  the  seat  of  the  Canadian  Government — and 
wliich  may  be  yet^ — should  the  whim  or  interest  of  tho  members  of  the  provincial  parlia- 
ment not  decree  otherv/ise. 


TRIP  UP  THE  OTTAWA. 


83 


The  steamer  "  Lady  Simpson,"  from  Lachine  to  Grenville,  is  partly  owned  by  its  captain — 
Shcppard. 

The  steamer  "  Phosnix" — on  board  which  you  will  find  an  excellent  dinner  for  fifty  cents, 
(2».  stg.,) — is  commanded  by  a  very  civil  and  obliging  Scotchman  named  McLachlan — who 
will  be  glad  to  point  out  to  you  the  beauties  of  the  river.  From  Grenville  to  Ottawa — a 
French-Canadian  pilot  takes  charge  of  the  steering  of  the  vessel. 

Parties  who  go  to  Ottawa  City — by  rail,  via  Prescott — as  described  elsewhere,  can  return 
from  Ottawa  by  the  route  now  described,  and  we  have  no  doubt  they  *ill  be  pleased  with 
one  of  the  finest  river  trips  we  have  experienced  in  America.  The  scenery  of  the  Ottawa, 
just  described,  is  by  no  means  so  bold  in  character  as  that  of  the  noble  river  Hudson,  from 
New  York  to  Albany  ond  Troy — still,  it  is  one  which  cannot  fail  to  ofTord  the  highest  satis- 
faction to  the  tourist. 

For  bolder  BceriCry,  and  the  highlands  of  the  Ottawa — see  next  page  for  account  of 
the  Upper  Ottawa — being  a  continuation  of  the  same  river  from  Ottawa — away  north-west 
extending  to  parts  as  yet  untrod  by  few,  if  any,  white  men — far  less  by  tourists. 


MONTREAL  TO  OTTAWA,  C.  W. 

VIA   GRAND  TBUNK   RAILKOAD. 

Take  the  cars  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  from  station  in  Griffin  Town,  1^  miles  from 
post-office,  Montreal.  Started  from  the  station,  you  proceed,  getting  a  fine  view  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  on  the  left,  the  mountain  on  the  right,  and  the  fine  landscape  stretching  beyond, 
till  you  reach  Point  Cloire — 1 5  miles.  Leaving  there,  you  proceed  on  through  a  beautiful 
country  till  you  reach  the  magnificent  bridge  which  crosses  the  river  Ottawa  at  St.  Anne's, 
going  over  which  you  got  a  hasty  glance  of  the  Ottawa  stretching  far  beyond  to  the  west, 
assuming  the  appearance  of  a  magnificent  lake,  situated  in  a  basin,  surrounded  by  finely- 
wooded  hills  in  the  background,  andr  ichly- wooded  country  on  every  side  of  it.  Immedi- 
ately under  this  bridge  you  may  observe  the  raj)id3  rushing  along,  and  also  the  locks 
where  the  steamer  for  the  Ottawa  River,  from  Lachine,  passes  through  to  avoid  these 
—called  "St.  Anne's  rapids" — from  the  name  of  the  village  close  by. 

You  pass  on  to  Vaudreuil,  24  miles;  Cedars,  29  miles;  Coteau  Landing,  37  miles;  River 
Beaudette,  44  miles;  Lancaster,  54  miles;  Summerstown,  60  miles;  Cornwall,  68  miles; 
Moulinette,  73  miles ;  Dickinson  Landing,  77  miles ;  Aultsville,  84  miles ;  WDliamsburg, 
92  miles;  Matilda,  99  miles;  Edwardsburg,  104  miles,  to  Prescott  Junction,  112  miles  from 
Montreal. 

At  Prescott  Junction,  you  change  cars,  and  take  those  on  the  line  from  Prescott  to  Ottawa, 
54  miles  distant,  stopping  at  eight  stations  between  these  points.  Tlie  stranger,  if 
newly  arrived,  either  via  Quebec,  or  New  York,  from  Great  Britain,  or  continent  of  Eu- 
rope, will,  on  this  line,  get  the  first  glimpse,  most  likely,  of  "  busli  life,"  of  "  shanties,"  and 
"  cleared,"  or  "  partially  cleared"  lands.  The  line  being  a  succession  of  dense  forest, 
swamp,  and  partially  cleared  farms,  presents  few  or  no  interesting  features  to  the  tourist 
farther  than  those  mentioned.  Between  the  last  station  (Glouccbter)  and  Ottawa  (11 
miles  off)  the  country  presents  a  much  more  cleared  appearance,  and  a  few  well-cultivated 
farms  will  be  seen  along  the  line  of  railroad,  until  it  arrives  at  the  station,  close  to  New 
Edinburgh,  on  the  one  side  of  the  Rideau  River,  with  Ottawa  on  the  other  side,  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  off. 

You  will  find  vehicles  in  waiting,  which  will  convey  yourself  and  luggage  to  whatever 
hotel  you  please.     Campbell's  Hotel,  Ottawa,  we  can  recommend. 

For  description  of  Ottawa,  see  elsewhere. 

After  you  have  visited  Ottawa,  its  river  above  the  town,  etc.,  etc.,  you  can  return  to 
Montreal,  via  steamer  on  the  River  Ottawa,  via  Grenville,  Lachine,  etc.,  (see  Montreal  to 
Ottawa,  via  Lachine  and  steamer,)  or  the  way  you  cuiii'» 


%\ 


I 


ii 


! 


84 


THE  UPPER  OTTAWA  AND  TRIBUTARIES. 


UNITED  STATES  TO  OTTAWA,  C.  W. 


Prescott  Junction,  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  112  niiles  from  Montreal,  is  the  nearest 
point  for  tourists  and  eniigi-ants  from  the  United  States. 

Prescott  is  approached  by  steamer  from  Ogdeusburg,  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

Or  via  rail  to  Cape  Vincent,  thence  steamer  to  Kingston,  and  rail  to  Prescott. 

Or  via  steamer  all  the  way,  viz..  Cape  Vincent,  passing  through  the  Thousand  Islands, 
past  Brockville  on  to  Prescott. 

Or  via  steamer  to  Brockville,  thence  rail  to  Prescott  Junction. 

From  Prescott  to  Ottawa  proceed  per  rail,  as  mentioned  in  preceding  route.  See  "  Mon- 
treal to  Ottawo,"  per  Grand  Trunk  Railroad. 

From  Suspension  Bridge  or  Niagara  Falls,  per  Great  Western  Rail  to  Toronto,  and  thence 
Grand  Trunk  Railroad  to  Prescott  Junction ;  thence,  rail.  Or  steamer  from  Lewiston  or  Nia- 
gara to  Toronto,  and  thence,  steamer  on  Canada  side,  or  by  the  American  line  of  steamers 
from  Lewiston  and  Niagara  direct  to  Brockville  or  Ogdensburg, 


THE  UPPER  RIVER  OTTAWA. 

A  DESCRiTTioN  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  Ottawa  we  have  given  elsewhere,  in  a  trip 
from  Montreal  to  Ottawo,  leaving  the  river  on  reaching  the  town  of  Ottawa. 

For  an  authentic  description  of  the  upper  portion  of  this  wonderful  river,  we  annex  par- 
ticulars regarding  it,  from  a  report  made  to  the  House  of  Assemljly,  some  time  ago.  Tlie 
description  of  the  river  which  follows,  commences  at  the  source  of  the  river,  and  proceeds 
on  towards  Ottawa,  till  it  reaches  the  point  we  left  off  at : 

The  length  of  the  course  of  the  Ottawa  River  is  about  780  miles.  From  its  source  it 
bends  in  a  south-west  course,  and  after  receiving  several  tributaries  from  the  height  of 
land  separating  its  waters  from  the  Hudson's  Bay,  it  enters  Lake  Temiscaniing.  From  its 
entrance  into  this  lake  downward  the  course  of  the  Ottawa  has  been  surveyed,  and  is  well 
known. 

At  the  head  of  the  lake  the  Blanch  River  falls  in,  coming  about  90  miles  from  the  north. 
Tliirty-four  miles  farther  down  the  lake  it  receives  the  Montreal  R'  .'er,  coming  120  miles 
from  the  north-west  Six  miles  lower  down  on  the  east,  or  Lower  Canada  bank,  it  re- 
ceives the  Keepawasippi,  a  large  river,  Avhich  has  its  origin  in  a  lake  of  great  size,  hither- 
to but  partially  explored,  and  known  as  Lake  Keepawa.  This  lake  is  connected  with  an- 
other chain  of  irregularly-shaped  lakes,  from  one  of  which  proceeds  the  River  du  Moine, 
which  enters  the  Ottawa  about  100  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Keepawasippi,  the 
double  discharge  from  the  same  chain  of  lakes  in  opposite  directions,  presents  a,  phenom- 
enon similar  to  the  connection  between  the  Orinoco  and  Rio  Negro  in  South  America. 

From  the  Long  Sault  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Temiscaming,  233  miles  above  Bytown,  and 
360  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa,  down  to  Deux  Joachim  Rapids,  at  the  head  of 
the  Deep  River,  that  is  for  89  miles,  the  Ottawa,  with  the  exception  of  17  miles  below  the 
Long  Sault,  and  some  other  intervals,  is  not  at  present  navigable,  except  for  canoes.  Be- 
sides other  tributaries  in  the  interval,  at  197  miles  from  Ottawa,  it  receives  on  the  west 
side  the  Mattawan,  which  is  the  highway  for  canoes  going  to  Lake  Huron,  by  Lake  Nipis- 
sing.  From  the  Mattawan  the  Ottawa  flows  east  by  south  to  the  head  of  Deep  River 
Reach,  9  miles  above  which  it  receives  the  River  Du  Moine  from  the  north. 

From  tlie  head  of  Deep  River — as  this  part  of  the  Ottawa  is  called — to  the  foot  of  Upper 
Allumette  Lake,  2  miles  below  the  village  of  Pembroke,  is  an  uninterrupted  reach  of  navi- 
gable water,  43  miles  in  length.  The  general  direction  of  the  river,  in  this  pBrt>  is  south- 
east. The  mountains  along  the  north  side  of  Deep  River  are  upwards  of  \QQO  feet  in 
height,  and  the  many  wooded  islands  of  Allumette  Lake  render  the  scenery  of  this  part  of 
the  Ottawa  magnificent  and  picturesque — even  said  to  surpass  the  celebrated  Lake  of  the 
Thousand  Islands  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 


THE  UPPER  OTTAWA— AND  RIVER  SAGUENAY. 


86 


is  the  nearest 


e.    See  "  Mon- 


Passing  the  short  rapid  of  Allumettcs,  and  turning  northward,  round  the  lower  end  of 
Allumettes  Island,  whioh  is  14  miles  long,  and  8  at  its  greatest  width,  and  turning  down 
south-east  through  Coulonge  Lake,  and  passing  behind  the  nearly  similar  Islands  of  Calu- 
met, to  the  head  of  the  Calumet  Falls,  the  Ottawo  presents,  with  the  exception  of  one 
slight  rajiid,  a  reach  of  50  miles  of  navigable  water.  Tlie  mountains  on  the  north  side  of 
Coulonge  Lake,  which  rise  apparently  to  the  height  of  1500  feet,  add  a  degree  of  grandeur 
to  the  scenery,  which  is,  in  other  respects,  beautiful  and  varied.  In  the  Upper  Allumettea 
Lake,  1500  miles  from  Ottawa,  the  river  receives  from  the  west  the  Petawawee,  one  of  its 
largest  tributaries.  This  river  is  140  miles  in  length,  and  drains  n  area  of  2,200  squore 
miles.  At  Pembroke,  9  miles  lower  down  on  the  lame  side,  an  inferior  stream,  the  Indian 
River,  also  empties  itself  into  the  Ottawa. 

At  the  head  of  I>ake  Coulonge,  the  Ottawa  receives  from  the  north  the  Black  River,  130 
miles  in  length,  draining  an  area  of  1120  miles;  and  9  miles  lower,  on  the  same  side,  the 
River  Coulonge,  which  is  probably  160  miles  in  length,  with  a  valley  of  1800  square 
miles. 

From  the  head  of  the  Calumet  Falls,  to  Portage  du  Fort,  the  head  of  the  steamboat  nov- 
igation,  a  distance  of  80  miles,  are  impassible  rapids.  Fifty  miles  above  the  city  the  Otta- 
wa receives  on  the  west  the  Bonechere,  110  miles  in  length,  draining  an  area  of  980 
miles.  Eleven  miles  lower,  it  receives  the  Madawaska,  one  of  its  greatest  feeders,  a  river 
210  miles  in  length,  and  draining  4,100  square  miles. 

Tliirty-seven  miles  above  Ottawa,  there  is  an  interruption  in  the  navigation,  caused  by 
3  miles  of  rapids  and  falls,  to  pass  which  a  railroad  has  been  made.  At  the  foot  of  the 
rapids,  the  Ottawa  divides  among  islands. 

Six  miles  above  Ottawa  begins  the  rapids,  terminating  in  the  Chaudiire  Falls,  Ottawa. 

The  greatest  heifjht  of  the  Chaudiire  Falls  is  about  40  feet. 


A  TRIP  TO  THE  RIVER  SAGUENAY. 

For  about  $12,  a  trip  can  be  enjoyed  to  and  from  one  of  the  most  magnificent  districts  in 
Canada — where  nature  appears  in  all  her  wild  and  secluded  grandeur. 

Tourists  take  the  steamer  from  Quebec,  which  sails  generally  every  Wednesday. 

To  quote  from  one  who  visited  this  district,  "  You  leave  in  the  morning,  and  passing 
down  the  St  Lawrence,  put  in  at  several  places  for  [lassengers,  which  gives  an  opportunity 
of  seeing  the  habitatm,  and  the  old-fashioned  French  settlements  of  St.  Thomas,  River 
Ouelle,  Kamouraska,  and  many  others,  together  with  Orleans  Island,  Crane  luand.  Goose 
Island,  and  the  Pilgrims.  The  north  and  south  shores  of  the  river  are  thickly  studded  with 
parish  churches,  having  spires  of  tin  whicli  glitter  in  the  sun  like  shining  silver  ;  these,  and 
the  whitewashed  farm-houses,  form  two  objects  characteristic  of  Lower  Canada.  By  sunset 
you  arrive  at  River  du  Loup.  The  water  is  quite  salt,  and  the  river,  expanding  to  the 
breadth  of  20  miles,  gives  it  the  appearance  of  an  open  sea;  and  it  is  much  frequented  as  a 
sea-bathing  place. 

"  Here  you  remain  all  night  on  board,  so  as  to  be  ready  for  an  early  start  nt  dawn,  when 
you  stretch  across  for  the  north  shore,  steering  for  a  great  gap  in  the  mountains.  This  is 
the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay,  one  of  the  most  singular  rivers  in  the  world ;  not  a  common 
river,  with  undulating  banks  and  shelving  shores,  and  populous  villages:  not  a  river  pre- 
cipitous on  one  side,  and  rolling  land  on  the  other,  formed  by  the  washing  away  of  the 
mountains  for  ages :  this  is  not  a  river  of  that  description.  It  is  perfectly  straight,  with  a 
sheer  ])recipico  on  each  side,  without  any  windings,  or  projecting  bluffs,  or  sloping  banks, 
or  sandy  shores.  It  is  as  if  the  mountain  range  had  been  cleft  asunder,  leaving  a  horrid 
gulf  of  60  miles  in  length,  and  4000  feet  in  depth,  through  the  grey  mica-schist,  and  still 
looking  new  and  fresh.  1500  feet  of  this  is  perpendicular  cliff,  often  too  steep  and  solid  for 
the  hemlock  or  dwarf  oak  to  find  root ;  in  which  case,  being  covered  with  coloured  lichens 
and  moss,  these  fresh-looking  fractures  often  look,  in  shape  and  colour,  like  painted  fans, 
oud  are  called  the  Pictured  Rocks.   But  those  parts,  more  slanting,  are  thickly  covered  with 


!'■■ 


86 


RIVER  SAGUENAY. 


Btunteil  trees,  spnioe  and  maple,  ami  birch,  growing  wherever  they  can  find  crevices  to 
extract  nourislimcnt:  and  tlie  bare  roots  of  tlie  oak,  grnsplng  the  roclc,  Iiavo  a  resemblance 
to  gigantic  claws.  The  b  ise  of  tliese  cliffs  lie  far  under  water,  to  an  unknown  depth.  For 
many  miles  from  its  mouth,  -lo  soundings  have  been  obtained  witli  ooo  feet  of  line,  and  for 
the  entire  distance  of  0(/  miles,  until  you  reach  Ila-Iia  Bay,  the  1..  ,fiOst  ships  can  sail  with- 
out obstruction  from  banks  or  shoals,  and  oa  reaching  tlie  extremity  of  the  bay,  can  drop 
tlieir  nnchor  in  30  fathoms. 

"  The  view  up  this  river  is  ?'ngular  In  many  respects ;  hour  after  hour,  as  you  sail  along, 
precipice  after  precipice  unfolds  itself  to  view,  as  in  a  moving  panorama,  and  you  some- 
times forget  the  size  and  height  of  the  objects  you  ore  eo/itemplating,  until  reniiiuled  by 
seeing  a  ship  of  1000  tons  1:  ing  like  a  small  piiinnoc  under  the  towering  cliff  to  wliich  »lic 
is  moored ;  for,  even  in  these  rt;mote  and  desolate  regions,  industry  is  at  work,  and,  although 
you  cannc*  much  discern  it,  saw-iuiils  have  been  built  on  some  of  the  tributarj-  streams 
which  full  into  the  Saguenay.  But  what  strikes  one  most,  is  the  ab.^ence  of  beach  or  strand ; 
for  except  in  a  few  places  where  mountain  torrents,  rushing  through  gloomy  ravines,  have 
washed  down  the  detritus  of  the  hills,  and  formed  some  alluvial  land  at  the  mouth,  no 
coves,  nor  .  reeks,  nor  projecting  rocks  are  seen  in  whiel'.  a  bo.it  could  find  shelter,  or  any 
footing  be  obtained.  The  characteristic  is  a  steep  wijll  of  rock,  rising  abruptly  from  tho 
water — a  dark  and  desolo'e  region,  where  all  is  cold  and  gloomy;  the  mountains  hidden 
with  driving  mist,  the  water  black  as  Ink,  and  cold  as  Ice.  No  diieks  nor  sea-gulls  sitting 
on  the  water,  or  screaming  for  their  prey  ;  no  hawks  nor  engles  soaring  overhead,  oltliough 
tiiere  is  abundance  of  what  might  be  called  '  Eagle  Cliffs ;'  no  deer  coming  <lown  to  drink 
at  the  streams ;  no  pquirrels  nor  birds  to  be  seen  among  the  trees  ;  no  fly  on  the  water,  nor 
swallow  skimming  over  the  surface.     It  reminds  you  of 

"That  lake  whose  gloomy  shore 
Sky-lark  never  warl'led  o'er.' 


I 


One  living  thing  you  may  see,  but  It  Is  a  cold-blooded  animal ;  you  may  see  the  cold  seal, 
spreading  himself  upon  his  rlommy  rock,  watching  for  his  prey.  And  thi«  is  all  you  see 
for  the  first  20  miles,  save  the  ancient  settlement  of  Tadousac  at  the  entrance,  and  the 
pretty  cove  of  L'Ance  a  I'Eau,  .vhicli  is  a  fishing  '  ntion. 

"Now  I  on  reach  Cape  Eternili'i,  Cape  Trinite,  and  ma.iy  other  overhanging  cliffs, 
remarkable  for  having  such  clean  fractures,  selilora  equalled  for  boldness  and  effect,  which 
create  constant  apprehensions  of  danger,  even  In  a  calm  ;  bui,  if  you  happen  to  be  caught  "n 
a  thunder-storm,  tlie  roar,  and  darkness,  and  flashes  of  lightning  are  perfectly  nppailing- 
At  last  you  terminate  your  voyage  at  Ila-ha  Bay,  that  Is,  smiling  or  laughing  buy  in  the 
Indion  language,  for  you  are  perfectly  charmed  and  relieved  '  i  arrive  at  a  b(>autifid  spot 
where  you  have  sloping  banks,  a  pebbly  shore,  1  oats  end  wherries,  and  vessels  ridini^  at 
anchor,  birds  and  animals,  a  village,  a  church,  Frei.ch  Canadians  and  Scottish  Highlanders, 
and  In  short,  there  Is  nothing  can  remind  one  more  of  a  scene  In  Argyleshlrc. 

"  The  day  is  now  half  spent ;  you  ;'  avc  been  ashore,  looking  th.ough  the  village,  examin- 
ing Into  the  aature  of  what  appeals  a  very  thiiving  settkment;  the  Inhabitants  seem  to  be 
all  French  and  Scotch,  understanding  eacn  othc'/s  language,  and  11  vine;  in  perfect  rniity. 
You  hear  that  Mr.  Price,  of  Quebec,  Is  the  gentlcniin  to  whom  all  this  improvemrnt  is  due. 
Tliat  It  Is  he  who  lias  opened  up  the  Saguenay  country,  having  erected  many  snw-mills, 
each  the  nucleus  of  a  village,  and  that  a  trade  In  saw^d  luir.ber  i.^  carried  on  to  tho  extent 
of  100  ship  loads  in  the  season.  The  river  Is  navigable  for  ships  as  far  as  Chicoutlmi,  about 
•70  miles  from  Its  mouth.  An  extensive  lumbering  establisliment  is  there,  and  tha  timber 
is  collected  in  winter  through  all  t'le  neighbouring  country,  as  far  as  Lake  ^H.  John,  which 
is  60  miles  furthei,-  up,  and  Is  the  grand  source  of  the  Saguenay. 

"  After  having  seen  and  heard  all  this,  you  get  on  board,  weigh  anchor,  pasF  again  down 
the  river,  reviewing  fhe  solemn  scene,  probiibly  .neetinir  neither  vc^-sel,  boat  nor  came, 
through  all  the  dreary  way,  and  arrive  at  tlie  mouth  of  tl  o  river  iu  time  to  cross  to  River 


THE  FALLS  OF  MONTMORENOI. 


87 


dn  Loup,  where  you  again  find  a  safe  harbour  for  the  night.  Next  day  you  again  pass  up 
the  St.  Lawrence,  stopping  for  a  sliort  time  at  Murray  ]ky,  a  beautiful  grassy  vuUey  on 
the  north  shore,  surrounded  by  wooded  mountains,  and  much  frequented  by  Quebec  fam- 
ilies, as  a  bathing  place.  You  arrive  at  Quebec  in  the  evening,  thus  taking  just  3  Jays  for 
your  excursion,  at  an  expense  of  about  $12." 


FALLS  OF  MONTMORENCI,  NEAR  QUEBEC. 


Few  strangers  visit  Quebec  without  going  to  see  the  Falls  of  Montmorenc!.  These  Falls,  which  arc  situated 
In  a  beautlf.\l  nook  of  the  river,  are  higher  than  those  of  Niagara,  being  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty 
feet ;  but  they  are  very  narrow,  being  only  some  fifty  feet  wide.  This  place  is  a  very  celebrated  focus  of 
winter  amusements.  During  the  frost,  the  spray  from  the  Falls  accumulates  to  such  an  extent  as  to  form  a 
coiie  of  some  eighty  fet*  high.  There  is  also  a  second  cone  of  In.'erlor  altitude,  and  It  is  this  of  which  visit- 
ors make  the  most  use,  as  I.cing  less  dangerous  than  the  nigher  one.  They  carry  "  toboggins," — long,  thin 
pieces  of  wood — and  having  arrived  at  the  summit,  place  themselves  on  these  and  slide  down  with  immense 
velocity.  Ladies  and  gentlemen  both  enter  with  equal  spirit  Into  this  amusement.  It  requires  much  skill  to 
avoid  accidents ;  but  sometimes  people  do  tumble  heels  over  head  to  the  bottom.  They  g(  nerally  drive  to 
this  spot  In  sleighs,  taking  their  wine  and  provisions  with  them ;  and  upon  the  pure  white  cloth  which  nature 
has  spread  out  for  them,  tliey  partake  of  their  dainty  repast  and  enjoy  a  moitt  agreeable  pic-nlc.  One  does 
not  feel  in  the  least  cold,  as  the  exercise  so  thoroughly  warms  and  Invigorates  the  system.  The  distance  of 
these  Falls  from  Quebec  is  eight  miles. 


1 


|itrt  C|ir^. 


U  P  F  E  R 


AND 


LOWER    CANADA 


J 


CONTENTS    OF    PART    III. 


*  PAOi 

Addinpton  Road,  frco  lands 37 

Af?ricultu'ru  of  Ciinada 34 

Alphabetical  list  of  cities,  towns  aud  vil- 
lages    40 

Banks  in  Canada  and  agents 42 

l^anks  in  Oreot  Britain  and  Ireland. ...  4'i 

Canada,  general  information 81 

Consuls  at  Montreal 10 

Climate 34 

Conditions  of  oeeupying  free  lands. ...  89 

Crown  land  agents 89 

Canadian  banks  and  agents 42 

Crops,  rotation  of 86 

Distribution  of  intestate  estates 45 

Expense  of  supporting  a  family 30 

Emigration  government  oificers 41 

Free  lands  of  government 37 

Free  lands,  conditions  of  occupation. ..  89 

Game  of  the  country 37 

Government  free  lands 87 

Government  land  agents 89 

Government  emigration  officers 41 

Hamilton,  C.  W 26 

Hastings  Road,  free  lands 87 

Income  ond  expenditure  of  province  ...  88 


FAoa 

Kingston.  C.  W 28 

Laws  and  Municipal  Institutions 82 

Log  house,  cost  ot, 86 

Land  agents,  government 89 

Lands,  wild,  cost  of  clearing 86 

Montreal,  0.  E 11 

Money-order  office  system 44 

Naturalization 81 

Ottawa,  C.  \V 17 

Offices  lield  by  settlers  80 

Personal  intestate  estate 46 

Postal  regulations  in  Canada 45 

Quebec 7 

llideau  canal  and  locks 21 

Religion 84 

Settlers,  information  for 85 

Sale  and  occupation  of  lands 40 

School  lands  for  sale 41 

Toronto,  C.  W 22 

Trinity  College 22 

Tajces  payable 80 

Victoria  Bridge 13 

Wild  beasts,  if  troublesome 37 

Wages  to  agriculturists 86 

Work  during  winter 36 


jlfllnotrations. 


PAOI 

Quebec 7 

Montreal.— The  entire  City 12 

"  Great  Si  James  street 16 

"  Place  d'Armes 15 

"  Beaver  Hall 16 

"  Bonsecour's  Market 15 

"  Victoria  Bridge 14 

Toronto.— The  entire  City 22 

"        St.  Lu'vrence  I'lall 22 

"        The  Normal  Academy 24 

King  Street 23 

Trinity  College 24 

"        Yonge  Street 23 

"        Crown  Lands'  Office,  and  Me- 
chanics' Institution 22 

Ottawa. — Lower  and  Central  Town. ...  18 


PAOI 

Ottawa. — Upper  Town 19 

"        The  Locks  on  the  Rideau  Canal  21 

Kingston 28 

London 27 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  CANADIAN  SCENERY 

Will  be  found,  on  reference,  as  follows: 

Montmorenci  Falls.     Part  II 87 

Rapids  of  the  St  Lawrence.     Part  II. . .  44 

The  Thousand  Islands.     Part  II 4« 

Descending  the  Lost  Channel.     Part  II.  42 

Niagara  Falls.     Part  II 78 

Suspension  Bridge.    Part  II 70 

Burning  Springs,  Niagara  Falls.  Part  IL  77 


i 


NOTES 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA. 


Iv  the  followipg  pages  of  this  part,  will  be  f  und  information  an<3  illnstrations  relating 
to  Canada,  compiled  from  different  sources  of  information,  as  well  as  from  our  own  obser- 
vations. 

As  a  large  amount  of  information  bearing  upon  the  present  position  of  Canada,  and  the 
inducements  it  presents  for  emigrants,  together  with  sketches  of  Canadian  life,  appears  in 
other  parts  of  this  work,  readers  are  referred  to  them,  bo  that  they  may  form  a  proper 
idea  of  what  Canada  is — in  1859. 

We  may  here  remark,  that  although  Canada  does  not  at  present  offer  inducements 
for  almost  any  description  of  emigrants,  excepting  those  of  the  agricultural  class,  and  how- 
ever much  some  parties  have — through  ignorance  of  the  country  and  its  requirements — 
been  disappointed  by  emigrating  there,  under  circumstances  like  the  present,  it  is  impossi- 
ble that  it  can  be  long  bjfore  Canada,  like  other  sections  of  the  world,  will  recover  entire- 
ly from  the  effects  of  the  late  panic,  and  present  depressed  state  of  things  generally,  and 
offer  as  great  inducements  for  emigrating  thither,  as  ever  as  it  has  done  heretofore. 

In  future  editions  of  this  work,  we  purpose  adding  considerably  to  the  information 
already  given,  and  will  then  have  opportunities  of  publishing,  from  time  to  time,  the  con- 
dition of  the  country,  and  what  inducements  there  may  be  for  emigrating  to  what  has 
been  termed,  the  "land  of  hope,  not  to  be  disappointed." 


QUEBEC. 


.-■  CITY  OF    QUEBEC— CANADA  EAST. 

AfwociATBD  as  Quebec  is  with  so  many  scenes  of  military  glory,  of  success  as  well  as  defeat, 
it  must  at  all  times  possess  a  peculiar  interest  to  almost  every  one.     On  its  fields,  and 

around  its  bat- 
tlements, som6 
of  the  bravest 
of  the  sons  of 
Great  Britain 
and  Ireland, 
America  and 
France,  have 
fall  en,  and 
around  its  cita- 
del, some  of  the 
most  daring  ex- 
ploits have  taken 
place.  Standing 
on  a  bold  and 
precipitous  pro- 
montory, Quebec 
has  not  inappro- 
priately been 
called  the  "  Gib- 
raltar  of  Ameri- 
ca," with  which 
the  names  of  the 
brave  AVolfe, 
Montcalm,  and 
Montgomery 
must  ever  re- 
main connected. 
The  citadel 
stands  on  what 
is  called  Cape 
Diamond,  3  5  0 
feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea, 
and  includes 
about  40  acres  of 
ground.  The 
view  from  off  the 
citadel  is  of  the 
most  picturesque  and  grand  character.  There  will  be  seen  the  majestic  St.  Lawrence, 
wine"*;;!  its  course  for  about  40  miies,  whilst  the  background  of  the  panoramic  scene  is  filled 
up  by  extensive  plains,  running  backwards  to  lofty  mountains  in  the  distance,  witli  Point 
Levi  opposite,  and  the  Island  of  Orleans  in  the  distance,  whilst  the  junction  of  the  River  St, 
Charles,  and  tl ..  Great  River,  form  that  magnificent  shoet  of  water,  where  numerous  vessels 
are  to  be  seen  nding  at  anchor  during  the  summer  season. 

A  walk  around  the  ramparts  of  tlie  citadel  will  well  repay  the  stranger,  by  a  magnifi- 
cent change  of  scene  at  every  turn  he  takes.    The  city  itself  bears  all  the  resemblance  of  a 


8 


QUEBEC,   PLAINS  OF  ABRAHAM,   ETC. 


strongly  fortified  and  ancient  city,  and,  in  tliat  respect,  bo  very  different  from  the  newly 
sprung-up  cities,  westward.  The  streets  are  generally  narrow,  and,  in  some  parts,  very 
steep,  in  walking  from  Lower  Town  to  Upper  Town,  more  particularly.  Lower  Town  is 
where  all  the  shipping  business  of  the  port  is  carried  on,  chiefly  lumber — in  export — and 
every  description  of  goods — in  import.  At  Quebec,  the  greater  portion  of  the  immense 
lumber-district  of  the  Ottawa  finds  a  market ;  vessels  coming  to  Quebec,  in  ballast  and 
cargo,  return  with  the  logs,  staves,  and  deals  of  the  up-eountry.  The  population  of 
Quebec  is  largely  infused  with  French  Canadians,  and  in  passing  along  its  streets,  nothing, 
olniost,  but  the  French  language  is  heard. 

In  the  Quebec  Exchange,  there  is  an  excellent  reading-room,  well  supplied  with  British, 
American,  and  Canadian  papers,  and  whicli  a  stranger  may  visit  for  a  short  time,  free  of 
charge. 

Tlie  tourist  will  find  a  cheap  and  useful  littlo  guide  to  Quebec,  published  by  Mr.  Sin- 
clair, bookseller,  there,  in  which  he  will  find  full  details  of  all  matters  of  interest  worthy 
of  being  visited  in  and  around  the  city.  From  it  we  avail  ourselves  of  the  following 
extract: — 

"  A  morning's  ramble  to  the  Plains  of  Abraham  will  not  fail  to  recall  historical  recollec- 
tions and  to  gratify  a  taste  for  beautiful  scenery.  On  leaving  the  St.  Louis  Gate,  let  the 
traveller  ascend  the  counterscarp  on  the  left,  that  leads  to  the  fflaciK  of  the  citadel ;  and 
hence  pursuing  a  direction  to  the  right,  let  him  approach  one  of  the  Martello  Towers, 
whence  he  may  enjoy  a  beautiful  view  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  A  little  beyond  let  him  ascend 
the  right  bank,  and  he  reaches  the  celebrated  Plains  of  Abraham,  near  the  spot  where 
General  AVolfe  fell.  On  the  highest  ground,  surrounded  by  wooden  fences,  can  clearly  be 
traced  out  the  redoubt  where  he  received  the  fatal  wound.  He  was  carried  a  few  yards 
in  the  rear,  and  placed  against  a  rock  till  he  expired.  It  has  since  been  removed.  Within 
an  enclosure  lower  down,  and  near  to  the  road,  is  the  stone  well  from  which  they  brought 
him  water.  The  English  right  nearly  faced  this  redoubt,  and  on  this  position  the  French 
left  rested.  The  French  .irmy  arrived  on  the  Plains  from  the  right  of  tliis  position,  as  it 
came  from  Beauport,  and  not  from  Quebec ;  and,  on  being  defeated,  retired  down  the 
heights  by  which  it  had  ascended,  and  not  into  Quebec.  In  front  of  the  Plains  from  this 
position  stands  the  house  of  Marchmont.  It  is  erected  on  the  sight  of  a  French  redoubt 
that  once  defended  the  ascent  from  Wolfe's  Cove.  Here  landed  the  British  army  under 
Wolfe's  command,  and,  on  mounting  the  banks,  carried  this  detached  work.  The  troops 
in  the  garrison  are  usually  reviewed  on  the  Plains.  The  to'.i-'st  may  farther  enjoy  a 
beautiful  ride.  Let  him  leave  by  St.  Louis  Gate  and  pass  the  Plains,  and  he  will  arrive  at 
Marchmont,  the  property  of  John  Gilmour,  Esq.  The  former  proprietor.  Sir  John  Harvey, 
went  to  considerable  expense  in  laying  out  the  grounds  in  a  pleasing  and  tasteful  manner. 
His  successor.  Sir  Thomas  Noel  Hill,  also  resided  here,  and  duly  appreciated  its  beauties. 
The  view  in  frort  of  the  house  is  grand.  Here  the  river  widens,  and  assumes  the  appear- 
ance of  a  lake,  whose  surface  is  enlivened  by  numerous  merchant-ships  at  anchor,  and  im- 
mense rafts  of  timber  floating  down.  On  leaving  Marchmont  he  will  pass  some  beautiful 
v'Uas,  whose  park-like  grounds  remind  one  of  England,  and  from  some  points  in  which  are 
commanded  views  worthy  of  a  painter's  study.  Among  these  villas  may  be  mentioned 
Wolfesfield,  Spencer  W^ood,  and  Woodfield.  The  last  was  originally  built  by  the  Catholic 
Bishop  of  Samos,  and,  from  the  several  additions  made  by  subsequent  proprietors,  had  a 
somewhat  irregular,  though  picturesque  appearance.  It  was  burnt  down,  and  rebuilt  in  a 
fine  regular  style.     It  is  now  the  residence  of  James  Gibb,  Esq. 

"  In  this  neighbourhood  is  situated  ]^Iount  Hermon  Cemetery.  It  is  about  three  miles  from 
Quebec,  on  the  south  side  of  the  St.  Lewis  road,  and  slopes  irregularly  but  beautifully 
down  the  cliff  which  overhangs  the  St.  Lowrence.  It  is  thirty-two  acres  in  extent,  and  the 
grounds  were  tastefully  laid  out  by  the  late  Major  Douglass,  U.  S.  Engineers,  whose  taste 
and  skill  had  been  previously  shown  in  the  arrangement  of  Greenwood  Cemetery,  near 
New  York." 


QUEBEC,   LAKE  ST.   CHARLES,   ETC. 


9 


Leaving  this  beautiful  locality,  the  vralk  continues  to  the  woods,  on  the  edge  of  the 
banks  rising  from  the  shore. 

The  tourist,  instead  of  returning  by  a  road  conducting  through  a  wood  into  St.  Louis 
Road  for  Quebec,  would  do  better  by  continuing  his  ride  to  the  Church  of  St  Foy,  from 
which  is  seen  below  the  St.  Charles,  gliding  smoothly  through  a  lovely  valley,  whose  sides 
rise  gradually  to  the  mountains,  and  are  literally  covered  with  habilationa.  The  villages 
of  Lorette  and  Charlesbourg  are  conspicuous  objects.  Before  entering  the  suburb  of  St 
John,  on  the  banks  of  tlie  St  Charles  stai.'is  the  Uenerol  Hospital,  designed,  as  the  name 
implies,  for  the  disabled  and  sick  of  every  description. 

A  day's  excursion  to  Indian  Lorette  and  Lake  St  Charles  would  gratify,  we  doubt  not, 
many  a  tourist  It  will  be  necessary  to  leave  b;  6  o'clock,  a.  m.,  and  to  take  provisions  for 
the  trip.  After  leaving  the  Palace  Gate,  the  site  of  the  former  intendant's  palace  ie 
passed.     Mr.  Bigot  was  the  last  intendant  who  resided  in  it 

The  most  pleasant  road  to  Lorette  is  along  the  banks  of  the  St  Charles.  On  arriving  at 
the  village,  the  best  view  is  on  the  opposite  bank.  The  fall  is  in  the  foreground,  and  the 
church  and  village  behind.  The  villagers  claim  to  be  descended  from  those  Ilurons,  to 
whom  the  French  monarch,  in  1651,  gave  the  seigniory  of  Sillery.  In  the  wars  between 
the  French  and  English,  the  Ilurons  contributed  much  to  the  success  of  the  former,  as  they 
were  one  of  the  most  warlike  tribes  among  the  aborigines  of  this  continent  At  present, 
they  are  a  harmless,  quiet  set  of  people,  drawing  only  part  of  their  subsistence  from  fishing 
and  liunting.  A  missionary  is  maintained  by  government  for  their  religious  instruction, 
and  the  schoolmaster  belongs  to  the  tribe.  Here  may  be  purchased  bows  and  arrows,  and 
moccasins  very  neatly  ornamented  by  the  squaws. 

On  arriving  at  Lake  St  Charles,  by  embarking  in  a  double  canoe,  the  tourist  will  have 
his  taste  for  picturesque  mountain  scenery  gratified  in  a  high  degree.  The  lake  is  four 
miles  long,  and  one  broad,  and  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  projecting  ledges.  The  lake 
abounds  in  trout,  so  that  the  angling  tourist  may  find  this  spot  doubly  inviting.  On  the 
route  back  to  the  city,  the  village  of  Charlesbourg  is  passed.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  interesting  settlements  in  Canada.  It  has  two  churches,  one  of  which  is  the  centre 
of  the  surrounding  farms,  whence  they  all  radiate.  The  reason  for  this  singular  disposal 
of  the  Allotments,  arose  from  the  absolute  necessity  of  creating  a  neighbourhood.  For  this 
purpose,  each  farm  was  permitted  to  occupy  only  u  space  of  three  acres  in  front  by  thirty 
in  depth.  The  population  was  in  these  days  scanty,  and  labourers  were  difficult  to  be  pro- 
cured. By  th's  arrangement,  a  road  was  more  equally  kept  up  in  front  of  each  farm,  and 
it  was  the  duty  of  every  proprietor  to  preserve  such  road.  Another  advantage  was  the 
proximity  of  the  church,  whence  the  bell  sounded  the  tocsin  of  alarm,  whenever  hostile 
attempts  were  made  by  the  Indians,  and  where  the  inhabitants  rallied  in  defence  of  their 
possessions. 

Within  the  citadel  are  the  various  magazines,  store-houses,  and  other  buildings  required 
for  the  accommodation  of  a  numerous  garrison ;  and  immediately  overhanging  the  precipice 
to  the  south,  in  a  most  picturesque  situation,  looking  perpendicularly  downwards,  on  the 
river,  stands  a  beautiful  row  of  buildings,  containing  the  mess  rooms  and  barracks  for  the 
oflicers,  their  stables,  and  spacious  kitchens.  The  fortifications,  which  are  continued  round 
the  whole  of  the  Upper  Town,  consist  of  bastions  connected  by  lofty  curtains  of  solid 
masonry,  and  ramparts  from  25  to  35  feet  in  height,  and  about  the  same  in  thickness, 
bristling  with  heavy  cannon,  round  towers,  loophole  wnl's,  and  massive  gates  recurring  at 
certain  distances.  On  the  summit  of  the  ramparts,  from  Cape  Diamond  to  the  Artillery 
Barracks,  is  a  broad  covered  way,  or  walk,  used  as  a  place  of  recreation  by  the  inhabitants, 
and  commanding  a  most  agreeable  view  of  the  country  towards  the  west  This  passes 
over  the  top  of  St.  John's  ond  St  Louis  Gate,  where  there  is  stationed  a  sergeant's  guard. 
Above  St.  John's  Gate,  there  is  at  sunset  one  of  the  most  beautiful  views  imaginable.  The 
St  Charles  gambolling,  as  it  were,  in  the  rays  of  the  departing  luminary,  the  light  still  lin- 
gering on  the  spires  of  Lorette  and  Charlesbourg,  until  it  fades  oway  beyond  the  lofty 
mountains  of  Bonhomme  and  Tiounonthuan,  present  au  cvcDiog  scene  of  gorgeous  and  eur- 


10 


QUEBEC,   FORTIFICATIONS,   ETC. 


passing  splendour.  The  city,  being  defended  on  its  land  side  by  its  ramparts,  is  protected 
on  tlie  other  sides  by  a  lofty  wall  and  pnropet,  based  on  the  cliff,  and  comnxenciiig  near 
the  St.  Charles  at  the  Artillery  Barracks.  These  form  a  very  extensive  range  of  buildings, 
the  part  within  the  Artillery  Gate  being  occupied  aa  barracks  by  the  officers  and  men  of 
that  distinguished  corps,  with  a  guard  and  mess  room.  The  part  without  the  gate  S  used 
as  magazines,  store-houses,  and  offices  for  the  ordnance  department. 

The  circuit  of  the  fortifications,  enclosing  the  Upper  Town,  is  tv/o  miles  and  three-quarters; 
the  total  circumference  outside  the  ditches  and  space  reserved  ly  government,  on  which  no 
house  can  be  built  on  the  west  side,  is  about  8  miles. 

Founded  upon  a  rock,  ond  in  its  highest  parts  overlooking  i  great  extent  of  country — 
between  3li0  and  400  miles  from  the  ocean — in  the  midst  of  a  ^reat  continent,  and  j-et  dis- 
playing fleets  of  foreign  merchantmen  in  its  fine  capacious  bay,  ond  showing  all  the  bustle 
of  a  crowded  sea-port — its  streets  narrow,  populous,  and  winding  up  and  down  almost 
mcnntainous  declivities — situated  in  the  latitude  of  the  finest  parts  of  Europe — exliibitiiig 
in  iia  environs  the  beauty  of  an  European  capital — and  yet,  in  winter,  smarting  with  the 
cold  of  Siberia — governed  by  a  people  of  different  languoge  and  habits  from  tlie  mass  of 
the  population — opposed  in  religion,  and  yet  leaving  that  population  without  taxes,  and  in 
the  full  enjoyment  of  every  privilege,  civil  and  religious.  Such  are  the  prominent  features 
which  strike  a  stranger  in  the  City  of  Quebec  1" 


MONTREAL. 


11 


CITY  OF  MONTREAL,  C.  E. 

The  stranger,  on  appronching  Montreal,  either  from  Quebec  by  the  stenmer,  or  croBsing 
over  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  in  coming  from  the  States,  will  at  once  be  im- 
pressed favorably  witli  the  situation  of  the  city,  the  business-like  appearance  it  presents, 
and  the  picturesque  scenery  by  -which  it  is  surrounded. 

Montreal  is  the  most  populous  city  in  Canada,  and  in  cverj'  respect  must  take  the  first 
rank  in  the  province.  It  is  situated  on  the  Maud  of  Montreal — which  is  represented  as  the 
garden  of  Canada,  being  the  richest  soil  in  the  province — at  the  head  of  ocean  steamship 
navigation,  and  beyond  which  no  large  sailing  vessels  go,  although  smaller  vessels  pass  on, 
via  the  canals  and  St.  Lawrence,  to  tiie  west. 

The  city  is  built  of  a  gray  limestone,  having  very  much  the  appearance  of  Aberdeen 
granite,  with  buildings  of  great  solidity  and  excellence  in  design.  The  chief  business  street 
is  that  of  Notre  Dame,  whilst  Groat  St.  James  street  exceeds  it  in  handsome  buildings,  be- 
Bides  being  much  broader.     (See  engraving.) 

The  wholesale  stores  are  situated  on  the  wlmrves  alongside  the  river,  and  streets  running 
parallel  therewith. 

Montreal  is  the  port  at  which  arrives  the  great  bulk  of  the  importations  from  Great 
Britain  and  other  places  abroad,  being  there  either  re-sold  or  transhipped  to  all  parts  of 
Canada  East  and  West ;  consequently  a  large  wholesale  trade  is  carried  on  at  Montreal  in  all 
descriptions  of  goods^ 

In  the  conglomerate  mass  of  buildings  there  concentrated,  are  stores,  churches,  groceries, 
and  nunneries,  nil  intermixed  with  each  other,  whilst  in  the  streets  may  be  seen  the  manu- 
facturer's cart  driving  alongside  of  the  Catholic  priest  in  his  "  buggy,"  the  merchant's  clerk 
hurrying  on  past  a  sister  of  charity  or  nun  at  large,  and  Frenchmen,  Scotchmen,  Germans, 
and  Americans,  all  elbowing  each  other  in  the  busy  streets  of  the  city  par  excellence.  No 
lietter  somple  of  this  heterogeneous  gathering  is  to  be  seen  than  by  paying  a  visit  to  the 
Uue  Notre  Dame,  or  Bonsecours  Market,  where,  on  a  Saturday  night,  a  mixture  of  English, 
French,  Gorman,  and  broad  Scotch,  will  fall  upon  the  ear  with  peculiar  effect. 

Alt'  ougli  one  of  the  finest  views  of  the  city  is  obtained  from  off  the  mountain,  undoubt- 
edly the  most  extensive  one  is  to  bo  had  fioni  the  top  of  the  Catholic  cathedral,  in  the  Place 
d'Arnies.  By  paying  l.t.  stg.  you  will  be  conducted  to  the  top,  and,  if  a  fine  day,  the  view 
is  such  as  will  well  repay  the  ascent. 

There  are  some  very  handsome  churches  in  Montreal.  At  Beaver  Hall,  St.  Andrew's 
Church  (Presbyterian),  and  the  Unitarian  Church  there,  form  two  of  the  most  prominent 
in  the  city,  situated  os  thoj'  are  on  a  considerable  elevation,  on  rising  ground.  The  public 
buildings  of  Montreal  are  substantial  and  eleg  int,  and  consist  of — 


PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 

The  New  Court  House,  on  Notre  Dame  street,  and  directly  opposite  to  Nelson's  Monu- 
ment, is  of  elegant  cut  stone,  in  the  Grecian  Ionic  style.  Tlie  ground  plan  is  SOO  feet  by 
125  feet ;  height,  76  feet. 

The  New  Post-okfice,  on  Great  St,  James  street,  is  a  beautiful  cut  stone  building. 

The  Meuciiants'  Excuaxce  BEAorxo  Room,  situated  on  St.  Sacrament  street. 

The  Mechanic.V  Institute,  a  very  fine  building,  situated  on  Groat  St.  James  street,  of 
cut  stone,  3  stories  high,  built  in  the  Italian  style.  The  Lecture  Room  is  60  by  80  feet, 
height  18  feet,  neatly  and  tastefully  finished. 

The  Meucantile  Luuiauy  Association,  Odd  Fellows'  Hall,  opposite  the  above. 

The  Bank  ok  Montkeal,  Place  d'Armos,  St.  James  street,  opposite  the  Cathedral,  an 
elegant  out  stone  building  of  the  Corinthian  order.     (See  engraving.) 

TirE  Criv  Bank,  next  to  tlie  above,  in  the  Grecian  style,  of  cut  stone  and  worthy  of  note. 

The  Bank  of  Britlsii  North  America,  Great  St.  James  street,  next  the  Post-ofiice,  is  a 
handsome  building  of  cut  stone,  and  built  in  the  composite  style  of  architecture. 


o 


H 

c 


o 


VICTORIA  BRIDGE. 

TiiK  lioNSEcouRs  Market,  on  St  fuul  and  Water  streets,  ia  a  magnificent  edifice.  (See 
eiij^raving.) 

TiiK  St.  Anx's  Mahket,  opposite  the  Drey  Nunnery, 

TiiK  (iuEY  Nl'N.nery  is  situoted  on  Foundling  street,  designed  for  the  care  of  foundlings 
find  infirm. 

The  Hotei.  Dieu  Nunnery,  on  St.  Josepli  nnd  St.  Paul  streets,  df  /  '  f<>r  f-iek  and  dis- 
eased persons. 

The  Ciinvext  ok  the  Sisters  <ik  the  Sacred  Heart  is  situate  -t  St.  ncnt  de  Paul, 
9  miles  from  Slontreol. 

Academy  ok  the  Sisters  of  the  Congregation  de  Notre  T)  ,  no  'laria  Villa,  a))out 
3  miles  from  Montreal,  was  fonncrlj'  the  ri'sideneo  of  Ihe  (lovernor  ■'■     ■nl. 

The  Mcfiii.L  College. — This  is  an  institution  of  very  high  ri  pute,  .ouiiiied  by  the  ilini. 
James  lIcGill,  who  heciueathed  a  valuable  estate  and  £10/'  for  i*s  endowment.  Tlic 
buildings  for  the  Faculty  of  Arts  are  delightfully  situated  at  ti  y,  e  of  the  mountain,  ami 
command  on  extensive  view. 

The  Mustx'M  ok  the  Natiral  IIlstory  ok  Montreal,  is  situated  in  Little  St.  James  street, 
and  is  free  to  strangers. 

The  New  City  W.atkr  Works. — These  works  tap  the  St,  Lawrence  at  the  Lnehine 
Hnpids,  some  ('>  miles  above  the  city,  nnd  will  cost,  when  fully  completed,  nearly  $1,(100,000. 
The  2  receiving  reservoirs,  for  supplying  the  city  are  about  200  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
river,  and  hold  20,000,000  gallons. 

The  Jail. — This  is  a  substantial  stone  building,  surrounded  by  a  high  wall,  and  is  worthy 
of  a  visit.     It  has  recently  been  erected,  at  an  expense  of  $120,000. 

The  General  IIosimtal,  on  Dorchester  street,  is  a  fine  cut  stone  building,  and  is  one  of 
the  niony  prominent  institutions  of  the  city. 

The  St.  Patrick's  IIosi-ital,  at  the  west  end  of  the  same  street,  is  an  elegant  structure, 
and  occupies  a  commanding  position. 

The  Protestant  OiiriiAN  Asvum,  situated  in  Catherine  street,  is  a  well-conducted  charity, 
sustained  by  the  benevolence  of  ])i'ivafe  individuals. 

The  Ladie.s'  Benevolent  Ixsthttion,  for  the  relief  of  widows  and  half  orphans,  is  a 
largo  three-story  building  in  Berthelot  street.  It  is  managed  solely  by  a  committee 
of  ladies. 

Nelson's  Monument,  Jacrpies  Cartier  sijuare,  Notre  Dame  street. 

The  Lachine  Canal  is  among  the  public  works  worthy  of  note. 

Place  d'Armes  is  a  handsome  sipiaro,  between  Notre  Dame  and  Great  St.  James  streets, 
opposite  the  French  Cathedral. 

As  a  place  of  beauty  and  pleasure,  the  ride  from  the  city  to  Mount  Royal  will  attract 
the  traveller  at  all  times.  The  distance  around  it  is  9  miles,  commanding  one  of  the  finest 
views  of  l)eautiful  landscape  to  be  found  in  North  America  ;  and  in  returning,  entering  the 
city,  a  view  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  of  Montreal,  both  comprehensive  and  extended,  that 
well  repays  tlic  time  and  expense. 

Mount  Royal  Cemetery,  about  2  miles  from  the  city,  on  the  mountain,  is  one  of  the 
places  of  interest  about  the  city  which  many  parties  visit. 

The  Champ  de  Mars  is  a  public  parade  ground,  situated  in  Gabriel  street,  off  Notre 
Dame,  l.i  the  evenings,  sometimes,  the  military  bands  play  there,  to  a  large  concourse  of 
the  inhabitants. 


THE    VICTORIA    BRIDGE. 


This  gigantic  undertaking  forms  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  wonderful  features  con- 
nected with  the  city,  at  Point  St.  Cliarles. 

It  is  being  built  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  to  form  a  contin- 
uous railn  '  coninuinication  witli  the  railroads  of  the  United  States,  instead  of  passengers 
being  ->',.■,,!!  to  cross  the  river  in  steamers,  as  at  present. 

The  ^vil!l.U  uf  tlie  river  where  the  bridge  is  being  built  is  very  nearly  2  miles. 


i.I  1 1 


CITY   OF   MONTREAL. 


SOUTH  SIDK  OP  ORKAT  ST.  JAMKS'  STUEKT. 

The  first  bullilliiK  on  left  side  of  the  street  1^  the  Oen- 
ei-nl  I'oct-onice— M  by  100  feet— hiillt  In  the  Italiiin 
style.  The  third  hulhllni?  In  view  U  the  Unnk  of  Ilrlt- 
Isii  Niirlh  Aiiierlcn— whk'h,  with  the  I'list-ofllce,  fi>rtns 
two  of  the  llnest  huildlnK«  in  the  street.  t>till  further 
oil,  iH  the  MechanlcH'  Ml^niry,  ii  siihtiintiiil,  plain, 
S(|ii»re  hiock,  with  an  excellent  reudlng-rooni,  lihrury, 
and  Imll  for  lectures,  etc. 


NOllTII  SIDE  OP  GHEAT  ST.  JAMES'  STREET. 

The  hulldlnpwlth  the  beautiful  fluted  columns  of  the 
rorinthlan  order,  represented  al>0Te,  Is  the  Bank  of 
.Montreal— one  of  (he  finest  bulidinRs  in  the  city.  The 
next  building  to  it  is  the  Cily  Hank  of  Montreal, 
un  estabilslinient  with  a  much  plainer  e.tterlor,  In  the 
(ivecliiii  style.  Still  further  on,  are  some  very  elegant 
stores,  with  the  Wesleyan  Ohttpel  In  the  distance,  near- 
er the  far  end  of  the  street. 


liONSECOURS   MARKET. 

This  Is  the  largest,  and  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in 
the  city.  Erected  at  a  cost  of  |'ii>i7,iiU0.  Used  as  a 
public  market  for  the  iiicist  part,  where  are  sold  an  ex- 
traordinary ([uantity  i<(  provisions,  vegetables,  fruit, 
fish,  besides  clothing,  "  Yankee  Notions,"  and  an  «m- 
niitiH  gutherum  of  almost  every  thing  required  for 
domestic  purposes.  One  iiortion  of  tlie  building  is  used 
as  a  police  station,  as  well  as  oHices  connected  with  the 
municipal  government.  It  is  situated  close  to  the  river 
side    liuilt  ia  the  Ureclan-Vorlc  style  of  architecture. 


IIAYMAUKET    AND    BEAVER    HAIJ,. 


The  above  view  represents  the  Ilnymarket,  with 
Beaver  Hall  in  the  back  rising  ground,  which,  in  Its 
nundier  of  handsome  churches,  presents  one  of  the 
finest  views  in  the  cily— more  particularly  In  summer— 
with  the  mountain  rising  up  behind,  and  filling  up  the 
background  of  the  picture  with  the  luxuriant  foliage  of 
Its  shrubbery.  The  church  with  the  highest  spire  In 
the  above  engraving,  is  that  of  St.  Andrew's  (Church 
of  Scotland).  The  one  seen  In  the  corner  to  the  right, 
is  a  very  handsome  church,  now  completing  tor  tha 
Unitarian  congregation. 


«l 


n 


11 


'  11 


16 


MONTHEAL,   VICTOlilA  HUID(}K,   ETC. 


Tljo  current  of  the  river  Is  vory  rnpld — with  a  depth  of  from  l  to  10  foct,  excepting  In 
the  main  olinnnol,  where  it  ia  iVi'iii  ao  to  ;i(5  fiut  (let  p. 

In  tlio  winter,  tiie  ico  ia  funned  into  a  ({rent  thieltnesn,  iind  freipiently  inituonne  pijiig 
accuninliite — us  hi^ii  iih  ao  to  40  feet.  Thus  jiiled  uji  in  liujjo  lioulders,  tlie  water  rush(« 
througli  tlieni  nt  ii  fctu-ful  rate,  driving,'  (lie  Moelcs  of  iee  iiiim^',  and  eru»liing  ull  before  tiiern. 

Tlio  bridj^e  will  eonstist  of  24  utrong  piertt,  utiindiuf;  'J12  fift  iipiirt,  fxeeptlnj;  the  eentre 
span,  which  is  831)  feet  wide.  They  ore  all  perpendicular  on  three  Bidea,  and  nlopct  down 
to  the  water-edge  against  the  current,  bo  att  to  withstand  tlio  force  and  action  of  the  float- 
ing mnsges  of  ice,  on  its  breaking  up.  Each  pier  U  egtiinated  to  witlistanJ  Iho  force  of 
70,000  tons  of  ice  nt  one  time, 

Resting  on  these  piers,  and  running  from  abutment  to  abutment,  U  the  bridge,  which 
consists  of  a  liollow  iron  tube,  22  feet  liigh,  and  in  feet  wide. 

The  centre  span  is  to  bo  60  feet  above  the  average  level  of  the  water,  thence  sinking  to- 
words  each  end  1  foot  in  130,  thus  making  the  height  of  the  abutments  about  37  feet. 

The  estimated  cost  is  about  £1,260,000  stg.  The  weight  of  the  iron  in  the  tubes  will  bo 
8,000  tons,  ond  the  contents  of  the  masonry  will  bo  about  3,000,000  cul)ic  feet.  The  whole 
■will  be  completed  in  the  autumn  of  1859  or  fpring  of  18(10.  As  is  well  known,  the  engineer 
of  this  greatest  bridge  in  the  world  is  Mr.  Ilobort  Stephenson  of  Xewcastle-upon-Tyne. 

The  whole  of  the  views  of  Montreal,  as  given  in  tlie  accompanying  pages,  were  taken  fnp 
this  work  by  Mr.  Notmnn,  photographer,  Mimtreal,  and  the  clear  and  sborp  photo^'riiplis 
supplied  by  him  for  the  purpose  of  engraving  from,  affords  the  best  evidence  of  his  being  a 
first-class  artist. 

The  two  illustrations  given  of  Montreal  embrace  the  entire  city,  and  presents  a  bird's-eye 
view  of  it  as  seen  from  the  mountain.  Ueing  engraved  from  photographs,  wo  iiave  every 
confidence  in  saying  that  they  faillifidly  repn  sent  Montreal  as  it  is  in  1859.  To  understand 
the  position  of  the  city  as  it  is,  the  stranger  will  cast  his  eye  to  the  left-hand  corner  of  the 
upper  engraving  in  the  page,  and  jiass  on  to  the  right.  Tlie  lower  engraving  forms  u  con- 
tinuation of  the  upper,  continuing  from  left  to  right. 

THE  FOREIOK  CONSULB  AT  MONTREAL. 

For  Belgium — Jesse  .Joseph.  For  United  States — ('.  Dorwin.  For  Denmark — Thomas 
Ryan.  For  Sardinio,  Hanover,  Sjiain,  and  Prussia — Henry  t'hapnian.  Vice-Consul  for 
Norway  and  Sweden — II.  Cimpman.  Vice-Consul  to  the  Orientol  Uepubllc  of  the  Uru- 
guay— J.  M.  Grant. 

NATIONAL    SOCIETIES    AT    MONTREAL. 

The  St.  George's  Society. — H.  Bulmer,  president ;  U.  IJirks,  treasurer. 

St.  Andrew's  Society.— Willinm  Murray,  president;  (ieorge  Templeton,  treosurer. 

Thistle  Society. — Ale.vander  Smith,  president ;  William  Ueid,  treasurer. 

Caledonian  Society. — John  Fletcher,  president;  .1.  Craig,  treasurer. 

St  Patrick's  Society. — Dr.  Howord,  President;  J.  E.  Mullin,  treasurer. 

St.  Jean  Baptiste  Society. — lion.  J.  B.  Meilleur,  president. 

German  Society. — Ernest  Idler,  president;  G.  Rheinhardt,  treasurer. 

New  England  Society. — H.  Stepnens,  president ;  P.  D.  Brown,  treasurer. 


PHOTOGRAPHY. 
ysT.    NOTM.JVN,    A.11TIST, 

11  DE  BLEURT  STREET,  MONTREAL. 
Fh'tii  Prise  for  Phoioyt'nphH.      Fh'Ht  I'rlte  for  *tmbrotype». 

PHOTOGRAPHS,  UNTOUCHED  OR  COLORED,  IN  OIL,  WATER  COLORS,  OR  CRAYONS, 

FIIOM  KULL-LENOTIt  LIFE  8IZB  TO  TIIK  SMALLEST  PRODUCED. 

Ainlirofypt'fl  Colored  for  Frninca  or  ("iidfs.  MiniiitiireR  of  pvory  ilisoriptioii  for  Locket*, 
Hrooclips,  or  Uiiij^M.  Dai^iicrrcotyiion  uiid  I'liiiiliii^ra  copied  in  uil  tiie  vurlous  gtylos,  and 
incri'iised  or  rt'duocd  to  any  size  reipiired.  Stereoaeopic  I'ortruiU  nnil  (iroiii)s,  in  oiiscs  or 
iiaper  Nli<le»t.  Views  StereoBcoped,  and  otlierwlsc,  to  order,  rorlrulls  tiilten  and  tini«hed 
in  Oiii*  or  Wftter  Color  without  the  nid  of  the  caniern,  if  required.  Artists  and  Anmteura 
supplied  witli  Stock  and  ApparuluH,  and  the  Art  taught. 

Specimens  to  be  leen  at  Mr.  Notman's  Studio,  11  De  Bleury  Street. 

JJp"  Obierve  the  Addrem ;  no  Specimen*  exhibited  otiUide. 


BOOKSELLERS    A]\D    STATIOIVERS, 

GREAT  ST.  JAMES  STREET,  DIONTREAL. 


J^MES    STA.RKE   &    CO., 

ST.  FRANCIS  XAVIER  STREET,  MONTREAL. 


EDWIN    H.    LONGMAN, 

LOisriDoisr,    o.    ■w^. 

ARTIST  AND   PROFESSOR  OF  MUSIC, 

Organ,  Piano  Forte,  Flute,  Violin,  and  Singing; 

ALSO,   DRAWING  AND  PAINTING. 

Photographic  Views  and  Portraits  taken  in  every  variety  of  style ;  and  every  branch  of 
the  Art  taught  on  reasonable  terms.  A  variety  of  Views  of  the  city  constantly  on  hand 
for  sale. 

TAYLOR   &   WILSON, 
BOOKSELLERS    AND    STATIONERS, 

LONDON,  O.   W. 


f  'J 


i: 


:\ 


OTTAWA. 


OTTAWA,   CANADA  WEST. 


17 


The  notoriety  which  this  city,  in  t'nil)ryo,  hns  received  lately,  first  as  being  fixed  upon 
as  the  seat  of  government  for  Canada,  and  then  decided  against  as  such  by  the  provincial 
legislature, — although  it  had  been  acquiesced  in  by  Ilor  Majesty  as  the  most  advisable 
locality — has  invested  it  with  a  significance  which,  otherwise,  it  would  not,  in  oil  proba- 
bility, have  obtained. 

Ottawa  is  the  new  name  given  to  the  town  of  Bytown,  by  which  it  has  long  been 
known,  as  the  centre  of  the  immense  lumber  district  of  the  River  Ottawa.  It  is  situated 
on  that  river,  where  the  Rivers  Ridea  and  Gatineau,  and  the  Rideau  Canal,  all  meet. 

The  town  is  intersected  by  the  Rideau  Canal  and  l)ridgc,  and  forms  three  districts,  viz. : 
that  of  Low ':■  Town,  on  the  cast;  Central  Town,  on  the  west;  and  Upper  Town,  on  the 
north-west;  all  of  which,  however,  ai-e  on  the  south  side  of  the  River  Ottawa,  and  iu 
Canada  West,  the  River  Ottawa,  as  is  well  known,  forming  the  boundary  line  between 
Canada  East,  and  Canada  West.  The  town  was  laid  out  under  the  command  of  Colonel  By 
of  the  Royal  Engineers,  who  constructed,  also,  the  Rideau  Canal.  Hence  the  original 
name  of  the  town  being  called  Bytown — although  now  called  Ottawa,  after  the  inagnifi- 
oent  river  on  which  it  stands. 

The  streets  are  all  wide  and  regularly  laid  out,  and,  so  far,  reflects  great  credit  on  the 
engineering  skill  employed.  Lower  Town  is  the  most  important  portion  of  the  town,  and, 
in  all  probability,  will  become  the  chic'"  business  part,  as  the  population  and  business  in- 
creases. The  two  principal  streets  of  Lower  Town  are  Rideau  street  and  Sussex  street. 
In  Rideau  street  there  are  several  substantial,  stone-built  stores  and  dwellings.  In  Sussex 
street  there  are  also  a  few ;  the  majority,  however,  are  wooden  erections,  both  old  and 
new.  In  Central  Town  the  buildings  are  almost  all  of  stone,  presenting  one  excellent 
street,  called  Spark  street;  whilst  Upper  Town  exhibits  a  mixture  of  both  stone  and 
wooden  bu.idings  in  its  Wellington  street  All  the  buildings  in  the  town  are  exceedingly 
plain,  but  Bubstantially  built,  and,  being  built  of  gray  limestone,  resemble  very  imich  in  ap- 
pearance some  of  the  streets  of  Montreal,  as  well  as  in  the  granite  city  of  Aberdeen  (Scot- 
land). On  "  Barrack  Hill,"  the  highest  elevation  of  the  town,  are  situated  what  are  termed 
the  government  buildings — the  remains,  however,  we  should  say,  rather  than  of  actual 
buildings.  There  are  a  few  small  out-houses  and  offices — wiiich  certainly  do  not  deserve 
the  name  of  government  buildings — with  sundry  small  cannon,  taking  tlieir  ease  on  the 
ground  alongside  of  carriages,  which  have  evidently  seen  service  of  some  sort.  These  are  the 
"dogs  of  war,"  which  are  intended,  wo  presume,  to  protect  the  town  against  all  invaders. 
On  Barrack  Hill  is,  however,  also  the  residence  of  tlie  chief  inilitary  authority  of  the  place. 
The  "  location"  of  these  buildings  and  the  "  gua  battery"  alluded  to,  is  certainly  one  of  the 
finest  we  have  seen  any  where,  either  in  Canada  or  the  United  States — e(|ual,  in  some 
respects,  even  to  the  famous  citadel  of  (Juebec.  In  the  rear  is  Central  Town,  whilst  Upper 
and  Lower  Town  are  completely  commanded  by  it  on  each  side,  whilst  in  front  is  a  pre- 
cipitous eraVjankment  running  down,  almost  perpendicular,  to  the  river,  several  hundred 
feet,  thus  completely  sweeping  the  river  and  opposite  shore,  north,  cast,  and  west;  so  that, 
in  a  military  point  of  view,  Ottawa  certainly  occupies  one  of  the  finest  natural  ])ositi()ns  auy 
where  in  Canada;  and,  in  that  respect,  is  the  key  to  .in  inimenso  territory  of  back  country, 
valuable  for  its  wood  and  minerals. 

The  stranger,  on  visiting  Ottawa  for  the  first  time,  is  opt  to  be  disappointed  thot  he 
does  not  find  a  larger  "  city,"  and  one  more  advanced,  in  many  respects;  but  it  must  be 
recollected  that  it  has  been  forced  into  public  notice  from  the  cause  we  have  already  al- 
luded to,  and  otitained  a  publicity,  with  which  parties  at  a  distance  are  apt  to  connect 
wrong  or  exaggerated  ideas;  raid  i!  the  town  is  not  larger  than  it  is,  the  fault  rests  ns 
much  in  Ji-.'  imaginations  of  individuals,  as  with  the  inlinbitants,  gend-ally,  of  the  town 
itself,  who,  in  the  short  time,  since  Bytown  became  o  place  of  note,  have  been  doing  their 
utmost  to  moke  it  "go  o-head."  In  the  desire  to  do  so,  however,  some  of  the  landholders 
there,  we  fear,  by  putting  very  high  prices  on  their  h  ts,  and  landlords  refusing  to  give 


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20 


CHAUDIERE  FALLS — RIDEAU    FALLS,   ETC. 


leases  nt  ronsonablc  rotes,  hnve  only  tended  to  defeat  the  very  object  which  they,  and  nil 
the  inl'aliitants  ought  to  have  in  view,  viz.,  giving  every  facility  in  their  power,  and  offer- 
ing every  inducement  they  can,  for  j)artiesat  a  distance  to  locate  amongst  them.  In  fact, 
the  idea  that  Ottawa  was  selected  as  the  headcjuarters  of  the  government,  has  had  any 
thing  but  a  beneficial  effect  so  far,  in  some  respects,  upon  the  town;  but  there  is  the  conso- 
lation, that  whether  it  is  to  be  the  scat  of  government  or  not,  tliere  is  no  doubt,  that  of 
necessity,  it  is  destined  to  become — it  may  be  gradually — the  centre  of  a  much  moro  exten- 
sive trade,  a  town  of  much  greater  importance  than  it  is  at  present,  and  the  point,  round 
which  radiate  a  numy)er  of  other  towns,  and  extensive  agricultural  districts,  of  which  Ot- 
tawa in  the  capital  and  centre,  and,  in  all  liumiin  probability,  always  likely  to  remain  eo. 
From  it,  a  large  wholesale  and  reliiil  trade  is,  and  must  always,  be  done — with  the  districts 
round  about ;  whilst,  as  is  well  known,  it  is  the  centre  of  o  district,  which,  for  extensive 
forests  of  fine  lumber,  has  no  superior  in  America. 

The  scenery  around  Ottawa  is  far  beyond  what  we  had  any  idea  of,  and  the  view  from 
the  Barrack  Hill,  is  one  of  surpassing  grandeur  and  extent,  combining  in  it  a  tjinity  of 
river,  landscape,  and  fall  scenery,  whicii  few  places  can  boast  of. 

Looking  to  tlie  west — (see  engraving) — at  the  west  end  of  the  town  ore  situated,  the 
celebrated  Cliaudibre  Falls,  whicli  fall  about  40  feet,  and  the  spray  of  which  may  be  seen 
a  long  way  off,  ascending  in  the  air. 

In  tiie  early  part  of  the  season,  (say  in  May,)  these  falls  are  not  seen  to  so  much  advan- 
tage, tiie  river  then  being,  generally,  so  much  swollen  with  the  immense  volume  of  water 
from  the  upper  lakes  and  the  tributaries  of  the  Ottawa.  Then  they  par'ake,  in  some  rc- 
specls,  more  of  the  character  of  huge  rapids.  Farther  on  in  the  season,  however,  they  ap- 
pear more  in  their  real  character  of  "  falls,"  and  are  u  sight  worth  seeing,  although  thoy 
are  being  very  much  encroached  upon,  bj'  lumber  establishments.  An  excellent  view  of 
the  falls,  as  well  as  of  the  rapids,  is  got  from  off  the  sus])ension  bridge,  which  crosses  the 
river  quite  close  to  then).  At  the  eastern  suburb  of  Ottawa,  again,  called  New  Edin- 
burgli,  there  is  a  little  Niagara,  in  miniature,  in  the  Rideau  Falls,  and  one  of  the  prettiest 
little  falls  to  be  seen  any  where.  Although  only  of  30  feet  fall,  they  present  features 
of  interest  and  great  beauty. 

The  town  of  Ottawa  is  supplied,  in  many  parts,  with  gas.  Its  markets  afford  an  excel- 
lent supply  of  cheap  provisions,  whilst  the  purity  of  the  air,  from  its  elevated  position, 
riuiders  it  one  of  the  healthiest  towns  in  Canada. 

Emigrants,  in  looking  to  Ottawa,  will  do  well  to  remember,  that  it  is  only  the  agricul- 
tural labourer,  or  farmer  with  capital,  to  whom  its  locality  offers  inducements  at  prcHcnt. 

Amongst  the  schemes  for  connecting  Canada  East  with  tiie  Western  States,  is  the  (H- 
tawa  Ship  Canal,  via  the  Ottawa  and  French  Rivers  to  Lake  Huron,  which,  if  niccessful  in 
being  established,  will  render  Ottawa,  more  than  ever,  one  of  the  great  entrepots  of  that 
route  and  traffic. 

The  communication  between  Ottawa  and  Montreal,  is  by  rail  via  Prescott;  also  by  river, 
j  er  steamer  to  'irenville,  rail  from  Grenville  to  Carrillon;  thence,  steamer  to  Lachine ; 
1  ci  >nce,  roil  t<  •  ilontreol.  To  Canada  West,  on  the  St..  Ln  wrence,  via  rail.  To  Ogdensburg, 
via  rail  to  Prescott,  and  steamer  across  the  St.  Lawrence.  Distances  : — from  Montreal,  I'iC) 
miles;  Quci-c,  290  miles;  Toronto,  223  miles;  Kingston,  95  miles;  Prescott,  55  miles; 
N  'W  York,  i50  miles;  Boston,  485  miles.     Population,  about  12,000. 

">r  the  information  of  emigrants  ])roceeding  to  the  newly-opened  districts,  where  free 
lands  are  to  be  hod,  full  information  regarding  these,  with  routes  and  fares,  will  bo  found 
m  another  portion  of  this  work. 

The  views  of  Upper  Town,  and  Lower  and  Central  Town,  as  given  elsewhere,  are  from 
pencil  drawings  made  for  this  work,  by  Mr.  Eastman,  artist,  of  Ottawa.  All  who  know 
Ottawa  will  be  able  to  attest  to  the  very  faithful  manner  in  whicli  they  are  done,  and  that 
the  engravers  hnve  preserved  all  the  truthfulness  in  detail,  in  enabling  us  to  present,  for  the 
first  tin:    ■     Ik     ve,  complete  and  accurate  views  of  Ottawrv,  Canada  West. 


sy,  and  nil 
and  offer- 
In  faet, 
s  had  nnj' 
the  conso- 
bt,  that  of 
lore  exton- 
i)iut,  round 
whicli  Otr 
reniain  eo. 
he  distriets 
)r  extensive 

view  from 
a  tj'inity  of 

iitiiated,  the 
iny  be  seen 

luoh  advan- 
ne  of  water 
in  some  rc- 
rer,  they  ap- 
hougli  they 
lent  view  of 
1  crosses  the 
1  New  Edin- 
tlie  prettiest 
sent  features 

)rd  an  excel- 
ted  position, 

'  the  agrieul- 

I  at  present. 
.e«,  is  the  ( H- 

"uccessful  in 
spots  of  that 

ilso  by  river, 
to  Lacliine ; 
Ogdensburg, 
ilontreal,  126 
itt,  55  miles ; 

s,  where  free 
will  bo  found 

lere,  nro  from 

II  who  know 
one,  and  that 
resent,  for  the 


OTTAWA  BUSINESS  DIRECTORY. 


Agricultural  Implements. 
Hay,  George,  Sparks  street. 

Attorneys  and  Barristers, 
Cleoo,  William,  llideau  street. 
Marsan,  J.  B.  C,  Rideau  st.     (See  adv't.) 
Ring  &  O'Connor,  Sussex  street. 

Bookseller. 
RrrciiiE,  James,  Sparks  street.    (See  adv't). 

Builder  and  Carpenter. 
Lang,  Edward,  Sparks  street.    Central   (See 
advertisement). 

Commission  Merchants. 
Heudach,  George,  Rideau  street. 
Makett,  Frederick,  Rideau  street. 

Confectioner  and  Baker. 
Scott,  Alexander,  Sparks  street. 

Dry  Goods. 
Cunningham,    Barclay    &    Lindsay,    Mains' 

Buildings,  Rideau  street. 
HuNTON,  Tiios.  and  Wm.,  Sparks  street. 


Drug  Store. 
Van  Felson  &  Co.,  Sussex  street.   (See  adv't). 

Orocers. 
HuNTON,  Tiios.  and  Wm.,  Sparks  street. 
Marett,  Frederick,  Rideau  street. 
Patterson,  Thomas,  Rideau  street. 

Hardware  Merchants. 
Workman  &  Griffin,  Rideau  and  Wellington. 

streets. 

Hotel. 
Campbell's  Hotel,  Sparks  street.  (See  adv't). 

Land  Agents. 
Austin,  W.  A.,  Central  Town.     (See  adv't). 
O'Connor,  C.  J.,  Wellington  St.  (See  adv't). 
Preston,  G.  H.,  Rideau  street.     (See  adv't). 

Milliner  and  Dressmaker. 
Humphreys,  Mrs.,  Wellington  street. 

Tohacco7iist. 
Wilcock,  Thomas,  Sparks  street 


CAMPBELL'S  HOTEL, 
SPARKS    STREET, 

OTTAWA, 
J.  L.  CtlMrBEI.1.,  Proper. 


JAMES   RITCHIE, 

Bookseller  &  Stationer, 

SPARKS    STREET, 

OTTAWA  CITY,  CANADA  WEST. 

Agent  for  American  and  English  Periodicals. 
VAN    FEIiSONr&r~C0L7 

WHOLESALE   AND    Itf;TAIL    DEALERS   IN 

DRUGS,  CHEMICALS,  PERFUMERY,  PAIXTS, 

A.T<n=>    OlliS- 

SUSSEX  STREET,  opposite   York  St., 

OTTAWA. 

J.  B.  C.  marsan;         ~ 
ATTORNEY    AT    LAW, 

fto,,  fto., 

RIDEAU    STREET, 

OTTAWA. 


EDWARD     LANG, 

Carpenter  &  Builder, 

SPARKS   STREET, 
CENTRAL    OTTAWA. 


City  of  Oilawa,  Canada. 

G.  H.  PRESTON, 
LAND  &  GENERAL  AGENT, 

BROKER        c., 

AUCTIONEER  AND  COMr     JION  MERCHANT. 

OMce  an*'    Rooms, 


OTTAWA  lAKD   AGENCY. 

The  Subscriber,  l)eing  commissioned  by 
most  of  the  heavy  landholders  of  the  City 
of  Ottawa  and  vicinity,  offers  for  sale  every 
description  of 

having  on  hand  evury  variety  of  Town, 
Villa,  and  Village  lots,  Farming  and  un- 
cleared land,  Mill  Sites,  &c.,  &c.  ' 
High  Percentage  to  T'oney  Lenders  on  Un> 
doubted  Becori ,,'    f  Beal  Estate. 

Monty  litnl  on  Uj,prated  Stcurtty, 
W.    A.    AUSTIN, 

PROVINCIAL   LAND   SURVEYOR,    CIVIL   ENGINEER, 
ARCHITECT,  ETC. 

CENTRAL  TOWN,   OTTAWA. 

^CHAS^'O'COINNOR,  " 

liAIVB    AGENT,    &c., 

WELLINGTON    RTREET, 
OTTAWA. 


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LOCKS  ON   RIDEAU   CANAL,   OTTAWA. 


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22 


TORONTO,   CANADA  WEST. 


^:~:'  ■-"spC-,-^*:^'^''-^; 


:,4 


CITY  OF  TORONTO,  0  W. 

Toronto  forms  tho  Metropolis  of  Fppor  Ciinadn,  (or  Cniinda  AVcst,)  tlie  spcond  city  in 
coninitToiul  iiuportanei;  in  tlic  entirp  j)roviiK'e,  and  at  j)roticiit  is  tlio  poat  of  llic  j)rovin<iul 
logisluture.  It  is  plfa^intly  situatid  on  the  west  shore  of  I.alie  Ontario,  and  has  i>  imudi 
more  prepossessing  appearance  wlien  viewed  from  a  stcaincr  on  the  lalie,  llian  wluii  n])- 
proaclied  bj'  railway.  Fro!n  tlie  large  quantity  of  trees  and  shruldnTv  intcrsjiersed  througli 
many  of  the  streets,  it  may  wi'll  lay  claim  to  the  title  of  the  Forest  City  of  Canada.  Sit- 
uated as  the  city  is,  on  almost  a  dead  level,  it  presents  no  particular  features  further  than 
being  plentifully  studded  with  graceful  spires,  which,  with  the  wooded  hills  situated  in  the 
background,  completes  the  picture  uf  a  beautiful  city. 

The  street  along  side  of  tiie  shore  of  the  lake — recently  verymucli  improved — is  termed 
the  Esplanade,  along  which  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  runs,  and  wlicre  it  has  its  terminus. 


rnowN  LANDS  OFncE  a- 


IANIC8   INSTITUTE. 


In  •>n«-  "ortion  of  -  i.  ve  building  nre 
the  ottic  -»  of  the  Crown-lnnd  Department, 
■where  all  business  ■  .>nnoeted  witli  the 
"Woods  an  ^  Fore'  are  conducted.  In 
an'  her  por  >n  '  the  excellent  Mechanics' 
In'^rituti'  f  th-  city,  w*'mted  at  the  cor- 
ner of  C        'i  nni"  AdeUiu       .'•eets. 


ST.    LAWRKNCK   HALL. 

The  above  forms  one  of  the  most  imposing 
buildings  in  the  city.  The  basem.'Ut  and 
first  floors  ore  occupied  as  stores,  whilst  up- 
stairs there  Is  a  large,  well-lighted,  ond 
neatly  done-up  public  hall,  where  meetings, 
concerts,  etc.,  are  lield.  St.  Lawrener;  Hall 
is  situated  at  the  east  end  of  King  street. 


'.    -4 


TOUONTO,   CANADA   WEST. 


28 


KlM.i    bllltEl    (\V1;sT). 

King  street  is  the  principnl  thoroughfnro 
ill  tlu;  oity.  It  is  fully  2  miles  in  length,  and 
with  its  many  handsonin  stores  niul  builil- 
iiiijs,  forms  the  chief  promenade.  Two  of 
the  largest  liuihlings  in  tlic  eity  are  in  King 
street,  viz.,  St.  Lawrenee  Hall,  and  the  Rossin 
House. 


VO.NCiE  STUKET   (noKTII). 

Yongc  street  rivals  King  street,  in  its  busy 
bustling  appeaniuee,  and  although  the  stores 
arc  not  so  elegant  ns  some  in  King  street,  yet 
a  large  amount  of  retail  business  is  trans- 
acted iu  tlie  Bection  presented  above. 


As  in  most  cities  in  tin'  United  Slates,  the  streets  of  Toronto  are  long  and  spacious,  and  laid 
out  at  rigiit  angles  to  each  other. 

The  principal  streets  for  wholesale  stores  are  the  lower  end  of  Vonge  street  and  Wel- 
lington street,  wiiilst  Upper  Yonge  street  and  King  stri'et  are  the  clriif  streets  for  retail 
business  of  all  sorts. 

We  may  mention  that,  witli  the  exception  of  spaces  here  and  there,  the  pa  ements  in 
all  the  streets  are  of  wood — planks  laid  across,  and  nailed  down  to  sleepers. 

The  Provincial  Legislature  holds  its  mt  etings  in  Toronto,  in  the  government  Imildings,  n 
cluster  of  red  brick  buildings  situate<l  at  the  west  end  of  the  city,  close  to  which  is  the 
residence  of  the  (Jovernor-General,  Sir  Edmun<l  Walker  Head,  Bart.,  representative  of  Her 
Majesty  in  Canada. 

Tlie  public  buildings  of  Toronto  are  ninnerous,  and  some  of  them  verj-  handsome.  We 
have  engraved,  from  photographs,  four  of  tlie  i)rincipal  buildings,  viz.:  St.  Lawrence  Hall, 
Trinity  College,  the  Normal  School,  and  Crown-lands  Office,  iu  which  building  is  also 
situated  the  Mechanics'  Institute.  Osgooile  Ilall,  in  Queen  street,  Aviien  completed  will  form 
one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  eity.  There  the  Superior  Courts  of  Law  and  Ecpiity  are 
held.  Besides  those  named,  the  other  public  buildings  of  any  note  are  the  Post-ofTice,  the 
now  General  Hospital  and  the  Lunatic  Asylum — the  latter  an  immense  building  at  the 
western  extremity  of  the  eity. 

Toronto  may  well  boast  as  being  the  eity  of  churches  in  Canada,  from  the  number  of 
elegant  structures  it  contains,  of  all  denominations.  The  two  largest  are  the  English  Ca- 
thcilnil  and  tlie  Roman  Catholic,  Cathedral,  but  botti,  being  without  spires  iis  yet,  do  not 
present  that  graceful  appearance  which  even  some  of  the  smaller  chtirches  do,  although 
none,  we  should  suppose,  exceed  the  rich  and  handsome  interior  or  comfortable  accommo- 
dation of  the  English  Cathedral,  as  a  place  of  worship. 

Toronto  has  several  manufneturing  establishments,  some  of  them  extensive,  and  which,  in 
ordinary  good  times,  turn  over  a  In  go  amount  of  business;  the  city,  from  its  central  posi- 
tion, and  the  ready  means  of  land  and  water  carriage,  now  e.vt ended  almost  in  every  direc- 
tion, afTording  great  facilities  for  manufactures  as  well  us  merchandise  finding  their  way 
all  over  the  country. 


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24 


TORONTO  AND  HAMILTON',   CANADA  WEST. 


TIII.MTY    COLLEOE. 

The  nliove  buildini;  i^  one  of  the  most  iiii- 
portnnt  in  the  city,  wlu'thcr  m  reijanls  its 
chamcter  ns  an  educational  institution,  or 
the  nini;nificent  style  of  the  editioe,  which, 
when  completed,  will  certainl}'  be  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  city. 


Til'.   NORMAL   AND   MODEL   BCIIUOIJ). 

The  diove  hulldinp,  in  the  Italian  style  o 
architetture,  is  devoted  to  tiie.  c.^talilii^linKiit 
known  .s  the  Normal  and  Jh>del  Schools, 
and  whic'i  forms  the  lieail  of  that  invahiahlo 
system  of  iiiildic  education  pervadini;  tlio 
whole  provii'ce. 


As  we  have  said,  Toronto  forms  the  second  commercial  ci'y  in  Canada,  and,  until  the 
panic  of  1857  set  in,  enjoyed  a  larife  and  steadily  increasing;  tn  de.  Its  merchants  were  of 
the  morst  enterprisini;,  active,  and  "  go  a-head"  character ;  eon!C(juently  prohalily  no  cily 
in  America  lias  experienced  the  efVects  of  the  panic  more  than  T  ironto.  With  tlie  treneral 
revival  of  business,  wc  have  no  doubt,  it  will  assume  its  wonted  letivity,  although  it  may 
be  gr;idually. 

The  railwHj-s  centring  in  Toronto  are: — Tlv  Great  Western,  ti  Hamilton;  Supension 
Bridge,  (Niagara,)  and  Windsor,  op])osite  DeVoit,  (Michigan). 

The  Grand  Trunk,  to  Montreal  and  Quebi  e,  (east,)  and  to  Stratford,  'west). 

The  Ontario,  Simcoe,  oud  Huron,  (now  eallwJ  t!:v  ^'"Hheru  Railroad,;  to  CoUingwood. 


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LONDON". 


LONDON,   CANADA  WEST. 

Like  its  nnmesake,  the  great  Babylon  of  Englond,  London,  C.  W.,  is  in  the  County  of 
Miihlloscx,  mid  also  on  the  River  Tiianios,  witli  streets  and  bridijes  named  after  those  of  tiie 
f;roal  city.  There,  however,  tlie  siinihirity  ends.  It  possesses  some  excellent  public  build- 
ings and  churelies,  and  is  situated  in  the  centre  cif  an  extensive  and  rieli  agricultural  dis- 
trict, which  furnishes  it  with  a  large  amount  of  trade  in  grain  and  otiier  agricultural  pro- 
duce. I'revious  to  tiie  late  conunercial  ]ianic,  few  places  showed  greater  signs  of  progress 
than  London  ;  in  fact  it  went  ahead  too  fast,  like  nniny  other  cities  and  towns,  consequently 
it  has  felt  the  revulsion  all  the  more — and  every  department  of  business,  nearly,  has 
Buttered — to  revive  again,  we  hope,  when  business  becomes  more  buoyant  generally.  The 
town  is  lighted  with  gas,  and  supports  as  many  as  six  newspapers,  and  five  bank  agencies. 
The  streets  are  wide,  and  laid  off  at  right  angles.  London  is  one  of  the  jtrineipal  stations 
on  the  Great  AVestern  Railroad  of  Canada,  on  the  section  from  Hamilton  to  Windsor,  with 
a  branch  to  port  Stanley,  on  Lake  Erie,  from  which  there  is  a  regular  steam  communica- 
tion with  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

The  soil  in  the  inunediale  vicinity  of  London,  it  is  true,  is  sandy,  and  the  country  almost 
a  dead  level,  as  far  as  Windsor ;  but  you  cannot  travel  many  miles  in  a  northern  or  south- 
ern direction,  until  you  meet  with  an  undulating  country,  and  productive  farms,  whose 
proprietors,  of  coui-se,  betake  themselves  to  London  for  sale  and  purchase — for  mart  and 
market. 

Our  representation  of  London  is  from  one  of  several  j)holograph8,  supplied  to  us  by 
Mr.  E.  n.  Longman,  of  London,  C.  AV.,  and,  from  the  excellent  manner  in  which  they  are 
executed,  we  feel  pleasure  and  confidence  in  sjiying,  that  the  pliotograj)hic  art  is  well  re- 
presented there  by  Mr  Longman — judging  from  the  8j)ecimeu8  he  has  supplied  to  us. 


IIAinLTON,   C.  W. 

IIamiltom,  one  of  the  cities  of  Canada  AVest,  is  situated  at  the  south-western  extremity  of 
Burlington  Bay,  an  iidet  at  the  head  of  l^ake  Ontario,  and  termimis  of  lake  navigation. 
The  site  on  which  Hamilton  is  built,  occupies  gradually  rising  ground  for  ab(Uit  a  mile  and 
ft  half  from  the  shore  of  the  lake  to  the  base  of  the  hill,  called  the  Mountain,  which  rises  ii|i 
in  the  background.  It  was  laid  out  in  18i:i,  and  has  B])read  with  wonderful  rapidity — faster 
tlian  almost  any  other  town  in  Canada.  In  1841  the  population  was  only  about  U500,  while 
in  1850  it  had  increased  to  l(t,;il'.J,  and  now  has  reached  to  nearly  yo.odo. 

Hamilton  is  the  centre  of  one  of  the  nujst  extensive  and  best  agricultural  portions  of 
Canada,  and  in  its  vicinity  are  to  be  seen  some  of  the  best  cultivated  farms,  not  long  re- 
claimed from  the  primeval  forest. 

As  in  most  American  cities,  the  streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles,  and  present  a  fine, 
spacious  ap])earance.  The  ]iublic  buildings,  banks,  churches  and  hotels,  whieli  are  amongst 
the  finest  in  the  |irovinee,  are  built  of  stone  and  brick.  Some  of  the  merchants'  stores  excel 
any  thing  of  the  .*ame  sort  in  Toronto,  or  even  Montreal,  and  are  carried  on  by  some  of 
the  largest  importers  in  Canada,  who  do  an  extensive  business  throughout  the  country. 

The  chief  business  streets — named  King,  John,  James,  York,  aiul  McNab  streets — are 
situated  a  considerable  distance  back  from  the  shore. 

The  Gore  Bank  of  Canada  has  its  head-quarters  in  Hamilton,  in  addition  to  which  there 
are  five  or  six  other  Bank  agencies. 

The  finest  and  certainly  most  extensive  view  of  the  city  is  to  be  had  from  the  Mountain. 


County  of 
hose  of  the 
l)lic  Idiild- 
iltiiral  (lis- 
iltural  pro- 
)f  proiri'osH 
iisciiuoiilly 
iciu-ly,  lias 
ally.  Tiie 
k  ngonc'ies. 
)al  gtations 
iJsor,  with 
ominunica- 

itry  nlnidsi 
II  or  i-oiit  li- 
nns, whose 
•  ninvt  and 

(1  to  us  by 
;h  they  are 
t  ia  well  re- 
;o  u^. 


[tremity  of 
nnviiiatioii. 
ft  niilc  luiil 
■ti  rises  ii|i 
ity — faster 
ycbo,  while 

portions  cif 
not  long  re- 

jscnt  ft  fine, 
e  ninonfisl 

storoa  oxeel 
l)y  some  of 
luntry. 
reels — are 

,liieh  tlicre 

3  Mountain. 


DRUGS. 

J    WISER   A   CO.,  Importers  and  Wholesale   Druggists,   receive  constantly,  illrect  from   the   sources 
•    of  growth  ancl  manufiicture,   nil  the  staple  Drugs,  Chemicals,  Perfumery,  Toilet  S<iap8,  llrushis. 
Combs,  Surgical  anil  l>ontiil  Instruments,  (ilassware,  etc.,  etc.     Paints,  Oils,  Varnishes,  Naval  ^'lorcs,  !)ye- 
stulfs,  Spices,  etc.,  etc.    J.  Winer  &  Co.  are  proj)rletor8  of  Mott's  Febrifuge  Wine  anil  Oarilcn's  Worm  Tea, 
and  also  keep  all  other  Patent  Mciliclnes  in  Btocit,  at  manufacturers'  prices. 
Particular  attention  paid  to  keeping  articles  of  first  quality. 


Honey  Broker,  Insurance,  and  General  Agent, 

KING  STREET,  HAMILTON,  C.  W. 


m.  ir.  ITARTlflAlV,  D.  D.  S., 

CORNER  OF  KING  &  JOHN  STREETS, 

HAMILTOV,   C.  W. 


HILTON  BROTHERS, 
HARDWARE  MERCHANTS, 

KING  STREET,  HAMILTON,  C.  W. 


JAME8    CAHILL, 
BARRISTER,  SOLICITOR,  &c., 

KING  ST.,  (East,)  HAMILTON,  C.  W. 


GEORGE  BARNES  Sl  CO., 
BOOKSELLERS    &    STATIONERS, 

HAMILTON,  C.  W. 


JONATHAN  H.  VAN  NOBMAN,  U.  D., 

Eclectic  Physician,  Accoucheur,  and  Surgeon, 

COR.  OF  KING  &  BOWERY  STREET, 

HAMILTON,  C.  W.  BOX,  478. 


99 


A    POLITICAL,    COMMERCIAL    Sl    GENERAL    NEWSPAPER, 

is  Published  at  Hamilton,  C.  IK,  bt/  the  Proprietors, 

WILLIAM  GILLESPY  &  ALEXANDER  ROBERTSON. 

It  is  isiued  DAILY,  SEHI-WEEKLT  &  WEEBXT,  and  has  the  largest  Circulation  of  any 
Canadian  Newspaper  West  of  Toronto. 

From  the  particular  attention  palil  to  Commercial  Intelligence,  the  •'spectator  has  acquired  a  reputation 
for  reliability,  which  has  secured  for  it  the  patronage  of  the  Mercantile  Community  of  Western  Canada. 
The  geographical  position  of  the  City  of  Hamilton,  with  its  superior  railway  connection,  alTiirdH  great 
facility  for  the  speedy  transmission  of  the  Diiili/  Spectator  to  the  numerous  thriving  Towns  and  Villages 
between  the  Niagara  and  Octroit  Rivers, — an  advantage  of  which  the  proprietors  have  not  failed  to  avail 
themselves.  The  .SVmi-  Weekly  and  Weekly  editions,  (made  up  from  the  reading  matter  in  the  Daily,)  con- 
taining a  great  amount  of  news,  at  an  extremely  low  price,  enjoy  a  large  and  e.\tendc<l  circulation  among 
the  agricultural  classes,  and  those  not  Immediately  engrossed  with  the  cares  of  politics  or  commerce,  to 
whom  the  stimulus  of  a  dally  paper  is  not  a  necessity. 

The  Spectator  (Daily,  Semi-Weekly  and  Weekly)  Is  therefore  an  excellent  medium  for  advertising.  The 
rates  charged  are  the  same  as  the  pul)iished  rates  generally  adopted  by  the  Canadian  press ;  except  for  the 
weekly  edition,  for  which  double  the  usual  rate  is  charged,  on  account  of  its  large  circulation  being  confined, 
almost  exclusively,  to  the  farming  community,  thereby  admitting  only  the  profitable  publication,  in  its 
columns,  of  advertisements  suited  to  this  particular  class. 

f^T"  The  Kates  of  Subscription  payable,  in  advance,  are — 

l)aH;i  per  annum,  J5.0U  per  copi/.  Semi-  Weekli/,  in  clubs  of  5  or 


Semi-  Weekly 
Weehh/ 


3.00 
1.60 


more $2.00  per  cop\j. 

Weekly,  in  clubs  of  10  or  more   l.OO      " 


XSf  Parties  resident  in  Oreat  Britain  or  Ireland,  may  order  through  Messrs.  Algar  &  Street,  No.  11 
I  Clement's  Lane,  Lonibard  Street,  London,  Kngland. 

i  The  Publishers  of  the  Spectator  also  beg  to  direct  public  attention  to  the  other  branches  of  business 
,  carried  on  by  them  at  the  "  l*l»KCT.\l'«R"  E>>T.\liLISIIMK.>;T,  which  Is  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
j  complete  of  the  kind  in  Canada — comprising  the  following  Departments,  viz : — 

'  Hook  anp  Job  PniNTiNo,  including  the  publication  of  the  national  series  of  School  Hooks,  as  well  as  the 
I  execution  of  every  variety  of  plain  and  fancy  letterpress  printing;  Uookbindixii,  (this  department  carried 
j  olTtlie  first  prize  at  the  Provincial  Fair  in  IS.'iT,)  including  Blank  Rook  manufacturing,  and  ruling  and  paging 
I  by  the  most  improved  machinery  ;  LiTiionRAPiilNQ  and  Coppkb-Platk  K.ngiiaviso  and  PHiNriS(i,  embracing  ; 
Invoices,  Cards,  Maps,  Plans,  Autographs,  &c.,  Ac,  with  every  variety  of  Mercantile  and  Hank  Forms; 
j  Stationkry,  embracing  a  select  and  varied  Stock  of  Ilrltlsh,  American,  and  Canadian  made  papers,  &c.,  &c. 
IS'"  Orders  In  the  above  departments  executed  on  the  shortest  notice,  and  at  reasonable  charges. 

Spkctator  Offick,    I  GUIjLESnr    <Ss    HOBERTSOU", 

Hamilton,  C.  W.     )  Publltlurt  K  eroprUtort, 


THE   ST.  OATKBRIITB'B   OOITSTIT'O'TIOITAL, 

An  Indopciidcnt  TVcckly  €onscrvativc  Journal, 

Is  published  every  Wednesilay,  at  the  Proprietor's  Offlce,  St.  Paul  Street,  at  the  low  price  of  iH  a  year,  in 
advance.  Having  a  large  and  Inlluentlal  circulation.  Business  Men  will  flnil  it  a  most  desirable  H<lver- 
tlslng  medium.  Plain  and  Fancy  JOB  PKINTINd,  of  every  description,  executed  in  the  best  style  of  the 
Art,  at  the  cheapest  rates,  and  on  the  shortest  notice.  Superior  facilities  for  Book,  Handbill,  Circular  and 
Card  Printing. 

JAMES  SEYMOUR,  Editor  &  Proprietor,  St.  Catherine's,  C.  W. 


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> 

V 

c  ;^ 


;  j3  <s 


S  \f  J> 


KINGSTON,   CANADA  WEST. 


2!> 


view  (if  the  Biirrouii<ling  country  is  obtained.  These  Imildings,  besides  the  immense  Hull, 
wliiili  is  used  on  nil  public  ocensions,  and  for  conoerts,  etc.,  oontaiii  the  eomiuoii  council 
chiiiiiberj,  city  otliccs,  commercial  news  room,  ngeiicy  of  the  bank  of  British  North  Ameri- 
ca, temiiorary  ])ost-ortiee,  wholesale  stores  and  wareliouses,  together  with  numerous  either 
otlicts,  etc.,  which  w  ill  give  some  idea  of  its  proportions.  Its  average  cost  was  one  hundred 
and  twenty  thousand  dollars.  The  new  "Court  House  and  Jnil,"  now  comjileted,  stands 
next  in  order,  and  is,  indeed,  an  ornament  to  the  city,  the  front  clevalion,  with  itssix  niag- 
niticent  jiillar.'',  bi-ing  in  Creeiari  Ionic  style,  and  the  design  extremely  chaste  and  elegant. 
Its  li'iigtli  is'iiiH  feet,  widili  f>i  feet.  The  average  outlay  in  its  construction  was  nearly 
ninrty  tlmusand  dollars.  The  hiwer  story  is  designed  fur  jnililic  otKces,  above  which  iir'o 
(he  court  and  council  rooms,  emisisting  of  the  assizes  and  county  court,  the  divisiim  court, 
and  county  council  rocniis,  etc.  In  rear  are  the  .hiil  and  jailer's  dwdlinir,  formingan  extensive 
wiiii;  to  tlie  main  building.  The  nther  buildings  of  note  arc,  the  Koman  Catluilic  t'atln'- 
dral,  and  llciriopolis  C'olleire;  the  (Jcnerul  Hospital,  (Queen's  College,  the  (iraminur 
Schodl  ;  St.  (ieorg<''s,  St.  Paul's,  and  St.  .hiines's Protestant  Churches;  St.  Andrew's  Church, 
Iri^li  I'rci' Church,  Chalnii'r's  Church,  AVesleyan  and  Primitive  Methodist  Clmrches,  Cim- 
greirational  Chureli,  l{a|itist  Church,  Anostolic,  Cliurch,  and  the  old  Krench  Itouian  Catho- 
lic Cliuri'h,  now  usimI  as  a  nunnery.  The  new  Custom  House  and  Post-otiice,  recently  com- 
pleted, would  be  an  ornament  to  any  city.  The  chief  ]iutilic  institutions  are,  the  Ccncral 
Hospital,  House  of  Indu-^try,  Hotel  Dieu,  ^b■ellanies'  Institute,  etc.  There  are  two  daily 
n.wspaper! — 'The  British  Wliig,"  the  tirst  daily  published  in  Cana<la  West,  and  "The 
News;"  oni'  tri-weekly  in  the  Honian  Catholie  interest,  the  "Herald;"  and  four  weeklies, 
the  "Clironich'  and  News,"  the  "  British  Whig,"  the  "  Commercial  Advertiser,"  and  the 
"Ti'ilMUie."  One  tliiiit;  must  not  be  overlooked  in  mentioning  tiie  lions  of  the  city — the 
Public  I'ark,  which,  in  a  fi'W  years,  will  be  a  chief  source  of  healthful  recreation  to  the 
citizens. 

KiuL'ston  has  long  been  known  for  its  safe  and  capacious  harbour,  which  is  well 
adapted  to  shelter  a  lariTi'  flci't  of  vessels,  besides  having  over  twenty  wharves,  some  of 
them  vii'v  extensive,  and  furnished  with  capacious  warehouses  and  accoinmodations  for 
the  fiirwaidiuL.'  trade.  The  shijiping  tradi'  has  long  been  a  chief  feature  of  the  place.  In 
addition  in  the  ship  yards  at  (Jiirden  Island,  npiiosite,  ami  at  Portsmouth,  at  the  extreme 
West  end  of  tlu'  city,  there  is  the  noted  Marine  Railway  <if  John  Counter,  Ks((,,  fnim  all  of 
wiiii'li  have  lieen  launched  the  greatest  nnmlier  and  largest  tonnage  of  Canadian  vessels  in 
CaTiada  West.     Kiiig>tou,  in  this  partie\dar,  being  only  second  to  (Quebec. 

A  branch  railroad  has  lately  bei'u  made  across  a  portion  of  the  bay  below  the  Catara- 
fpii  l>ridi;e.  to  connect  with  the  eity  from  the  main  depot,  coming  in  at  the  foot  of  Onta- 
rio >tieit.  at  the  Tete  (111  Pont  barracks,  and  |>assinLt  thence  along  the  harbour  to  Shaw's 
wliiuf,  where  the  branch  or  city  depot  is  to  lie  establisiied.  Kingston  has,  also,  her  Crys- 
tal Palace,  at  tlie  outskirts  of  the  city,  in  which  the  County  Airricidtiiral,  Horticultural, 
and  otlnr  shows  are  lieM,  and  in  which  will  be  held  tlu'  Provincial  Association's  great  An- 
nual Show  t'or  lS,")'.t.  This  is  a  large,  hauilsoine,  ami  connnodious  liuilding,  which  speaks 
favo\n-alily  for  the  ]niblie  eiiterpriM'  of  the  Kingstonese,  and  the  yeomein'y  of  the  county 
of  I'l'onlenac.  Not  the  b'ast  ri'iuarkable  evidence  of  the  prosperity  of  the  farming  eom- 
nninity,  is  the  lai-LTe  markets  in  Kingston — larger,  perhaps,  than  any  others  in  Canada,  and 
atle-ting  i,'reatly  in  favour  of  the  superiority  of  tlie  land  in  the  vicinity. 

Kingston  is  well  ilefeiided,  judging  from  her  martello  towers,  market  battery,  and  ex- 
tensivi' and  commanding  fortifications  at  Fort  Henry  and  Point  Frederick.  Towanls  the 
West  end  of  the  city  arc  numerous  handsome  private  residences,  fronting  on  Lake  Ontario. 
Still  further  <in  is  tin'  private  Insam'  Asylum,  at  "  Pockwood."'  The  Penitentiary,  sitiuited 
on  the  laki'  shore,  is  a  great  attraction  to  straHLters  visiting  Kingston.  It  is  surrounded 
with  walls  :iii  fei't  lii;_'li,  with  flanking  towers,  the  whole  covering  an  area  of  about  twen- 
ty aeres.  Iimidethe  walls,  tin'  first  building  seen  is  of  a  cruciform  shape,  in  one  wing  of 
wldeli  is  the  hospital;  in  anotlu'r,  the  dining-hall ;  above  these,  the  chapel;  and  under- 
neath, the  a-:yhnn  for  the  iiisaiu'.  The  north  )iart  is  the  dwelling-house  of  tlie  Warden 
and  other  otlieers,  with  a  beautiful  ijarden  attached  ;  the  reimiinder  being  occujned  as  cells 
for  the  convicts,  who  are  all  well  eared  for,  and  have,  with  their  own  hands,  erected  the 
walls,  workslio]is,  sheds,  cells,  etc.  At  the  back,  and  next  the  lake  side,  are  ranges  of 
workshops,  when'  the  surplus  lalninr  is  let  to  contractors. 

On  the  whole,  Kingston  seems  to  keep  the  even  teiiour  of  her  way  amongst  the  cities  of 
Canada  West,  with  a  crcditabh'  steadiness  and  perseverance;  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most 
healthy  localities  in  the  ]irovince;  with  a  population  of  aliout  13,(iii(i.  Kingston  is  repre- 
sented in  tlie  rpper  House  by  the  Honourable  Alexander  Campbell,  and  in  the  Lower 
Hou~e  by  the  Honourable  .bilin  A.  Mac(louald,  the  ex-Premier;  the  member  for  the  county 
beinirthe  Honourable  Hi'iirv  Smith,  Speaker  of  the  Legislative  Assembly. 

The  station  of  the  (Jrand  Trunk  Railroad  is  about  2  miles  from  the  city.  Omnibuses 
ply  to  and  from  it,  in  connection  with  the  hotels. 


?-  J 


rv! 


If 


8: 


I 


UPPER  AND  LOWETl  CANADA. 


TiiK  following  iiiforniation  is  compiled  from  the  niithorizcJ  publications  of  the  Cana<linii 
govcruiucnt,  official  documents,  and  private  information  received : — 

OEonnAPniCAL  Positiov  akd  Extbxt.— The  province  of  Canada  embraces  about  S.IO.OOO  square 
miles  of  territory,  in(le|)en(lently  of  its  nortli-westorn  possessions,  not  yet  open  for  settlement : 
it  is,  consequently,  more  than  one-third  hirjter  than  France,  nearly  three  times  as  larjrc  as  (Jreat 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  more  than  three  times  as  largo  as  Trussia.  The  iidiabited,  or  settled 
portion,  covers  at  least  40,000  square  miles,  and  is  nearly  twice  as  largo  as  Denmark,  three 
times  as  large  an  Switzerland,  a  third  greater  than  Scotland,  and  nu>i.'  than  a  third  the  >\n!  "i' 
Prussia. 

Prior  to  the  year  1840,  Canada  was  divided  into  two  distinct  provinces,  known  as  Upper  and 
Lower  ("auada,  ])Ossessing  separate  legislative  bodies,  or  parliaments,  for  the  local  government 
of  each.  In  1S40  these  provinces  were  united,  although,  for  some  purposes,  the  old  territorial 
divisions  still  exist.  Upper  Canada  is  that  part  of  the  now  united  provinces  which  lies  to  the 
west  of  the  River  Ottawa ;  Lower  Canada  embraces  the  country  to  the  east  of  that  river. 

This  extensive  province  is  hounded  on  the  north  by  the  Uritish  possessions,  at  present  in  the 
occupation,  or  guardianship,  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company;  on  the  south  and  east,  by  the  states 
of  the  American  Union,  and  the  Uritish  province  of  \ew  Hrunswick.  The  western  boundary  of 
Canada,  west  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  is  yet  undefined.  The  River  St.  Lawrence,  and  Lakes  Untario, 
Erie,  St.  Clair,  Huron,  and  Superior,  with  their  connecting  rivers,  form  the  division  between 
Canada  and  the  United  States. 

FouM  OK  GovEKXMEXT. — Canada  is  a  colony  of  Great  Britain,  hut  is  as  free  and  unfettered  as 
an  iu(le])eniK'nt  nation.  The  mother  cou'.try  has  entrusted  to  the  Canadians  the  maiuigement  of 
their  own  affairs.  The  (!overiu)r  of  Canada,  who  is  also  Governor-general  of  Uritish  North  Amer- 
ica, is  appointed  by  the  Uritish  Crown,  and  is  its  representative  in  the  colony.  He  nominates  an 
executive  council,  who  are  his  advisers  on  all  matter .  There  arc  two  legislative  bodies,  called 
the  House  of  Assend)ly  and  the  Legislative  Council,  the  members  of  which  are  elected  by  tho 
people.     The  Legislative  Council  was  formerly  filled  by  the  nominees  of  the  crown. 

Tho  system  of  government  is  that  of  legislative  majorities  and  responsibility  to  electors,  in 
iniitation  of,  and  as  similar  as  possible,  to  that  which  exists  in  Great  Uritain.  All  public  oflicea 
and  seats  in  the  legislature  are  open  to  any  candidate  possessing  the  confidence  of  the  people, 
and  holding  a  certain  limited  amount  of  property,  and  being,  at  the  time,  a  British  subject.  Tho 
elective  franchise  is  nearly  universal.  Every  num  paying  an  annual  household  rental  of  30  dol- 
lars, (tt)  stg.)  in  the  cities  and  towns,  and  '20  dollars,  (£4:  stg.)  in  the  rural  districts,  is  entitled 
to  vote. 

NATriiALizATioK  OP  A1.IENS. — Under  the  provisions  of  the  12  Vict.  cap.  197,  sect  4,  as  amended 
by  tlie  IS  Vict.  cap.  0,  foreigners  can  become  naturalized  ofter  a  residcnccof_/!cc //(<(»•«  in  Can- 
ada, by  taking  an  oath  as  to  such  residence,  and  the  oath  of  allegiance,  before  any  Justice  of 
the  Peace  of  the  place  of  his  residence,  and  afterwards  obtiuuing  a  certificate  of  residence  from 
such  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  causing  it  to  be  presented  and  recorded  in  any  one  of  the  courts 
mentioned  in  the  sixth  section  of  the  12  Vict.  cap.  Itt7,  upon  which  a  certificate  of  naturalization 
will  bo  granted  by  such  court. 

Before  they  ore  naturolized,  we  are  informed  that  foreigners  can  hold  and  transmit  real  estate 
the  same  as  natural-born  subjects;  that  they  have  a  vote  at  municipal  elections,  although  not  at 
elections  for  members  of  the  provincial  legislature. 

The  Uritish  government  maintains  a  small  force  in  Canada  and  the  neighboring  provinces,  for 
protection  against  foreign  invasion,  and  for  tho  maintenance  and  preservation  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Quebec,  Kingston,  and  other  places,  in  the  event  of  a  foreign  war. 

Chauactkb  op  the  PoiM'LATioN'. — Canada  was  once  a  French  colony,  and,  until  it  was  ceded 
to  the  Uritish,  possessed,  exclusively,  a  French  population.  In  that  part  of  the  province  whioh 
lies  to  the  east  of  the  Ottawa  River,  and  which  is  called  Lower  Canada,  the  people  arc  chiefly  of 
French  extraction.  West  of  the  Ottawa,  or  Upper  Canada,  is  essentially  British.  Ttfie  popida- 
tion  of  the  province  now  exceeds  '2,000,000.  In  some  parts  of  Upper  Canada  there  are  large 
colonies  of  Germans  and  Dutch,  and  it  is  probable  that  not  less  than  30,000  Germans  and  Dutch 
are  settled  in  different  parts  of  the  upper  or  western  half  of  the  province. 


'■!  i1 


82 


POPULATIOX — LAWS  AND  MUNICIPAI,    IN'.STITUTIONS. 


POPULATION   or  CANADA   FOR  1850-1857. 


I   , 


Namei  of  Countlei. 


Total  catlinatcil  Pop- 
ulation up  to  Jnn.  1. 

is:>n,    I    1S17.     I 


Namea  nf  rountlei 
aiiU  cuius. 


Total  esllniatecl  Pon- 
ulalloii  up  to  Jan.  1. 


Brant  .... 

KifTin 

Prencott. . 
Kuaiiull  . . 
Lamhton  . 
Stonnont 
Dunilua  . . 
Olennary  . 
Cark'lun  . 
Leed:)  .... 
Grenvllle  . 
Norfnlk... 
Lanark  . . 
Ilenfrew  . 
Froiitenac 
I.ei'.nox. .. 
AclilhiKton 
lla^iliii);*. . 

Prlnoo  KilwartI 

Ilaldlmanil 

Norlhuinbcrlanil..  I 

Durham    f 

Peterlioroud'h. 
Victoria  


'ill 


;;;;;;[] 


H 


2fi,>t7a 

.SO,416 
U,(r.'S 

17,T0a 

u.-m 

!t<»,Wl) 

.sa.niM 

2ll,4.')fl 
'i7,SH4 
•js,s'24 
1H,«S4 
1>1,BS4 
!),14S 
IH.IWS 
41, lilt! 

'2\,i<M 

(  3l\,l'24 

)  !{s,4,'>ti 

2ll,'.JiB 

l«,7.Vi 


2».n%7 
t)»,4AI 
l\4ti 
O.SII'i 
1«,B«9 

nfiU 
'J.\119 
8!i,f)94 
42,970 
29,101 
HO,672 
Hl,70« 
14,st4 
23,S')2 
10,1102 
2o,.V)« 
4.\777 
24,921 
2H,N2ll 
119,i;W 
42,Hill 
22,H03 
1>I,427 


llrnniftil  forward 

Ontario 

Vork    I 

Peel f 

!<lnu'oc 

Wentworth 

Ilallon 

Orey    

U'elllnKton 

Huron I 

Ilruce f 

Perth  

Waterloo 

Lincoln I 

Wellanil   j 

Oxford 


I  .Middlesex  . 


Kent 
Kssex 


City  of  Toronto. . 
City  of  ilanillton 
City  of  Kinpitnn. 

I  City  of  Ottawa  . . 

I  City  of  Loudon  .. 


ISM. 

ftfl,ft82 
8fl,52n 
fll,A72 
27,NH 

8a,7ia 

«I,M4 
21,592 

1  lO.nsn 
1  ;i4,f>'i4 

i  82,IW 

1    H.llOO 

2«,.V>2 

.'t4,'K4 

(  !«,7lH) 

\  21,060 

40,!MW 

4o,ini 
2;i,si)0 
2n,(m) 

4ll,.'>00 
20,4iM) 
1«,1.')0 
ll,l).')0 

i;i,()O0 


l'«7. 

B2,oon 

40,172 
07,729 
80,H24 
89,2S'; 
IM,B9S 
2.t,7.M 
1S,2.'« 

asorts 

a'i,942 
9,24<) 
29,207 
!t7,7.'>« 
97,070 
'A  100 
44,'.I9S 
44,lfl7 

2li,lM) 

2s,(m 
.'il,0<M) 
22,44(1 
17,7.'i9 
12,1.\"> 
14,9t'K) 


Carrlcdup '      .')fi,.'>;i2  f>2,0ii«     l|  ri,22>*,123    ll,8,')0,92;t 

Total  estimated  pnimlatiun  of  Lower  Canada,  adding  one-seven-i  I 

tcentli  for  one  year's  Increase I,1.')2,70S    ll,220,.')14 


Total  population  of  Canada  in  ISM  and  In  1S67 2,8s(),sn    12,571, 487 _| 

Law»  AMD  MtTNiciPAL  lNSTiTL'Tio!t.s. — Tlio  Iftws  of  Eii|rl!in(l  wtTo  introcluctMl  itito  Upper  Can- 
ada ill  IT'.'l,  and  ]>revail,  subject  to  the  viirious  iiltefatioiis  nutde,  IVotn  time  to  time,  by  tlie  local 
purlutinetit.  The  laws  of  Fi'iince,  as  tlicy  existed  at  tlio  conqtiest  ol"  Camidu,  by  Urituiii,  prevail 
in  Lower  Canada,  subject  also  to  tlie  ivlterations  ellected  by  tlie  local  pai-Iianient.  Tlie  ei-iiuinal 
and  coinnieiciid  laws  of  Eni^Iund  prevail  there,  us  in  Upper  Canada.  Tlie  pailiunieiit  of  Canada 
have,  and  exercise,  entire  control  over  the  province;  the  ini))erial  (;overnnient  never  interfere 
now,  unless  (which  .scarcely  ever  occurs)  some  >;reat  national  interest  is  involved. 

The  municipal  system  of  Upper  Canada  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  cxijjencies  of  a  younjj  and 
rigorous  country  ;  its  success  has  been  coini)lele.  In  order  to  comprehend  it,  it  is  necessary  to 
state,  that  Upper  Canada  is  divided  into  counties,  forty-two  in  nutnher;  each  county  is  divided 
into  townships;  so  that,  on  un  average,  each  township  is  about  ten  miles  S(piare.  The  inliabit- 
ontsof  n  township  elect  live  "couneillers,"  the  councillors  elect,  out  of  this  nuiidjcr.  u  presiding 
oflicer,  who  is  designated  the  "  town  reeve ;"  the  town  reeves  of  the  difl'erent  townships,  form 
the  "  county  council,"  this  Council  elect  their  presiding  olliccr,  who  is  styled  the  "  Warden."  The 
town  council  and  county  council  are  municipal  corporations,  possessing  the  power  to  raise 
money  for  municipal  purposes,  such  os  making  public  improvements,  opening  an<l  rei)airing 
roads  and  bridges.  Repayment  is  secured  by  a  tax  on  all  the  property  in  tlic  township  or  county 
where  the  debt  is  incurred;  but  no  by-law  for  raising  money  can  be  enforced,  unless  it  has  been 
previously  submitted  to  the  electors  or  people.  Each  corporation  jiossesses  the  power  of  suing, 
and  is  liable  to  be  sued,  and  their  by-laws,  if  illegal,  are  subject  to  be  annulled  by  the  Superior 
Courts  of  the  province,  at  the  instance  of  any  elector. 

Each  township  council  has  the  power  to  ])rovido  for  the  support  of  common  schools  under 
the  provisions  of  the  school  law ;  to  construct  roads,  bridges,  water-courses,  etc.,  to  appoint 
path-masters  or  rood-insi)ectors,  etc.  The  county  councils  are  charged  with  the  construction  and 
repairs  of  goals,  and  court-houses,  roads  and  bridges,  houses  of  correction,  and  grammar  seliouls, 
under  the  provisions  of  the  school-law  ;  to  grant  money,  by  loan,  to  public  woiks,  teixling  to  the 
improvement  of  the  country,  and  to  levy  taxes  for  the  redemption  of  the  debts  incurred,  subject 
to  the  proviso  before  mentioned,  namely,  the  vote  of  the  jjoople.  Villages  not  having  a  i)opula- 
tion  over  1000,  ore  governed  by  a  board  of  police,  and  are  styled  police  villages ;  possessing  over 
1000  inhabitants,  they  become  incorporated  villages,  and  arc  governed  by  a  council  of  live,  whose 
reeve  is  a  member  of  the  county  council,  ex  officio ;  as  soon  as  a  village  acquires  a  population 
exceeding  three  thousand,  it  becomes  a  town  governed  by  a  mayor  and  council,  and  is  represented 
in  the  county  council  by  a  town  reeve,  and  deputy  town  reeve.    When  the  number  of  inhabit- 


CAXADA — IKCOME   AND  EXl'ENDITUKE — EDUCATION. 


88 


\x 


onts  I'xoi'udM  lii,(KHi,  it  tuny  bo  creattMl  u  city,  anil  is  k"*''''''1''I  by  a  miiyor,  nUlornian,  nnil  coun- 
filiiieu.     All  town  rui'ves,  wul'deua,  niuyora,  und  uldi^rniun,  ure,  I'x  oj/irin,  justices  of  tlio  pcuce, 

KEVENl'E   AND    EZPENOITL'ItE   rOK    1850. 


m 

•-'9 
.>4 

s.' , 
1!W 
M 
<M 
ms 

)4'i 
M<t 
JOT 

r.'xi 

1170 

ion 

',I!H 

ini 
i-«o 
,(m 

^IHHI 
,44<l 

,:.'>!) 

,1M"|0 

o,r>i4 

1,4»7 

to  Upper  Cun- 
10,  by  tbe  local 
Irituin,  prevail 
Tbo  criminul 
|ieiit  ot'  Canadii 
levLT  interfere 

of  tt  youn);  und 
is  necessary  to 
unty  is  divided 
Tbo  inbabit- 
)cr.  a  presiding 
mvnsbips,  form 
Warden."   The 
power  to  raise 
and  repairing 
isbip  or  county 
less  it  has  been 
[(ower  of  suing, 
jy  the  Superior 

n  schools  under 
etc.,  to  appoint 
■oiistruction  and 
■amnuir  scliools, 
tending  to  the 
ncurred,  subject 
laving  u  popula- 
possessing  over 
cil  of  live,  whose 
■es  a  population 
id  is  represented 
mber  of  inhabit- 


Revenue,  18M.                       |i                    Expenatture,  ISM). 

£      *.  d. 

rnatnma             1  .fl2>>.9'V5    9    '2 

1!       ».  (/• 

Inlcrest  on  Putille  Debt 2•.'.^,•J■2.S  1ft    7 

(MviMiiiverniiii'iil ft(i  a'tO  10    JJ 

KxcLie    vio.rilW    H    H 

Ittveiiue  from  ruUlc  Works,      ftl.'li.")    7    .') 

Terrlli>riiil !i,'),ti.-,i!     tl     U 

Itiiiik  Iiiii.oHla    I!.', 14.'  14    •.' 

I'udiiiLl  ItHvenue S9.(J(M  12    7 

Adiiiiiiisliiilloii  (if  Justice.. .    1M,'J.'4    S    B 

i'niviiuiiil  I'eulleiitlary l:t,!i:l«  11     2 

1,1'itislHlurc 117,414  17     4 

Kclui'iilliin 97, .M4     1     fl 

.\({ri('iilluriil  Socletli'H 17  ll.Vi  1:1    B 

y 

lln.spliiiN  hikI  other  Clmiillea     Hs.T.'Ml  Is  10 

I'lililio  Works  Ih.',7s7  Hi    tt 

Mliiliii !Kl,lo7  14  a 

Maliitonancc  of  M){litlii>u.4t'S     27,'.)'.l(    4    1 
Kiuifrratlon )i  Jis;<  Is    7 

Pensions ...             9  s'*o    8    0 

y^ 

Iiiilhiii  annuities s  7,^,^    o    0 

<          Total  Currency £1,23j»,060  13    4 



.sitikihK  l"'!!!))!,  &c do  s4s  14    ,^ 

r.MlaL'elluneous 1'.'0,->'J7    Oil 

Total  Currency £l,ofiO,7l4  13    0 

Eiiic.vTioxAi.  IxsTiTi'Tioxs. — L'ppcr  and  Lower  Canada  enjoy  separate  school  laws,  adapted  to 
the  religious  elements  prevailing  in  either.  Kaeli  township  in  lJp|)er  Canada  is  divided  into  sev- 
eral school  sections,  according  to  the  iei|uirenieiitsof  the  inhabitants.  The  common  schools  arc 
supported  partly  by  governmeni,  and  partly  by  local,  self-imposed  taxation,  and  occasionally,  by 
the  pavnient  of  a  small  monthly  fee  from  each  scholar.  The  total  amount  expended  on  educa- 
tional purposes  in  Canada,  during  l^.'iO,  was  t'.C.'iM  l.i.  il'/.,  currency.  In  long-settled  rural  dis- 
tricts, each  school  section  is  now  dislinguished  by  a  handsome  brick  school-house,  furnished  with 
nia]is,  aiilluuized  school  books,  and  elementary  philosophical  apjiaratus.  The  salaries  of  teachers 
vary  from  tl.'io  stg.  to  t4o  stg.  in  country  parts,  and  from  £l'sU  stg.  to  tV.')  stg.  in  cities  und 
towns.  All  common-school  teachers  must  pass  an  examination  before  a  county  board  of  educa- 
tion, or  receive  a  license  from  tlie  provincial  normal  .school,  empi/wering  them  to  teach,  before 
tlii'V  can  claim  the  government  allowance. 

The  provincial  normal  .scIkjoI  is  a  highly  ed'ective  and  useful  in.+titution,  for  the  training  of 
teachers,  and  annually  sends  forth  IVoin  loi)  to  l.")ii  young  men  and  women,  who,  having  been 
uniformly  instructed  in  the  art  of  conducting  a  school  and  communicating  knowledge,  are  grad- 
ually establishing,  in  Upper  Canada,  a  system  of  cominon-scbool  education  of  great  promise. 

The  free  .school  system  is  gaining  ground  in  many  parts  of  Canada ;  the  principle  it  involves 
implies  the  supjiort  of  commcm  schools,  open  to  all,  by  a  general  ta.\,  and  the  non-exaction  of 
fees.  Any  sclmol  section  may  adopt  it  by  tbe  vote  of  the  majority  of  its  inhabitants.  Separate 
schools  for  Uoman  Catludics  are  sanctioned  under  certain  regulations. 

The  grammar  schools  are  li.'i  in  number,  with  .'!T;iii  pujiils.  They  are  intended  to  form  a  con- 
necting link  between  tbe  common  schools  und  the  univeisitios.  Teachers  must  be  graduates  of 
some  university;  they  receive  an  allowance  from  government  in  addition  to  fees.  The  umonut 
raised  for  grammar-school  purposes,  in  IS.')'),  wus  £12,000  sterling. 

Hesides  a  richly-endowed  provincial  nniversity,  supplied  with  a  comidete  stall'  of  highly  com- 
petent professors  and  lecturers,  there  ui'e  several  other  universities  and  colleges  in  Upper  Can- 
ada, in  connection  w  itii  dill'erent  religions  denoiuinations.  The  standard  of  education  adopted 
in  some  of  the  Canadian  universities,  assimilates,  as  closely  as  possible,  to  that  established  in 
the  time-bimonred  institutions  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the  ranks  of  the  professorial 
stall's  are  generally  sujiidied  from  the  same  unfailing  sources.  All  the  expenses  of  a  full  uni- 
versity course  in  Toronto  need  not  exceed  tOo  sterling  jier  annum,  board  and  tuition  included. 
To  the  I'rovincial  University,  and  to  the  University  of  Trinity  College  in  connection  with  the 
Clnirch  of  Knglaiid,  scholarships  are  attached,  which  vary  in  value,  from  £ls  stg.  to  £40  stg. 
per  annum.  These  are  awarded  (at  annual  examinations;  to  successful  candidates  competing 
for  them. 

In  Lower  Canada  a  system  of  education  in  some  respects  similar  to  that  which  has  just  been 
described  exists,  and  is  rapidly  obtaining  favour  among  tbe  people.  The  superior  schools  there, 
Iiuwever,  are  of  a  very  high  order,  and  many  of  t'ue  seniinaries  attached  to  religious  houses  are 
well  endowed,  and  amply  provided  with  cfUcicit  professors  and  teachers. 


Hi 


RELIGION— AOKICL'LTITHE—CMMATK. 


Ukliiiion.  AmoiiK  ('nniidiium  llioro  in  perfect  toleriitioii  in  ri'li({i()in  multiT^.  While,  how- 
ovt'j',  nil  reliniiiiiH  are  respecled  by  linv  anil  \ty  llie  |ieiip|e,  lliere  are  »trict  ili-ilinelii)n»  jealously 
preserved  lieluerr.  I'lmrelies  of  dillerenl  deninninalions, 

Tlie  prevailing  reli^jicms  deiioniiinilinns  may  lie  llins  ehHiilleil,  aeenrdini;  to  tlie  een»n»  nf 
IS.M,  friini  wliieli  an  idi'a  nniy  lie  lornieil  cpf  llie  prcMiil  »li<'n;;lli  uleaeli  leading  reli)^i(ni.<  Imdy  : 
—  Clinreh  111'  Kn^tland,  '.'•I'', Mil'  ;  Clinreli  ol'Sentland,  V'l,^'"?  ;  Clnireli  id'  Kmne,  iM  I,.'pTI  ;  Krei'  I'les 
bylerians,  ',i;i,."i^.">  ;  (ilher  Presbyterians,  >l',T:',;!  ;  Wi'sleyan  Melhudlsis,  II  I.Ml'.i;  Mpisenpal  Melliii- 
dislH, -('.i.-W.'! ;  all  oilier  Mellicidisl-4, ,"i'.',»4'J  ;  Hiiplisis,  lli,"*!'! ;  Lutherans,  l'.',lii7,  i.ti'.,eti.'.  In  I'pper 
Canada  the  Kinnan  ('atholies  torni  about  one-sixth  <d'  the  whole  population,  and  in  I.otver  Ciui- 
ada  about  live-sixths. 

Aiiitiiii.Ti  u.»i.  ('AeAiiii.iTiKs  (IK  TFiK  ,Si)fi„  III  tile  Valleys  of  some  of  the  larger  rivers  of 
L'pper  Canada  wheal  lias  been  urown  alter  wlii'al  for  thirty  years;  the  litsl  eidps  yielded  »n 
average  ol  to  biishels  lo  the  aere,  but,  under  the  Ihoniihlb'ss  s\  slem  of  lMi?<baiidiy  then  puismd, 
the  yu'ld  diminished  lo  I'J  bushels  lo  Ihe  acre,  and  eiuiipelled  a  elian;it'  of  crop,  which  soon  h.id 
the  etlect  nf  restoring  the  land  to  ils  original  ferlilily.  Hut  this  sysleni  of  hiisbanilry  Iimh  i  |- 
focted  ils  own  cure,  and  led  In  the  iiitroiluelidn  (  fa  more  ralional  inelhod  of  eultivatini;  Ihe  soil. 
Years  njjo,  when  roads  were  bad,  and  faeililies  for  coinmuiiiealiii;;  with  niarkels  few  ami  far  be- 
tween, wheat  was  Ihe  only  saleable  produce  of  ihe  farm,  so  that  no  ell'orl  was  siiared  to  cullivale 
tliut  cereal  to  the  utmost  exienl.  Now,  since  i.iilroads,  niaeadami^ed  roads,  and  plaiil>  roads 
have  opened  up  Ihe  eounlry,  and  ai;i  icidtuial  so'  ielies  have  succeeded  in  dissemimitiii^  mniji 
u.seful  instriiclion  and  iiiforniatioii,  husbandry  has  improved  in  all  ilireclioiis,  and  the  natui.d 
fertility  of  the  soil  of  the  old  seltlcmenis  is,  in  (treat  part,  restored. 

The  averajie  yield  of  wheat  in  some  townships  oxeoeds  '.';i  bushels  lo  Ihe  acre,  and  where  the 
least  approach  to  );ood  farming  prevails  the  yi'hl  rises  to  thirty,  and  oflen  forty  biislii'ls  lo  ihe 
acre.  On  new  land  tifly  bushels  is  not  at  all  uucomnion  ;  audit  must  not  be  forgollin,  that 
Canadian  wheal,  grown  near  Ihe  city  of  Toron:  i,  won  a  tirst  prize  at  llii'  Paris  e\hibition.  It 
may  truly  be  said,  Ihal  Ihe  '(oil  of  what  may  be  lernied  Ihe  agricullural  portion  of  Canada,  which 
comprises  four-lifths  ot  the  inliahiled  poitioii,  ;.nd  a  vast  area  still  in  the  hamis  of  the  govern- 
ineiit  uiul  now  open  tu  setllcment,  is  unexceptionable ;  and  when  deteriiiatioii  takes  place,  il  is 
the  fault  of  the  fanner,  anil  not  of  Ihe  soil.  In  l'pper  Canada  the  yield  of  wheat  one  year  con- 
siderably exceeded  'Ji^diio,!"!!!  bushels;  and  llw  ipialily  of  Canadian  wheat  is  so  superior,  that 
the  American  millers  buy  il  hir  the  jiurpose  o!  nii.xing  with  grain  grown  in  Ihe  I'niled  Stales, 
in  order  to  improve  the  i|ualily  of  Iheir  Hour. 

The  most  erroneous  opinions  have  prevailed  abroad  respceling  the  climate  of  Canada.  The 
so-called  rigour  of  Camiilian  winters  is  often  advanced  as  a  serious  objcclion  lo  Ihe  couiiliy,  by 
many  who  have  not  the  courage  to  encounter  them, — who  prefer  sleet  and  fog,  to  brilliant  skies 
and  bracing  cold,  and  who  have  yet  to  learn  the  value  and  exlcntof  the  blessings  confeiiTil  upon 
Canada  by  her  world-renowned  "snows." 

It  will  scarcely  be  believed  by  many  who  shudder  at  the  idea  of  the  I'  ermonieler  falling  lo 
zero,  that  Ihe  gradual  annual  diniinution  in  the  fall  of  snow,  in  eerlain  loeidilies,  is  a  subjiet  ol 
lamentation  to  the  farmer  in  Western  Canada.  Their  desire  is  for  Ihe  old-fashinncd  winters,  willi 
sleighing  for  four  inonlhs,  and  spring  bursting  upon  them  with  marvellous  beauty  ut  the  begin- 
ning of  April.  A  boiinliful  fall  of  snow,  with  hard  frost,  is  ei|uivalent  to  the  construction  of 
the  best  nuicadamized  roads  all  over  the  eounliy.  The  absence  of  a  sullicient  i|uanlily  of  snow 
in  winter  for  sleighing,  is  a  calamity  as  much  lo  be  feared  and  deplored,  as  the  want  of  rain  in 
spring.     Happily,  neither  of  these  deprivations  is  of  freiiuent  occurrence. 

The  climate  of  (^'anada  is  in  some  measure  exceptional,  especially  lh;it  of  the  peninsular  por- 
tion. The  inlluence  of  the  great  lakes  is  very  strikingly  fell,  in  the  elevation  of  winter  lem|)er- 
atiires,  and  in  the  reduction  of  summer  heats.  Kast  and  west  of  Canada,  beyond  the  inllueme 
of  the  lakes,  the  greatest  extremes  prevail,  -intense  cold  in  winter,  intense  heat  in  summer,  and 
to  these  fcalures  may  be  addeil  their  usual  atlendant,  drought. 

Perhaps  the  ]iopular  slaiiilard  of  the  adaplalion  of  climate  to  the  piirpo-es  of  agriculture,  is 
more  suitable  for  the  |iiesent  occasion,  than  a  reference  to  monthly  ami  annual  means  of  teiu- 


peratur 


Much  infornialion  is  conveyed  in  the  simple  narration  of  facts  bearing  u|ioii  friiil  cid 


lure.  Krom  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  round  by  the  N'iagara  frontier,  and  all  along  the  ('amulian 
shores  of  Lake  Erie,  the  grape  and  jieacli  grow  with  luxuriance,  and  ripen  to  perfection  in  the 
open  air,  without  the  slightest  artilicial   aid.     The   island  of  .Montreal   is  distinguished   every 


where  for  the  tine  quality  of  its  ajiples,  and  the  island  of  Or 


below  liuebec,  is  c(|iially  cele- 


brated for  its  plums.    Over  the  whole  of  (Simula,  the  melon  and  tomato  aci|uire  large  diniensions, 
and  ripen  fully  in  the  open  air,  the  seeds  being  planted   in  the  soil  towards  the  latter  end  of 


gl« 

i'l 

cli 

ceil 

vej 

tli(| 

liii 


Ir.  hi>w- 

oulouiily 

\\i^  Imily  : 
ri'i-  I'li'^ 
111  Mcilid- 

III  I'lUxT 

)\\i'r  Cau- 

ii\  I'ln  lit" 
ii'lilid  mi 
1  )mi'<iu'il, 

I  ?>(Miii  liail 

II  V  lias  rt'- 

lir   till'  Sllil. 

Mill  I'ar  !»'• 
II  ciillivalo 
luiiU  riiails 
ilinU  iiiiuli 
llii'  iiatuial 

1  wlll'll'  till' 

nlirls  In  tin- 
h;iiI|i'11,  tlml 
liliitinll.  It 
liaila,  wliirli 
till-  fiiivi'in- 
s  |i\ai'i',  it  H 
111'  yrar  cnli- 
ipi'linf,  llial 
liiti'tl  Stati's, 

aiiaila.     Tlio 
uiiitiy,  l>.v 
liiiiil  >Ki<-* 
ll  rnd  iii"ii> 

■r  rnUiiij:  ti) 
a  siiliji'it  111 
illllTS,  «ill> 
at  till'  lii'-'iii- 
istnirtiiiii  111 
ity  lit'  siiHVV 
ml  lit'  rain  i" 

linsular  |ioi- 
inter  ti'inlifi' 
tlio  iiitlin'"'''' 

SlllllllU'T',  uii'l 

iirrifiiltiin'i  '■< 
iu'nii«  i)f  ti''i>- 
i|.iiii  fruit  cul- 
thc  CaiHuliaii 
it'irliiiii  ill  'l"-' 
Xiii^lii'd  I'vi'i-y 
is  fiiually  I'l''*^' 
ic  ilimi'iisionM, 
latter  cml  of 


GENKHAL   INFOIIMATION  FOU  SKTrLEHS. 


86 


April,  mill  llie  fniit  nutliiTfil  In  Scpti'inlHT.  I'iiiii|ikins  iiiiil  Ripia»tiO!4  utiain  ){i){iintio  diinciiHloiiii; 
tli<-\  liaru  fXCi'i'iU'il  :;.'>ii  puiiiiilH  In  w('i){lit  in  tlif  iiciKliliunrliuuil  iif  Tiiriiiitu.  Iiiiliuii  corn,  liopH, 
mill  tiiburi'ii  uro  ouniniiin  criips,  unil  yit'ld  lar^o  rolling.  lIiMiip  nml  flux  uro  imll)(ciiuiM  pluiitu, 
mill  can  lie  iMillivatoil  tii  any  I'xli'iit  in  many  pails  of  llii>  piuvimi-. 

Till' most  HlrikinK  illustration  of  till-  iiilliii'iii'u  nf  tin'  ^loat  lakes  in  anieliorutin);  the  climate 
of  Caiiaila,  especially  of  the  western  peniiisiila,  is  lo  lie  foimil  In  the  iiutnral  limits  to  which  certain 
trees  are  restricteil  hy  cliliiale.  That  valimhle  wiioil,  the  black  waliiiil,  for  which  (.'anu.la  is  «u 
cclehrateil,  coascH  to  ki'ow  north  of  latitniletr  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  but,  iinilcr  the  iiiUiieiico  of 
the  comparatively  inihl  lakc-clliiialu  of  peninsula  Canaila,  it  is  foiinil  in  the  ^reulcst  profusion, 
unil  nf  Ihe  largest  (limeiisions,  as  far  north  as  latlliiile  ■['■','. 

The  fiilliiwiiii{  infnriiiaiion  is  tVnm  llie  |ieii  of  .Mr.  I).  WiiMer,  ('oinnii«8ioner  of  tlie  Ciiiuda 
Coiiil'auy,  "I'll  will  lie  fiiuiul  to  cniilaiii  miiio  inl'iiriMiitioii  of  interest  and  utility  lo 

SIXrr.KHS  AND  SMALL    FAltMKUS. 

Thick  ok  C';.KAiiiN(i  Wii.n  Lanhs,  and  iiiiw  Ci.kauki).  The  <7ii(c/«;/ of  wihl  liuiil  is  ulwayg  to 
be  uiiilerstooit  as  doariii;;,  fencing,  uiiil  leaviiifj;  it  reaily  for  it  crop,  in  teii-acro  iiclils,  the  stunipu 
anil  roots  of  the  trees  alone  beinn  left  (o  ciicinnber  the  operations  of  the  fanner.  The  price  va- 
ries {ireally,  aecorilinn  to  circumstaiiees,  hut  may  be  i|uoteil  at  present,  as  t'.'i  cy.,  per  acre.  The 
piivinent  Is  always  uiiilerslooil  to  he  maile  In  cash,  except  a  special  written  baij;aiu  to  the  con- 
trarv  is  entereil  into.  Timber  is  now  bcconiiii);  scarce  ami  vahiahle  in  some  Incations,  anil 
near  the  railway,  the  value  of  the  timber  Is  eipial  to  the  cost  of  clearing  the  laml. 

KoTATio.s'  iiK  (JUKI'S,  KTC. — As  wlicat  (the  boast  of  Camilla)  succecils  best  on  a  new  fallow, 
(newly  deareil  anil  burnt  laml  beinj;  80  called,)  it  is  always  thu  first  grain  crop.  Farmers  with 
capital,  seeil  the  fallow  ilown  with  (grasses,  anil  wait  live  or  six  years;  but  the  fanner  wllli  liin- 
iteil  means,  puts  the  laml  into  crop  the  next  year,  cither  with  polatoi's  or  spriiij;  grain;  then 
follows  wheat  again,  every  alternate  year,  until  he  has  power  to  clear  enough  new  lunil  for  his 
wheat  crop  each  yar,  •  when  the  olil  laml  is  laid  down  In  meadow,  and  otherwise  cropped,  with- 
out much  altentli'ii  to  the  usual  general  rules  of  good  farming,  until  the  stumps  rot  sutlicleiitly 
to  admit  of  the  free  use  of  the  plough.  The  best  English  and  Scotch  farmers  then  adopt  the 
customary  three  or  four  Held  system,  or  otherwise  wheat,  and  winter  onil  summer  fallow,  each 
iilternate  year.  The  lirst  crops  are  always  put  in  w  ith  the  harrow  alone.  It  Is,  however,  almost 
Inipos.-ible  to  speak  positively  in  regard  to  this  i|iiestioii,  as  it  seems  to  be  i|iilte  a  matter  of  con- 
venience, or  peihaps,  ca|>rice,  as  lo  the  manner  in  which  the  cultivation  shall  proceed.  We  have 
fanners  frnm  all  parl^  of  (Ireat  liritaln,  Ireland,  Europe,  and  the  United  .States,  and  ciich  person 
assiniilales  his  practice,  us  much  as  possible,  to  the  customs  to  which  he  has  been  used — or  thinks 
best  for  the  country. 

I'noni'CK  OK  Chops.-  The  produce,  per  acre,  of  all  crops  varies  much  from  year  to  year  in 
Canada,  owing  to  the  late  and  early  frosts.  It  Is,  hov.ever,  generally  considered,  that  the  follow- 
ing is  a  fair  average  of  ten  years,  on  all  tolerably  cultivated  farms :  -Wheat,  '_'"i  bushels  ;  barley, 
CO  bushels;  oats,  In  bushels;  rye,  J'.o  bushels;  potatoes,  ;i."iO  bushels  per  acre.  Swedish  turnips, 
mangel  wurtzcl,  and  other  roots  of  a  similar  kind,  are  not  generally  .*ullicienlly  cultivated  to  en- 
able un  average  yield  lo  be  given ;  but  it  may  very  safely  bo  said,  that,  with  similar  care,  culture 
and  attention,  the  produce  will  not  be  less  ]ier  acre  than  in  England.  Flax  and  hemp  arc  now 
coining  rapidly  into  notice,  as  an  additional  resource  to  the  agriculturist, — the  i|uality  of  both 
nrtldes  is  excellent,  and  the  quantity  obtained  aH'ords  a  prolitable  return — the  climate  and  soil 
being  well  adapted  for  their  growth.  Tobacco  has  also  been  raised  in  coiis'Jderable  quantities, 
particularly  In  the  western  extremities  of  the  province. 

Land  CAiiiiiAiiK. — That  is,  the  hire  of  u  team  of  two  horses,  wagon  and  driver,  which  will 
take  18  cwt.  of  load,  may  generally  bo  reckoned  at  hJ,  per  mile,  to  the  journey's  end — supposing 
the  team  to  come  back  empty ;  cheaper  land  travelling  than  this,  can,  however,  often  be  obtained 
by  making  u  bargain. 

Loo  lIorsK,  on  Siiantv.— A  comfortable  log  house,  16  feet  by  2-f,  with  two  floors,  with  shin- 
gled roof,  i'lS;  log  barn,  \ii  feet  by  10,  £1.5;  frame  house,  same  dimensions,  tsO  ;  do.  burn, 
£100,  suitable  sheds,  etc.,  £40.  Tables,  10».  to  17».  6(/;  stump  bedsteads,  lOd  to  20».  each; 
chairs,  per  dozen,  £1  lis.  Hollers,  saucepans,  kettles,  knives  and  forks,  etc.,  etc.,  about  50  per 
cent  over  the  usual  sterling  retail  prices  in  England.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  that  the  settler 
very  .seldom  spends  inomt/  in  erecting  his  buildings,  they  being  generally  built  by  himself,  with 
the  assistance  of  his  neighbours,  and  added  to,  as  his  wants  and  increasing  prosperity  may  fron 
time  to  time  require.    The  cost  of  household  furniture,  or  rather  the  quantity  required,  varies 


36    WORK  DURING  WINTER — PRODUCE — WAGES — FOXES,  ETC. 

with  the  ideas  of  almost  every  tamily.  In  most  cases,  the  househoUi  furniture  of  a  new  settler 
will  not  be  found  to  exceed  in  value  .filS;  sometimes,  not  half  that  suuj ;  and  is  often  manuliie- 
turcd  by  the  settler  himself. 

FnosT— wiiE.v  IT  CoMKS  AND  GoES. — Thc  time  of  the  setting  in  of  the  frost,  and  of  its  depart- 
ure, varies  in  Canada  extremely  in  different  years.  Hut  no  prudent  man  ouglit  to  calculate  ou 
beinp  able  t  ■  do  any  tiling;  in  tlie  open  field  after  the  middle  of  Xovember,  or  much  before  the 
first  d"y  of  Ajjril.  Fodder  must  be  provided  for  cattle  suthcient  to  last  till  the  middle  of  .May, 
as  although  a  surplus  may  be  lefl,  owing  to  the  early  setting  in  of  spring,  yet  cases  liave  been 
known  of  great  distress  prevailing  from  want  of  proper  attention  on  this  head. 

Faeimeus'  Avocatioxs  Dunixn  WiNXEn.— The  new  settler's  avocations  during  thc  winterniontlia 
are  generally  confined  to  taking  care  of  his  cattle  and  chopping, — that  is,  felling  and  cutting  up 
the  trees  ready  for  burning  in  the  spring.  The  underbrush  must  be  cleared  off  before  thc  snow 
fulls.  The  family,  when  industrious,  find  their  time  fully  employed  in  spinning,  and  oIIrt 
female  occupations;  and,  when  it  is  :onsi<lered,  that  In  the  newest  settlements  ahnost  every  ar- 
ticle of  convenience  or  luxury  must  be  nuule  at  home,  or  dispensed  with,  by  poor  settlers,  it  may 
easily  be  imagined  that  the  duties  of  a  fiirnier's  wife  and  grown-up  daughters  are  numerous  and 
unceasing — for  in  proportion  to  their  industry  and  abilities  will  be  their  domestic  comfort  and 
happiness.  In  the  summer,  from  the  scarcity  of  labour,  all  assist  in  the  fields — the  child  of  even 
five  years  old  being  usefully  and  healthily  employed  in  some  occn])ation  befitting  his  age  and 
strength.  Amongst  too  many  Canadian  farmers,  however,  the  winter  is  a  season  of  idleness  and 
enjoyment — a  great  portion  of  it  being  spent  in  amusement  and  visiting,  to  the  manifest  neglect 
of  their  farms  and  impoverishment  of  themselves  and  families. 

The  Desckii'tigns  oe  Fiuit  Axn  Gaeioen  I'iiodixe  in  Caxaua  West. — All  the  fruits  gencnilly 
found  in  England  thrive  remarkably  well  in  Canada  ;  but  the  i)lnm,  apple,  strawberry,  rasp- 
berry, and  melon,  attain  a  luxuriance  of  growth  and  i)erfection  uiikiujwn  in  England.  Tlie 
melon,  planted  in  the  ojien  ground,  in  most  years  produces  excellent  crops.  In  many  places 
vines  prosper  well.  Peaches  are  indigenous  sciutli  of  the  parallel  of  4H°,  or,  if  not  absuhitely 
indigenous,  grow  rapidly  from  the  stone,  and  bear  fruit  within  a  few  years;  <?!though  good  and 
rich  Uavoured,  grajjcs  and  peaches  are  seldom  met  with,  owing  to  their  culture  being  neglected. 
The  same  observations  apply  to  all  garden  produce,  which  will  attain  a  degree  of  luxuriance  un- 
known, perhaps,  in  liritaln,  with  far  less  care  and  culture. 

Wages  oe  -Male  and  Female  Seiivants,  ano  Prices  op  .Ion  Wouk,  sich  as  Carpexteiis  and 
OTHER  TuAi)KS.MEN. — Tlicsc  bave  Varied  considerably,  but  the  average  wages  are  as  follows: — 
Farm  servants  per  month,  with  board,  £f ;  ditto,  without  boanl,  £.'i.  Female  servants,  t'l  and 
£1  t>s.  per  month.  Day  labourers,  iti.  to  "i*. — in  harvest,  lOs.  without  b.iard.  The  wages  of  car- 
penters and  other  tradesmen  vary  considerably  according  to  the  ability  of  the  workmen;  they 
all  range,  however,  between  tl*.  iV/.  and  !;;.<.  (»/.  per  day — taking  these  as  the  lowest  and  highest 
prices.  These  are  the  rates  of  wages  to  servants  and  workmen  who  are  experienced  In  the  work 
of  the  country.     Newly-nrrivcd  emigrants  do  not  get  so  much.* 

Taxes  pavable  bt  the  Settlers,  and  Offices  thev  are  liaiile  to  he  called  on  to  serve. — 
Great  alterations  have  lately  been  made  in  the  laws  relating  to  assessments — the  power  being 
now  vested  In  the  municipal  councils,  elected  by  the  ])eo])le,  to  impose  what  rates  they  please. 
Each  county,  township,  town,  or  incorporated  village,  i  lects  its  own  council,  and  may,  therefore, 
be  said  to  tax  itself.  All  the  taxes  raised  by  the  council  are  expended  within  the  several  Ideal- 
ities. There  Is  a  small  tax  for  the  provincial  lunatic  asylum,  and  some  other  public  buildings, 
imposed  by  the  legislature.  It  is,  perhaps,  useless  to  go  into  particulars,  as  almost  every  mu- 
nicipality varies  in  the  amount  of  taxes  imposed.  The  ofiices  which  settlers  are  liable  to  l)u 
called  on  to  serve  are  numerous,  but  are  nuich  sought  after,  as  they  are  considered  to  confer 
distinction,  and  frequently  emolument  on  the  holders,  who  may  be  said  to  be  members  of  a  loi'al 
government,  in  which  is  vested  the  levying  of  faxes,  and  administering  the  moneys  collected  from 
the  settlers,  for  all  purposes  connected  with  their  welfare,  viz.,  the  roads,  bridges,  schools,  and 
improvements,  and  its  other  municipal  affairs.  In  none  of  which  does  the  i)rovinclal  governinent 
now  interfere. 

The  i>ROBAnLE  Expense  of  si'pportino  a  Family  of  five  ou  six  (srowx  Persons,  tntil  tiikv 
covLn  fiET  siffk'ient  FROM  THE  Lani)  TO  siPPORT  TiiEMSELVES. — hd'ormatlou  from  several  per- 
sons has  been  received  on  this  head  ;  the  amount  must  necessarily  vary  aoeordiug  to  the  wants 
and  usages  of  the  family.     Many  iiersons  will  do  with  one-half  of  what  others  recpiire;  and  it  i,s 

NoTK.— Tlie  wnires,  at  prenenf,  (Septenil)er,  l^.W,)  are  only  al)out  one  lialf  of  tlie  above  rates,  on  account 
of  ttie  general  depression  In  commerce,  and  ttic  low  prices  oWalned  l)y  farmers  for  grain.— Ed. 


i     I 


CANADA — THE  GOVERNMENT  FREE  LANDS. 


87 


!\v  settler 
inauuliie- 

ts  depart- 
kviliitc  ou 
bet'uie  the 
\e  of  Muy, 
Imvo  beeu 

ter  montlis 
cvittini;  up 
-e  tlic  snow 
ami  other 
st  every  ar- 
U'vs,  it  iir.iy 
imcrous  ami 
coiiitoil  niid 
■hilil  of  even 
his  Bjje  ami 
idleness  ami 
lifi'st  neglect 

lits  nenerally 
wherry,  rasp- 
nj;himl.  The 
I  many  \ilaccs 
Hit  absolutely 
(i^h  jjiioil  and 
■mn  neiilected. 
luxurianee  un- 

\UrKXTEUS  ASU 

as  follows  :— 
vants,  tl  and 

wafies  of  car- 
(irknu'n;  they 

t  and  hiizhest 
ed  in  the  work 


he 


ON  TO  SKRVE.— 

power  beint! 
es  they  please, 
nniy,  therefore, 
lie  several  local- 
,d)lie  bnildiuiis, 
most  every  urn- 
are  liable  to  he 
ilered  to  eoufer 
embers  of  a  lo''al 
ys  coUeeted  from 
[r,.s,  schools,  and 
iieial  government 

(SONS,  fNTII.  TllKY 

;Vc>m  several  per- 
aini;  to  the  wants 


re<iuire 


mid  it  1* 


ve  rates,  on  account 
-Ed. 


impossible,  therefore,  to  give  any  decided  information  on  this  point ;— the  prices  of  produce  and 
provisions  given,  will  enable  eoch  individual  to  judge  for  liimsclf.  Sui)port  for  a  family  israrely 
required  for  more  than  twelve  months,  in  which  time,  an  industrious  family  should  be  able  to 
raise  a  crop  for  themselves. 

Are  Wild  Beasts  TRornLESOMB  to  New  Settlers? — No.  Some  severe  seasons,  wolves  in 
remote  settlements,  may  annoy  the  fanner,  but  to  a  small  extent.  Sheep  arc,  however,  in  the 
more  settled  districts,  generally  protected  by  a  fold;  and  the  farmer  may,  now  and  tlien,  lose  a 
stray  hog  by  the  bears — but  niony  men  have  been  settled  for  ten  years  in  the  province,  without 
seeing  either  wolf  or  bear.  All  wild  animals  are  getting  scarcer  every  year,  as  the  country  be- 
comes settled. 

The  common  Game  op  the  Country. — The  game  in  some  parts  is  plentiful,  and  consists  oi 
deer,  wood  grouse,  (called  partridges,)  quails,  rabbits,  (called  hares,)  and  a  great  variety  of  wdd 
ducks  and  geese.  Wild  turkeys  are  numerous  in  the  western  section  of  Canada.  Fish  are  also 
most  abundant  in  all  the  lakes  and  rivers,  and  excellent  of  their  kind ;  but  an  observation  made 
by  an  old  farmer  and  wealthy  settler,  may  be  added  to  the  answer,  as  it  is  a  very  true  one,  viz  : 
That  a  new  settler  can  earn  a  quarter  of  beef,  iu  the  time  which  it  takes  him  to  hunt  for  u  quar- 
ter of  venison. 

GOVEKNMENT  FREE  LANDS. 

Tlie  following  information  is  compiled  from  a  circular  issued  by  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment, as  -well  ns  from  a  pamphlet  issued  by  Mr.  F.  P.  French,  the  government  land  agent, 
on  the  Opeongo  Road  : — 

The  Provincial  Oovernment  have  recently  opened  out  THREE  GREAT  LINES  OP  ROAD,  now  in  course 
of  completion,  and  have  surveyed  and  laid  out  for  settlement  the  lands,  through,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  wlilch 
those  roails  i>a.«s. 

The  roads,  as  adveillsed  by  the  agents  of  the  government — appointed  to  the  respective  localities  to  afford 
Information  to  tlie  settler— are  known  as  "THE  OTTAWA  AND  Ol'EO.NOO  ROAD,  "THE  ADDIXGTON 
ROAD,"  and  "THE  HASTINGS  ROAD." 

THE   OTTAWA   AND   OPEONGO    ROAD 
Commences  at  a  point  on  the  Ottawa  Ulver,  known  as  "  Ferrall's,"  a  little  above  the  mouth  of  the  Bonchere 
River,  and  runs  In  a  westerly  direction,  passing  through  the  northerly  part  of  the  County  of  Renfrew. 

Tills  road,  and  the  country  through  which  It  passes,  nuw  open  for  settlement,  is  easily  accessible,  and  the 
agent  for  the  granting  of  lands  in  this  district,  is  Mr.  F.  P.  French,  who  resides  at  Mount  St.  Patrick,  near 
Renfrew,  on  the  Opeongo  Road,  a  few  miles  from  the  lands  v.hlch  are  to  be  granted.  To  reach  the  section 
of  the  country  under  Mr.  French's  charge,  the  settler  must  go  from  MONTREAL  up  to  the  Ottawa  Klver,  to 
a  place  called  Bonchere  Point,  and  thence  by  land  some  twenty-five  or  thirty  miles  westward  to  the  township 
of  Orattan,  In  which  Mount  St.  Patrick  is  situated. 

The  distance  from  Ferrall's  handing  to  the  village  of  Renfrew  is  but  7  miles,  and  a  stage  is  on  this  road  in 
summer,  which  conveys  passengers  for  about  lit,  M.  each.  Thus,  from  Quebec  to  Renfrew,  a  distance  of  807 
miles,  may  be  travelle<I  at  a  cost  of  £1  '2«.  M.  sterling.  At  Renfrew,  the  emigrant  Is  within  16  miles  of  this 
agency,  (Mr.  French's,)  and  he  will  have  no  dllHculty  in  procuring  a  mode  of  conveyance  to  take  him  there, 
and  hence  along  the  Opeongo  Road,  should  he  be  unable  or  unwilling  to  walk.  The  tlrst  of  the  free  lots  is  iid 
miles  from  the  Ottawa  River,  and  as  the  entire  length  of  the  Opeongo  Road  is  99  miles,  it  thus  leaves  79  miles 
upon  which  free  grants  are  being  given.  This  road  commences  at  Ferrall's  Landing,  on  the  Ottawa,  crosses 
the  Bonchere  at  Renfrew,  and  then  taking  a  north-westerly  course,  it  runs  midway  between  the  Bon- 
chere and  Madawaska  Rivers  on  to  Lake  Opeongo.  It  is  intended  to  connect  this  with  a  projected  line  of 
road  known  as  "  Bell's  Line,"  leading  to  the  Lake  Muskako,  and  Lake  Huron,  by  a  branch  which  will  diverge 
from  the  Opeongo  Road,  in  the  township  of  Urudenell,  at  a  distance  of  about  ,W  miles  from  the  River  Ottawa, 
forming,  with  "  Bell's  Line,"  a  great  leading  road,  or  base  line,  from  the  Ottawa  to  Lake  Muskako,  171  miles 
In  length,  passing  through  the  heart  of  the  Ottawa  and  Huron  territory,  and  opening  up  for  settlement  a  vast 
extent  of  rich  and  valuable  land. 

The  Bonchere  and  Madawaska  Rivers— between  which  this  road  runs — are  important  tributaries  to  the 
Ottawa,  and  contribute  a  large  quota  of  the  very  best  timber  that  annually  passes  down  that  river  to  the 
Quebec  market.  Over  40  miles  of  the  road  are  now  good  for  wagons,  and  as  the  remaining  portion  will  be 
repaired  next  spring,  settlers  can  easily  take  in  their  families  and  supplies  at  all  periods  of  the  year.  For 
some  years  past,  settlers  have  been  occasionally  locating  themselves  ou  the  wild  lands  of  the  Crow,,,  in  the 
nciirhbourhood  of  this  road,  and  as  there  are  besides  over  120  of  the  free  lots  at  present  conceded,  those  who 
come  in  future  will  experience  no  dilliculty  in  obtaining  prompt  gratuitous  assistance  to  erect  their  shan- 
ties, and  temporary  accommodation  while  they  are  being  put  up.  Twelve  men  can  build  a  good  shanty  in  a 
day — the  timber  of  which  it  is  constructed  being  always  to  be  had  on  the  spot.  The  best  possible  feeling 
prevails  among  the  settlers,  and  no  kindness  that  any  one  of  them  can  render  is  ever  denied  to  the  stranger, 
no  matter  from  what  country  he  hails,  or  at  what  altar  he  kneels.  Settlers  are  permitted  to  select  their  own 
lots,  those  coming  first  having  first  choice.    The  lots  are  all  posted  and  numbered. 


VH': 


mi' 

I 


88 


THE  ADDINGTON  AND  HASTINGS  ROAD  FllEE  LANDS. 


As  yet,  the  nearest  villages  to  the  road  are  Uenfrcw,  Douglas,  and  Kganville.  Renfrew  Is  distant  13  niles 
from  the  first  free  lot  on  the  east  end.  Some  13  miles  further  up — that  is  liO  miles  west  of  Uenfrew — Douglas 
la  within  12  miles;  and  again,  14  miles  farther  west,  Eganville  is  sixteen  miles  from  the  road.  At  each  of 
these  villages  there  is  a  posl-ofilte,  and  also  mills  and  stores,  where  all  necessary  supplies  can  he  obtained. 
In  Renfrew,  there  is  a  Catholic  church,  a  kirk,  and  a  free  church,  (I'leshyterian,)  in  each  of  which  there  is 
service  once  a  fortnight.  In  Douglas,  a  Methodist  minister  resides,  and  he  has  prayers  there  and  at  Kgan- 
ville each  alternate  Sunday.  There  Is  also  a  Catholic  church  two  miles  from  Douglas,  an<l  another  at  Kgan- 
ville ;  in  the  former  the  clergyman  ofiiciatcs  once  a  month,  and  I't  the  latter  twice  a  month  during  the  suiu- 
mer,  and  once  a  month  during  the  winter.  At  .Mount  St.  Patrick,  and  3  miles  from  the  east  end  of  the  road, 
there  is  also  a  post-ofiice  and  a  Catholic  church :  a  clergyman  attends  once  a  month. 

The  iVee  lots  on  the  east  end  of  the  road,  for  Vi  miles,  lie  within  the  recently  organized  township  of  Grat- 
tan,  whieli  is  alrea<ly  pretty  well  settled.  No  schools  have  as  yet  been  established  on  the  road,  but  there  ia 
no  doubt  that,  ere  long,  churches  will  be  erected,  and  school  sections  delined.  In  this  province,  the  "  Volun- 
tary System'  obtains  in  regard  to  all  churches,  hut  the  schools  are  liberally  aided  by  the  government. 


¥' 


TIIK  ADDINGTON  ROAD, 

Commencing  In  the  town.nhip  of  Anglcsca,  In  the  northern  part  of  the  county  of  Addlngton,  near  the  village 
of  Klint's  Mills,  in  Kaladar,  runs  almost  due  north  to  the  River  .Madawaska — a  distance  of  3j  miles— and  is  to 
be  continueil  thence  for  the  distance  of  25  miles,  till  it  intersects  the  0  tawa  and  Opeongo  Roail. 

The  agent  for  the  gianting  of  the  land  in  this  district  is  Mr.  K.  Perry,  who,  for  that  purpose,  is  now  resi- 
dent at  the  village  of  Fl.I.NT'ri  .MIL!..'*.  The  outlines  of  five  townships  of  very  superior  land  are  already 
surveyed  and  ready  for  settlement  within  the  limits  of  the  agency  lying  north  of  lake  Ma.ssanoka,  and  be- 
tween it  and  ihe  River  JIadawaska.  The  townships  are  called,  respectively,  Abinger,  Denbigh,  Ashley,  Klling- 
ham,  Anglesea,  and  liarrie. 

The  direct  route  to  this  section  is  by  way  of  KINGSTON,  Canada  West,  thence  to  NAPANKE,  either  by 
rail  or  steamboat,  and  thence  north  to  the  township  of  Kaladar,  and  the  village  of  FLINT'S  MILLS,  where 
Mr.  Perry  resides. 


THE  HASTINGS  ROAD. 

Tlie  govornmont  ngent  \n  il.  P.  Iliiyes,  who  rosiJos  nt  the  village  of  SlaJoc,  ffom  wlioni 
wo  have  rccoivej  the  following  piirticiilars  respecting  the  district : — 

The  Hastings  Free  Grant  Road  commences  on  the  northern  boundary  line  of  the  townships  of  Madoc,  13 
miles  from  the  village  of  the  same  name  where  my  office  Is.  The  latter  is  distant  from  llelleville,  Sii  miles; 
the  road  is  good  between  these  points,  and  there  is  a  stage  carrying  the  mail  each  way,  daily.  Fare  |1. UO. 
The  stage  leaves  lielleville  every  morning  at  8  o'clock,  and  arrives  at  Madoc  at  4  in  the  afternoon. 

The  tract  of  country  through  which  the  first  forty  miles  of  the  Hastings  Koad  runs,  presents  a  very  varied 
aspect.  It  is,  in  general,  hilly  and  stony,  with  patches  of  good  level  at  Intervals.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam 
mixed  with  clay  in  some  places,  and  in  others  with  vegetable  mould  of  more  or  less  richness.  Tliis  |)or;ion 
of  the  road  is  now  pretty  well  settled,  and  a,  large  number  of  Ihe  lots  in  the  tonnship,  on  both  sides  of  the 
road,  are  being  taken  up  Ijy  actual  settlers.  The  crops  of  the  present  season  were  most  excellent  all  along 
the  road,  the  wheat  having,  so  far,  in  these  back  settlements,  escaped  the  ravages  of  the  "  weevil,"  wliioh 
has  of  late  been  eo  destructive  to  that  crop  in  other  townships.  Contiiming  along  the  Hastings  Koad  in  a 
northerly  direction,  through  the  tract  of  rough  land  to  which  I  have  just  referre<I,  we  have  a  fine  level,  or 
rather,  gently  undulating  country,  between  the  branches  of  the  Madawaska  River,  emptying  into  the  Ottawa. 
This  tract  of  good  land  extends  for  a  breadth  of  18  or  'JO  miles  in  a  north  and  south  direction,  and  extends 
east  and  west  to  a  considerable  distance.  The  timber,  chiefly  hard  wood,  is  large,  straight,  and  thrifty.  The 
soil  is  a  mixture  of  vegetable  deposit  with  sandy  loam,  and  the  crops,  of  every  descrijitlon,  have  been  satis- 
factory for  the  last  two  seasons.  This  tract  is  intersected  also  by  a  new  line  of  road,  openeil  by  the  govern- 
ment '■  ;ing  the  present  season,  and  connecting  the  Hastings  Roail,  at  the  Junction  of  tlie  townships  of  Wick- 
low  and  Montcagle,  with  the  Opeongo  Koad,  a  distance  of  40  miles. 

The  climate  of  this  part  of  Canada  Is  decidedly  healthy,  probably  the  most  so  of  any  part  of  the  conti- 
nent of  America,  and  this  consideration  should  enter  very  largely  into  the  account  on  a  comparison  with 
other  territoi-ics. 

Tlie  country  is  rapidly  filling  up  with  a  good  class  of  settlers,  and  In  the  ordinary  course,  the  lands  which 
are  given  free  this  year,  will  be  worth  four  or  five  dollars  an  acre  in  the  course  of  four  or  five  years. 

In  addition  to  the  free  grants  on  the  Hastings  Road,  the  government  is  ojieuing  a  range  of  townshi|is, 
fourteen  in  all,  namely  seven  at  each  side  of  the  road.  These  townships  are  ten  miles  8(piare,  and  contain 
each  about  GOO  lots  of  100  acres.  Two  townships  arc  already  open  for  sale  at  eight  cents  per  acre,  and  llie 
remainder  will  be  brought  into  the  market  very  soon. 

Emigrants  should  put  themselves  Immediately  In  communication  with  the  government  agent.  From  hlni 
they  will  always  receive  valuable  and  reliable  advice. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  settlement  of  the  country,  and  provide  for  keeping  In  repair  the  roads  thus 
opened,  the  government  has  authorized  free  grants  of  land  along  these  roads,  not  to  exceed  in  each  case, 
ONE  HUNDRED  ACRES,  upon  application  to  the  local  agents,  and  upon  the  following  conditions  :— 


Sin 
PrJ 

C.'ll 

1,;m 

it.' 

I.e. 

V<; 

Hal 

I'ril 

N(i 

Pell 

VoJ 

Sinf 


CONDITIONS  OF  GRANTING  FREE  LANDS  IN   CANADA. 


39 


nt  13  r  dies 
( — Douglas 
At  each  of 
e  obtained, 
ich  there  \i 
tl  at  Ktnn- 
er  lit  Kgaii- 
iig  the  sum- 
af  the  road, 

hip  of  Urat- 
but  there  la 
tlK-  "  Volun- 
imenl. 


ir  the  village 

lea — aud  Is  to 

d. 

-,  Is  no\s-  resi- 

d  are  already 

iioka,  and  be- 

\shlej-,  Kffing- 

[EE,  either  by 
MILLS,  where 


from  whom 


g  of  Madoc,  13 
iviUe,  30  miles ; 
y.  Fare  11.00. 
noon. 

a  a  very  varied 
a  a  sandy  loam 
.     This  jiorlion 
lolh sides  of  the 
client  all  along 
'  weevil,"  which 
stings  Road  in  a 
rt  tine  level,  or 
into  the  Ottawa, 
jn,  and  extends 
md  thrifty.   The 
have  been  sutis- 
,1  by  the  govcrn- 
wnships  of  Wick- 

,art  of  the  contl- 
cotniiarison  will' 

.,  the  lands  which 
ve  years, 
ige  of  townships, 
nave,  and  contain 
per  acre,  and  the 

igenl.    From  him 

^Ir  the  roads  thus 
ceed  in  each  case, 
jnditlons : — 


CONDITIONS. 


That  the  settler  he  eighteen  years  of  age. 

That  he  take  posseB.<ion  of  the  land  allotted  to  hlra  witliin  one  month,  and  put  in  a  state  of  cultivation,  at 
least  twelve  acres  of  the  laml  in  the  course  of  four  years— build  a  house,  (at  least  2il  by  23  feet,)  and  reside 
on  the  lot  until  the  conditions  of  settlement  are  duly  performed  ;  after  which  accomplishnie.a  only  shall  the 
settler  have  the  right  of  obtaining  a  title  to  the  projierty.  Kainilies,  comprising  several  settlers,  entitled  to 
land?,  preferring  to  reside  on  a  single  lot,  will  be  exempted  from  the  obligation  of  huililing  and  of  residence, 
(except  upon  the  lot  on  which  they  live,)  provided  that  the  required  clearing  of  the  land  be  made  on  each 
pit.  The  nonaecomplishment  of  these  conchtions  will  cause  the  immediate  loss  of  the  assigned  lot  of  land, 
wliich  w'll  be  sold  or  given  to  another. 

The  road  liaving  been  opened  by  the  government,  the  settlers  are  required  to  keep  it  In  repair. 

The  local  agents,  whose  names  and  jjlaces  of  abode  have  already  been  given,  will  furnish  every  Informa- 
tion to  the  intending  settler. 

The  U)(iHOL'!<E  re(iuired  by  the  government  to  be  built.  Is  of  such  a  description  as  can  be  put  ui>  In  four 
d.iys  by  five  men.  The  neighbours  generally  help  to  build  the  log-cabin  for  newly-arrived  settlers,  without 
charge,  and  when  this  is  done,  the  cost  of  the  erection  is  small,  the  roof  can  be  covered  with  bark,  and  the 
spaces  between  the  logs  plastered  with  clay  and  whitewashed.  It  then  becomes  a  neat  dwelling,  and  warm 
as  a  stone  house. 

The  lands  thus  opened  up,  and  offered  for  settlement,  are,  in  sections  of  Canada  West,  capable,  both  as  to 
soil  and  climate,  of  producing  al)undant  crops  of  winter  wheat,  of  excellent  quality  and  full  weight,  and  also, 
crops  of  every  other  description  or  farm  produce,  grown  in  the  best  and  longest  cultivated  districts  of  that 
portion  of  the  province,  and  fully  as  good. 

There  are,  of  course.  In  such  a  large  extent  of  country  as  that  referred  to,  great  varieties  in  the  character 
and  quality  of  land— some  lots  being  much  superior  to  otliers  ;  but  there  is  an  abundance  of  the  very  best 
land  for  farming  purposes.  The  lands  in  the  neighbourhood  of  these  three  roads  will  he  found  to  be  very 
similar  in  (piality  and  character,  and  covered  witli  every  variety  of  timber — some  with  hard  wood,  and  some 
with  heavy  pine. 

Water  for  domestic  use  Is  every  where  abundant ;  and  there  arc,  throughout,  numerous  streams  and  falls 
of  water,  capable  of  being  used  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Tlie  heavy-timbered  land  is  almost  always  the  best,  anil  of  it  the  aslies  of  three  acres— well  taken  care 
of,  and  covered  from  wet — will  produce  a  barrel  of  jiotash,  north  from  £0  to  £7  currency.  The  capital  re- 
quired to  manufacture  potash  is  very  small,  and  the  process  is  very  simple  and  easily  understood. 

'ilie  expense  of  clearing  and  enclosing  heavily-timbered  lands,  valuing  the  labour  of  the  settler  at  the 
higliest  rate,  is  about  FOL'U  POUNDS  currency  per  acre,  which  the  first  wheat  crop,  if  an  average  one,  will 
nearly  repay.    The  best  timber  for  fencing  is  to  be  had  in  abundance. 

CANADIAN  GOVEUN.MENT  AGENTS  AND  LANDS. 

Emigrants  desirous  of  purchasing  any  of  the  Crown  lands  in  Upper  or  Lower  Canada,  may  obtain  the  full- 
est information,  as  to  tlie  price  and  (juality  of  the  lands  for  sale,  in  their  respective  counties,  by  applying 
to  the  imdermentioned  Crown  Land  Agents,  viz. : — 

I'rices  of  Lands  range  from  Is.  to  lOs,  per  acre. 

CItOWN    LAND   AtiEXT.S   IN    UPPEK  (WESTEUN)   CAXADA. 

Countien.  Agents.  Residences. 

Ptorniont,  Dundas  and  Glengary, Samuel  Hart Cornwall. 

Tre-eoti  and  Uussell N.  Stewart  VankleekhiU. 

Carielon  lohn  Durie Ottawa. 

Lanark <1.  Kerr Perth. 

Kenfrew William  Harris Renfrew. 

Leeds  and  (irenville W.  J.  Scott Prcscolt. 

Fninlenae,  Lenox  and  Addington Allan  Mel'herson  Kingston. 

Ilasling-i  Francis  Mc.Vnnany Itelleville. 

Prince  Edward N.  Ilallard Picton. 

Northmnlierland  and  Durham Vacant  Port  Ilojje. 

Pelerboro'  and  Victoria Walter  Crawford Peterboro'. 

York,  Peel  and  Ontario Vacant  Toronto. 

Siiiicoe lohn  Alexander Ilarrie. 

Waterloo II.  S.  Holier lierlin. 

Mellington  Amlrevv  Oeiides   Eiora. 

Grey William  .lackson Durham,  (Hentlnck  P.  0.) 

Wentworth . .  .T.  A.  Amiiridge Hamilton. 

Halton Vacant    Milton. 

Lincoln,  Haldenninil  and  Welland.  ..llemy  Smilh  Smithville. 

Oxfonl lohn  Carrol Heachville. 

Norfolk Duncan  Campbell Simcoe. 

Middlesex  and  Elgin lohn  1).  Askin London. 

Essex  D.  Moynahan Samlwich, 

Kent  and  Lambton I.  H.  Brooke Kaleigh. 

Huron 0  Widder (ioderich. 

Perth John  Sliarman Stratford. 

llruce Alexander  McNab Saugeen. 


8 


t 


n 


'1  ! 


40 


CANADIAN  GOVERNMENT — LAND  AGENTS,   ETC. 


Agents. 


CBOWN   LAND  AQENTS  IN  LOWER   (EASTERN)   CANADA. 
NORTH   OF   RIVER    OTTAWA. 

Heni{/eiice. 


Count)/. 


Fohn  Lynch Allumettes  Isliiml  Part  of  County  of  Ottawa. 

Franf  o!b  .X.  Ilaatien Oriind  Calumet  Island Do,  do, 

6.  M.  Judgson CliirtMidoii Do. 

A!m6  Lafoiitaine Ayliiier Uo. 

Donald  McLean Locliaher Do. 

E.  \V.  Murray Hucklnt!liaiu    Do. 

<ieo.  Kaines Grenvllle    Two  Mountains. 

Thonia-s  Barron Arf,'enteuil Do.  do. 

Andro  B.  Lavallie St.  Jiroiue  Tonebonne. 


[,.. 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


6(1.  per  acre. 


NORTH    OK    HlVKIl   ST.    LAWRENCE. 

Alexander  Daly Rawdon   Leinster. 

William  Morrison Bertiiler    Henhior. 

Vacant  Tlirce  Itlvers ft.  .Maurice. 

Amable  Bochet St.  Anne  La  I'erade l'arl.'<  of  Cliamplaln  and  Portneuf. 

Ignace  P.  D(5ry St.  Hayinond  Part  of  Portneuf. 

McLean  Stewart (Jueliec tjuebec. 

Ed.  Tremblay -Murray  Bay Part  of  Saguenay.  " 

John  Kane Grand  Bale Do. 


■  \s.  per  Acre 


SOUTH   Of    RIVER    ST.    LAWRENCE   AND    WEST   OK    RIVER    ClIArniERE    AND    KENNEDEC    ROAD, 

Joshua  9.  Lewis HuntinRdon Beauharnola. 

Wm.  Fleming Babyville Hiintiiit,'don.  [Stansteail 

Orin  J.  Kemp Kreliglmhurg Shetl'onl  and  part  of  Mls.iisiiuoi  and 

John  Felton Sherbrooke  Part  of  Slierl)rook(:,  Drunimcmil  ami 

Charles  C.  Sheppard M'endover   Part  of  Drummond.  [Stansteail. 

N.  A.  Beaudet Arthnbasxa Do. 

George  A.  Bourgeois St.  Or^-golre Do 

J.  T.  LeBel : . .  .Oarthbay Part  of  Sherbrooke  and  Drummond. 

F.  X.  I'ratte Stanfold .  .Part  of  Drummond  and  XicoJet. 

John  Hume Leeds Part  of  .Megantic. 

Jean  O.  C.  Ai-caud St.  Joseph  ile  la  llcauce Do. 

Cy|)rien  Blanchct St.  Fran^'ois         Do.  l>o. 

Andrew  Uoss Frampton Do.  and  Dorcliester. 

SOLTH   OF   RIVER   ST.    LAWRENCE  AND  EAST   OK    RIVER   CIIAl'DIERE. 

Andrew  Ross Frampton  Part  of  Megantic,  Dorchester  A  Belle- 

S.  V.  Larue .St.  Chiirles,  River  Boyer K.  Buyer  &  part  Bellecluisse.  [chasae. 

Francois  T*tu St.   Thomas L'Islel  and  part  of  Itellechasse. 

Florence  Deguise .stc.  .\nne  La  Pocatifcre Part  of  Kamouraska. 

J.  B.  Lepage Rimouski    Part  of  Kamouraska  and  Gaspd. 

Louis  N.  tiauvreau Isle  Verte Part  of  RlmouskL 

Jos.  A.  Le  Bel New  Carlisle Bonaventure.        I  ,  , 

John  Eden Gaspe  Basin Part  of  Gasp6.      f  "•  ^"  "'^'^''• 

TERMS   OK   SALE   AND    OCCUPATION. 

VrOTICE  is  hereby  given  that  future  sales  of  Crown  lands  will  be  at  the  prices  and  on  the  terms  specified 
■'■^  in  the  respective  localities  mentioned  below  : — 

West  of  the  counties  of  Durham  anil  Victoria,  at  seven  shillings  and  sl.xpence  per  acre,  payable  In  ten  an- 
nual Instalments  with  interest,  one  tenth  at  the  time  of  sale. 

East  of  the  county  of  Ontario,  within  Upper  Canada,  four  shillings  per  acre. 

In  the  county  of  Ottawa,  three  sliillings  i  ;r  acre. 

From  thence,  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  county  of  Saginaw,  and  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence  in  the 
district  of  Quebec,  east  of  the  ChauiliiSre  Iliver  and  Kennebec  Road,  one  shilling  and  sixpence  per  acre. 

In  the  district  of  Quebec,  west  of  the  River  Chaudiere  and  Kennebec  Itoad,  two  shillings  per  acre. 

In  the  district  of  Three  Rivers,  St.  Francis,  and  Montreal,  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  three  shillinga  per 
acre. 

In  the  district  of  Ga-'pfi  and  county  of  Saguenay,  one  .shilling  per  acre. 

In  all  cases  payable  in  five  annual  instalments,  with  Interest,  one-fifth  at  the  time  of  sale. 

For  lands  enhanced  in  value  by  special  circumstances,  such  extra  price  may  be  tt.xed  as  His  ExcKLLKNcy 
THE  GovkrnorGknkral  In  Council  may  direct. 

Actual  occupation  to  be  immediate  and  continuous,  the  land  to  be  cleared  at  the  rate  of  five  acres  annu- 
ally for  every  hundred  acres  during  live  years,  and  a  dwelling  house  erected  not  less  than  eighteen  feet  by 
twenty -six  feet. 

The  timber  to  be  subject  to  any  general  timber  duty  that  may  be  Imposed. 

The  sale  to  become  null  and  void  In  case  of  neglect  or  violation  of  the  conditions. 

The  settler  to  be  entitled  to  obtain  a  patent  upon  complying  with  all  the  conditions. 

Not  more  than  two  hundred  acres  to  be  sold  to  any  one  person. 


K 

T( 


CANADA  LANDS   FOR  SALE — EMIGRATION   OFFICES. 


n 


SCHOOL   LAVD9   FOR  9ALB. 


9 


meuf. 


\cre 


The  iOchool  lands  In  the  counties  of  Bruce,  Orey,  and  Huron,  are  now  open  for  sale  to  actual  settler*  on 
the  followlnt?  terms,  viz.  ;— 

The  price  to  be  tei.  slillllnKS  per  acre,  payable  In  ten  equal  annual  Instalments,  with  interest :  the  first  In 
stalment  lo  be  paid  upon  receiving  aulliorily  to  enter  upon  the  land.  Actual  occui)ation  to  be  immediate 
and  continuous ;  the  land  to  be  cleared  at  the  rate  of  five  acres  annually  for  every  hundred  acres  during  the 
first  five  years;  a  dwelling  house,  at  least  eighteen  feet  by  twenty-six,  to  be  erected;  the  timber  to  be  re- 
served until  the  land  has  been  paid  for  in  full  and  patented,  and  to  be  subj'ct  to  any  general  timber  duty 
thereafter;  a  license  of  occupation,  not  assignable  witliout  permission,  to  be  granted;  the  sale  and  the  li- 
cense of  occupation  to  become  null  and  void  in  case  of  neglect  or  violation  of  any  of  the  condillims  ;  the 
settler  to  be  entitled  lo  obtain  a  patent  upon  complying  wltli  all  the  conditions  ;  not  more  than  two  hundred 
acres  to  be  sold  lo  any  one  person  on  these  terms. 

All  emigrants  who  require  information  as  to  the  best  routes  and  ch».ipest  rates  of  conveyance,  to  any  part 
of  Canada,  should  apply  to  the  emigrant  agents  stationed  at  Quebec,  Montreal,  or  Toronto,  who  will  aUo 
direct  emigrants,  in  want  of  employment,  to  places  where  they  may  obtain  it.  The  agents  will  also  give 
settlers  Information  as  to  the  best  and  safest  mode  of  remitting  money  to  their  relations  or  friends  residing 
In  any  part  of  Great  Itrltaln  or  Ireland. 


V  1 


KOUTE   TO   THE    tJOVEKNMENT   FKEE   LANDS   ON   THE   OPEONOO   ROAD. 


lanstead 
(pioi  and 
inllil  anil  1  n 
lanstead.  V  ^ 


\immond. 
;olel. 


ihester. 


,.r  A  Helle- 

[chasse, 

iisse. 

aspd. 
Acre. 


terms  specified 
able  In  ten  an- 


,awrence  in  the 
:e  per  acre, 
ler  acre, 
■ee  shillings  per 


lis  EXCKLLRNCT 

five  acres  annu- 
L'igliteen  feet  by 


FROM. 

WnKKE  TO. 

CONVEVANCB. 

MILES. 

STQ. 

DOLLARS. 

Ottawa  City,          1    

(Lake  llytnwn.)     (    

Grand  Trunk  Railway  . . 
Steamer  and  K.illway  . . . 

181 
It 

9 

24 
30 
40 
41 
45 
BO 
b'i 
60 
05 

Sn. 

6«. 

2». 

2«. 

!l». 

4*. 

4*.  6(7. 

48.  6rf. 

&«. 

5«. 

68. 

5.?. 

$2.00 

1.50 
0.50 
0.50 
0  78 

(I 

Kll7.rov 

Do .   .    .. 

Do 

1.00 

i.m 
i.m 

1.25 

II 

Ib-istiil .. 

Do.        ...           .    .     . . 

11                     Sand  P"int 

Do 

'1                    Iloncliere  Point 

Do 

II 

Kerrall's  handing 

Portage  du  I'ort 

Pembroke 

Do 

1.25 

II 

Do 

1  50 

11     

Do.       and  Stage 

1.28 

Portage  du  Fort. 

Fltzroy  and  A-nprlor. 

Bonchere  Point,  or  Ferrall's 
Lauding, 


To  Townships  of  Onslow,  Bristol,  and  Clarendon Land  at  Onslow, 

"  Lltchtiuld  and  upper  townships  on  tlio  north  side  of  the  I 

Ottawa ( 

"  Fltzroy,  lluntly,  Packenham,  Ramsay,  McNab,  Renfrew,  i 

Bromley f 

"  llorton,  llagot,  .\dmaston,  or  to  Mount  St.   Patrick,  in 

the  town.ihip  of  (iratlan,  the  residence  of  .Mr.  Fnnch, 

the  agent  for  the  Opeongo  Road,  28  miles  from  Fer- 

rall's  Landing 

The  newly-surveyed  townships  of  Sebastopol,  Brudenell,  Algona,  and  Rolph,  each  10  miles  square,  are  now 
open  for  settlement,  distance  about  2ll  miles  from  Mount  St.  Patrick.  Emigrants  proceeding  to  any  of  the 
above  i)laces,  will  receive  every  Information  respecting  the  lands  open  for  sale  in  these  respective  localities, 
from  the  following  Crown  Land  Agents  : — At 

CLARENDON MR.  F.  B.  HEATH. 

CALUMETTE "      F.  X.  BASTIEN. 

ALt.'METTE "      JOHN  LYNCH. 

RENFREW "     W.M.   HAUUI8. 

MT.  ST.    PATRICK "     T.  P.  FRENCH. 

GOVERNMENT   EMIGRATION    OFFICERS   IN   CANADA. 

QUEBEC A.  C.  BUCHANAN,  Chief  Agent. 

MOSTKEAL A.  CONLAN. 

OTTAWA   CITY FRANCIS  CLEMOW. 

KINGSTON ALLAN  McPlIERSON,  Crown  Land  Agent. 

TORONTO  A.   B.    HAWKE,  Chief  Emigrant  Agent,   Upper  Canada. 

HAMILTON T.  C.   DIXON. 

Who  will  furnish  emigrants,  on  application,  with  advice  as  to  the  routes,  distances,  and  rates  of  convey- 
ance, also  respecting  the  crown  and  other  lauds  for  sale,  and  will  direct  emigrants  In  want  of  employment 
to  where  It  may  be  procured. 


P-IS; 


42 


BANKS  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN,   IRELAND,  AND  CANADA. 


BANKS  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN   AND  IRELAND, 
With  thoir  agents  in  Canada,  upon  wliom  they  draw,  and  grant  letters  of  credit. 
JiiiiiirrH  in  liritain.  Draw  and  yire  lettem  of  credit  iijum 

London,  Gljn,  Mills  A  Co Bank  of  Upper  Canada  and  agents. 

"         City  Hank Bank  of  Toronto  and  agentst. 

"         Joint  Stock  Hank Commercial  Hank  and  agents. 

"        Union  Hank Jlontreal  Hank  and  agent.s. 

"        Glyn,  Mills  &  Co Quebec  Hank  and  agents. 

"  "        "        "        City  Hank  of  Montreal  and  agents. 

"  "        "        "        (iore  Hank  and  agents. 

"        Bosanquet  &  Co Niagara  District  Hank  and  ogents. 

"        Glyn,  Mills  &  Co Hank  dn  l'eni)le,  Monti lal,  and  ogents. 

"  "        "        "        Ontario  Hank  and  agents. 

"        British  North  America Own  branches  and  agents. 

Liverpool,  Hank  of  Liverpool Montreal  Hank  and  agents. 

Edinburgh,  British  Linen  Company Hank  of  Upper  Canada  and  agents. 

"  "  "  "  Montreal  Hank  and  agents. 

"  Commercial  Hank Coniinereial  Hank  of  (.'anuda  and  agents. 

"  Union  Hank Gore  Hank  and  agents. 

Glasgow,  British  Linen  Com])any Montreal  Hank  and  agents. 

"        Clydesdale  Hank Commercial  bank  of  Canada  and  agents. 

Dublin,  Boyle,  Low,  I'ini  k  Co "  "  "  " 

"     National  Hank  of  Ireland City  Hank  of  Montreal  and  agents. 

Ry  reference  to  the  above,  and  also  to  the  List  of  Hanks  in  Canada  with  their  Agencies,  itwill 
at  once  be  seen  with  whom  the  banks  in  Great  Hritain  and  Ireland  have  corre.->i)ondents,  in  dil- 
f'ereiit  ])arts  of  Canada,  and  througli  whom  money  can  be  remitted  or  received. 


|! 


BANKS   IN  CANADA,    WITH  TIIEIR  AGENCIES. 


For  Banks  in  Great  SriUiin  and  Ireland,  who  are  agenln/or  the  following,  see  List  of  Banks  in  Great 

Britain  and  Ireland,  preceding  this. 


Mi 


hi 


!  ti 


PLACES.  NAMKS  OK  BANKS.  OFFIl'KIIS. 

Barrie rpper  Ciinuda  K.  T.iilly,  A(;ont. 

"  Toronto  Aiiftus  Hussi'll,ABt. 

Bellerille UpiiurCaniKlii  K.  lloldon,  .Xttfut. 

"  CoimniTcial      A.  Tlionipsnn,  M'r. 

"  MontifMl  (J.  McNiiler,  M'r. 

Berlin Upper  Canada  (i.  Daviilson,  A),'t. 

Bmcmantille Ontakio  I).  Kislicr,  Casliler. 

"  Upiier  Canada  <i.  .Mi'iirns,  Apoiit. 

"  Monlrual  Ci.  Dvi.lt,  Manager. 

Bradford City  Hank         A.  MeMaster,  Ajit. 

Braiitford II.  N.  Aiiierlca.I.  C.  (ledde.s,  M'r. 

"  Upper  Canada  T.  H.  ><lioitt,  Apent. 

"  Slontreiil  A.  drier,  Manajjer. 

Broclrille UpperCiinada  U.  K.  Cliureli,  A^t. 

"  Coininereial      .J.  li.'iiionift,  M'r, 

"  Moiitre.il  F.  M.  Holme?,  M'r. 

i.'hatham Upper  Canada  (i.  Tlioiiiii.'*,  Ciisli'r. 

"  Coiniiiercial      T.  MeCrae,  .Vpiil. 

"  (lore  A.  Cliarteris,A(.'eiit. 

I'/iippeira Upper  Canada.!.  Maokleni,  A).'ent. 

ilolioitrg Montreal  C.  II.  Morgan,  M'r. 

"  Toronto  ,1.  S.  Walliiee,  Agt, 

Cornwall l.'pper Canada. I.  K.  Priiigle,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  W.  Mattiee,  Agent. 

Dinidas B.  N.  America  Win.  Lii.^li.  Agent. 

Elijiii 7.i.mmi:kman's    ,I.  W.  Dunklee,  Ca. 

Gait (jore  J.  Davidson,  Agt. 

"  Commercial      W.Cooke,  Manag'r. 

Goderich Upper  Canada. I.  .MeDonald,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  II.  MeCutelioii,  Ag. 

Ouelph Gore  T.  Saiiclilaiids,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  li.  M.  .Moore,  Agt. 

Hamilton CinuB  W.  (i.  Crawford,  C. 

"  Upper  Canada  A.  Plow,  Cashier. 

"  It.  N.  America  (1.  II.  Taylor,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  A.  Milrov,  Maiiiig. 

"  Commercial     AV.  U.  I'urk,  M'r. 


PLACES.  NAMKSOKBANK.S.  OFKICKRS. 

Iiigersull Commercial      W.  M.  Sage,  .\gent. 

"  Niagara  DIsl't.  C.  K.  Cliadwlck,  Ag. 

Kingnton Ccimmkuciai.      C.  .«.  Koss,  Casliicr. 

"  U|>iierCiiniida  W.  (i.  Hinds,  C;i^h. 

"  11.  .N.  America.S.  Taylor,  Miimig. 

"  Montreal  A.  Dnnnmond,  .Mr. 

f.ind»inj Upper  Canada  .1.  McKiblioii,  .\gl. 

I.diidoti Upper  Canada  . I.  IlMinllton,  Ciisli. 

1).  N.  America T.  Clillstian,  M'r. 
"  Commercial      J.  (i.  Ilarjier,  .M'r. 

"  Montreal  W.  Dnnii,  Malinger. 

"  (iore  C.  Monsarralt,   Ag. 

Montreal M<isthf\l         I).  Itavidson,  C:isli. 

"  City  Hank         F.  McCallocli,  Ci. 

"  l)r  I'Ktii.K        II.  H.  I.emoine,  Ca. 

"  >Ioi.so.\'s  W.  Siidie,  Ca.sliier. 

"  Upper  Canada  K.  T.  Tiivlor,  M'r. 

"  II.  N.  Aiiieiica  H.  Ciissels,  Man.ig. 

"  Commercial      T.  Klrliv,  .Mnmigcr. 

"  Qneliec  Hank  dii  I'enple,  A, 

"  rroviiiciiil         .1.  II.  \ulter,ii.-Co..A. 

Xfiroanlle Toronto  S.  Wilmot,  Agent. 

Xiaiiara Upper  Canada  T.  Jlcl'onnick,  Ag. 

Xiciilet Queliec  L.  M.  Cresse,  Agt. 

Oakrille Toronto  J.  T.  M.  Hunislde,  A 

(hlitiud (Mitario  ,1.  It.  Warren,  M'r. 

Ottawa  Upper  Canada  It.  .".  ('a.^^sels,  Agt. 

"  H.  N.  America  A.  C.  Kellv,  Ag.iit. 

"  Montreal  1'.  1'.  Harris,  M'r. 

"  Quebec  II.  V.  Noel,  Agent. 

Pariti Gore  J.  Ximiiii>,  Agent. 

I'erth Commercial      A.  Leslie,  Agent. 

"  Montreal  J.  Mclnlyre,  Agent. 

Peferhrn' Commercial      W.  Clnxton,  Agent. 

"  Toronto  Jaine.s  Hall,  Agent, 

"  Montreal  H.  N'icliolls,  Agei4 

Picton Moutroitl  J.  Gray,  Agent. 


BANKERS  IN  CANADA— POSTAL  REGULATIONS. 


48 


PLACES.  NAMES  OF  BASKS.  OFFrCKRS. 

Piwt  Hope Tpper  Ciiniida  J.  Pinart,  Agent. 

"  Tnrnntc)  J.  K.  Walsli,  Agent, 

"  Cnniniiri'lal  W.  F.  Iliirjiur,  .M'r. 

"  Alrinlreiil  It.  UlcliurilMon,  Ag. 

"  Wolsiin's  1).  Siiiint,  Agent. 

I'ort  SUinley ('"uiinerclnl  K.  K.  Warrcu,  Agt. 

J'riKiott ,riininiercliil  J.  I'littcm,  Agent. 

QlU'heC (JIKllM^  t'.  (iellliligs,  t'lisll. 

"  Ipper  Canada  ,1.  V.  llradshan',  M. 

"  H.  N.  Anieiicu  F.  \V.  Wdiid,  .M'r, 

•'  Montreal  J.  !<teven,si>n,  .M'r, 

"  Ci>Minierelal  ■ 

"  City  Hank         

"  1)11  I'euple         Quebec  ll'k,  Agts, 

(So/vii'i/ rpper  Canada 

"  Cmninerelal      (1.  W. 'I'lKinias.Agt, 

Iviult  t<te  Marie  ..H.  N.  America  J.  liallenden,  Agl. 

Slieihroiike City  Hank         W.  Kilclde,  .\gent. 

Sinwoe (lore  I).  Campbell,  ,\gt. 

"  Mnntreal  H,  Head,  Agent, 

Siiit/iitiii/itoii.    ,,.  rpper  Canada  A.  Me.Niibli,  Agent. 

.'ilfiii-^tcKl Pno\  ixciAT.       J.  \V.  Peterson,  Ca. 

.V.  i'tit/iiifiiii'n  . .  ..NiAUAiiA  DisT.  ,1.  S^mart, Cashier. 
"  rpper  Camilla  T.  li.  llelllwell,  Ca. 

St,  JA(»'.v'« Ccinnnerelal      T.  I).  Timms,  Agent. 

St.  Thiiiiiiln C(i.  Ki.diN  B'k.  K.  Krmatinger,  M'r. 

Montreal  K.  M.  Varwdod,M'r. 

Striitjhrd rpper  Camilla  .1.  C.  W.  IJaly,  Agt. 

"  tlommerelal      V.  C.  I,ee,  Agent. 

Three  /livem I'pper  Canada — l)e  Moulin,  Agt. 

"  11.  N.  America  W.  Seougall,  Agt. 

"  Montreal  M.  Htevenson,  Agt. 

"  (Jneliec  J.  .McDougall,  Agt. 

Toronto l>i'KK(,'ANAnAT.  (i.  Itiilout,  Cash. 

"  TdUd.sTo  A.  Cameron,  Cash. 

"  It.  N.  America  W.  (i.  Cassels,  M'r. 

"  Commercial      C. .).  Campbell,  M'r. 

"  Montreal  II.  C.  Ilarwiek,  .M'r. 

"  City  Hank         T.  Woodside,  .M'r. 

"  (Jnebec  W,  \V.  Hansom,  M. 

"  l)u  I'eujile         K.  K,  Whittemore.A 

"  .Molson's  ,1,  (ilass.  Agent, 

Tri'iitoii .Montreal  .1.  Cnimiiing,  .\gt. 

Whitliij Montreal  T.  Dow,  Agent. 

Wooilstot'k (ictre  J.  Ingersoj,  Agent. 

"  Montreal  W.  1'.  .<lreet,  Agt. 

Vt'iiuUor I "pper  Canada  T.  K.  Trew,  Agent. 


Foreign  Ageiiia, 

AGKSTS.  I'LACKS.  AGENTS  FOB. 

Head  (Hlice.  Loiiitoii  (i.'ng,)       H.  N.  America 

Olyn,  Mills  &  Co.         "  "  rpi)er  Canada 

City  H'k  uf  l,(mdon.      "  "  Toronto 

l.on.  Joint  St'k  It'k.      "  "  Conmierclal 

fnlon  H'k  uf  l.ond.       "  "  Montreal 

(ilyn.  Mills  ,fc  Co.  "  "  Quebec 

(llyn.  Mills  &  Co.  "  "  Ci(\  Hank 

(ilyn,  .Mills  &  Co.  "  "  (ioie 

HosaiKpiet  iKranks      "  "  Niagara  Oist. 

(ilyn,  .Mills  &  Co.  "  "  Du  I'euple 

(ilyn.  Mills  &  Co.  "  "  Ontario  Hank 

Hank  of  Liverpool. /,(»'<';y)oo?  (ffjif/.)  .Jlontnal 
Hritlsh  l.inen  Co.     £iliii'iurg/i  (.s'i-()?.)l'pper Caiuidtt 
Hritish  Mnen  Co.  "  "      .Mmitreal 

Com.  Hank  ort<cot.  "  "     Commercial 

Unicui  Hank.  "  "      (lore 

Hritish  Mnen  Co.     Glttunow  (Sfot.). . .  Montreal 
Clydsdale  It'k'gCo.        "  "  Commercial 

Hoyle,  i,ow  &  ['U»./>iilitiii  (//■W((H(/.)('ommereial 
National  H'k  IreI'd,       "  "  City  Hank 

J,  (i.  King  &  Sons,  Xiir  York rpi>erCanada 

Hank  of  ('oTumerce,         "  Toronto 

H,  Hell,  F,  II,  drain,        "  U.  N.  America 

AC.  F.  Smith,  Ag'Is. 

.Merchants'  Hank.  "  Commercial 

Hank  of  Commerce.         "  Montreal 

.Maitland  &  I'helps.         "  {(uebec 

U'koftlieKepulilic.        "  Citv  Hank 

Ward   &   Co.,   and        "  liore 

Merchants'  Hank. 

B'koftheltepulilic.        "  Pu  I'euple 

U'koftheliepublic.        "  Ontario  Hank 

Merchants'  Hank.    Bonton Montreal 

HIake,  llnare  A  Co.       "  I'pper  Canada 

Merchants'  Hank.         "  Commercial 

N.  Y.  State  Hank.    Alliiiiuj I'pper  Canada 

N.  Y.  Stale  Hank.  "  Counnercial 

N.  Y.  State  Hank.  "  Core 

ly.  Wright's  Hank.    Omrego I'pperCanada 

li.  Wright's  Hank.  "  ConMuercial 

L.  Wright's  Hank.  "  Toronto 

Kochester  Citv  ll'k. Riif/ii'nter I'pperCanada 

H'k  of  H,  N,  Anier,.s7,  ,Mtii  (.V.  li.)  ..H.  N.  America 
Com.  Hank,  N.  H.  "  "  ({uebec 

H'k  of  H.  N.  Amer.  ffiili far  (.Y.  K)...]i.  N.  America 
H'k  of  H.  N.  Anau-.^y.  Jo/iii  (X.  /■'.)  ..H.  N.  America 
Central  Hank.  J''ri:ileriuiu>i{X.£).^l\iii:hca 


POSTAL  REGULATIONS  IN  CANADA. 


I'oKtdge  Jiiile.s  ok  Liitern. 

Between  any  two  places  in  Canada,  Hd.  per  ^  oz. — 

I'rep.iyment  optional. 
On  letters  depositeil  at  an  nfllce  for  dellver.v  In  the 
same  jdace,  called  Drop  or  Hox  Letters  the  rate 
Is  \ll. 
From  Canada  to  I'nited  States,  Cut. — Prejiav't  op'iuil, 
"  California         !•</,  'do. 

"  Oregon  !>(/.  do. 


I.OWEH  niOVI.VCKS. 


QiicIm'i*  and 
lliilinix. 


Via        I  Via 

Ponliuiil  nntl    llost'ti  i\i  IPx 

St.  John.        i'uniinl  St'r. 


New  Hrnnswick . . . !  Hi/. 

Nova  Scotia '  :ti/. 

Prince  Kd.  Islai^d.  \\il. 

Newfoundhiud  . . .  "\il. 

Payment  optional.  Letters  to  he  forwarded  by 
Ilritl<h  steamer,  from  Huston  or  New  Y'ork,  must  be 
specially  so  aililres.>^ed. 

Stain|is  of  the  denondnatlon  of  \\il.,'M.,  ful.,  7^'/., 
ami  Wil.,  for  the  prepayment  of  letters,  can  be  pur- 
chased at  the  principal  ollii-es. 

To  tl;e  priir.'ipal  railway  mall  trains  throughout 
the  I'rovince  are  attached  po>t-:>!lite  cars,  carrying 
railway  nuiil  clerks,  and  at  these  "Travelling  Post- 
ollices"  can  be  posted  at  e.ich  st.-.tinn  such  corres- 
poiulence  as  may  be  too  late  for  mailing  in  tlie  ordin- 
ary manner.  Letters,  however,  miiilevl  in  the  jiosl- 
olllce  car  can  be  prepaid  oidy  by  using  postage 
stampa,  no  railway  mall  clerk  being  permitted  to 
cvillect  postage,  ur  to  receive  prepayment  In  money. 


Great  Britain  and  Iretand. 

By  Hritish  (Cunard)  mail  .steamers,  from  New  York 
or  Hoston,  lUi/.  oirreiu'y  {*<(f.  sterling). 

Hy  Canadian  mail  steamers,  from  IJuebec  (in  sum- 
mer), Til/.  .'urreiH'y  (lii/.  sterling). 

When  letters  are  sent  liy  the  mails  for  Kngland. 
ria  the  I'nited  States,  whetlier  for  a  Hritish  or  Cana- 
dian packet,  a  Crnted  States  transit  rate  of  '.'i</.  cur- 
rency peri  ouiu'e  is  chargeable  In  addition. 

(Letters  to  be  sent  ria  Marseilles  must  be  so  ad- 
dressed.) 

Beg int ration  of  Lettem, 

Persons   transmitting   letters    which    they    desire 
sboidd   puss   thriuigh    the   post    as    "registered   let- 
ters," UMist  observe  that  no  record  is  taken  of  any 
letter  unless  specially  handed  in  for  registriition  at 
'  the  time  of  posting.     I'pon  all  such  letters,  with  the 
I  exception  of  those  addressed  to  the  I'niteil  States, 
|i/.  nuist  be  pre|)aiil,as  a  registration  charge.     If  ad- 
1  dressed  to  the  rnited  States,  the  ordinary  postage 
rate  on  the  letter  to  that  country  jntijit  t'v  /irejtaifl^ 
and  In  adilltiiui  a  registratiim  charge  of  :\i/.  ]ier  let- 
I  ter.     The  registry  thus  eirecte<l  in  Camida  will  be  car- 
I  ried  on  by  the  I'ulted  States  post-ollice,  until  the  let- 
ter arrives  at  its  destination. 

In  like  uianiu'r,  letters  addressed  to  Canada  may 
be  registered  at  the  place  of  posting  In  the  t'nited 
States,  and  the  registry  made  there  will  accompany 
the  letter  to  the  place  of  delivery  in  Canada. 

A  certilicate  of   regLstration   will  be   given  by  a 
postmaster,  if  reipiired. 
It  must  be  dlatlnctly  understood  by  parties  who 


0     1 


44 


POSTAL  AND   MONEY-OUDER  REGULATIONS. 


\' 


13(»>k  Pout  wit/i  Engldml. 

The  nitos  ami  ri'friilatinns  arc  as  follows  : — 

A  I k  packft  iiia.v  contain  any  innnluT  of  separate 

books,  |>iil)lli'atii>ns,  works  of  lileraliire  or  art,  alnian- 
Bfs,  maps,  prints,  or  jirhiti'il  letters,  ami  any  quaii- 
tlt,v  of  paper,  vellnin,  or  parelniieiit  (to  the  exelnsion 
of  written  letters  wliether  si'aleil  or  open),  anil  the 
liooks,  nnips,  etc.,  may  either  he  written,  printed,  or 
plain,  or  any  mixture  of  the  three, ami  maybe  either 
Ihitisli,  eolonial,  or  foreign. 
The  rates  uf  postage  oil  sueli  book  paeketa  arc: — 

St'l,  Citr, 

H.  '(/.      H.    (I. 


"  "  i  11). 

"  "         I  Ih.  " 

"  "      Ullis-  " 

"       "      •_'  U.S.  " 

"  "        L'ilhS.  "  ..lo,.    .,      w     ..,      :, 

— anfl  so  on.  inereasinp  Cttf.  sterling;  for  every  a<l(lition- 
al  half  ponncl  or  fraction  of  half  a  pounil. 

The  follouin^eonilitions  nnist  he  carefully  observed, 
as  prescribed  by  the  ini|>erial  po^^t-olliee  ;— 

Kvery  book  packet  mnst  be  either  without  a  cover, 
or  In  a  cover  open  at  the  en<ls  or  sides. 

It  nnist  not  contain  any  written  letter,  open  or  seal- 
ed or  any  sealed  endosm'e  whatever. 

No  packet  must  ixceed  two  feet  in  length, breadth, 
or  width. 

The  postage  of  book  jiackets  nnist  bo  paid  in  ad- 
vance, by  postage  stamp. 

Shonid  a  book  |iacket  be  posted  nnpaiil,  or  with  a 
prepayment  of  le.ss  tJian  three  peiii'e,  or  be  enclosed 
in  a  cover  not  open  at  the  emls  or  sides,  or  should  it 
exceed  the  dimensions  specilied,  such  j.acket  canm.t 
be  forwarded. 

All  book  jiost  njatter,  Intended  to  be  sent  to  the 


weight  (1 

fl  -.()    4 

'Kilb.   II 

«=.(»    7 

1  lb.   1 

1)  -^  1     3 

Ulbs.    1 

«™l  111 

2lb.s.  -i 

II    -2     (i 

lijlbs.  •_> 

tl  -,  11     1 

Mlbs.  8 

(1     .  !i     il 

All  newspapers  print' d  and  published  within  this 
Vroviiu'e,  tiiiif  tnhlressftt  f'ntni  tlti-  f^ffire  uf  i>ithU- 
fittiim,  are  transtnilted  frtun  the  post-ollice  wheri! 
mailed  by  the  pubdsber,  to  any  olhi'r  posl-otllce  in 
Canada,  or  to  the  I'niteil  Kingdom,  or  to  any  llritlsh 
I)rovlnce,  colony,  or  possession,  or  to  France,  or  the 
I'ldted  .states,  free  of  I'liiidiliiiii  /inKtiif/e. 

Newspapers  received  from  the  I'nited  Slate.i  are 
charged  one  halfpemiy  inch  on  delivery  in  Canaila, 
nlth  the  exception  only  of  t\i'fhiiinli'  jm/urK,  ad- 
dressed to  the  editors  or  iiublisliers  of  Canadian 
papers,  which  pass  free. 

Kngland  to  Canaila  (Cunaril  line),  lil.  on  delivery; 
Ir/.  also  to  be  prcgialil  in  Kngland. 

Knglanil  to  Canada  (Canadian  line),  Ir/.,  to  be  pre- 
paid in  Kngland. 

To  foreign  countries,  at  rates  of  charge  prescribed 
b.v  Imperial  post-ollice. 

Transient  newspapers  posteil  in  Canada,  (inchiding 
all  newspapers  not  sent  from  the  ollice  of  )>ublication 
to  regular  subscribers,)  when  addressed  to  any  jdace 
in  Canada  or  llritlsh  North  America,  the  I'nitecl 
Kingdom,  the  I'niteil  States,  or  elsewhere,  must  in  ail 
cases  be  /iri/mii/  lii/  jKMliiyi'  xliiiii/i,  otherwise  tliey 
cannot  be  forwarded. 

Transient  newspapers  for  any  place  in  Canada, 
Ilritish  Niu'th  Ameriea.  tin'  rniteil  Kingdom,  France, 
or  I'lilted  States,  f.  each. 

Transient  iieriodieals  for  any  idai'e  in  Canada, 
liritisii  North  America,  or  tlie  I'nited  Stales,  if  not 
overiloz.  in  weiglit,  i<f.  each  ;  if  overM  oz.  in  wt'iglit, 
•2(1.  each— to  be  prepaid  by  postage  sliliip. 

Printed  circulars,  prices  current,  or  handbills,  and 
other  printed  matter  of  a  like  description,  and  books, 
bound  or  nidiound,  are  charged  at  a  rate  of  J*/,  per 
oz.,  or  fraction  of  an  ounce,  whether  sent  singly  or 
ill  packets  to  one  address. 


MOXFA'  ORDER  SYSTEM  ]\  CANADA. 


Ill  Cimiula,  Moiipy-Ordev  Offieos  nro  cIiipscmI  iiiid  ooinhiott'd  ns  follows: — 


1.  Money-order  post-clTices  are  divided  Into  first 
and  second  class. 

2.  liolh  classes  may  draw  for  any  sum  on  one  order 
up  to  £11111  upon  first-class  oflices,  and  for  any  sum  I 
up  to  £M  on  one  order,  upon  second-class  odices.         | 

3.  When  money  orders  exceeding  £l'i  In  aggregate 
amount  are  issued  in  one  day,  and  to  the  same  per-  , 
son,  b.v  one  or  more  ollicers,  upon    a    second-class 
oflice,  tile  postmaster  of  the  ollice  drawn  upon  will 
be  at  liberty  to  defer  the  payment  of  such  orders  for  - 
three  days.  [ 

4.  The  mone.v  orders  shall  be  made  out  njion  forms 
8Ui>plieil  b.v  the  head  oflice,  (///'/  no  onft-r  trill  fn' 
valid  (ir  /iiii/tilile,  uiileim  yiccn  upon  the  nyidur 
pi'iiititl  fiiriiin. 

f).  Persons  applying  for  mone.v  orders  will  be  re- 
quired to  state  the  iiarticnlars  upon  a  form  of  ajipli- 
cation  iirovided  for  that  )iur|.'ose. 

0.  If  in  consei)uenceof  error  or  misapprehension  in 
giving  the  name  of  the  place  of  payment  of  a  money 
order,  the  |inrcliaser  should  desire  to  have  the  same 
changed,  the  Issuing  postmaster  will  take  back  the 
first  order  and  issue  another,  for  which  be  will  charge 
commission,  as  on  a  new  transaction. 

7.  When  a  mistake  in  the  name  of  the  payee,  or 
person  who  is  to  receive  the  mone.v,  has  been  made 
by  the  applicant  for  a  money  order,  the  erroneous 
order  may  also  be  taken  back,  and  a  new  one  granted,  ! 
for  which  a  second  commission  will  likewise  be 
exacted.  I 

6.  Parties  procuring  money  orders  will  please  to 
examine  theiu  carefully,  to  bee  that  they  are  projierly 


filled  u|)  and  stamjied.  This  caution  will  apiiearsuf- 
ndently  important  when  il  is  understood  that  an 
order,  defeclive  in  any  important  respect,  will  tlirow 
dilliculties  in  the  way  of  its  payment. 

it.  Wlien  a  money  order  is  presented  for  |>aynient 
at  the  ollice  on  wliich  it  is  drawn,  the  postmaster,  or 
clerk  employed,  \\\\\  use  all  [iroper  means  to  assure 
himself  tliat  the  applicant  is  the  part.v  named  and 
intended  in  tlie  advice,  and,  U|>on  payment  of  the 
order,  will  be  careful  to  obtain  tlie  signature  of  the 
payee  to  the  receipt  al  foot. 

111.  When  through  illness  or  other  insuperable  dilli- 
cully,  the  payee  is  prevented  from  presenting  the 
order  in  person,  the  postmaster  will  be  at  liberty  to 
accept  a  written  order  on  the  back,  in  favour  of  a 
second  person,  |)roviiled  always  that  sucli  written 
order  Is  sali^facloriiy  proved  to  be  genuine. 

11.  Any  iiioney -order  |)ost-oli;ce  may  repa.v  an 
order  isMied  by  itself,  but  only  to  the  party  who 
obtained  it.  The  charge  or  commissimi,  however, 
shall  not  in  any  case  be  refunded. 

12.  Tne  charges  or  commissions  for  orders  will  be  as 
follows : — 


I'lider  and  up  to  X,i     II). 
Over    £-1  lli.v.  not  e! 


•tl  111". 
.t'lO  n.«. 
£12  Mn. 

iin  o«. 

£17  10«. 


,v    .  . 

ii.il. 
II     !t 

ling  tri    ()><   . .    , . 

....     0    6 

£7  1  tl'S 

0    !) 

£|l)     |).v 

1     1) 

£12  lii.v 

....     1     3 

£1,')    tw 

16 

£17  lo< 

1    9 

£•20    US 

2    0 

t  IH. 


LAWS  BEGAUDINO  THE   PROPEUTY   OF  INTESTATES. 


40 


I. 

Over  £20  n«.  not  exceeding  £22  lOo a 

"    £..'2  111*.  "  i^f)    (Id <i 

»    Jtl'S    Ud.  "  £;l»    0« 8 

"    £;<u  (W.  "  il't.'i    »* a 

«'    £;«  tp*.  "  £J0    «« 4 

"    £40    U».  "  iM    0« 4 


tl.  I.  d. 

8  I  Over  £  15  O/i.  not  oxceecllnjt  £.in  0« 5    0 

6  I      Thus  far  for  orders  on  llrst  iind  mvoudcliiaH  ofllces, 
0  j  anil  liy  udditloniil  comi"'  dons  of  (!</.  Ixjtween  every 
0    £•'>  from  £<%()  up  to  XIUO        orders  ou  flret-clius  olUeeii 
0  j  only. 
C  '     N.  B.  No  lmir-|ionco  to  be  Introduced  In  the  ordem. 


DISTIUIJUTION   OF   PERSONAL  ESTATE  OF   LNTEsTATES. 

[ACCORmNQ  TO  TUB  LAW!  Or  CANADA  WK8T.] 

If  the  Intestate  die,  lenvhiK  wife  luid  clilld,  or  children— liis  personal  representiillves  take  thus ;  One- 
third  to  wife,  rest  to  child  or  children  :  if  chilihen  dead,  then  to  their  representalive.-i,  (tlial  is,  their  lineal  de- 
■cendants,)  except  such  cliilil  or  children  (not  heirs  ut  law)  who  had  es^tate  by  settlement  of  intestate,  Id  his 
lifetime,  eipial  to  the  other  shares. 

Wife  only — half  to  wife,  rest  to  next  of  kin  In  equal  degrees  to  Intestate  or  their  legal  representatives 

No  wife  or  clilid— all  to  next  of  kin  and  to  their  legal  representatives. 

Cliiid,  cliildren,  or  their  representatives— all  to  him,  her,  or  them. 

Children  hy  two  wives— eipially  to  all. 

If  no  cliild,  children,  or  re|)resentatives— ail  to  next  of  kin  in  equal  degree  to  Intestate. 

Child  or  grandchild -half  to  cliild,  half  to  grandchild. 

lliishand— whole  to  hlin. 

Father  and  brother,  or  sister— whole  to  fallier. 

Mother  and  brother,  or  sister — whide  to  them  ei|ually. 

Wife,  niotlier,  brother,  sisters,  and  nieces— half  to  wife,  residue  to  mother,  brother,  sisters,  and  nleoes. 

Wife,  motlier,  nephews,  and  nieces — two-fourtiis  to  wife,  one  fourth  to  inotlier,  anil  one-fourth  to  nephews 
and  nieces. 

Wife,  liriitliers  or  sisters,  and  mother— lialf  to  wife,  (under  statute  of  Car.  II.)  half  to  brothers  and  sisters, 
and  mother. 

Mother  oid.v — the  whole  (it  being  then  out  of  the  statute). 

Wife  and  mother — half  to  wife,  and  half  to  mother. 

Brother  or  sister  of  whole  blood,  and  limlher  or  >lster  of  half  blood — equally  to  both. 

Posthumous  brother  or  sister,  ami  niollier — equally  to  both. 

Posthumous  brother,  or  sister  and  brother,  or  sister  born  in  lifetime  of  father — equally  to  both. 

Father's  father  and  mother's  mother — equally  to  both. 

I'nclea'  or  aunts'  chililren,  and  brother  or  sister's  grandchildren — equally  to  all. 

tlrandmotlier,  uncle,  or  aunt— all  to  grandmother. 

Two  aunts,  nephew,  and  inece— equally  to  all. 

I'licle  and  deceased  uncle's  child— all  to  uncle. 

Incle  by  mother's  side,  and  deceased  uncle  or  aunt's  child — all  to  uncle. 

Nephew  by  brother,  and  nephew  by  half-sister — equally  per  cdjjitil. 

Nephew  by  deceased  brother,  and  nephews  and  nieces  by  ileccased  sister — each  In  equal  shares  per  ca/pUa, 
and  not  /x  /■  stirjtts. 

Brother  and  grandfather— whole  to  brother. 

Brotlier's  grandson,  and  brother  or  sister's  daughter — to  daughter. 

Brother  atid  two  aunts— to  brotlier. 

Ilrotlier  and  wife— half  to  brother,  half  to  wife. 

Mother  and  brother— equally. 

Wife,  motlier,  and  cliildren  of  a  deceased  brother  (or  sister; — half  to  wife,  one-fourth  to  mother,  one-fourth 
per  stirpi's  to  deceased  brother  or  sister's  children. 

Wife,  brother  or  sister,  and  children  of  a  deceased  brother  or  sister — half  to  wife,  one-fourth  to  mother,  or 
sister  jier  vitjiitd,  one-fimrth  to  deceased  brother  or  sister's  child  j>er  xtirjien. 

Brother  or  sister,  and  children  of  a  deceased  brother  or  sister — half  to  brother  or  aiatec  per  capita,  half  to 
cliildren  of  deceased  brother  or  sister  jier  ntlrpes. 

Grandfather  and  brother— all  to  brother. 

N(*TK.-  l',>rs«mal  prniM-rty  Is  li.I.l  t)ynmii  Hint  wlf>'  in  rominon.  Tills  comnmnltyoxlsld  tiy  law,  iinlMui  Iheni  he  a  niarrfaiiio  contract,  exociitMl 
l^-for.-  tlif  injirrinu'ts  wliicli  exiireiiily  eUjiiilHttts  tliiit  tliurn  hJiall  bo  no  rommunily,— TVcii/ije  on  the  Law  of  ilarriai/e  in  Loxcer  Canada,  b$ 
Ji/nct  Arintlronij, 


^v. 


■s  will  be  as 


46 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES, 

IN   Uri'EU  AND   LOWEU  CANADA, 

Alplinbcticnlly  arraiigod,  with  imino  of  Town  or  Villnge  first,  tlien  the  County  (Co.)  It  U 
In,  followed  liy  thu  imino  of  Township  (T|).).     Thun,  for  fxiuiiple  :— 
■'  Abiukovlg,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  I'uslineh." 

J3S"  C.  K.         denotes  Canada  East. 
C.  W.  "        Canada  West. 

Co.  "  ColNTY. 

Tp.  "       TowNsMir. 

G.  T.  R.        "       Okank  TiirsK  RAiLnoAO. 

G.  W.  K.  "  (illKAT    WkSTKKN    UaILUOAD. 

Towns  having  MoNKV  Okdkr  Officm  may  he  known  by  their  names  being  printed  in 
black  letter  thus,  ALLANSVILLE. 

All  the  places  mentioned  have  Po.st-okfice*,  unless  where  mentioned  to  the  contrary. 

In  addressing  letters  to  parties  in  any  town  or  village,  they  should  be  addressed — 

Ist.  Christian  and  Surnauio  in  full. 

2d.    Name  of  Township. 

8d.    Name  of  County. 

4th.  "  Canada  West,"  or  "  Canada  East,"  which  is,  of  course,  rynunymous  with  "Upper 
Canada"  and  "  Lower  Canada." 

For  rates  of  postage  to  and  from  Canada,  see  elsewhere  in  this  work,  headed  "  Postal 
Regulations." 

1^"  To  find  out  the  distance  of  any  one  ])lnce  fiom  another,  on  the  lines  of  the  (J.  T.  1!. 
(Grand  Trunk  Railroad),  G.  W.  II.  ((ireat  Western  Railroad),  Huflalo  and  Dil.  ■  Huron, 
and  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railroads,  see  the  Distance  Tables  of  these  lines,  given 
elsewhere. 


A. 


ABBOTT'S  CORNKR,  C.  E.,  Co.  Sfisslsinioi.  Stake  for 
"Coinpton"  on  tlie  (i.  T.  It.     I'opulalioii  ahoiit  l(Ki. 

ABBUTTSFOIU),  C.  K.,  Co.  Hoiivillc,  .<t.  llilliiiie  on 
tlie  0,  T.  11.  is  tlie  !<tiitloii  l)est  iivalliil)le.  Popula- 
tion about  1(11). 

ABEKCKOMItll';,  see  P(.  Adflf. 

AHEIICOUN,  C.  E.,  Co.  llrouir,  Coniiiton  on  the  fi.  T. 
U.  is  the  neure-Ht  station.     I'ojiulation  Hl)Out  M. 

AHEUDEEN,  see  Rapliles  iles  .loaeliiins. 

ABEUKOYLE,  0.  W.,  Co.  WelllnKlon,  Tp.  I'uslliu'li. 
()o  to  Ouelpli,  a  main  Station  on  llie  (i.  T.  U.  Top- 
ulatlon  about  liHl. 

ABINODOX,  C.  W.,  Co.  I.liieoln,  Tp.  Calstor.  Be- 
tween the  Great  Western  ami  tlie  llullalo  and  I.nke 
Huron  Kailwiiys ;  for  the  ().  W.  It.  route  take  (irlnis- 
bv  Station  on  the  Ilaiiiillon  and  Niagara  Section, 
or  "Canfleld"  Station  on  the  Buiralo  and  Lake  Hu- 
ron Line.     Population  about  .'jll. 

ACTON,  C.  E.  (alias  Acton  Vale),  Co.  Bagot.  A  Tele- 
graph Station  on  the  ti.  T.  11. 

ACTOX,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hallon,  Tp.  Esqueslng.  A  Station 
on  the  (i.  T.  K.     Population  al)out  .MMI. 

ADAMSVILI.E,  C.  E.,  Co.  llrouie.  Make  for  "  Conip- 
ton"  Station  on  the  tl.  T.  U.     Population  about  Ktll. 

ADAUE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tj).  itiddulidi.  Go  to 
"Stratford"  on  the  0.  T.  It.     Population  about ."iO. 

ADDINtiTON  UOAI),  C.  W.    See  Free  Grants  of  Land. 

ADDLSON,  C.  W.,Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Elizabethtown, close 
to  Brockviile,  a  main  Station  on  the  G.  T,  U.  Pop- 
ulation about  IfXJ. 

ADEL.VIDE  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex.  Go  to  "  Mount 
Brydges"  on  the  G.  W.  K. 

ADJALA  Tp.,  see  Athlone,  Baiiyroy,  and  Keenans- 
viUe,  Villages  and  Post-olliees  within  that  Township. 

ADMASTOX  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kenfrew.  Steamer  from 
Aylmer  on  the  Ottawa,  nearest  Station  Ottawa  City, 
connected  at  Prescott  with  the  0.  T.  K. 

ABOLPHUSTOWN  Tp.,  Co.  Lennox.  Station  Einest- 
towu  on  the  U.  T.  U.    Also  Kiugstuu  or  Believiile 


for  Hay  of  Qulnli''  Sloamcr  plying  both  to  and  from 
Ailolpinistown  in  sunnncr. 

ALHION  Tp.,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Peel.  Go  to  Brampton,  a 
niiiiri  Station  on  (i.  T.  It. 

ALIiHOItOfGlI  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin.  Go  to  Ne\f- 
burv  Statinn  on  the  G.  AV.  It. 

AI.DEItSllOTT.C.  \V.,Co.  Wentnortli,  Tp.  Flanilioro'. 
Go  to  Dundas,  (i.  W.  It.     Population  aliout  Sil. 

ALE.XANDItlA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Glengary,  Tp.  Lochiel. 
.Make  for  Lancaster  on  O.  T.  K.  Population  about 
711(1. 

ALFItEI)  Tp..  C,  W.,  Co.  Prescott.  On  South  Shore 
of  Loner  Ottawa.  Lancaster  Is  the  nearest  <!.  T.  It. 
Station,  and  Steamers  toucli  at  Original  and  llawkes- 
bury  on  Ottawa  for  Ottawa  City  and  .Montreal. 

.\LGt)N.\.     .See  Crown  Lands  for  sale. 

ALI.ANItlltG,  C.  W.,  Co.  VVeUand,  Tp.  Thorold 
Go  to  Thorold  on  the  G.  W.  H.,  or  to  Port  Dalhousie 
for  Steamer  to  Toronto  and  all  other  parts  East. 

ALLAN  PARK,  Co,  Grey,  Tp.  Hentick.  Make  for 
"Guelph,"  thence  oy  Stage  to  Owen's  Soinid.  Or 
forCollingwood  liythe  Northern  Rail  from  Toronto, 
and  Steamer  Canailian  to  Owen's  Sound  and  down 
by  .xtage. 

ALLAN'S  COItNEItf',  C.  E.,  Co.  Chateauiiuay,  T)). 
Durliam.  Go  to  Montreal,  and  thi'iice  by  ('l\ain- 
plain  and  St.  Lawrence  Itailway.  Population  about 
(ill. 

ALLANSVILLE.  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Ped. 
I      Go  to  "  Guelpli"  on  G.  T.  It. 

ALI.ISONVJI.LE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  E.lward,  Tp.  Ame- 
liasliurg.  Steamers  ply  (Ion  ii  fnoii  Trenton  and 
Belleville,  both  Stations  on  the  G.  T.  It.  l'|i  from 
Kingston  and  Mrnitreal  on  the  same  Kaihvirv  Sec- 
tion. F(M'  liuiil  journey  go  to  "  llriglitoii  or  Tren- 
ton" St.itions  on  G.  T.  It.,  and  thence  to  Carrying 
Place.  Tp.  .Murray.     Population  about  ,')0. 

ALLl'METTE  ISLAND,  C.  W.,  Tp.  Kenfrew.  An 
Island  on  Upper  Ottawa  River  near  Tcruiiuus  of 


CANADA:   CITIES,  TOWNS,   AND   VILLAOKS. 


47 


Ernjeetcd  Brock  vlllc  nnil  Arnprlor  Knllway.     Miiy 
e  ri'iiclifil  friiiii  AyliuiT,  ('.  K.     On  tlir  Nurlli  flinre 

of  Ottiiwii  lllvrr  l>y  titi'iiincr  In  icimiiiilnti   wllli 

HlaKi'H  f'lf  •Mtinvii  Itullwiiy,  »lili-li  JnliH  lliu  (1.  T.  K. 

lit  I'riacott.    Also  callid  Ailuuw. 
AI.MA,   C.    W.,   Co.    WillliiK'loii,    Til.    I'f.'l.      do   to 

(liii'Ipli,  lieu  Allunsvllli'.     i'o|iiiliilloii  jilmiit  il). 
AMNA,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Ilnic'u,  T|i.  Iliiroii.    'Jft  mllva  from 

(lodiTli'li.     ropiiliillon  iilMint .')!). 
AI'.MIItA,  0.  \V'.,  I'o.  Vcirk,  I'li.  IVil.     do  to  Scarl>oro" 

^(|lltllm  on  till'  d.  T.  It.    Or  Toronto,  wlii'nco  ftiiK'' 

iliiil.v.     I'opiiliilloii  iiliont  (in. 
ALNWK'K  Tp.,  i'.  \V.,  to.  Nortliunilicrlanil.     Make 

for  liarw I,  a  ."Station  on  Hit'  t'olioiir);  ami  Petcr- 

lionMiK'li  l.lni',  ivlilili  eonncits  wllli  the  (i.  T.  U.  at 

t'nllolir|{. 

ALTON,  ('.  W.,  Co.  I'ecl,  Tp.  CaliMlon.     do  to  di'orKf- 
town,  u  tltatioii  on  tliu  CI.  T.  i(.     I'opiilalloii  abont 
lioii. 
ALTOXA,  t'.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  IMikiolii)?.     "  I'ort 
Union  or  Kn'iiiliuian'.s  ll.iy"  are  nrarc^l  Klu(j  Stii- 
tlohd,  lint  Wlillliy  main  Station  may  lir  pnriialilf, 
nil  on  till'  d.  T.  It.     l>opnlatioii  iiIhiiiI  'Jiiii. 
ALVl.NSTON,  C.  \V.,  Co.  l-ainlitnn,  Tp.  Hrookc.     (io 
to  "dliMi'oi',"  on  till.' d.  \V.  It.,  Ilamllioiiunci  Wliid- 
gor  Sti'lion.     I'opiilation  about  III). 
AMKI.IACUCltd   Tp.,    C.    W.,   Co.    IMIncf    Kilwanl. 
Ually  .■^li'iiTiitr  ilowii  from  llilluvllk',  ami  up  from 
KliiK>t»ii,  liolh  StatioiiH  on  tliu  d.  T.  U,    I'opulatlon 
about  toil. 

AMHERSTBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kss.'v,  Tp.  Maldon. 
On  l.aki'  Krii'.  Mako  fcir  Wlmlior  Ti'rminu.<  of  tln' 
d.  W.  It.,  ami  procui'd  by  llivir  or  Road,  i'opula- 
tlon about  'i'lon. 

A.MIiKUST  I.'JI-AND,  Tp.,  C.  \V.,  Co.  AddliiKlon. 
Cro.s.t  Hay  of  (Julnto  from  Krm'>.t.iii,  or  taki'  Slram- 
cr  from  KliiK^ton.  Itotli  "  Knii^tun"  and  Kingston 
art'  Slatlon.s  on  tbe  (>.  T  U.     I'"pulatli>ii  abnut  lim. 

AMIHN:',  C.  \V.,  Co.  .MiiMlfsi'x,  Tp.  l,obo.  Taku 
tiikit  for  "  Konioka"  on  the  ti.  \V.  K. 

ANCIKNNK  LOIlUi'TTK,  C.  K.,  Co.  (Jucbt'C.  On  tlic 
Norlli  r^hore  of  t*t.  Lawri'iit'L'.  "  Point  Levi"  Sta- 
tion, on  the  ti  T.  It.  to  (Jiii'bir,  is  on  tlio  oppo.'illi.' 
BliorL'.     Population  cldi'llv  Huron  Indians. 

ANCA.STKK  Tp.,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Wcntwoitli,  Takelioki't 
for  Diimlas  d.  VV.  K.  Ilainllloii  Section,  and  go  on 
by  daily  Stage. 

ANtlLIS,  C.  \V.,  Co.  SImcoe,  Tp.  Vma.  Kssa  is  a 
Station  on  Hie  Ontario,  Siineoe  and  Huron  Hallway. 
Population  ul)out  llio. 

APPl.KltV,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Ilalloii,  Tp.  Xclson.  .Make 
for  Wellington  Scpiare,  a  Slation  on  d.  \V.  It. 

Al'TO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simeoe,  Tp.  Vespra.  Take  ticket 
for  Sunnidale  Slation  on  Ontario,  Sinicoe  and  Huron 
Kaiiwav  from  Toronto.     Popui.ition  about  'J.'i. 

AKIdNd'i'O.N,  C.  W.,  Co.  Sinu'oe,  Tp.  Adjaia.  Try 
Mailoii  Station,  on  d.  T.  It.,  Toronto  and  Slrutrord 
Section,  am)  litage  thence  to  .Mcuio  .Mills  and  to 
Mono  Centre.     Poptilalioii  about  ^o. 

AliNPIilOK,  C.W.,Co.Ueiifrew,  I'p,  MeNab.  Steamer 
from  Ayliner  in  eonneeti<in  witli  ridlway  to  anil  from 
Ottawa  City,  connected  again  at  Prescott  witli  d.  T. 
It.  Also  connected  liy  slajie  witli  Urockvllle  Stalion 
on  the  same  railway  seciion.  via  Perth,  and  Sinith'.s 
Falls.     Popiilalloii  about  'JTo. 

AKIIAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  llruce,  Tp.  Arnin.  CtO  to  Col- 
linttwood  by  Ontario,  Sinicoe  and  Huron  Itailway, 
fiom  Toronto,  thence  by  Steamer  Canadian  to 
Owen's  Sound.  Or  by  dueljih  on  the  d.  T.  U.,  and 
thence  liv  stage. 

AKTK.MKS'lA,  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  drey.  Make  for  Sunni- 
dale Station  on  the  Ontario,  Sinicoe  and  Huron 
Itaiiwav,  and  (hence  go  we^t. 

AltTIIAIlASK  A,  C.  K.  A  Telegiapli  Slation  on  the  ti. 
T.  It.     Populalion  about  l.'io. 

AUTHl'li,  Tp.,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Wellington.  (}o  to  duelph 
bv  d.  T.  U.,  and  thence  north  bv  stage. 

AllVA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  London,  do  to 
Loniloii,  a  main  Station  uii  the  (i.  W.  It.  Popula- 
tion aljout  '.Mill. 

ASlllllKN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Whitby,  do  to 
W  hiiby  main  Station  on  d.  T.  11.  Population  about 
'200. 

ASHKIKLI),  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  do  to  Stratford 
by  {-.  T.  It.,  and  thence  bv  doderich  Stage. 

ASH  .ItOVK,  C.  W.,  Co.  llalton,  T|).  Ksriuesing.  Pro- 
ceed from  deorgetown,  a  Station  on  d.  T.  U.  Pop- 
ulation about  611. 

ASPUOUKL,  Tp.,  C.  W.,  Peterborougli.    Make  for 


rohonrir,  on  O.  T.  n.  Thence  for  PelerborouKh  bjr 
the  Junction  Itailway,  and  Pittisagu  Iloat  on  Ulua 
Lake. 

ATHI'.I.STON,  C.  K.,  Co.  Huntingdon.  Itouse'n  Poliil 
is  (he  nearest  Hallway  Slalloii  oil  the  South,  aiij 
Montreal  on  the  North.  It  lies  between  Lake  St. 
Krani'is  and  the  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  Kail- 
way.     Populalion  abiiut  mi. 

ATIIKHI.KV,  C.  W.,  Cm.  Onhirlo,  Tp.  Mara.  Ibiok  by 
Ontario,  Sinicoe  and  Huron  Itaiiw  av  for  llelie  Kwart, 
and  on  by  steamer,  direct.  In  w  inter,  go  to  Ibirrie, 
and  thence  by  stage  In  (h'lllla.    Population  about  70, 

ATIILONK,  C.  W.,  to.  Sinicoe,  Tp.  Adjaia.  Try 
.Malton  Slation,  (1.  T.  U.,  ami  on  by  stage  to  .Mono. 
Popuialion  about  il'JII. 

ATHOL,  C.  W.,  Co.  dlengarry.  do  to  Lancaster  Sta- 
tion, on  d.  T.  H.     Populalion  about  Inn. 

AlMllKN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Colb.one.  do  to 
SIratford  on  d.  T.  K.  Also  on  the  llulValoand  Luka 
Huron,  and  go  on  by  doderlcli  Stage. 

AIDLKV,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Piikerlng.  "  Port 
Huron,"  and  "  Krenchman's  Hay,"  on  (i.  T.  It.,  are 
nearly  ei|ui-diatant  Stations. 

ACdllHIM,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Kuphciiila. 
Hook  for  dleiicue  Station,  on  d.  W.  II.  Populaliou 
about  'J.'). 

AI'LTSVILLK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp.  Osnabiuck. 
.Make  for  "  Dickenson's  Landing,"  a  Stalion  on  the 
d.  T.  li.     Population  aliout  l.'ili. 

AURORA,  (  .  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Mhitcliurcli.  A 
Telegraph  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Sliucoe  and  Hu- 
ron itaiiwav.     Piipulalion  about  4.'>tl. 

AVON,  C.  W.,  Co.  .Middlesex,  Tp.  N.  IJorchestcr.  Go 
to  "  Kdwaidsburg,"  a  Station  on  the  d.  W.  U. 
Population  about  i^il. 

AVON  HANK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Downle.  Get  to 
Slralford  Juncllon  Slation  of  tlie  (i.  T.  It.,  and 
Hiilfaio  and  Lake  Huron  Uailway. 

AYLMER  EAST,  C.  K.,  t  ...  Ottawa,  Tp.  Hull.  On 
north  shore  of  Hiver  Ottiiwa,  connecting  point  for 
Ippcr  Ottawa  IJislrict  with  Oltiiwa  City.  Take 
ticliet  for  Ottawa  City,  connected  at  Prescott  with 
d.  T.  H.,  and  tlieiice  on  by  stage  to  Ayliner.  Pop- 
ulation about  irillll. 

AVLMKIt  WK.<T,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Malahide.  On 
London  and  Port  Stanley  Itaiiwav,  connected   at 

1 don,  C.  W.,  with   tlie   d.   W.   U.    Population 

about  liOil. 

AYLWIN,  Tp.,  C.  K.,  Co.  Ottawa.  North  of  Ottawa 
Hiver  ;  Steamer  direct  from  .Montreal.  Population 
about  1(10. 

AVll,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Dunifrlc.s.  Go  to 
"dalt,"  now  connected  by  lirancli  Hallway  with 
(i.  W.  It.,  and  HuH'alo  ami  Lake  Huron  Uailways  at 
Paris— which  see.     Populalion  about  l(l(K». 

AVTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  drey,  Tp.  Normanby.  do  to 
duelph,  and  on  by  Stage  tlirongli  Fergus,  Klora, 
.Mount  Forest,    dueipli  Is  on  the  d.  T.  U. 


B 

HAHV'S  POINT,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Somhra. 
Keacheil  from  Chathain  Station,  on  the  d.  VV    It. 

HAHVVILLK,  C.  K.,  Co.  NaplerviUe,  Tp.  Sherrington. 
Which  Is  a  Station  on  the  .Montreal  anil  Plattsburg 
Hailwav,  *2  miles  from  .Montreal. 

IiAl)KN,C.  W.,  Co,  Waterloo,  South  Hiding,  Tp.  Wll- 
mot.  In  the  same  township  as  Petersburg.  Station 
on  the  d.  T.  K. 

ItAdOT,  C.  W.,  Tp.  In  Co.  Renfrew.  North  of  Perth, 
on  lineof  Didckville  and  Arnnrior  Kxtensioii.  Pres- 
ent nearest  Station,  Ottawa  City,  on  Hraiich  Hail- 
wav, connected  at  Prescott  with  the  d.  T.  U. 

IIAdOT,  C.  K.     See  drande  Haie. 

HAdOTVILLK,  C.  K.  Near  Chicoutiml,  on  the  Sague- 
nay  H.  Cro  by  Steamer  Saguenay,  from  (Jiiebeo, 
or  S(.  Thomas^  0.  K.,  the  Kastern  Terminus  of  the 
d.  T.  H.,  below  (Juebec,  thence  by  same  Steamer. 

HALLlNAFAl),  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  South  Hiding, 
Tp.  Krin.   do  to  flenrgetown  Slation  on  the  d.  T.  H. 

BALLVCHOV,  C.  W.  See  Athlone,  both  being  In  Tp. 
of  .Vdja'.a. 

HALMOHAL,  C.  W.,  Co  IlaUllmand,  Tp.  Walpoie. 
Near  Cook's  Station,  on  the  UulVaio  and  Lake  Huron 
Hailwav. 

BALTIMORE,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Ham- 
Utou.    A  Station  on  the  Cobourg  and  Peterborough 


y^ 


48 


CANADA:   CITIKS,   TOWNS,   AND   VILLA(JK.S. 


Ilnilway,  U'lilrli  |h  i'iiiiiii'cIimI  iit  I'oliiiurK  witli  tlii>  '  BELLEVILLE,  I'.  W.,  Cn.   Iliinlliiiri,   T|>.    Tliiirlnw. 


a.  T.    U.      !t  Iliilt-H  fl'nill  rntiiilir^, 

IIAMKIN,   ('.    W.,  (  <>.    Iliiniii.    IV.    IIiilN'll,     (io    li> 

firuiriinl,  l>y  tin'  lliill'.iln  jiikI  l.akc   lliuuii,  or  (I. 

T.  II. 
UAllKoim,  f.  K.     ^iM.fiMiilc.jdk. 
UAKNKTT,  <•.  W.,  C,,.  WflllriKloii,  T|i.  Nlohol.    (lo  to 

(iiii'lpli,  cm  llic  <).  T.  I'. 
Il.MtNSTdN,  C.   K.     A  'I'ti.  '.Ii   Co.  HliilHlejiil.     Ncur 

I  uiiil k  t^liitiiiri,  (III  thf  (I.  T.  IC,  liurcli  rliiK  mi 

\l'l'lllnllt    HlUtl'. 

IIAIIIIIK,  I'    W,     A  T|).  In  ('".  Kroiilc'iiiic.     Niiinvt 


('<Miiil,\  ToHii.  yiiAn  mill  Ti'|i')(i'<i|>li  ^'lllllllll  mi  O. 
T.  It.  .>'>ri|mi.  '.'Jii  iiilliN  rrniii  Mmitri'iil,  uiiil  ||:i 
fi'mii  'I'm-milii.     I'n|<iihil|i>ii  iilmiil  TmHl. 

IIKl.l,  KWAIir,  ('.   W.,  »'.,.  ."Ill Tp.   liiiiMII.     A 

.'^lalimi  III  llii'  (liiliirlii,  Miiinii',  mill  lliirnii  lliillwa.v, 
mill  fur  liii'  l.iikc  t'iiiii'iii'  llmilii.  fH)  iiilU'ii  fruiii  To- 
rmilii.     I'lipiiliitloii  iilioiil  liiHi. 

IIKI.I.'.x  ('(llt.NKItS,  »'ii.  Ciirlilmi,  Tp.  Nrpi'Hii.  Try 
"liliKliT,"    nr    Ullii»ii    .»iallmi»    mi    llii'    Itiiilnay 

llr^ Ii  Irmii  PiiHcotl,  mi  ilu'  (i.  T.  I(.     ropiilailuii 

iilimil  Til. 


I'M^tnllli'i' III  Kiiluiliii,  III!' iiil.ii<iiiliiKT<>»n»liip.  TIiIh     IIKI.MU.NT,  V.  \V.,  Co.  KIkIii.  Tp.  Smitli  Dnri'licrtlir, 

TiiH'ii.-'liip  l»  iiiiu  lii'liiitni'Mli'il.     It  l.slii'si  iippriiach.  ;      (in  In  Kilitanlilnir),',  a  Stallmi  mi  tin' <i.  \V.  11. 

I'll  finiii  Napaih'i',  a  .'<latli>ii  mi  llii'  (i.  T.  It  .  .Mmi  '  IIKLMilltK,  C.  W  .,  Cn.  Iliii'mi.  Tp.   I'liriilu'iry.     (into 

trial  anil  Tnniiil.i  i^i'cllmi.     Tlii'pili flln'  lamlU        Stralfm'.l,  prr^inl  TiTiiiliiiis  nfll.  T.  It.  iiiiil  lliillalo 

•l"^  jii'r  in'ri'.     .Sit  ( 'niivii  I.iindi  for  Sali'.  ]      ami  l.aki'  iliirmi  llallttay.     I'npnlallmi  iilimit  I  In. 


BARRIE,  C.  W.,  Co.  .xjiii ,  T|i.  Visprii.     Cmiiily 

ToHii  anil  Main  .><lalimi   on  Dnlario.  .''Iiiii ,  ami 

Iliirmi  ItaUniiy  frmii  Tormilo  to  CollliiK»oiiii.  (til 
nlill'^<  frmii  Tormilo.     I'opiilallmi  alimil  '.'.'iiKI. 

IIAIITON,  C.  \V. 

IIAKTIINVll.l.K,  C.  \V.,  Co.  WiiilHorlli,  Tii.  Ilurtoii. 
.Ni'iir  Ontario  Slatloii  mi  tin'  (I.  \V.  It. 

BATH,  C.  \V.,Co.  AililiiiKtmi.Tp.  Kriii'sloHn.  Wlilili 
i^<  11  Sliitimi  mi  till'  Ii.  T.  It.     I'nimlation  alimil  I'lOii. 

llA.><TAltl),  C.  W.,  Co.  l.i'i'iN,  lonlainliiK  tin'  VlliiiK''« 
anil  I'ost-oDiri'H,  Dilla,  Forlar,  I'liilip^viilt',  uliiili 
i*i'i'  rt'.-ipt'i'tlvi'h'. 

UATI.'^CA.N,  C.  k.  A  Tp.,  Co.  Climiiplain.  On  111.' 
ItiviT  St.  Maurice,  wliirli  liisi'its  tlir  f^t.  Maiirici' 
Territory  frmii  its  I'milliii'in'i'  willi  llie  ."I.  Lawrmii 


IIKI.iKII.,  C.  K  ,  Co.  V.riliiri'H.  On  rioiilli  !<liori'  of 
■«l.  I.awri'iiri',  Try  l.mi>.'iilil  or  !'t.  Uyarinlliu  fta- 
llmiH  on  till'  Ii.  T.  It.     I'opiilalinii  aliout  :MIII. 

lIKNMIM.KIt.  C.  VV.     Sii'  Aiil.iirii. 

JIKNNIK'S  COltNKItS,  C.  «.,  Co.  Lanark.  T|i.  Itani- 
Hay.  Try  Norlli  liowrr  HIatimi,  mi  oltaHii  iiinl 
I'r'i'icolt  llrmii'li  rrom  the  Ii.  T.  It.  i'opiiiallon 
ulimll  7."i. 

BENTINCK,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Ore.v.  (lo  to  fo|. 
llii);»ooi|  liy  till'  Ontario,  ,><luii  iie.  ami  llnriiii  Hall- 
Hay,  anil  llienei'  hy  I'anailian  Meaimr  to  Owin'.i 
Soiinil.  ami  ilowii  hy  .""tane;  or  to  liiniph,  on  tlie 
(I.  T.  It.,  ami  lip  liv  .■^laiji'  for  Owen'."  ."'miml. 

DKItKKI.KY,   C.    \V.,  Co.   lirey,   Tp.    Ilollaml.      Kor 

Itollle  M'e  llelltinek. 


Iielinv  Lake  ."t.  Peter  at  Three  Itivern,  at  wliieli  Port     BERLIN,  C.   \V.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Norlli    llliliii(f,  Tp. 


tlie  ,"<t.  I.anrenee  Steamer.'*  eall.  The  lloveriinieiit 
have  fornieil  a  roinl  from  Three  Klver"  to  the  liranil 
Piles,  on  the  .''I.  .Mauriee  Itiver,  wlieiiee  ."'teamei's 
|ihfor  the  I'pper  ."'t.  Mauili'e,toiieliiii;!  at  llatiscmi. 

IIATISCAN  llltlllliK.  Iligliur  up  the  Hi.  .Maurlcu  tliiiii 
ItatL'-emi,  wliieli  >ee. 

IlATTKItSKA.  C.  \V.,  Co.  Kinntemie,  Tji.  Stori'lii(.'lon. 
Try  l\lii;;-lmi  City,  as  neare-t  Main  Stalimi.  or 
Kiii|,'ston  .Mills  ami  limianoipK',  all  on  the  II.  T.  It. 
Piipillalloii  ahmit  liHI. 

BAYFIELD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Stanley.  Ilo  to 
.'^tralforil  Station  of  lliillalo  ami  l.aku  Iluriiii  ami 
Ii.  T.  It.     PopiilatioM  ahmil  llliil. 

HAYIIAM,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Kitiiii,  mi  the  slioreof 
Lake  Krie.  (lo  to  Port  Stanley,  I'oniieeted  liy  Hail 
Hiiv  Ilramli  with  Ii.  W.  It.  at  Lomloii,  C.  W. 

BEA'CHVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.Oxfor.l,  West  Killing,  Tp. 
Oxforcl  West.  A  Station  on  the  Ii.  W.  11.  M  miles 
west  of  llaiiiilton  Citv.     Population  ahoiit  I'liKI. 

BEAMSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lim'oln.  Tp.  I  lintmi.  A 
Station  on  the  (i.  W.  U.     'J'.'  miles  fr Mauara. 

ilKAIl  llltOOK,  Co.  Itiis-'i'll,  Til.  C'.iiiiliiriaml.  (ioto 
liloster  Station  on  the  Ottawa  Kaiiway,  wiileli  emi- 
neets  with  the  Ii.  T.  K.  at  Preseott. 

IIKACIIAKNOIS,  C.  K.  An  Kleetoral  llislriet  on  the 
.Soitli  .<liore  of  the  St.  Lawrenee,  nearly  oppo-lle 
the  eonlliieiiee  of  the  Ottawa  Itiver  ami  the  Cedars 
Station,  on  the  Ii.  T.  It. 

UKALMONT,  C.  K.,  Co.  llellechasse,  on  the  Smith 
,*<liorf  of  the  St.  Lawrenee,  opposite  the  Isle  of  Or- 
leans, lielow  (<iiel)OC.  Nearest  Station,  Point  Levi, 
on  the  (i.  T.  H. 

IlKAl'l'OUT,  C.  K,  Co.  QuelM'C.  Kast  of  (Jiieliee  City. 
Nearest  Station,  Point  Levi,  on  llie  .'Soutli  Shore  of 
the  St.  Lawi'enee,  Teriiiinus  of  the  Ii.  T.  It. 

lIKAVKItTON,  C.  W".,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Tliorah.  Co 
to  Itelle  Kwart,  on  Ontario,  Shiieoe,  and  Iliirmi 
llailroail,  from  Toronto,  ami  theme  hy  Steamer  on 
Lake  Simeoe.  In  Winter  hy  Hallway  frmii  Port 
Hope  to  Limlsay,  tt  lilch  connect.^  at  Port  Hope  with 
(i.  T.  U. 

ItKCANCOL'K,  C.  E.,  Co.  Nioolet.  On  South  Slinreof 
the  St.  Lawrence,  op|ioslte  Throe  Itlvera,  which  is 
tlie  i:earest  ,Stemii  Packet  Station. 

BKCKWITII,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lanark,  Smitli 
HiiliiiK.    Sue  Carlcton  Place  and  Kranklown 


Wiitirioo  North.     A  Ti  iejrrapli  Station  on  the  Ii  T. 

It.     lit  miles  I'rmii  Toronto. 
IIKHTIIILH  KN   II  AS.  C.  K,  Co.  Mmilmaany.     A  Sta- 
tion on  the  Ii.  T.  II.,  linehee  mill  St,  Tlimiias  Sec- 
tion.     42  inlleH  below   IJiieliec.      I'npiilalloli  ahmil 

1,'ilKI. 
BERTHIER  EN  HAUT.  C   K.,  Co.  Merthii  r.     On 

the  Nnrlli  Shore  of  St.  Lawn'tiee,  at  head  of  Lake 

SI.     Peter.      Heached    hy    Uneloc    mid    .Montreal 

Steamers. 
lll-iliWK  K,  C.  W.,  Co.  Stor it.  Tp.  I'lnch.     do  to 

Diekin^'iirs  Landlii;.'.  a  Station  on  (i.  T.  It.     I'l'pii- 

lalioii  ahmit  llin. 
IlKHI'IK.     See  Kort  Lrie. 

IlKHMl':,  C.  W.,(  o.  llr ,Tp.  Kiiieardlne.  whlrii  see. 

IIKVKHI.KV,  C.   W.     A  Tp.   in  Co.   Weiilw.irtli,  cmi- 

taininn  (  opetown,  Hockton,  Sliellielil  Milages  and 

Po-tolllees,  whicli  see. 
Itp.WDLKV,  C.  W..  Co.  Nortliiin-lierlaml,  Tp.   Haiiiil- 

tmi.     (ill  to  Port  Hope,  a  Main  Slatloii  mi  the  Ii.  T. 

H. ;  also  a  Lake  Port,  frcipiented  hy  llie  Steamers. 

population  ahmit  Inn. 
lilC,  C.  K.,  Co.  Hiinoiiskl.     A   Port  mi  the  Lower  St. 

Lawi'i'iiei',  on  the  South  Shore,  opposite  Island  of 

St.  Cecile.     Population  ahmil  :)IIIHI. 
Iliniil   LPII.      See  Allare. 
DINIIHOOK.  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Wentwortli,  near  to 

the  .Ionian  Station  on  the  Ii.  Vi.  K.,  Haiiilllon  ami 

Niapira  llistrlct. 
lllHMINlillAM,  C.  W..  Co.  Krmitenac,  Tp.  Pittshiirn. 

KiiiKston  City  and  Kinii-tmi  Mills  are  the  Slatimis, 

the  latter  only  a  Fla^  .>-latioii,  hotli  mi  the  Ii.  T.  Ii. 

Popiilatimi  alioiit  'Jihi. 
IllSIIOP'S  .MILLS.  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilrenville,  Tp.  Oxford. 

till  to  Oxhird.a  Station  on  the  Ottawa  and  Preseott 

llranch  of  the  II.  T.  H. 
IILAINS  ILLK  TKHHKIKlNNK,  C.  K.     See  St.  Thercse 

lie  lllainville. 
BLACK  (  HKKK.C.  W.,Co.  Welland,Tp.  Willi. mihliy. 

(io  to  Hid),','wav  on   the  lliillalo  and  Lake  lliirmi 

Haiiwiiv. 
IILANDFOIII),  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford.     See  W'ooii.^tock, 

Halho,  etc. 
ItLANIiKOHl),  C.  K.,  Tp.  In  Arthaliaskii  Co.     (io  to 

So'iierset  Station  on  the  (i.  T.  It. 
liLANSHAHl),  C.   W.      See  Fish  Creek,  St.  Mary's, 


UKIIFOHI),   C.  K.,    Co.    Missisqnoi,    Tp.   Staiilirid);i',  I       lllanshard. 
.Make  for  Hiver  Ulcliellcu  hy  Steamer  from  .Mont re-     IILKSSINIITON,  C.  W.,Co.  llastln(.'s,  Tp.  Tycmllmiiia, 
al.     If  liy  Hall  hy  Kuuse's  Point  on  the  Cliamiilain        where  there  is  a  Stallmi  of  the  (i.  T.  H. 


ami  St.  Lawrence  K. 
HF^LFAST,  C.  W.     See  Ashfield. 
BKLFOUNTAIN,  C.  W.     See  Caledon 
HF:LLAMV'8  MILLS,  (!.  W.    See  llam.sav. 


IILOO.MFIKLI),  C.  W.,  Co.  Prime  F.ciward,  Tp.  Hallo- 
well.  Situate  on  Hay  of  (ioiiite,  and  reached  hy 
Steamer  daily  from  Kinj;ston  and  llellevilk',  both 
Stations  on  tlie  (i.  T.  It. 


III! 

N. 

lie 

it 

Oxf 


IIKLLK  KIVIEKF;,  C.  E.,  Co.  Two  .Mountains.  Near  llLOOMSHIHIi,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townscml. 
contlueiiee  of  Ottawa  Hiver  with  the  St.  Lawrence.  (lo  to  Onond,i(,'a  or  Paris,  lioth  Stations  on  the  lluf- 
Oo  by  Ottawa  Steumer  from  Montreal,  i      falo  and  Lake  Huron  Hallway. 


CANADA:   CITIKS,  TOWNH,   AXI)   V1LLA0K8. 


49 


lll.VTIlK,  «'.  W,,  Co.  lliiron.     Niirtli  of  Htrntforil  Ter-    llltlTONVII.I.I';,  I'.  K.,('i).  ArKi'iilcull.Tp.  Morlii.    On 

I'nliiiH  "f  <l.  T.  II.                                                                  .Niirlli  fli..ir  nl  l.iiwir  (Itlawii,  rciicliuil  liy  (tttamcr 
liKlir  VVtiKlt.N,  ('.   W.,  »'i).   Vlcliirlii,  T|>.    Vcniliini.         fr M.>iitr.;il. 

ll„  t.i  I'.irl  II"!"',  "II  til-  <1.  T.  II.,  iiikI  IIhmhu  liy     IllllSI'dl,.)',  i:.     .\T|., ,('..,  I'lmtlup.     On  N"rtliShnr» 

llniiK'h  liallnii.v  I"  l.lii'l^ii.v.    I'ij|iiiIiiI1"||  itliuut  'ilHt,        i>rilit:inii  iiIhiv"  A.\  liiicr  Kajit,  (whlrli  »i'i',)ri'iic'lii'it 

Itul/I'IIN,  «'    W.  '  ,Xi  r  SmiiIIi  IImIIihi.  '       Ip.v  riipi  r  (MliiHii  ••'I iiiT».     I'"|jiiIu11"I|  iili"iil  ;U(. 

llilKMIN,  »'.  VV,  t'".  lliir I'll.  M'lirU.     NCrlli  ivikI     llllHt.'K,  I'.   W.      \    [{<.    «'...  (»nl:irl.i.       KMnl-ilUtiint 

"f  .''irairord  Malluii,  mi  lliu  (1.  T.  II.     I'"|>iiliitl"ii        fi'Hiii  U.  I'.  It.  ill  Whiili.v,  iiml  lt<m  llraiironl  iiml 

III,,, lit  Mil.  Il"lliiiiil  l.:iiiiMii)( 111!  till' ()marln,.>'liiK'"u  mill  llurnit 

liiiMVNTlIN   •'   W.,  ('".  NiirlliuinlMiliitiil,  T|i.  Hum-         Itiillwiiv. 

Ill, ,11.     )l"  I"  l'"rl  lln| II  tlif  li.  I',  K  ,1111(11!"  Ill  !■     IIIKKK'."*  CIII'IKK,  P.  W  ,  Co.  KIisIm,  T|>.  Aldborouxh. 

In  l.iii'Niiv  ICallrtiiv,  "pi'ii  I"  tliiii'iiicf.  (in  I"  NiiilMiiv  "ii  II.  \V.  It. 

JIu'Mi  IIKAli,  C.  W.,  (  ".  riliiM"",  .Xniilli  lllilliiK,  Tji.  ;  DROCKVILUE,  C,   W.,  C...    I,it,I«,  Tp.    Kll7.al.flli- 

'I'l'iMiiiixli.      <■"  I"  lli'iiiiriinl  "II  till'  Oiiliirl",  .»Im1'  '       t"»M.     ('"iiiilv  'l',>»ii.     A  .Milii  .»latl'iii  iiii  (I.  T.  K. 

uikI  Huron  Uallway  rnmi  Tormitn.    r"|iiilati"ri        l'.".i  mllii  lion'i  Moiiinal.     I',i|iiilall"n  iilniut 'mhi). 

,il„,'iil  •j.Vi.  IIIIIIMK,  C,  !■:.     An  Kl.il.iial  DlvNI.iii      .Nciirvst  8U- 

mini  \ltl)'^  CmtNKIl."',  C.  \V.,  Cn.  Prln.,.  Kihviiril,        iImik,  Am"I  ami  !'li.ilir,i..ki',  li,  I'.  II. 

i|,  M,ii'\~l.inv,  nri  lla\  "Itjiilnl".  Tiikc  tli,' StiMiii.r     lllli  IMI.KV,  C,  VV.     A  Tp  ,  C.  U.iifnn  .    Sri- Douiiliui. 

fi'.Mi  KiiiK-l"n  "r  llilii  WM ill. T.  It.     I'..piilull"n     IIIIUMl'jON   K  M.I, S  AMI    IIIK  I.M  I'll  I.N,  C.   \V.,  Co. 

alMMil  W.  Itli'liiiiniMl.     Stall 1  111.'  (i.  T.   II.      TliU  Is  tli» 

JIOS^NIJIKT,  C.  W.     A  T|i.  In  C".  I.anililon.     (in  t"         ,«latl.iii  l"i'  St.  Kraiii'li  Mills.     I'..i,iilatl..n  alj"iu  »il. 

SlralfMiil  "11  (I.  T.  11.  IIIIIIN'IK,  C.  \V.,  C...  ||all,.n.  Tp.  Tiafiilnir.     A  SU- 

nilSI'lHIKI,.  C.  K.  C".  Slii'll'onl.  Tp.  Kl.v.     li"  I"  liiir-        tloii   mi   llii'  (1.   VV.   It,     111  nilka  rroiii   ilaiuUliin. 

Iiaiii  Station  "ii  llii'  li.  T.  II.     l'Mpiiliiil"n  ali"iil  l"i>.  !       l'"tMilatl"ii  iili"iit  ,'ihii. 
IIIISTIIN,  C.  \V.     .V  VlllaK.'  Ill  Tonn-.iiil  T"»ii»lilp,     llltnilKK,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.,  Co.  Laiiililnn.     (In  to  (ilun- 

N,,rr"lkl'".  Si'i' III i-l"ii'K.   I'opiil :itl"niil>"iit  tM.        < mi  (i.  \V.  It. 

IIDTIIWKI.I.,  I  .  W.,  I  ,1.  K.  Ill,  Tp.  /."!"•.     A  Slatl"n     BROOKLIN,  C.  \V.,  C...  Oiilarl",  Tp.  Wliltliy.     (In 

m    Ihi'  II.  W.  II.,  IIuimIII"Ii  ami  WImUor  Si'illmi,        I"  Wlillliy  <>r  (Miiiwit  uiiCi.  T.  II.     I'"piilall"ii  iiliout 

al I   in  iiilli's  »i'st  "f  I."ml"ii,  C.  W.     I'opuliitlon        linn. 

Ill t  .• .  IlltnnillAM,  C.  \V.,  Co.  (Inlarlo,  T|).  I'li-kiTlnc    (»o 

DiillllKIIMM.K,  I'.  K.,  C".  I'liiiinlily.     do  to  I,mi-  :      I"  Unlliii's  I  rick  or  Wliiiliy  (as  tlir  main  Slallmi)on 

L'liiU  Station  "11  tlic  (i.  T.   It.,  I'losi'  to  .Monlrml.  '      tlic  (I.  T.  It.     I'"pnlall"ii  alioiit  |.">o. 

Popnlalloii  It  -on.  I  lllKll  (lll.\M,   C.    W.     A   Tp.   In  Co.    Iteiifrcw.     ScO 

1101  ltd    l.iillS,   ('.   K.,   ('".    I'"rtii"iif.      On   North'      Moiiiit  St.  I'alrlik. 

Sh..r.'  of    St     l.awrmirc  no   iifarcr  Stiill"n   lliiiii     llltnl  (illTON,  C.   K.     A  Tp.,  Co.  Mi'i."iiilli\     Co  to 

I'oint   l.ivi.  Ill"  l)ml T.TinlniH  "f  tlic  (1.  T.  II.  ;         S iiMt  on  llir  li.  T.  II.     I'oiiiilallmi  iiliiiiil  NMI. 

iiiiiv  !"•  riMili,.!  liy  Mmitr.al  mill  (Jiul SttiinnrH     lllinU  NSIIlIKi,  C.   K  ,  I".   AririnliiiU.      On    North 

lit  i'mtiiiiif.mi  111"  Itlvir  Si.  I.a»riiii'c'.   I'upnlalimi        Sinn f    l.ow.r   llllav^.■l.     .Mav  \if   ri'.ii'ln'il   from 

III, I, lit  liio,  !       Mmiii'.iil  liv  St,'iini,T.     I'lipiilallmi  alimil  Inn. 

IIOWKN,  ('    W.,  Co.  LmimK,  Tp.   Illiliinmiil.     (io  to  ',  llltnW.N'S  CIUINKUS,  C.  K.     A  Postollict;  In  I'lckcr- 

Vapam II  llm  li.  T.  II.     Population  iilimit  'J."iil.  Iiik'  Tp.,  wliiili  s,". 

BOWMANVILLE,  i  .  W.,  d.  Iinrliaiii.  I'p.  Ilarlliitf-  ,  IlltoWNSN  ll.l.K,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Oxforil,  Tp.  ncrehnm. 

loll.     .\  Main  station  mi  (1.  T.  It.      I-I  iiiilis  frmn  To-         lio  to  In(,'i.Trt"ll  liy  tlic  (1.  W.  It,     I'opuliilloii  iilioiit 

r.,nlo.     Popiilillon  alioiil  Innn.  l.'io. 

IliiWMOItK.     S,,' Noilawasa«a.  ItltlCK,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Cminty  of  siiinc  name,    tlo 

BRADFORD,   C    W.,  Co.  Siiiiro",  Tp.   W.  (IhIIHiii-         to  (Imlpli.  thmiiT  North  l,y  Statfi' from  (iiul.  Ii  Hta- 

l.iirv.     A  .Main  Stall i  tin'  Untario.  Slinroo  ami         tlmi  li.  T.  It.  for  Saiii;,i-ii  lll.strlct. 

Unroll  ItallH  av  I'rmn  Tm to.     IJ  iiiiks  Iroiii  T'.i-     milCKI'lKl.li,  C.  W.,  C,i.  lliirmi,  Tii.  StaiiKy.   Near 

roiiio,     {'opiilalimi  alimit  lion.  |      (Imlrrli'li.     Ilo  to  Stratforil  Teriiiliim  of  (i.  T.  K. 

BRAMPTON,  C.  \V.,  C".  I'l.l,  Tp.  CliliiKiiin-onsy—  I      I'opnlallmi  uliont  'Jiid. 

Coiinly  To»ii.     A   .Main  Station  on  li.    I'.    It.     •"  ,  llltl'IK  MINKS.  C.  W.     On  i,ak"  Huron.     Tlii'iv  Is  a 

mill-  IroMi  Tm to,     I'opiilallon  alimil  •.'nnil.  |       l',i-l  oili,,-,  ami  in  SnijiimT  a  SlraiinT  Irmii  Cnlllii);- 

lilt  ANI'iri'ilN,!'.  W.,  C".  Drant.Tp.  iiiiiiilrii>,(^Miiitli.V       wouil  from  tlir  Toniiinns  nl'    tin.'  Ontario,  Siiueoe 

li"  to  I'.iris  liy  111"  li.  W.  It.,  or  lliillalo  ami  l,aki' |      ami   Huron   itailway,  frmii  Tormito  fur  tlie  tiuull 

Huron  liaihv.iv.     Population  alimit  Inn.  :      Si.  Mario.     Population  alimil  ,'iOn. 

llltANT.     An  liilaml  Cmintv  in  Caiia.la  W.st,  iiitrr-     lit  CKlN(ill.\.M,  C.  K.     A  T|p.  on  North  .«lioro  of  Ot- 

si-ili'il  li,\  111"  II.  \V.  It.  anil  111"  lliill'.ilo  anil   l.aki'         lawa  liivir.  Co.  Otlawa.     Ni'ari-st  Slallmi,  uitawii 

Hiirmi   Kaiirtay.      Tim  li.   U'.   li.  skirt*  it   mi   tli"  j       City.  I'oiini'rli'il  liy  llr.itii'Ii  Itailway  frmii  Pristott 

Nm'lli.aml  tin'  llnll'alo  ami  l,.ik,'  Huron  lii>",'t.s  intu  i       willi  (i.  T.  It.     Alsn  a  lamrin^' mi  llitawa  Itiver.     IT 

marly  iiinil   liaUis.     Wiiilvvmlli  Cmiiity  limimls  '       iiiili's  frmn  lamlinj,'.   Appr"aclii.'il  liy  Stt-'anitr.    Pop- 

It  "ii'thi'  l''.i-l,  IKI'm'il  mi  tin'  \V«-t,  Wali'rl iml  '       nlatimi  alimil  'J.'iO. 

Ovfonl  on  till.'  Nm'lli,  anil  Niirfolk  anil  Haldlnniml  I  BURFORD,  C.    W.      A  Tp.   In  Co.   Itraiit.      Goto 

mi  till' Smilli.  Priiii'i'lmi,   a   Station  on  tlie  li.    \V.    It.      About  T 

lilt  \NT,  C.  W.     Tp.  In  Co.  Hriir".     tin  I"  (iiidpli  liv  I       tiiilis  wi-l  of  Paris. 

II.  I".  It.,  Tmonlo  ami  Slralfonl  Si'ilimi,  ilaniCL-  liy  ;  III  ltllK.<SVII,l.l':,  C.  W.,  Co.  I).sr.,i',l,  Tp.  Nonvlch. 

Sta^'l'.  i      Trv  Wooilslock  mi  tin'  (i.  \V.  It. 

lllt.^NTKOIlD  KAST,  C.  \V.     Hue  Cainsvillc  anil  Koae-    III  KNIlltAK,  r.   \V.,  Co.  Nmtliiiiiil.irlanil,  Tp.  Sov 

hank.  

BRANTFORD,  C.  W.     A  Tp  in  ( 


nr.'iiit.     A  Main 

Station  "II    Itnll.ilo    ami    L.ik"   Iliirmi   Railway.     ■< 

lull,-  from   Paris  .Inmllmi  of  llif  li.  W.  It.     Popii- 

lalimi  aliiint  Minn. 

IIKKSI.AW,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Wali'iloo,  Tp.  Watirloo.      do 

to  llrrlill  "11  till'  d.   T.    It. 

llltKWKIfS  .MILLS.  C.  \V.,  Co.  Krmiti-nai',  Tp.  Pllts- 
lini';^.  Kiii^'-Ioii  ^Iiil>  Station  lij  nrart'st  Kln>.'ston 
lily,  ami  tlio  iiiosi  fri'iiut'iiteil.  lloth  on  d.  T.  It. 
Piipnlalioii  alimit  L'lil. 

liKKWSTKlt,  C.  \V.  A  Post-ollioe  In  Bruce  Co.  See 
llav. 

llltllidKNilUTII.  C.  \V.,  Co.  Pftcrliiiro',  Tp.  Sinllli. 
A  litlli'  Nortli  "f  Pi'lirliormi^'li.  lin  to  Ciilimn'),'mi 
111"  li.  T.  It.,  ami  tlii'iii'"  liy  Itailway  to  Pelcrlio- 
rmigh.     Population  alioni  ."m. 

lIltllldKPimi',  C.  W.  A  ViiiaK'i'  in  WiitiTloo  Co. 
I'l'  Pi'ti'rsliiiri;.     Population  aliout  .'iilo. 


iiimir.  Nurlli  of  llelleville,  ii  .Main  Station  on  0. 
T.  It. 

ItniNSTOWN,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Iti'nfrtnv,  Tp.  McNal). 
Ileiu'lit'il  liy  Otlawa  t  Ity,  whirh  in  i-oniu'ctcil  with 
It.  T.  It.,  at  Prt'si'olt,  liy  way  of  Ipper  Ottawa 
Sli'auK'i's  from  .\yliiuM'  Hast,  wliirli  sue. 

mitltri'T'S  ItAPins,  C.  W.,  i,,.  l  arltlon,  Tp.  Marl- 
lim'ou(,'li.  do  to  Oxford,  a  Station  on  Hie  Prescotl 
and  Ottawa  ilrainli  Itailway,  from  the  d.  T.  11.,  at 
Prescoit,  or  Kin).'slmi,  thence  by  the  Ulile.'Ui  Canal 
Steaniers  tliron^'ii  Suiitli's  Falls,  etc. 

Ill' II V,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Coinpton.  Kor  rost-oOlce, 
etc.,  see  llohinson. 

lltrTK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Mcdanllc,  Tp.  .'Joiner.set.  Oo  to  Som- 
erset on  d.  T.  K.     Popnlalion  almut  100. 

Ill  TTONVII.LK,  ('.  AV.  See  .Markhaiu.  Population 
iilimit  ,MI. 

Ill  \TOX,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Italei^'h.  Oo  to  Chat- 
hain  on  the  U.  W.  It.     Pir.   '     ion  about  .WO. 


5 


BRIGHTON,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Nmllmiiili.'rland,  Tp.  Mur-  '  ItVltUN,  C.  W.,  Co.  .Middlist.v,  Tp.  Weatminster.     Go 
rav.     A  Station  on  the  d.  T.  11.     Population  aliont        to  London  on  the  d.  \V.  U. 
lOUO.  ' 


:f  • 


i- 


50 


CANADA:   CITIES,  TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


O 

CACOrXA,  C.  K.,  Co.  Tenilscouatn.  On  Houlh  Shove 
of  Lower  t<(.  liiiwrenee.  The  Sapueiiiiy  SteaiiiiMS 
toiieh  here  ilurint,'  suinmi'r,  to  and  from  (Jiiebec,  (*t, 
ThornaH  ;  tlie  Kaslern  Teniiinns  of  the  (I.  T.  It., 
below  (Jiielu'C,  is  the  nearest  Kailwav  iioiiit. 

C'(Kt<Al{KA,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Durliaiii,  Tp.  Cartwrit.'lit. 
North  of  liownmnville.  (Jo  to  Itowiiianville  on  the 
ft.  T.  R.,  Montreal  anil  Toronto  Seetion. 

CAIN.SVILLK,  ('.  \V.,  (.'o.  llrant,  Tp.  Kast  Hrnntforil. 
A  Station  on  the  IJulfalo  and  lyake  Huron  Kalhvay, 
9  miles  from  Paris  Junction. 

CAIXTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Yon.L'e.  (in  to 
Mallory  Town  on  U.  T.  U.,  Jlontreal  and  Toronto 
Section. 

CAL-^TOli,  P.  W. ;  CAISTOUVILLK,  C.  W..  Co.  Lin- 
coln, Tp.  Caistor.  (lo  to  Heamsville  on  the  (1.  W. 
R.,  Hamilton  and  Niagara  Kistriet,  or  to  Cook's 
Station,  on  the  Hulfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Kailwav. 

CALAlKKilK,  f.  \V.,Co.  Uenfrew.    A  new  I'ost-oltiec. 

CALKDOX,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Peel,  tio  to  Itramp-  ^ 
ton  or  (ieortretown,  both  Stations  on  the  (r.  T.  li.,  ' 
Toronto  ami  Stratford  Seetion.  i 

CALKUOX  FAST,  C.  W.  A  village  in  Ciiledon  town-  ' 
sliip,  which  see. 

CALKDDXIA,  C.  W.     A  Station  on  the  ItulTalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Itaihvay,  '^4  miles  from  Paris  Junction.  , 
See  CanlKtro'.  I 

CALKDONIA  FL.VTS,  C.  W.    CALKDONIA  SPltlXOS, 
C.  W.,  Co.  Prc-colt,  Tp.  Caledonia,     (lo  lo  Laneas-  I 
ter  Station  on  0.  T.  It.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion. I 

CAI.IMKT  ISLAND,  C.  K.,  Co.  I'ontiac.     An  Island  j 
on   I'pper  Ottawa  River.      See  Aylmer   Kast,  for 
Hallway  and  Steamer  connection.  ! 

CAMIdtAY,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Fention.  Oo  to 
Port  Hope  l>y  (i.  T.  It.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Sec- 
tion, and  thence  ti'  Lindf^av,  by  way  of  Omeiuee. 

CAMll'tlDCK.     See  Ca.sseiman. 

CAMDKN  KAST.  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Addinpton.  Go 
to  aiiaiiee,  a  Station  on  the  (J.  T.  It.,  .Montreal  and 
Torontii  Seetion. 

CAMPliKLLKOItl),  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland.  Tp. 
Seymour,  lio  tr)  Helleville,  (Ui  the  (i.  T.  It.,  or  to 
Trenton,  on  sauie  Railway  Section.  Population 
about  17."). 

CAMPIIKI.L'S  CROSS,  a  Tj).  of  ChiiiK'nacousy,  Co. 
Peel,  near  Ilramptun,  which  see.  Poi)uIation  about 
2ill». 

CAMPIiKLLVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilalton,  Tp.  Nassapa- 
wt  a.  (io  to  Rockwood  on  tlie  tl.  T.  It.  Poiiula- 
tion  about  •200. 

CANIiOltO,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Ilablimand.  OotoCale- 
donia,  a  ."'tation  on  the  DuU'alo  and  Lake  Huron 
Kailwav,  j 

CANFIKLI),   C.   W.,   Co.    Kaldimand,    Tp.   Cayufra. 
Station  on  tlie  Ibill'alo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway, 
for  the  Town  of  Cayuua.  aliioit  Mli  miles  from  Paris  ; 
Junction.     Population  about  .')0. 

CANK.ST(J(iA,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Woolwidi. 
(i(tto  Ilerlin  on  the  (i.  T.  It. 

CANXIFTOX,    C.    W.,    Co.    Hastings,   Tp.   Thurlow. 
.Make  for  Ilelleviile  on  the  (i.  T.  It.     Po|)ulalion  ! 
abou-.  '.liiO. 

CANNIXC,  <J.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Ilienheim.  Co  to  I 
Princeton  or  Paris  on  tlie  (r.  W.  It.  Population  i 
about  '.'.">it. 

CAXNIX(iTO\,C.W., Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Ilroek.    Xorth  ' 
of  any  Railway  Station  ;   Whitby  on  the  (i.  T.  It.  is 
the  nearest  point  atjiresent.     Population  abiuit  l.'io.  j 

CAXTON,   ('.   W.,  Co.  Diirh.im,  Tp.  Hope.     Omen ! 

on  the  Port.  Ilojie  and  I-itidsa,\',  eonU"'i"ted  with  the  ! 
(l.T.  It.  at  Port  Hope,  the  nearest  Railway  poinl.  I 
Population  alioiit  'Jilii.  | 

CAPK  COVK,  ('.  K.  (  o.  (i,is|)e,  Tp.  Perc(>.  On  tlie  Fu- 
trance  of  the  (juif  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  (iaspe 
Jlay,  reached  by  trading  vessels.  Populatbui  about 
4110. 

CAPK  RICH,  C.  W.,  Co.  (irey,  T]!.  St.  Vincent.  The 
Steamer  from  Collingwooil  ^wlibdi  see)  tonehes  there 
dailv.     Population  aliont  lull. 

CAPK  ST.  IliNACK,  C.  K,,  Co.  Montmairny.  (io  to 
St.  TliomasoiithetK  T.  IL.iiresent  Kartern  Terminus 
(Jnebec.     Population  aliout  '.'miii. 

CAPK  SANTK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Portneuf,  Vp.  I'ortneuf. 
Below  Three  Rivers  on  the  north  sliore  of  St.  Law- 


rence River,  between  Montreal  nml  (Jiubec,  and 
rencheil  bv  Steamers  on  tli;tt  route. 

CARILLON,'  C.  K.,  Co.  Argenteuil,  Tp.  Cliatliam,  on 
the  Kast  shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  River,  reacle'd  l,y 
Steamer  from  Montreal  anil  Ottawa  City.  Popula- 
tion  .about  '-'.'m. 

CARLK'I'ON,  C.  K.,  Co.  ll.uiaventure.  Tp.  Carb'ton. 
(hi  the  Hay  of  Clialb'urs,  oppositi'  New  UniiiMvi.k 
(  o.ist  ;  trailers  from  tjuebcc.  Popiil.ilion  abciut  loin 

CARI.KTON  PLACK,  C.  W..  (  o.  Lanark,  Tp.  Iie(kl 
with,  will  be  bisei'ted  by  jb'oekville  and  Aniprinr 

Railway,     (lo  to  Perth,  connected  witli   Iti kville, 

a  Main  Station  on  the  (t.  T.  It.  Population  abmit 
til  II  I. 

CARLIN(lFORl),  C.  W.,  Co.  Pertii.Tp.  Fiill.irloii.  (ir, 
to  Stratford  Terminus  of  tiled.  T.  It.  Population 
about  ."ill. 

CARLISLK.  C.  W.,  Co.  Weutw.irtli,  Tli.  Kast  Klaiu- 
boro.  Flamboro  is  a  Station  on  the  (1.  W.  R..  near 
Hamilton.  H.imilton  and  Windsor  ISectlon.  Popu- 
lation about  l.'iii. 

CARLOW,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Colborne.  (lo  lo 
Stratford  Teriiiiinis  of  tlie  (1.  T.  R.  Population 
aliout  inn. 

CARLCKK.  C.  W..  Co.  Weiitworlh,  Tp.  Alicaster. 
(lo  lo  Dundas  lui  the  0.  W.  It. 

CARRADOC.  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Mirldlesex  Co.  See 
Mount  St.  Ilryiljfes  and  Slratlimy.  etc. 

CARP,  C.  W.,  Co.  CarUton.  Tp.  Huntley,  near  south 
shore  of  River  Ottawa,  above  Ottawa  City.  Popu- 
lation aliout  ion. 

CARRONHROOKK,  V.  \V.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Lopin,  nn 
line  of  Hull'alo  .and  Lake  Huron  Kxleiision  to 
(loderieii.     Population  about  Ion. 

CAItTHAdK,  C.  W..  Co.  Perth  Tp.  MoniiuL'ton. 
Lies  iiorlli-east  of  Stratford,  wliieli  may  b,'  rr.ic-liid 
bv  Hull'alo  and  L.ike  Huron  Raiiwav,  or  (1.  T,  R. 

CAitTWRKlHT,  C.  W.  A  Ip.  in  Co.' Durliain.  Situ- 
ate n.irtli  of  liouiu.'inville  on  the  (1.  T.  I!.,  Montreal 
and  Toronto  Section. 

CASHKL,  C.  W..  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markh.ini.      ileaelieil 

b,v  Stage  from  Searlmro'  Stall on  tlo-  II.  'I'.  I!,,  or 

bv  Stage  tVoin  Toronto  dailv.    Po|iulation  aluoit  so. 

C.\SllMKItK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex.  Tp.  Mo-:,  (1,,  t,, 
(llencoe  on  the  (1.  W.  It.  Also  ealii'il  Caiilon. 
Populalion  about  lilil. 

CASSFLMAN,  C.  W,,  Co.  Russell,  Tp.  Cambridge,  (lo 
to  Hiekinsou's  Landing,  on  theO.T.  It.  Caiubridge 
Towii<liip  lii-s  north. 

CASTLK  H.Mt,  C.  K,  Co.  Arthabaska.  Oo  to  Artha- 
baska,  on  the  (1.  T.  It.     Popul.ition  about  Inn. 

CASTLKKORIt,  C.  W.  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Ilorton,  on 
tlie  south  shore  i>f  I'pper  Ottawa  River,  in  neigli- 
bourhood  of  OtI.awa  ami  Opeongo  Road.  See  .\yl- 
mer  Kast,  for  best  route. 

CASTLFMORK,  C.  W..  Co.  Peel.  Tp.  (lore  of  Toronto. 
(In  to  Westim  or  Malton,  on  the  (1.  T.  It.  (first  Sla- 
lioiis  out  of  Tiirontoi. 

CASTLKTON.  C.  W.,  Co.  Northtimlieri.ind,  Tp,  Cram- 
ahe.  do  t(,  Itrighton,  (in  tlie  (1.  T.  It.  Popuiatiou 
about  (lull. 

CACdllNAWAdA,  C.  K.,  Co.  Laoialrie.  Tp  Salt  St. 
Louis,  on  >outh  shore  of  St.  I,a\vri-iiee.  o|i|Mi<itf  Mon- 
treal, ne.ir  Terminus  of  Cli.iuiplain  and  St.  Law- 
rence Raiittay.  An  Indian  Village,  !l  miles  from 
Montreal.     Population  .•dioiit  I-Jho. 

CATCHC.VRT,  C.  \\.,  Co.  llrant,  Tp.  Hiirford.  do  to 
Hranlford,  on  tie-  llullalo  and  Lake  Iliiroji,  or 
Prineelou,  on  tin  d.  W.  R. 

CAVAdNOIL,  C,  K  ,  Co.  Vandreull.  (in  to  V.indreuil 
Station,  on  (1.  T.  I!.     Populalion  about  .'iim, 

CAVAN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Iliirh.ani,  north  of  Port 
Hope,  on  line  of  Lindsay  Railway,  eonniri.-d  at 
Port  Hope  with  (1.  T.  R.     Population  idioiii  •.'."lO. 

CAYUGA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  ILildimMiel.  (an- 
lieldistlie  Station  freipiented.  on  the  lliiilalo  and 
Lake  Huron  R.iihvav.     Populati<in  ab.oit  Ton. 

CKD.VRtlROVK.  C.  W.,  Co.  Vork,  Tp.  Markiiam.  do 
to  Scarborough,  on  tlie  (I.  T.  It.  Populalion  about 
Inn. 

CFNTRK  ACdCSTA.     See  Augusta. 

CKNTKKVILLK,  C.   W.,  Co.  Addiiiglon,  Tp.  Camden 

Fast,     do  to  Napa ,  oiilheli.T.  It.     Population 

about  :iuil. 

CIIAMIILV,  C.  K  ,  Co.  Chamlily.  Tp.  West  Chambly, 
near  I.ougueil,  Hie  C.inadii  Terminus  of  Hie  (i.  T.  It. 
Population  about  liilil. 

CHAMPLAIN,  C.  K,  Co.  and  Tp.  at  the  1 d  i  f  I.aki! 

Chainplain,   near  the   Ibiniidary.      do   to   Moer'a 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


51 


(Jiu'licc,  niid 

.  ('Iiiitliaiii,  oil 
T,  rracli-'il  by 
L'ity.     l'i>imlu- 

Tp.  riirli'l.m. 
\'W  Hruii'iwifk 
'loll  nlimil  liiii'.i. 
m-k,  Tp.  lii-ik- 

Mii'l  .\rii|ii-ii>r 
itii  111 kxill.', 

pllliltinll  alinut 

Fiillarl'iii.  do 
It.     I'.iinilalioii 

I'll.  V,:i<\  I'liiiii- 
(i.  W.  11.,  iiiiir 
Suction.    I'npu- 

lluinit'.  (in  to 
It.       I'opilllltinn 

'I'll.    .\in'asliT. 

Ilfsox  Co.     Pee 

tc. 

It'V,  near  south 

\  a' lily.     I'opii- 

,  Tp.  I.opiti,  on 

I  i;\liii>ioM    to 

']!.    Morn'mL'ton. 
inav  1m'  nai'liL'd 
V,  .'.r(l.  T,  11. 
Diirliaui.     Situ- 
.  T.  I!.,  .Montreal 

iliam.     Iti'aclioil 

II  ilicfi.T.  11.  or 

iilatinn  al.oiit  sii. 

I'p.  Mo-a-     tlo  to 

tall'Ml   I'antoii. 


riiTnlir'nij-'o.    (io 
.  U.    Cainl'iiiltje 

,     (io  to  .\rlliu- 
oIhoiI  Iiio. 
Tp.   llort.in,  on 
liiv.r,  in  ni'it!li- 
Kua.l,     SooAyl- 

1'  of  'ri>roiito. 
T.  U.  (Ili-st  f-lil- 

rlanil,  Tp,  Cram- 
U.       Population 

lirio.  Tp.  S.alt  St. 
oppo.^iloMon- 
aiii  aiol  St.  l.aiv- 
);o,  ',1  iiiili--<  from 

liurfoi-.i.     (ioto 
l.ako    Huron,   or 

Co  IO  Vainlri'uil 
llioul  ooii, 
iiu,  iiorlli  of  Tort 
:iv.  oonnr.l-il  at 
ion  alioul  '.'."in. 
iMiniaii'l.     Caii- 
tho  llMlValo  anil 
n  aliout  Tun. 
p.  Markhani.     ('•'> 
I'opnlalion  alioiil 


Utoii,  Tp.  Caind.n 
T.  It.     Population 

n    West  Cluiiulily, 
„i,sortlnMi.T.  II. 

t  tlic  liead  of  l,aki) 
do   to   .Moer'B 


Junction,  47  miles  from  Montreal,  on  the  llontreal  ' 
anil   I'allsliuri;  Line  of    Uuil.      Population   about 

Cll  \l!l.i:Sli(JL'l!(i,  0.  K.,  ('o.  Qui'bec,  on  North  Hhore  | 
of  St    l.attri'Ufc.     do  by  St.  l.awreiiee  t-teaiui-rs  to 
yuelifi-.  or  liy  Kail  to  I'oiut  Levi,  on  tiie  G.  T.  It. 
Population  aliout  'Jomi. 

('ll.VliliKSTON',  ('.  \V.,  L'o.,  Leeds,  Tp.  Kscott.  do  to  _ 
l.and.-downe,  by  d.  T.  U.  ' 

Cll  Mil.KVll.l.K,  Co.  (ireiiville,  Tp.  .\UKU.<ta.  (io  to 
Prio'olt,  on  the  d.  T.  It.     Population  about  Inn. 

I'll  Utl.D'I'TKMlL'ltd,  C.  W.     .\  T|i.  in  dhiiKaiy  (-'o.,  | 
hut  not  a  I'o.^t-olliee,  skirleil  by  the  d.  T.  H.,  and 
rontaiuin);  Suniiueistown,  .Marliiitown,  and  St.  Ka-  ' 
phael  West,  Villaiies  with  I'orit-olliees,  whieh  see. 

nji.viii.d'rrKviid.i';, c.  \v.  a  Tp.in  N.u-r.dk  co.,iuit 

not  a  l'o>t-oirK'e,  on  Lake  Krie,  ivilli  Forrestville, 
Noriuandale,   and   Silver    Hill   Villages,  and  I'o.st- 
ollioes  within  it.     Uefer  to  eitlier. 
CII.\Tl''..\l'ti' -^^'i  C.  K.     .V  Co.(ui  South  Shore  of  St. 
I.aivrenee,  bisected  by  Hie  Chauiplaln  and  St.  Law- 
rence Itailway.    Goto  Montreal.    INijiulation  about 
(inn. 
Cll.V'l'KAL'    RICIIKH,  C.   K.,  Co.   Montimuend,   on 
North  Shore  of  SI.  I.awrence,  within  the  Islaiul  of 
Orleans,    (io  to  (Juebec  by  Steamer,  or  by  Kail  from 
I'ciiut  Levi,  d.  T.  li.     Population  aliont  l:lim. 
C11.\TI1.VM  K.VST,  ('.  K.,  (  o.  .Xrireuteiiil.     Iln  North- 
east Shore  of  Lower  llltaiva.     it. -iiclied  by  Steamers 
from  Montri'al  and  Vandreuil,  liolh  Stations  on  the 
(1   T    U      I'opidation  aliout  :ini"i. 

CHA-THAM  WEST,  C  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Kale'iKh, 
„u  tlie  (i.  \V.  K.     Population  al>  oil  I'liinn. 

CIl.VTSWdlM'll.C.  \V.,Co.  drey,l'p.  Holland,  (ioto 
ColliiiKwood  liy  Ontario.  Simeoe,  and  Huron  Kail- 
wav  from  Tonuito,  ami  tlienee  to  Owen's  Sound  by 
Ciiiiadiaii  Steamer,  or  to  duelph,  on  the  Ci.  T.  1!., 
and  thence  by  Sta).'c  north. 

C11KLSK.\.  C.  V,.,  to.  Ottawa,  Tji.  Hull.  See  Ayliner 
Last.     Population  about  ;tnn. 

CIII:LTI;M1.\M.  C.  W..  Co.  PccI,  Tp.  ('hiii),'uacoii.sy. 
.Situated  norlli  between  Hramipton  anil  deornetown, 
both  on  tliC  d.  T.  11.  Lillier  will  do.  Population 
about  'Jno. 

CIIKltUV  CItKKK,  C.  W.,  (.'o.  Simeoe,  Tp.  Iniiisfil, 
Craijtvaie,  or  Itelle  Lwart,  are  the  nearest  Slatimis 

on  the  Ontario,  Sin e,  and  Huron   Itailwa^.       The 

latter  preferable.     Population  about  f.'."). 

CUKKTSKV,  C.  K.  \  Tp.  in  Co.  Montealni.  On 
North  shore  of  SI.  L.iwrence.  on  the  Uiver  dii  lac 
Oiiilriau,  about  4n  miles  north.  This  Uivir  unites 
with  the  Uivierc  L'.\ssniuplion.  which  Hows  into  the 
(i|.  Lawrence  a  littb-  east  of  the  I^le  of  .Montreal. 
do  to  Montreal.     Population  aliout  son. 

Clllv-^rKliriKLl),  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxiord,  Tp.  lUenheim. 
(io  to  Drumbo'  Station,  on  the  HulValo  and  Lake 
Huron.  Or  to  I'aris,  the  junction  point  of  thi.t 
Itail'vav  I'lid  the  d.  \V.  li. 

ClllClli'.STKK,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Pontiac.  On 
North-Hi-t  shore  of  liivcr  Ottawa.  Hilbin  Alinnetle 
Island.     See  Ayliuer  Last,  route  to  Cjipcr  Ottawa. 

ClHCOiriMl,  C.  K.  District  of  the  Sa^'uenay,  i'.^ 
miles  above  the  conllueiiee  of  that  Uiver  with  the 
H.  Lawrence,  and  the  larthest  point  of  steam  com- 
munication up  the  Satruenay.  The  Steamer  plica 
from  Ifiieliec.     Population  .about  limu. 

ClIlN'il  A(  (ll'SV.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Peel,  comprlsinK 
the  town  of  Hrampton,  CampbeU's  Cross,  Cliellcn- 
hain,  which  see. 

CHIPPAWA,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Stamford.  Is 
the  Tenuinus  of  the  Krie  and  Ontario  Kailway,  con- 
iiecttd  at  Nianaru  with  the  d.  W.  It.  Population 
about  I'Jnn. 

ClllIK  IIVILLK,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto,     do 

to  Miiiiii ■  Port  Credit  Stations,  on  the  d.  W.  H., 

also  liy  Stane  from  deneral  Wolfe  Inn,  Toronto  City 
via  Kt'obieoke,  etc.     Population  about  '.'."ill. 

CLAlil-',.''!ONT,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Onlario.Tp.  Pickerintr.  (io 
to  Port  Cnion,  on  d.  T.  It.,  .Montreal  and  Toronto 
Sei'lion. 

CLAltKNCK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co,  liiisuell,  in  South 
shore  of  Ottawa,  below  Ottawa  City,  reached  by 
Steamer  from  Ottawa  and  Montreal,  Se ;  also 
Prescott. 

CLAKKNCKVILLK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Iberville.  On  Kast 
sliorc  of  Kivcr  Kiclielieu.  St.  Hillairc,  on  the  (L  T. 
IL,  the  nearest  Station.     Population  about  '.'ilil. 

t'LAUKMION,  C.  K.  and  Clarendon  Centre,  aTp.  and 
Village  in  Co.  Poutiuc,  uu  North  Shore  of  Upper 


Ottawa.    For  steamboat,  see  Aylmer  East.    Popu- 
lation about  I5l> 
CLAKKVIKW,  C  W.,  Co.   Addington,   Tp.   Shellield. 
North  of  Napanee;  choose  that  Station  or  Kingston 
Citv,  both  on  the  (i.  T.  U.     Population  about  7t). 
CLAIIKK,  ('.  W.      A  Tp.  in  tlie  (  o.  of  Durham,  in 

which  is  Newcastle,  a  .Satioii  on  the  d.  T.  K. 
('1,A11)K,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Peel. 

CLKAIt  CItKKK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Houghton. 

On  North  Shore  of  Lake  Krie,  Port  Stanley  is  the 

nearest  Station  now  connected  at  London,  0.  W. 

with  d.  W.  It. 

CLKAllVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  0.\ford.     (io  to 

Itolhwell d.  \V.  U.     Population  about  Hit). 

CLIKKOKI),  (  .  W.,  Co.  WelUngton,  Tp.  .Minto.  do 
to  duelph,  on  the  (j.  T.  K,  Stage  comiuunication 
from  (iuelpli. 
CLIKTON,  C.  VV.,  Co.  'VVelland,  Tp.  Stamford.  Go  to 
Clifton  House  Station,  on  ilie  Krie  and  Ontario 
Itailway,  connecting  with  llied.  W.  U.  at  Suspension 
Hriilge.  Population  about  Inuil. 
CLINTON,  C.  \V.,  a  Tp.  in  Lincoln  Co.,  but  no  Post- 

ollice,  for  which  see  lleamsville. 
CLINTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Tnckersniith.     Go 
to  Stratford  by  the  liulfalo  and  Lake  Huron,  on  G. 
T.    U.   Section,   and   take  Goderich    stage,   which 
passes  near. 
CLO\  KU  HILL,  Cc.  Simeoe,  Tp.  Kssa.  See  EssaWest. 
CLLNAS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Klgin,  Tp.  Dorclicster,  South, 
do  to  I^ondon  or  liigersoll,  as  the  best  frecpiented 
Stations,  if  not  the  nearest,  both  on  the  (i.  \V.  U. 
COATEICOOK,  C.  E.,  to.  Slanstead;   a  Telegraph 

Station  on  the  d.  T.  U.     Popiilalion  about  WW. 
COUDKN,  C.  \V.,  Co.  lienfrew,  Tp.  Koss.     On  sout' 
bank  of  I'pper  Ottawa  Uiver.     (jn  line  of  Broekvillt 
and    Arnprior    Extension.     See    Aylmer    East    for 
I'pper  Oltawa  route.     Population  about  75. 
COBOURG,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Northamberland,  Tp.  Ham- 
ilton.    A  large  town,  and  main  and  Telegraiih  Sta- 
tion, on  (1.  T.  K.,  connecting  point  t'or  Peterborough 
Hrani-h  Uailwav.     Population  about  Tono. 
('01il!IN(iT0N,  ■('.    \V.,    Co.    Northumberland,    Tii. 
llrigliton.     (ill  to  llrighton,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T. 
U.     Population  about  7."i. 
COLIiOUNK,  a  Tp.  in  the  Co.  of  Huron,  but  no  Post- 
ollice,  coiiiprising  the  following  villages,  with  Post- 
ollices,  which  see,  viz. :  .\ulinrn.  llenmnller,  Carlow. 
COLIIOUNK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp.  Crama- 
lie.     A  Station  on  the  (i.    T.  1!.,  14  miles  east  of 
Cobonrg.     Po|iulation  about  I  Inn. 
CtlLCllh>TKU,  C.  W.,  a  Tp.  in    Essex   Co.,  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Krie.     Hy  way  of  Detroit  Uiver,  the 
Terminus  of  the  G.  \V.  It.,  at  Windsor,  may  be 
reaililv  rcac'  eil. 
e'OLDSPUlNl.S,   C,    W.,  Co.   Northumberland,  Tp. 
Hamilton,     (io  to  Cobonrg  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  and 
thence  by  the  Peterborough  Branch.     Population 
about  l'.;iil). 
C0LD.<1'I!K.VM,  C.  W..  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Echo,  in 

which  is  Kouioka,  a  Station  of  the  (i.  W.  U. 
COLDWA'l'KIt,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simeoe,  Tp.  .Medonte.     In 
summer  go  to  Melle  Knart,  and  thence  by  Steamer 
to  (h'illia,  II  miles  distant.     In  winter  go  to  llarrie; 
Helle  Ewart  and  liarrie  are  on  the  Ontario,  SimvOw 
and  Huron  Uail,  from  Toronto. 
COI.KIIUOOK,  (  .   W.,  Co.  Addington,   Tp.   Camden 
Kast;  the  Uailwav  Station  is  Napanee,  on  the  G.  T. 
It.     Population  about  I'Jo. 
COLKUAINK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto  Gore.     Go 
to  .Mimico  or  Port  Credit,  ou  the  li.  W.  K.     Popula- 
tion about  .'itl. 
COLINVILLK,  ('.  W'.,Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Moore,  in  the 
Port  Sarnia  District,  London  being  the  nearest  Uail 
Station  on  the  (i.  W.  It. 
COLLINdWOOl),  C.  W.,  Co.  Simeoe,  Tp.  Nottawasa- 
ga.     Terminus  of  the  Ontario,  Siuicoe  and  Huron 
Uailway,'.i7  miles  from  Toronto.     Population  about 
•Jnnii. 
COLLINdWOOl),  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Simeoe  Co.,  west 
of  Nottawasaga.     Not   a    i'ost-ollice  of  itself,  but 
comiirisiiig  Craigleith,  which  see. 
COLLIN'S  HAY.  C.  W..  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Kingston. 
A  Station  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  7  miles  west  of  Kingston. 
Po|iulalion  about  Intl. 
j  COLCMlllS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Whitby.    Go  to 
Whilliv  on  the  G.  T.  U.     Po]iulation  about  'WO. 
CO.MllKU,  C.  W.,  Co.  lis.sex,  Tp.  Tilbury  West.     Go 
to   Haptiste  Creek,  on  the  G.  W.  K.     PopulalioQ 
about  &U. 


62 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


M 


COMER'S  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  AddinKton,  Tp.  Ernes- 
town,  do  to  ICriie«town  or  Na|mnee,  oii  the  H.  T. 
R.     I'opuliitioii  iiliout  •-'(111. 

COMPTON,  ('.  E.  .\  Tp.  nnd  Electnnil  Division, 
and  main  I£ail«ay  Station  on  tlie  (i.  T.  R.,  110  miles 
from  Montreal.     Population  aliout  Soil. 

C0\(0R1>,  (.'.  \V.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Vaujrhan.  Go  to 
Tliornliill  .-itation,  on  the  Ontario,  Siincoe  and  Huron 
Rallwav,  from  Toronto. 

CON'RY,  C.  W.,  td.  I'ertli,  T]).  Downie.  Go  to  Strat- 
ford on  the  Ci.  T.  R. 

COXSECOX,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp.  Ilillier, 
on  Lalie  (intario.  Go  to  .^lurray  Carrying  Place. 
Nearest  Station,  Ilritihton,  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  with 
which  .sfaf-'ea  connect.     I'opulalion  aliout  ritlii. 

CONST.WI  E,  I'.  \V.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  llullctt.  Go  to 
Stratfnrd  on  tlie  G.  T.  R.,  and  also  the  Terniiinis  of 
the  ItulValo  ami  Lake  Huron  Rail,  whence  the  ex- 
tension to  Goderich  through  this  townsliip  will 
shortly  he  completed. 

CONTRKt'dUR,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Vereheres.  On 
the  south  t-liore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  just  below 
Montreal,  where  pi  hv  Rail  or  Steamer. 

COOKSHIRE,  C.  E.,  Co!  Comptori,  Tp.  Eaton.  Go  to 
Sherlirooke  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  ahout  'Jnil, 

COOKSTOWX,  C.  W.,  Co.  Siuuvpe,  T)!.  Tecumseth. 
Go  to  H(dlanil  Landini;,  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and 
Huron  Rail,  from  Toronti>.     Pi'pulalioii  ahout  l.'i". 

COOKSMLLE,  ('.  W..  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  Dally 
.stage  from  (ieiieral  Wolfe  Inn,  City  of  Toronto, 
through  Eloliicoke;  also  sla);e  from  Port  Credit  Sta- 
tion, (i.  W.  It.     Population  ahout  *HI. 

COPKTOW.N,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wenlnorth,  Tp.  Reverley. 
A  Station  on  (i.  \V.  R.,  11  miles  west  of  llaniilto'n. 
Population  aliout  '.'nil. 

CORNWALL,  C.  W.  County  Town  of  Storm.uit.  A 
main  Station  of  (!.  T.  It.,  lis  miles  from  .Montreal. 
I'opulation  aliout  'i.'iod. 

COItl".S\.\,  C.  \V.,  Co.  I.amliton,  Tp.  Moore.  In  Port 
Sarnia  District,  on  St.  Clair  River.  Present,  nearest 
Station,  Lonilcni,  on  the  G.  W.  R.  Population 
ahout  M). 

COTE.Vl'  DU  ;..\C,  C.  E..  Co.  Soulanpes.  On  north 
shore  of  St.  Lawrence.  See  Coteau  Laiiiling.  Popu- 
lation aliout  (inn. 

COTEAt;  LANDING,  C.  E.,  Co.  Soulan^es.  A  Station 
on  the  (i.  T.  It. 

COTE  DKS  NEIGE,"*,  C.  E.,  Co.  IIochehiKa.  On  the 
Lsland  of  .Montreal.  To  which  city  go  liy  Rail  or 
Steamer.     Population  ahout  Hod. 

COntVAL,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Vamaska.  For  Posl- 
ollice  and  route  see  St.  Zephiriin. 

COVEV  HILL,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ilnntinpdon,  Tp.  Ilem- 
minfford.  On  south  shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  (Lake 
St.  Erancis,)  nearly  oiiiiosilc  G.  T.  R.  Station,  R. 
Ileaudette. 

C(J.\,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Bonaventurc.  For  Post-olllce, 
etc.,  see  .New  Carlisle. 

COWANSVILLE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Missis.pioi,  Tp.  Durham. 
In  whidi  is  the  Durliam  Station  of  the  G.  T.  It. 
Population  ahout  '.'.'mi. 

CRAIGLEITII,  C.  \V.,  Co.  (!rey,  Tp.  Colllngwood. 
See  ('ollini.'Wood.     Population  ahout  rill. 

CRAIGVALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Innisfll.  A 
Station  on  tlie  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railway. 
For  Post-ollice  see  Innislil. 

CltANBOI'RNE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Dorchester, 
some  ;in  miles  south  of  the  G.  T.  It.  Population 
ahout  .'Mill. 

CRAMAIIE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Northumherland. 
For  Post-oHices,  see  Castleton.  For  Rail  Station, 
see  Ihi)!htiin. 

CREDIT,  C.  W..  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  Go  to  Pm-t 
Creilit,  on  the  G.  W.  It. 

CREEK  RANK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  AVo.dwicli. 
Go  to  Schiintz,  cm  the  G.  T.  It  ,  Toronto  and  Strat- 
ford Section.     Pnpuiatinn  ahout  so. 

CREEMORE  MILLS,  C.  W.,  c„. , simcoe,  Tp.  N.ittawa- 
satta.     See  Notlawasatra.    Pupulation  ahout  "ill. 

CROMAUTV,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Illhliert.  Go  to 
Stratford,  G.  T.  It.  Terminus. 

CUOSIIY'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Mark- 
ham.  Go  to  Thornhill,  liy  daily  Sta^i  from  Yonjre 
Street,  Toronto,  or  by  (Jntario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Railway. 
CltOSSlIlLL,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Welle.sley. 
Go  to  Petersburg,  on  the  G.  T.  It.  Population 
about  (in. 
CROSS  POINT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Bonayentuie,  Tp.  Uestl- 


gonche.     On  borders  of  New  Brunswick,  near  Bay 

of  Chalenrs.      On  the  proposed  line  of   Rail  con- 

neelint;  the  Grand  Trunk  Rail  with  Halifax.     Poiiu- 

l.ition  ahout  .'ton. 
CROTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Camden.     20  ndles 

from  Chatham,  on  the  G.  W.  It.     .Also  called  Juhu- 

ston's  Corners.     Population  about  .'lO. 
CROTON,  C.   W.,  Co.    N.irfolk,   Tp.   .Middleton.      ]•> 

miles  from  Simcoe,  !ind  :17  miles  from  Brant  ford 
(ROWLAND,  C.  W.      A  Tp.  In  Co.  Welland.     Go  to 

Port   Colborne,  on   the   Buil'alo   and    Lake  Humu 

Railway. 
CROWN  LANDS.     See  Government  Lands  for  Sale 
CROYDON,  C.  W.,  Co.  AddiiiKton,  Tp.  Caniilen  East, 

(io  to  .Napanee,  on  the  G.  T.  It.     Populalinn  about 

loo. 
Cri.ltOSS.      A  Tp.  in  Co.  Bruce.      For  Post-onice.s, 

etc.,  see  Teeswaler. 
Cn.LODEN,  C.   W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Dereham.     Go 

to  Ingersoll.  on  the  (i.  W.  It.    Population  about  l.lii. 
CCMUKRLAND.      a  Tp.  in  Co.  Russell.      For  Po.st- 

ollice,  etc.,  see  Bear  Ilrook. 
CIMMINSVILLE,  ('.  W.,(  ci.  Ilalton,  Tp.  Nelson.    Go 

to  Widliimton  Si|uare,  on  tlie  (1.  W.  It.     Population 

about  l.'io. 
<  TMNOCK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Nicliol.     Co 

to  (Inelph,  on  the  (i.  T.  R. 
CIMIIERLAM).  C.  W.,  Co.  Russell.     17  miles  inland 

from  lauding  of  same  name  on  Ottawa  River,  where 

Steamer  calls.     Population  about  'JoO. 


D. 

DAILLEIIOCT,  C.  E..  Co.  .loillette,  Tp.  De  Rains.ay. 
On  North  Sliore  of  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  SI,  .Maurice 
District,  near  tin'  lieiid  of  the  .Vssumpliiin  River, 
which  llnws  into  llje  St.  Lawrence,  lo'ar  the  l-ic  of 
Monlreai.    Go  {•:  .Muiitre.al.    P<ipiilaliuii  abioit  |siio. 

DAM. I, EMI, LE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argeolroil,  Rear  of 
Challiam  Tp.  (Mi  Lower  Ottawa  Di-lriet.  Nnrtli- 
east  Shore  of  tliat  Ri\tr.  Steamers  frnm  Montreal 
touch  at  front  of  Chatham.     Pnpulatiun  abniit  pio. 

DALHOISIE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  C".  Lanark.  Ki.rP.ist- 
ollice,  ^'tc,  see  McDonald's  Corners. 

DALIIOISIK  .MILLS,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Glenjr.iry.  Tp. 
Lochiel.  Go  to  Lancaster,  on  t!.T.  It.  Population 
aliout  l.'iii. 

DAWILI.i:,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richmond,  Tp.  Sliiplnn. 
Richmoim  Juiielion  of  the  G.  T.  R.  is  in  Sliiptun 
T"\vnslii|i.     Popnlati'in  about  'i'lO. 

DARLING,  C.  W.  A  Ip.  in  Co.  Lanark.  For  Post- 
ollice,  etc.,  see  Tatl'M-k. 

DARLINGTON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Durli.im.  For 
Pnst-ollice  anil  Railway  Sl.ilion,  see  Bow  luanville. 

DARTKOIID,  >:.  W.,  C...  N.irthunilierland,  Tp.  Percy, 
(io  to  llarwood  or  (lore's  Landing,  on  Pet.'rliornii;:h 
Branch  from  Cubnurg,  on  the  ii.  T.  It.,  thence  by 
Passage  Boat  on  itice  Lake  to  Uarlford.  Popula- 
tiiiii  .aliout  T.i. 

DAWN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lanihton.  For  Post- 
olliee  atid  Station,  see  Crot'in. 

DAWN  .MILLS,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Kent,  Tp.  Gore  of  Cam- 
den. Try  Thamesville,  on  the  G.  W.  It.  Popula- 
tion about  '.'no. 

DEAITKl'IL,  C.  E.  A  Tji.  In  Co.  Portnenf.  For 
Post-ollice,  see  Eciireuils. 

DKALTOAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Ral.igh.  Go  to 
Chath.iin.  on  the  G.  W.  It.     P.ipnhninn  aliout  .'lO. 

DECEWSVILLE,  C.  W,.  C...  ILildimaiol.  Tp,  Cayuga, 
(io  to  Canlield,  on  the  Bullalo  and  Lake  Huron  K. 
Population  about  loo. 

DELAWARE,,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Miildlesex.  Lon- 
don is  the  main  point,  or  Kouioka,  both  on  the  G. 
W.  It.     i'npiiialiiin  about  •J.'iii. 

DELTA,  C.  W,,(  o.  Leeds,  Tp.  Bastard.  Goto  Lanils- 
downe,  on  the  (1.  T.  It.     Pupnialion  about  '.'."lO. 

DELHI,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Middldon.  Lies 
South  of  the  (i.  W.  It.,  Brantlord  and  London  are 
about  eipii-disiant. 

DEI.EItV.  A  Tp,  on  River  Richelieu.  See  Napler- 
villc  for  Post-.illice,  etc, 

DKMOUKSTVILLi;,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp. 
Sophi.i^liurg.  Siluateil  on  the  It.iy  «(  (Juiul-. 
Kingsliin  from  the  East,  and  Belleville  from  the 
West,  are  th"  nearest  Stations,  both  on  the  (i.T.  It. 
Till'  ll.iy  of  Ijidnte  Steamers  touch  d;iily  at  all 
Ports  witliin  the  Bay.     Pnpuiatinn  ahoul  :ioo. 

DEMSTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Fronteuae,  Tp.  Ilincliinhrooke. 


CANADA:   CITIES,  TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES 


58 


wick,  nenr  Bay 
le  nf  Ituil  cnii- 
llalifax.     I'oini- 

iidcn.  20  iiillea 
Iso  calk'il  Joliu- 
i". 

Midilk'ton.      Vi 
m  nniiitfnnl. 
^-.llaiKl.     (in  In 
1(1   Lake  llurn]i 

I.aiiils  fnr  ?alc. 
1,  Cainili'ii  Kant, 
o|iulatinii  aliout 

For  I'nsl-oniccs, 

I.  rtonliam.  (io 
lalloii  alHiiit  l"iii. 
isell.      Knr  I'nsl- 

Tp.  Nclsnn.  (io 
.  K.     I'ninilation 

Tp.  Nu'lml.     do 

IT  mill's  Inland 
awa  llivir, wlurc 


.  Tp.  I'l'  Itanisav. 
ill  llii-  .»!.  MaMii''e 
i~siiniplinii  Itiv.r, 
,.,  niNir  tlic  l>li-  "f 
ilalinii  aliniit  1-"!'. 
lilrnil.  Hi'ar  nf 
1   Di-irii-t.     Nnrtli- 

ITS  IrnlM    Mnlltrrill 

iiilalinn  al'nai  1m". 
Lanark.  Knr  l'"-l- 
fi-s. 

.1.  (ik'iiiTiiry,  Tp. 
T.  11.     ropuli'''"" 

mil,  Tp.  Sl.ii.tnn. 
'.  K.  is  ill  ^^llilll"" 
I). 

ark.     Knr  I'n.-t- 

Co.  Duiliam.     l'<'r 

..,•  liiiHiiianvilli.'. 

rlaii.l,  Tp.  I'.ri  y. 

,nii  Pit.rlpnrniit:h 

T.  It  ,  lllI'lH'l'  'i.v 

liartlnrd.     I'npulu- 

nitilnn.     For  I'nst- 
Tp.  (inre  nf  ('ain- 

(i.    W.   U.      I'npill.l- 

Co.  I'ortneuf.     For 

•p.  Kali-it-'li.     (;n  to 
iiilalinii  almiil  .Vi. 
liiiaml.  Tp.  ('mviil':!. 
,iiil  l.aki'  lliirnii  K. 

.  Mi.liilnscx.      I.'";- 
lUa,  linlli  on  llie  C 

•  inl.     (In  tn  l.aiiils- 
ili,.ii  almiil  -."ill. 

Miilillntnll.        l.iiS 

ril  anil  l.on-.lmi  arf 
L'lk'U.     Hoe  NapliT- 

'riiu-i'   I'.iUvanl,  Tp. 

:„.  l(:iv  nf  Hiiinl". 
l),-llivilln  frniii  tlio 
,,„.|,  "iilliiMi.T.  U. 

,    Inlll-ll    ililily    lit  ii" 

li.ii  aliniil  lion. 

,Tp.  Uinchiulirooke. 


."Ituatcd  North  above  Portland.     Oo  to  Kingston,  i 
on  tlie  U.  T.  II.     At  wliicli  also  uU  Lake  Ontario 
and  f-t.  Lawrence  Steamers  touch. 

I)K1I.\.MS.VV,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  bagot  Co,  See  St. 
fiiinnii  lie  Vaniaska.  j 

DKKA.Mr'.VV,  0.  K.,  Co.  .loliette.    See  Dallleliout. 

DKuilV,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Urey.  See  Kilsyth,  for 
i'n.st-ollice,  etc. 

DEREHAM.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  O.xford,  C.  W.,  South  of 
Iim'ersnll,  a  Stalinn  on  the  (I.  \V.  K. 

DKltUV  WKST,  C,  \V.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  Try 
Port  Credit,  nii  the  (i.  \V.  K.     Popnlalion  about  lllil. 

UKSClIAMItAULT,  C.  K.  Tp.  in  Co.  Portneuf.  On 
the  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence.  See  Ue  Auteull 
or  Les  Kciireuils.     Population  about  IMKI. 

DKVON,  (".  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  L'sborne.  Go  to 
Slratforil,  on  the  0.  T.  K. 

DEWITTVILLK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Huntingdon.  On  the 
Soutli  Shore  of  SI.  Lawrence,  opposite  t'oteau 
Landing,  a  Station  on  tlie  G.  T.  U.  Population 
aliout  '.iiiii. 

DICKENSON'S  LANDlNCr,  C.  W.,  Co.  Stormnnt,  Tp. 
Osnaliruck.  A  Station  on  the  (i.  T.  11.  77  miles 
from  .Montreal.     Population  aliout  .'illO, 

DlNdLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  llruee,  Tp.  Huron,  (io  to  Strat- 
ford, from  thence  the  liulValn  and  Lake  Huron  E.\- 
tension  to  linderich  will  assist. 

DLVON'S  C<JUNEUS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Bundas,  Tp.  Matilda, 
in  wliich  is  .Matilda  Station,  on  the  Ct.  T.  It. 

DONKIiAL,  I'.  \V.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Elina.  Go  to 
Stratford  Terniiims  of  the  G.  T.  K. 

DOON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Waterloo.  Go  to 
IVteishiirg,  on  the  (1.  T.  U. 

DOKCIIKSTKK  NOKTII,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Middle- 
sex.    Go  to  Edward^liurg,  on  the  (1.  W.  K. 

DOltCili;.-<TKK  SOCTll,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Elgin. 
For  Posl-ollicea,  etc.,  see  Helmnnt,  Clunas,  etc. 

DOUtillEKTV,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  N.  E.  Hope.  Go 
tn  Stratford  Terminus  nf  the  (i.  T.  It. 

DOl'GLAS,  0.  W.,  Cn.  Ueiifrew,  Tp.  Itromley.  On 
Ottawa  Upper  District,  on  Smith  Slinre  of  the 
liiver.     See  Ayliuer  East.     Pnpulation  alioul  l'.ili. 

DOL'GLAS,  (.'.  E.  See  Douglas  Town,  fnr  Pnst-ollice, 
etc.     Poiiulation  almut  :ill». 

DOUGLAS  TOWN.  C.  E..  Co.  Gaspe,  Tp.  Douglas, 
on  South  Shore  nf  St.  Lav,  rence,  as  it  Hows  into  the 
(iulf— cnmmunicalinn  by  trading  vessels.  Popula- 
tion about  noil. 

DOWNKVVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Emily.  Go 
to  I'nrt  Hope,  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  and  thence  by  Port 
Hope  and  Lindsay  Kail,  now  open  as  far  as  Ouiemee. 
Population  about  lllll. 

DOWNIE,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Perth.  For  Post- 
oflice,  see  Avon  Hank,  Sebriiigville. 

DUAYTON,  0.  W.,  Cn.  Wellington,  Tp.  Peel.  Go  to 
Giielph,  on  the  G.  T.  It.     Population  about  15(1. 

DRESDEN,  0.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Gore  of  Camden. 
Go  tn  Thamesville,  on  the  U.  W.  U.  Population 
about  lliiil. 

DREW'S  .MILLS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Stanstead.  Go  to  Coati- 
cook  In  same  Township,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  U. 
Pnpiiiatinn  about  5ll. 

Dltl'.MUO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  lUenheim,  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  DulTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Itailway,  9 
miles  north-west  of  Paris  Junction. 

DItC.M.MOND,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Lanark  Co.  See  Perth 
for  Post-ollice,  etc. 

DllU.MMONDVILLE  EAS'l',  C.  E.,  Co.  Druminond,  Tp. 
Granthaai.  Go  to  Acinn  nr  Upton,  on  G.  T.  11. 
Pnpiilalinn  ahiiiil  iCiil. 

DRUMMONDVILLE,  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  WelL-ind, 
Tp.  Stamford,  (io  to  Stamford,  on  the  Erie  and 
Lake  Ontario  Itailway,  from  Suspension  llridge  on 
G.  W.  U,     Population  about  7il0. 

DUAltT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent.     A  new  PostolTlce. 

DUDSW  ELL,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Wolfe  Co.  (io  to  Wind- 
sor, nn  the  G.  T.  R.     Pnpulalinii  abniit  lilU. 

Dl'.MONTlElt,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  nn  North  Shnre  of  Lake 
.**(.  Peter.     For  Pnst-ollice,  etc.,  see  SI.  Leon. 

DU.MMEH,C,  W.  A  Tp.  in  Peterboro' Co.  For  Post- 
nllice.  see  AV'arsaw. 

UU.MKltlES  NORTH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  lirant.  For 
Villiiges,  Towns,  and  Pnst-ollices  within  it,  see  Ayr, 
(iall,  (ileiimorris,  Itonville. 

DUMFRIES  SOUTH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  East  Itlding  of 
Co.  lirant.  For  Tow  ns,  '"ost-ollices,  etc.,  see  liraiich- 
towii,  llarrisburg,  Paris,  St.  George,  lirant. 

DUNANY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argenteull,  Tp.  Wentwortli.    On 


North-east  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  River,  Steamers 
pa.ss  from  Montreal. 

Dl  NIIAR,  C.  W.,  Co.  Dundas,  Tp.  Williamsburg.  Go 
to  W  illiamsburg.  Station  on  the  G.  T.  It  Popuhi- 
tlnn  abnllt  IIKI. 

DUNIIARTON,  0.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering. 
Try  Frenchman's  Hay,  on  G.  T.  U.  Population 
about  Til. 

DUNDALK,  V.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Melancthnn. 
Kramptnii,  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  is  the  most  frei|uented 
Station  in  that  District.     Poinilatinn  about  lllll. 

DUNDAS,  C.  W.,Co,  Wentwortli,  Tp.  West  Flamboro. 
A  Station  on  tlie  (t.  W.  It.,  0  miles  from  Hamilton. 
Population  about  'iMlll. 

DUNDEE,  C  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  Tp.  Godmanches- 
ter.  On  South  Shore  nf  River  St.  Lawrence,  opjin- 
slte  Coteau  Landing,  on  the  G.  T.  R.  Population 
about  1'25. 

DUNHAM,  ('.E.  ATp.lnCo.  Misslsquoi.  TryCoatl- 
cnok,  on  the  G.  T.  it.,  other  Stations  may  be  equi- 
distant, sudi  as  Acton,  Durham,  etc.,  to  the  north- 
waril. 

DUNNVILLE.C.  W.,Co.  Haldimand,Tp.Moulton.  A 
Stallniion  IhifTalo  and  Lake  Huron  Itailway,  4.'!  miles 
snntli  of  Paris  Juncliun.     Population  about  loiiO. 

DUNWICH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Elgin.  For  Post- 
ollices.  Villages,  etc.,  see  lona,  Largie,  Port  Talbot- 
ville,  Tvrconnel. 

DURHA.M,  C.  E.,  Co.  Drummond.  A  Station  on  the 
G.  T.  It.,  Ill  miles  from  Uichiuond  Junction.  Popu- 
lation about  'ZM. 


E 

EARDLEY,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co. ;  fronting  the 
North  Shore  of  River  Ottawa,  above  Hull  Tp.  See 
.\vlmer  East. 

EAST  I  LIFTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Conipton.  Go 
to  Conipton  Station,  G.  T.  R. 

EAST  FARNHAM,  V.  K.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Brome.  As- 
cntt  and  Conipton  Stations  of  the  G.  T.  K.  are  equl- 
dislant. 

EAST  FRAMPTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Dorchester. 
Hecancour  Station  on  the  O.  T.  R.  is  nearest  Rail 
jinint. 

EAST  GLENEt.O,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey.  Go  to 
(iuelph  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  thence  by  stage  on  Owen 
Sound  route. 

EAST  HAW  KESllURG,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Prescott, 
fronting  the  South  Shore  of  River  Ottawa,  and  jiassed 
by  steamers  between  Montreal  and  Ottawa. 

EAST  HEREFORD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Conipton.  Go  to 
Coaticook  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

EAST  HOLLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Holland.  Go 
to  Collingwood  by  Ontario,  Simcne  and  Hinnn  Rail 
from  Toronto,  and  thence  to  Owen  Sound  by  Cana- 
dian Steamer. 

EASTON'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  Wol- 
ford.  Go  to  Hrockville  on  the  G.  T.  It.,  and  thence 
bv  stage  on  Perth  route.     Population  about  Kill. 

EAST  NISSOURI,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  O.xford.  For 
Post-ollice,  etc.,  see  Lakeside. 

EAST  0110,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Oro,  fronting 
West  Shore  of  Lake  Simcoe.  Go  to  litirrie  by  tlie 
Ontario,  Sinicoe  and  Huron  Itailwav  from  Toronto. 

EAST  WlLLIA.MSllURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Dundas.  A  Tp. 
and  Station  on  tlie  G.  T.  It.  Usually  called  Wil- 
liamsburg— which  see. 

EAST  WOOD,  C.  W.,  Vo.  Oxford,  Tp.  South  Oxford. 
.Go  to  Ingersoll  on  the  G.  W.  It. 

EATON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Conipton.  Go  to  Lennox- 
ville  or  Waterville  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

EDEN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Uayliam,  fronting  L.ike 
Eric.  Port  Stanley,  which  see,  is  tlie  nearest  Itail- 
way point. 

EDEN  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Eiamosa. 
(io  to  Itockwood  on  the  G.  T.  R. 

EDMONTON,  C.  W.,  Co,  Peel,  Tp.  Chlnguacousy.  Go 
to  llranipton  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

EDWAltDSllURG,  C.  W.  A  Station  on  the  G.  W.  R., 
(not  a  Post  oltice,)  It)  miles  east  of  London,  C.  W. 
Populalinn  almut  lillll. 
EDWARDSHURG,  ('.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grenville.  A 
Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  ti^  miles  cast  of  Kingston, 
C.  W. 
EGANVILLi;,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Orattan.  A 
back  Township.     The  Brockville  and  Arupilor  ex- 


I 


n 


64 


caxada:  cities,  toavns,  and  villages. 


tension  will  come  witliln  14  miles  ;  proceed  liy  I'p- 
per  Otiiiwa  SleiiiiRi-s— for  w lileli  see  Ayliiiei-  Kast. 
Popultillon  about  U."). 

EULINCiTOX,  ('.  W  ,  (  o.  York,  Tp.  York.  Klvc  miles 
from  'IVnunlo  C'ily,  uj)  Voiijie  street.  Go  liy  Tliorn- 
liill  or  '.M  Toll  (iate  Oiniiibiis. 

K(iM()NUVII,I,K,  ('.  W.,t'o.  Huron,  Tp.  Tuckersmllli. 
(io  to  Stratford  .lunclion  of  the  UulTalo  and  Luke 
Huron  anil  (i.  'V.  U. 

KUKK.MON  r,  (,'.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Orey.  Go  to  Guelpli 
on  tlie  G.  T.  U.,  and  tlienee  by  .Stage  on  Owen 
Sounil  Road. 

EKKUll),  C.  \V.,  Co.  Middlese.\.  A  Tp.,  and  Station, 
anil  I'ost-ollice  on  the  G.  W.  It.,  ii)  miles  west  of 
London. 

f,LI)i:USI,Ii;,  C.  \\:  a  Tp.  in  Co.  Ilmce.  I'ostollice, 
I'aisley— wliioli  see  for  route,  etc. 

El, DON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.  Go  to  Port 
Hope  on  the  (1.  T.  1{.,  ami  thence  by  Lindsay  Draneh 
Hailwtiy,  iiartlv  ojien. 

EI.GI.N,  C,  \V.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Sou'h  Crosby.  <io  Io 
Kin(.'ston  City  on  the  G.  T.  K.     ropidiitiirri  aliout  Ml. 

tLtilNlUlUi,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Khigston. 
See  Kl).'in.     Population  about  1*1. 

ELIZAIII;THT0\VN,  C.  W.  a  Tp.  in  Co.  Leeds.  For 
Towns  and  Post-ollices,  see  linu  kvllle,  .\ddison,  etc. 

ELLKfS.MKItK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  York,  Tji.  Scarlioro'.  Go  to 
.Soarboro'  Station,  on  the  (i.  T.  K. 

ELLICK,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Perth.  For  Post-oOicc, 
etc.,  see  KInkora. 

ELMA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Perth.  Go  to  Stratford 
Junctinn  of  the  lluiralo  and  Lake  Huron  andli.  T.  It. 

ELMCiUOVK,  C.  U'.,  Co.  Siincoe,  Tp.  Kssii.  Go  to  i:»sa 
Station,  (Ml  Ontario.  Siiucoe,  and  Huron  Itailwaw 

ELORA,  C.  \V.,  Co.  WilliuKton,  T|i.  I'iikinnton.  "  (Io 
to  Guelpli  by  the  G.  T.  It.,  ivheuce  Stages  dally  con- 
nect.    Poj)n!atlon  about  1'2IMI. 

ELY,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  .^helVord.  Divided  into  North 
and  South  Klv,  which  sre  ;  also  see  Hoscobel. 

EMIlItO,  C.  \V.',  0.\ford  Co.,  Tp.  West  Zorra.  (io  to 
Woodstock,  on  the  G.  \V.  11.     Population  about  f>lll). 

ELZKVIlt,  C.  Vi\  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Hastings.  For  Post- 
ollices,  etc.,  see  Queeusboro. 

EMILY,  C.  AV.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.     See  Lindsay. 

ENXIS,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Lanibton,  Tp.  Enniskillen.  Go  to 
Thainesville,  on  the  G.  W.  It. 

EN.NISKII.LEN  WEST,  C.  W.     See  Ennis. 

ENNISKILLEN  EAST,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Durham,  Tp.  Dar- 
lington. Go  to  llowinanville,  on  G.  T.  It.  Pojiula- 
tiun  about  'Jilil. 

EXTEKPUISE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Addinpton,  Tp.  Camden 
East.  Go  to  Napanee,  on  the  G.  T.  It.  Po|>ulalion 
about  200. 

EPSOM,  C.  W.  A  Post-office  in  Tp.  Ileacli,  Ontario 
Co.,  which  see.     Populati'm  about  l.'iu. 

EltAMOSA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Wellington.  Go  to 
Itockwood,  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

EltIN,  ('.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  V.'cirMigtoii,  GotoGueljdi, 
on  the  G.  T.  It.     Population  about  :iou. 

EltNKSTOWN,  C.  W.  [tor  Postollice,  see  Path.]  A 
Tp.  in  Co.  .Vdilington,  and  a  Station  on  the  G.  T.  It. 
See  also  Comer's  Mills  and  SHitzerville,  In  same 
Township. 

EltltOL,  C.  W,,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Plyinpton,  near 
Port  Sarnla.  Present  nearest  liailway  point,  Lnii- 
don,  (Ui  the  G.  W.  It.,  and  Stratford,  on  the  IliilValo 
and  Lake  Huron  and  G.  T.  It.     i'opulation  about  .''ill. 

ESHKIt,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  ou  North  Shore  of  Ottawa 
liiver,  Co.  Pontiac.  For  Post-olhce,  see  Fort  Wil- 
liam. 

ES(Jl'l-;''INCr,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Halton.  Go  to 
Georgetown,  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

ESS.V,  C.  W.  .\  Tp.  in  Co.  SImcoc.  A  Railway  Sta- 
tion on  Ontario,  Sinicoe,  and  Huron  Kail  from  To- 
ronto, with  the  following  Posl-olliees  and  Villages, 
which  see  : — .\ngus,  (  loverhill,  West  Essa,  aiui  Elm- 
grove. 

ETOBICOKE,  C.  W.  A  i'l).  in  Co.  York.  Daily 
Stage  from  Toronto.  Go  to  Mimico  Station,  on  the 
(I.  W.  It. 

ECI'IIRASIA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grey.  Go  to 
CoUingwood  by  the  Ontario,  Sinieoe,  and  Huron 
Itailwav  from  Torouto. 

EVEIITON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Eramosa.  Oo 
to  Koekwood.on  the  G.T.  It.   Poin.latloii  about  Iml. 

EXKTKli,  C.  W.,  Co.  Itruee,  T)!.  Stephen,  frontiiifr 
Lake  Huron,  adjoining  Saugeen.  Steam  from 
Godeiicli,  Detroit,  and  Windsor  by  Plougbboy,  or 
cross  by  land  from  Owen  Souiul,  for  Steamer  for 


I      Coliingwooil   Terminus,   on   Ont.irlo,  SLueoc,   and 
Huron  Rail  for  Toronto.     Population  about  (iUU, 


F. 

KAIRVIEW,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Zorra.  Go  to 
WooiMi.ck,  oil  the  G.  W.  It. 

FALKIItK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middiese.v,  Tp.  Williams.  Lon- 
don, on  the  G.  W.  R.  is  the  present  nearest  lt,iilH:iy 

point.     The  K\teii>i if  the  G.  T.  U.  to  Purl  Sar- 

nia  will  bisect  the  Tp.  of  Williams. 

FAR.MEI!SVlLLi;,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Yonge.  Lyn 
or  Mallory  Tiiwn,  on  the  G.  T.  It.,  are  the  neari.st 
Stations.     Popiilatiou  about  Mini. 

FARNIIAM,  C.  E.  .See  East  Farnham,  Adainsville, 
etc.,  for  Piist-otlices. 

F'ARNHAM  CENTItK.  See  East  Farnham.  Farnhaui 
Centre  has  a  Post-nlhee.     Populatinn  about  liiti, 

FENKLON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.  For  Post- 
olhces,  see  Camlirav,  Feuelnn  Falls. 

FENELON  FALLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Fenelon. 
Go  to  Port  Hope,  on  G.  T.  It.,  thence  make  fur 
Lindsay  by  Railway,  partly  open  as  far  as  Onieince. 
Population  abiiut  I."i0. 

FENWICK,  C.  W.,  C,i.  Well.ind,  Tp.  Pelham.  Go  to 
Jiirdan,  on  the  G    W.  It. 

FERGUS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Nicliol.  D.dly 
Stage  to  and  from  Guelpli,  a  main  Station  on  tlie 
ti.  T.  R.     Population  about  1 i. 

FKRGCSON'S  FALLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Dmni- 
u.ond.     (ill  to  Perth.     Daily  Stage  frmo  Hmckvillc, 

a  in  (1.  T.  It.  Station.       F;xtension   Itailway  in 

progress. 

FEltRALLS  LANDING,  C.  W.  On  the  South  Slmre 
of  River  Ottawa,  near  the  mouth  of  River  Hon- 
chere.  This  is  reached  by  Steamer  from  .Ayhner 
East,  and  is  the  Point  for  the  Ottawa  and  Opeiuigo 
Road  Settlement.  See  Mount  .<t.  Patrick.  Popula- 
tion about  .''SI. 

FERMOY,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  lledforil.  Go  to 
Kingston  Citv,  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

FINCH,  C,  AV.  A  Tp.  in  Stormont  Co.  For  Post- 
oflice,  etc.,  see  Rerwick. 

FINGAL,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Klgiii,  Tp.  Southwold.  Go  to 
Port  Stanley,  on  Lake  Erie,  connected  with  Lmi- 
don  by  Ilranch  to  the  G.  AA'.  K.  Population  about 
.Sou. 

FISH  C'tFEK,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Itlanshard.  Go 
to  Stratford  (i.  T.  It. 

FITCH  HAY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Stansteail.  Go  to  Coaticook, 
on  the  (i.  T.  It. 

FITZ.ALAN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argentenll,  Tp.  Arnndell.  Ou 
North  .'<hore  (ft  Lower  Ottawa,  near  .Alontreal,  which 
see. 

FITZItOY  HAUnOCR,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Fit7.- 
riiy.  On  I'pper  Ottawa.  See  Ayhner  East,  whence 
Sleiimers  plv  to  and  fro. 

FLA.AIDOKO  FAST,  C.  AV.  A  Tp.  in  AVentworth  Co. 
For  Post-iiHice.  see  Carlisle. 

FLAMItORO  AVFST,  C.  AV.  A  T|..  in  Co.  AVentworlh. 
For  Piisl-iillice,  etc.,  see  Strabaue. 

FLINT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Adilington,  Tji.  Kaladar.  The 
Post-ollice  under  this  name,  in  this  newly-settled 
I>i>triet,  has  been  iHscontlnued.  iNapanee  is  the 
Statiiiii  on  the  G.  T.  It.  Montreal  and  Tnronto  Dis- 
trict by  wliicb  this  jilace  is  reached  tbrough  New- 
loirg.  7  miles.  Kelliir's  Corners  11  miles,  Caniileii  and 
Shellield  Riiad  1  mile,  Tamwortb  •>  miles,  which  is 
abniit  l(  miles  from  Kaladar  Township,  Where  the 
Adilington  Road  Free  (irants  of  Land  commence. 

FLORKNl  E.  C.  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Eupheinia.  Go 
to  Ilothwell,  oil  the  (i.  W.  It. 

FLOS,  C.  AV.  A  Tp.  In  .•<imciie  Co.  Go  to  Darrie  or 
Suni.idale,  both  Stations  on  the  Ontario,  Siincoe, 
and  Huron  Rail  i'rom  Toronlo. 

FONTIIILL.  A  Post-oll'ice  In  Pelham  Tp.,  Co.  AVel- 
land.     See  Fi'iiwick. 

FOItCA.'*TLK,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Tliorah.  Make 
for  lieaverton  by  Heiie  Ewart,  on  the  Ontario,  Sim- 
coe.  and  Huron  Itailwav,  and  thence  bv  Steamer. 

FORK.STEIfS  FALLS,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Renfrew,  Tp.  Ross. 
On  L'pper  Ottawa  River.  For  Steamer,  see  Ayhner 
East.     I'opnlation  aliout '2.''). 

FOIIK.STVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Charlotteville. 
On  shore  of  Lake  Erie.  No  Railway  Station  can  be 
named  as  adjacent.  Try  Port  Mailland  on  the 
llulfalo  and  l..ake  Huron  Line.  I'opulation  about 
101). 


lo,  Piiicoe,  and 
on  about  (iUO. 


Zorni.    Go  to 

Williams.  Lnn. 
nciiri'St  Uailu^iy 
|{.  to  I'orl  Sar- 

Tji.  Yoiigf.  h.vn 
uri'  tliu  neuri'st 

am,  A'lliitiisvllle, 

iliaiii.    Fnrnhniii 
II  alioiit  Inn. 
Ilia,    for  l'o8t- 

ia,  Tp.  Kt'iieloii. 
lii-ncL'  make  fur 
1  far  as  OniL'tiu'e. 

I'elliam.    Go  to 

p.  NIclioI.    Dally 
Jilalioii  on  tlie 

mark,  Tp.  Driiiii- 
frniii  IIrtM*k\illo, 
i>loii   Itailway  in 

tlie  Soiitli  Slmre 
I  of  Itlvir  Hon- 
uT  from  Aylnur 
;wa  and  <lpfniij:() 
trick.     I'opiiia- 

.  Bedforil.    Go  to 

it  Co.     I'or  I'ost- 

ntliwolil.  Go  to 
IH-l'tl'il  with  l.nll- 
INipiilation  ubiiiit 

I.  lUansliaril.    Go 

Go  to  Coatioook, 

i'p.  .Srnnili'll.  On 
r  .Montreal,  wliiili 

'arli'ton,  Tp.  Fiiz- 
iiiiT  Kast,  whence 

in  Wcntwortli  (}o. 

n  Co.  Wentwortli. 

I.  Kalailar.  The 
tills  newly-setlle,! 
Najianee  is  the 
I  and  Toronto  Kis- 
led  throntrh  Ncw- 
ntles,  (.'aniileti  itiid 
1 .')  miles,  which  is 
ivnship,  «liere  the 
.and  cunimence. 
I'p.  Kupheinia.  Go 

Oo  to  Jlarrie  or 
Ontario,  Siincoc, 

lara  Tp.,  Co.  AVel- 

p.  Thorah.    Make 
I  till'  (liitario,  Siiii- 
.'iice  hy  ?*teaiiu'r. 
tenfie'w,  Tp.  Koss. 
L-amer,  see  Ayhiier 

Tp.  Charlotteville. 

vay  Station  can  he 

Mailland  on   the 

I'opulaUon  about 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


55 


FORF.\R,  C.  W.,  Co.  I,eeds,  Tp.  Dastard.     Hack  of  GKOUGINA,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  in  Cn.  York,  frontinKl„ike 

Lansdowne,  which  is  a  Station  on  the  G.T.  K.     Pop-  Siincoe.     Go  to  Hollanil  i.aniliii);  on  the  Oiilarin, 

uhition  alioiit  .'ill.  Slmcoe,  and  lliiroii  Kail  from  Toronto. 

FOllT  ('l)ri'II.N'GK,  ('.  i:.,<'o.  I'onliao,  Tp.  Mansnehl.  GII.liKltTS  MIIJ.S,  ('.   \V.,  Co.  Prime  Kdward   Tp. 

On  .North  Shore  of  Ottawa,  above  ('aloniet  Islan.l.  Si>phiasbiir).'.     (io  to  Helieville    for   down    and  to 

See  Ayliner  lOast.     Population  about  7.">.  Kingston   for  up,  Steamers  plvinn  on   the'  Day  of 

KOilT  KlIIK,  C.  \V.,  Co.    Welland,  Tp.    Ilertic.     The  (iiiinle.     llcllevilh'  and  Kins;sioii  are  both  Stations 

Canadian  reriiiimis  of  the  llull'alo  and  hake  Huron  on  llic  (i.  T.  It.,  .Montri'al  and  Toronto  Section. 

Kail,  oppoiite,  and  :l  miles  from,  lliillalo  by  Steamer.  GLAN'rolil),  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co  Wentwortli.     Go  lo 

FOliT  WlbblAM.     Kn  route  for  iludson's  Day  Terri-  Onondafa,  on  the  Ibillalo  and  Lake  Huron,  or  to 

torv,  aliove  Saiilt  St.  .Marie.  !       Ontario,  on  the  G.  \\ .  It. 

FOKT  Wlld.l.VM,  C.  K.,  Co.  Pontiac,  Tp.  Ksher.     On  I  GI.KNCOK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Middlese.v,  T|i.  Kkfrid,    A  Sta- 

North  Shore  of  Cpper  Ottawa,  fronting  the  river.         " 

For 
FOIK.M 

(io  to  Cornwall  on  the  O.  T.  K.     Population  about 


,.  iiii.,.1.',,  ',.  J..,  '  --.  ,  .MivKii ,  1 1>.  L.^iici.     i/ii  I  T.i-i.-n  wi.,  y  ,  n  .,  1  o.  .uuioiese.v,  I] I.  r.Kirni,    A  Ma- 
th Shore  of  Cpper  Ottawa,  fronting  the  river,  j  tion  on  the  G.  W.  K.     Population  about  IM. 
route,  see  Ayliiii'r  Kast.  GLKNKI.G,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Grev.     GotoGiielph, 
.MKIt,  C.   \V.,   Co.    I'rescolt,  Tp.   PlantaKenet.  i  on  the  G.  T.  U.,  Toronto   and   Stratfiu-d  Section, 


Kin. 
FO.X    UIVKK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Oaspe.     Flows  Into  Gaspe 

Hay,  near  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.     Trading  vessels 

from  ijoehee.     I'opulation  about  -lilil. 
FOSS.VMII.\CLT.     A   Tp.    in    Portneuf   District.     On 

.\  irili  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  about  '.'0  miles  west 

..I  (Jiiebce.     See  St.  Catherine's,  C.  K. 
FKAMPTtJ.V,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  in  Dorcliester  Co.    Go  to 

Craig's  Koad  on  the  G.  T.  K. 
FKANKKOItl),  C.  W.,  Co.  llastinf.'S,  Tp.  Sidney.     Go 

to  Helleville  on  the  (f.  T.  K.     Population  about  ll.'iil. 
FKA.NIilOWN,    C.   W.,    Co.    Lanark,    Tp.   Deekwith. 

Hack  from  Perth,     On  the  line  of  the   Hrockville 

K.vteiisii'ii  to  .\riiprior.     See  I'ertli  and  Drockville. 

Population  about  loll, 
FKA.VKVIM.i:,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds  and  Grenville,  Tp. 

Killev.     See  Franklow II,     Poioilalion  about  loo. 
lUKUKUH  KSllCKG,    C.   \V,.    Co.    Norfolk,       A   T|). 

For  Post-ollice,  etc.,  see  \N'iiidliam. 
FKi:i)KI!lCKSI!lKG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox.     A  Tp.  and 

Po.M-ollice.     (io  to  KrnestMwn  on  the  G.  T.  K. 
FREE    GRANTS    OF   LAND,  C.  W.     See  Govern- 

iiiiMil  Free  Land  and  Koiite-i. 
FKKKl.TON.C.  \V.,Co.  Wentworlli,  Tp.  W.  Flainboro'. 

Go  to  Diindas  on  the  G.  \V.  K.     Population  about 

l.'.'i. 
FltKlDlMtG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  AVateiioo.     Go 

to  Heiliii  on  the  G.  T.  K.     Po]iiilalion  about  101). 
FltKLUillSllCKG,  C.   Iv,  Co.   .Mi.ssis.pioi,  Tp.  St.  Ar- 

iiiands.     Near  the  boundary  line  of  tlie  States.     No 

ailjaceiit  Station  can  be  named.     See  Coatieook  as 

ap|iro\iiiiate.      Population  about  ''too. 
FItLNCll  VlLLA(iK,  C.  K.,  Co.  liruminond,  Tp.  King- 


thence  by  (J'.Neil  s  Owen  Simiid  Stages 

GLKNLOVI),  C.  K.,  Co.  Megantic,  Tp.  Iiiverne..=s.  (io 
to  Somerset,  on  tlie  G.  T.  K. 

GLKNI.VON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Dnice,  Tp.  Carrick.  Go  to 
Guel|ili  as  for  Gleiielg,  which  see,  Population 
about  40. 

GLKN  MORRIS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Drant.Tp.  Dumfries.  Go 
to  Paris  .liiiieliini  of  (ialt  and  Preston  (i.  \V.  K., 
and  Diillalo  and  Lake  llurmi  Railway.  Population 
about  Inn. 

GL1:N  WILLIAM,  C.  W.,  Co,  Ilalton,  Tp,  Kstpiesing. 
Go  to  Georgetown,  on  the  G.  T.  R,  Population 
about  :;."iO. 

GLOCCI:sTI:R,  C,  W,  a  Tp.  in  Co,  CarUton.  (Xol 
a  Post-ollice,)  A  Station  near  Ottawa  City,  on  the 
Ottawa  and  I'rescolt  Railwav. 

tiOlfl.K'S  CORNKRS,  C,  W,,  "Co,  O\fonl,  Tp,  Blen- 
heim. Go  to  Iirimibo,  on  the  Diifalo  and  Lake 
Huron,  or  Paris  .liinction  of  G.  W,  R, 

GODERICH,  C,  W,  A  Tp.  in  Co,  Huron.  See  no- 
tice elsewhere.     Population  about -lillio. 

GOD.MANI  IIK.<Ti;it.  (  .  K.  A  Tp.  in  Huntingdon, 
fronting  South  Shore  of  tlo-  St.  Law  reiiee.  In  and 
near  which  are  tlie  bdloning  Villages  and  Post- 
ollices,  viz. :  Dundee,  .\niset,  Huntingdon,  and  La 
(iiierre,  which  see. 

(iOLIILN  CRKKlv,  C,  W.,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Bosan- 
(|mt,  fronting  Lake  Huron.  In  Port  Sariiia  Dis- 
tri'i.     At  present  go  lo  Stratfiu'd  bv  (1.  T.  K. 

GOODWOOD,  C,  W,,  Co,  (liit.irio,  Tii.  Uxbridge,  Go 
to  Sloulfville  by  Stage  from  Toronto  City  dailv,  at 
'.'  P.  .M.,  cu-  to  Scarboro',  on  the  G,  T,  It.,  Montreal 
and  Toronto  Section.     Piipuiation  about  100. 

GOltl':,  C,    K,     A  Tp,   In  Argenlcnil.      (,Xot   a   Post- 


fcv.     Go  to  Danville  on  the  G.  T.  It.     Populalioii         ollh'e.)     See  Laketield,     Population  about  loiio. 
alioiit  J.'iO,  !  GORi;  OF  TORONTO,  C,  W,     A  I'p,  in  Co, Peel,    See 

FROST  VILLAGI-:,  C,  L.,  in  Tp,  and  Co,  ShelTord.    Go  '      Castlemore,  Coleralne,  Rieiiview,  and  Tull.iinore, 


to  liichiiioiid  on  tile  (i,  T,  I!.,  .lunctiou  of  two  S 
tioiis.     Population  ,-ilioiit  l.'iii, 
Ffl.LARl'ilN,  C.  W,,  a  T|i,  in  Perth  Co.     Go  to  Strat- 
ford on  the  (i.  T.  K.     Population  about  loo. 


(iOliKS  L.\ND1NG,  C,  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
Hamiltioi,  A  Station  on  the  Cohiuirg  and  Peter- 
Imum'  Railway,  From  Cobmirg  on  the  ti.  T.  R, 
Popnl.iliou  alioiit  oil. 


J'LLTON,  C,  W,,   to,   Liiicidn,  Tp,   Caistor.     Go  to     GOR.MLKVS,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,T|i.  Markliain.     Goby 

.xtoullvillu  Stage  from  Toronto  City  daily,  at  2.ai) 

P.  M. 
GORKIK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron.     A  new  Post-offlce. 
GOSFIKLl),  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.Kssex,  frinitingLake 
Krie.     (io  by  (i.  W.  R.  to  Dapiiste  Creek. 
A   Tp.   In  Cn.   Lincoln,  but   no     GOSPORT,  ('.  W.,   Co.   Lennox,  Tp.   Adolpliustown, 


t.riiii~by  on  the  (i.  W.  R. 

a 

GATNSDOROCGII. 

Po^tollice  under  that  title.     See  St.  .Vim's,  Lincoln. 
GALT,  C.  W..  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Dumfries.     A  Sta- 
tion nil  the  Gait  and  Presl lunctiou  of  the  G.  W. 

R,  joining  llie  main  line  at  Paris,  G.  W.  It.     Popu- 

laliiui  alioot  Siinii. 
GANANOiaUE,  C.  W.,Co.  Leeds,  Tp,  Leeds,     A  .«ta- 

tion  on  the  G.  T.  R.,  is  miles  east  of  Kingston,     Pop- 

ui.ilion,  about  I, .'mo, 
GARAKIiAXA,  C.  W,     A  Tp,  in  Co.  WelUngton.     Go 

to  (iiielph  oil  the  (i.  T,  R, 
GAKlllllV,  (,  K,     A  Tp,  ill  Wolfe,     Go  to  Danville 

on  the  G,  T,  R, 


fronting  Day  of  (iuiiite.     (io  to  Fj'nestown,  on  the 

(i.  T.  R, 
GOII.DIRN,     A   Tp,   in   Co,   Carleton.      For  Posl- 

olliee.  etc-,  see  Ashtoii. 
(lOl'LD.  C.   i:.,  (  o.  Conipton,  Tp.  Lingwiek.     Go  In 

Windsor  or  Slierbrooke,  on  the  li.  T.  U.     Poiiula- 

tioii  about  100. 
GOl  ROCK,    ('.    W,,    Co.    Wellington,    Tp,    Guelpli, 

Guelpli  is  a  Main  Station  on  tlie  G.  T.  It, 
(iOWKlt  POINT,  C.  W,,  (  o,  Renfrew,  Tji,  Westinealh, 

fronting  Cpper  Ottaw  a  Shore.     For  Route  see  Ayl- 
iner Fast. 

OASPK  ll.VSIN,  ('.  !•;.  On  Sonth.^boreof  IheSt,  Law-  GKAllA.MSVILLK,  (',  W,,  Co,  Peel,  Tp.  Chingua- 
reiiee,  near  tlie  Gulf.  Traders  from  (iuebec.  Pop-  ]  coiisy.  In  whlidi  is  Drampton,  a  Main  Station  on 
niaiion  about  ;"mO.  I      the  (i.  T.  It.     Population  alioiit  l,"iii. 


GFNl'll.l.V,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  Nicolet,  Fronting  the 
South  Shore  of  the  SI,  Lawrence,  about  .'i  miles  be- 
low Three  Ki\ers,  (mi  the  opposite  shore,)  where 
theljiieliec  and  .Montreal  Steamers  touch.  Po|iula- 
tioii  about  lion, 

GEORGETOWN,  C,  W,,  Co.  Ilalton,  Tp.  Ksipiesing. 


GRANBY,C,K,  In  <  o.  Shelhird,  In  Southern  por- 
tion id  ShelViu-d,  Try  Cptoii,  on  the  G,  T,  It,  Pop- 
ulation about  loo. 

GKANDF,  HAIE,  C,  K,,  Co,  Chlcoutinil,  Tp.  Bagot,  U 
reached  in  Summer  by  Steamers  from  tjuehec.  Pop- 
ulalioii  about  7."iO. 


A  Station  (Ui  tiled.  T.  K,     Population  about  |ooo,     ,  GKANII    GRF.VF,,  C,  K,,  Co,  Gaspe,     Within  Gaspe 
GKOIKiKVILLF,  C,  K,     \  Tp,  in  Staiistead,     Go  to  |       Day,     .Steamers  to  Shediac  and  Traders  from  (Jiie> 

Colli, ke  10-  Conipton,  on  the  G,  T,  R.     On  the  [      bee  alTord  means  of  transit. 

Magog  Lake  witii  Steamer  plying  to  Newport.    Pop-  j  GRANDK  LlGNIi,  (',  K.     tiuery,  ou  Ijiike  St,  John's, 
Illation  about  2oO.  above  Chicoutiml. 


■i  3 


i 
3 


66 


CANADA:   CITIES,  TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


ORAN'D  niVER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Oiispe.     Near  St.  MIrlicl. 

On   (iiilf   of    l>t.    IjiiwriMice,   Into   which    It   flows. 

(.lives  n.inifs  to  II  I'lisl-iillicu  iiikI  St'ttlcnient.     INjp- 

uliilloii  alidiit  1  t:>ii. 
(!U.\.NT1I.\M.     .\   T|>.    In   Llnroln   Co.     For  Towns, 

Vlllajjes,  anil  l'i>sl-onior.'<,  are  l)i'iMnuion<lvlllc,  Port 

K.UIioii^U',  .ind  .<t.  ('alliiirini''s,  West. 
(il!.\rr.\N,  ('.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Iteiiliew,     For  I'ost- 

olllees,  see  I);.'.iMville,  Iluadvllle  ;    see  also  Crown 

Lands  and  Free  (Irants. 
tllii:i;NUANK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  (Jnlarlo.Tp.  Reach.     Go  to 

Whitli.v,  on  the  (i.  T.  It. 
GUKKNlU'.xll,  Co.  Leeds.     A  Post-oflice.     8f e  Brock- 

vllle.     Population  aliont  Td. 
IIKKKXOCK,   C.    \V.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  nnicp.      Go  to 

(iiu'li>li,  thence  Ijv  i^angeeu  Uoad.    Guelph  Is  on  (i. 

T.  K. 
GKKKX  POINT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Kilwaril.     See  So- 

phiashurt,'. 
GKKEXSVII.I.K,  C.   W.,   Co.   Wcntworlh,   Tp.  West 

Flanilmr.i'.     (io  to  Diinilas,  on  the  <i.  \V.  R. 
OltKKNWdOl),  C.   \V..  Co.   Oidario,   Tp.    Pickering, 

which  see.     I'opidation  almnt  :!nil. 
ORKNVII.M:,  C.  K.     a  Tp.  in  Arg:  nteidl.     On  Lower 

Ottawa  Uiver,  near   Junction   wilh    St.  Lawrence. 

(!o   to    Vandreuil,  on  the  (1.  T.   It.  Section,  or  to 

Montreal  City  for  Steamer,     Population  al)out  7dd. 
GUKV,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Huron.     For  Route,  see 

(iroenock  atiove. 
GRIKRSVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  St.  Vincent.    Go 

to    Mcafnrd   liy  Canailian   Steamer  from  Colllnt,'- 

wood,  by  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Railway  from 

Toronto.     Population  al)om  M. 
GRIMSBY,  C.  \V.,  C.I.  I.inndn.      A  Tp.  and  Ptiition 

on  the  (1.  \V.  It.  Section.     Population  aluuit  Idllo. 
GUONUINKS,   C.    K.     A    Tp.    in   Co.    Portneuf.     On 

.North  Shore  of  Si.  Lawrence,  iK'tween  Three  Itlvers 

and  (Juelicc,  at   which  tlie  Steamers  and  Traders 

touch.     Population  aliont  lllHI. 
GliOVKSKNl),  C.  W.,  Co.  Kljiin,  Tp.  Malahiile,  front- 

in),'  Lake  Kric.     Go  to  London  and  to  Port  Stanley 

hv  llranch  liailwav.     Lonilon  is  on  G.  \V.  R. 
GUELPH,  C.  W.,  to.  Wellington.      A  Towti,  Town- 
ship, and  Main  Station,  with  Teh  graph,  on  G.  T.  It. 

Toronto  and  Stratford  Section.     From  Toronto  -17, 

and  llamilt m  ;iil  miles.     Population  ahont  .^Don. 
GUYSItOltO",    C.    W.,    Co.    Norfolk,    Tp.     Ilouchlcui, 

fronting  Lake  F.rie.     Port  Sarni:-.  i-;  nearest  Itallway 

point  widi'h  iBConnecteil  witli  G.  VV.  It.  at  London. 
OWILLIMIUHV    WKST,   C.   W.      A  Tp.   In  Slnicoe 

(South).     See  llradforl. 
GWILLI.MHIKV   KASI',  C.  W.     A  T|)  in  York.     ,See 

Holland  Landing,  .Newland,  (Jueensville,  and  Sha- 
ron. 
GWILLIMBIUY    NORTH,  ('.  W.      A  Tp.  in    York, 

fronting  Lake  Simcoe.     See  Keswick. 


H. 

HAGERSVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldlmand,  Tp.  Oneida. 

Try  Middl'iiort,  on  tlie  Rull'alo  and   Lake  Huron 

liailwav. 
HALDIMAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northmnherland.     A  Tp. 

in  which  is  (Irafton.  a  Statiiui  rui  the  G.  T.  R. 
HALIKA.X,  C.  K,     A  Tp.  in  .Megantic,     Go  to  Arlha- 

haska,  <in  the  G.  T.  R. 
HALLOWKLL.     A  Tp.   fronting  the  Hay  of  fjuinte. 

For  principal  Village  and  Post-ollice,  see   llloom- 

fiehl. 
HALL'S  JULLS,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Westmin- 
ster.    See  London. 
HA.M,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  in  Wolfe.     Goto  Danville,  G.  T.  R. 
HAMItURti,    C.    W.,    Co.    Lennox,   Tp.    Kreilericks- 

hurg.     Go  to  Napanee,  on  the  G.  T.  It. 
HAMILTON,  C.  W.     A  City  in  the  Tp.  of  Harton 

and    Co.    of  Wentworlli.      The   Main   Station    ami 

Chief  onice  of  the  Great  Western  Railway  to  and 

from  Toronto,  Suspension  liriilge,  and  Windsor  from 

the  West. 
HA.MILTON,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Northmnherland, 

for  which  see  Cotionrg,  l)allimi>re,  Hewdley,  (\ild- 

springs,  and  Harwoods.     Towns,  Villages,  and  Post- 

olliccs  sitiuileil  within  it. 
HA.MPTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durliam,  Tp.  Darlington.     Go 

to  Bowinunvllle,  on  the  O.  T.  R.     Population  about 

BiK). 
UANNON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Glanford,  which 

see. 


HAN'OVF.R,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.   Bcntlnck,  which 

see.     Population  al>out  KHI. 
IIARLKM.C.  W.,Co.  I.eeils,  Tp.  Ilastard.     (io  to  Mal- 

lorv  Town,  on  G.  T.  It.     Pojiuiation  about  I.'iO. 
HAlt'pritllKV,C.W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.McKillop.    (Jnto 

Stratfmd,  by  G.  T.  It.,  or  llull'alo  and  Lake  Huron, 

thence  bv  (ioderlch  Stage.     Piipul.itlon  aliout  ■Joo. 
HAItltirrSVlLLF,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,    Ip.   Dor 

Chester.     (!o  to  Kdwardsburg  or  Londiui,  on  G.  \V 

R.     Population  aliout  luii. 
HARRINGTON   KA.-<I'.  C.  K.       A  Tp.  in  Argenteull. 

On  .North  Sliore  of  liower  Ottawa,  near  eonllui'ucu 

wilh  St.  Lawrence.     Go  to  .Montreal.     Population 

about  'J.'iii. 
'  HARItlNGTON  WKST,  0.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  West 

Zorra.     (io  to  Woodstock,  on  the  (i,  W.  it.     Popu- 
lation about  W). 
HAItltlSJilltG,  C.W.,  Co.  nranl,Tp.  South  Dumfries. 

A  Station  on  the  (i.  W.  It.,  anil  .lunction  of  Preston 

and  Gait  liailwav.     Population  about  Moo. 
HARRISTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  WeUiiiBtoi;,  Tp.  .Minto.     Go 

to  (iuelpb,  on  the  G.  T.   it.,  and  tliencu  by  Stage 
'      jiortli. 

llAlil!OUSMITII,C.  W.,Co.  Frontenac.Tp.  Portland. 
;  Go  to  N.'ipauee,  on  G.  T.  R.  Poiiulatlon  about  |:!il, 
'  HARTFOItl),  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Townsend.  See 
1      Waterford. 

HARROW,  Co.  Kssex.     A  new  Post-ollice. 
HARWICH,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Kent,     (io  to  Ciuitimm, 

on  the  11.  W.  R. 
I  HARWdOl),  C.  W.,  Co.  N<irlhumberland,  Tp.  Ilamil- 
I      ton.     (id  to  lliltimore,  on  Cobourg  and    Peterbo- 
rough Railwav  from  Cobourg,  on  (i.  T.  It. 
HASTINGS.     See  Madoc. 
IIASTINtiS.  (  .  W.,  Co.  Peterboro,  Tp.  Asphodel.    Go 

to   I'eierlioro  Terminus  of  ilrancii   from  (i.  T.  It. 

Population  aliout  'Jon. 
HATLEY,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  in  Stanstcad.     (io  to  Couip- 

ton,  on  tlie  (i.  T.  It. 
HAWIvKSUl  l!V,  C.  W.,Co.  Prescott.     A  Tp.  fronting 

Sliore  of  Lower  Ottawa  River,     Station  for  Ottawa 

Steamer  froiu  .Montreal.     Population  abuul  1500. 
IIAWKSTONK,   V.    W.,    (  o,    ^iimcoe,  T|i.  Oro.       On 

North  Shore  of  Lake  Simcoe,  above  iiarrie.     (io  to 

liarrle,  wlilcli  see.     Poimlation  aliout  loo. 
HAWKSVILLK,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wellesley. 

(ill  to  Petersburg,  on  the  (i.  T.  R.     l'ii|iulation  about 

IJ.-i. 
HAY,  C.  W.    Tp.  liK'o.  Huron,  fronting  Lake  Huron. 

(ill  to  Stratford. 
HAVSVILLK.  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,   Tp.  Wilimit,  in 

wliich  Is  Petersliurg  Station  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Popu- 

ialion  aliout  :iiio. 
IIKADFORD,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Markham,  wliich 

see.     Population  about  To. 
HKADVILLK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Druminond,  Tp.  (irantham. 

(ill  to  Acton,  on  the  (1.  T.  R.     Population  about  lod. 
HKCKS  ( ORNEIt.s,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grenville,  Tp.  South 

Gower,  which  see. 
HKIDKLIiritli,  C.    W..  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Woolnicli. 

(io  to  Iterlln.  on  tlie  li.  T.  It.    Populatlnii  about  L'To. 
llKM.MIN(iKORI),  C.   K.     A  Tp.  ill  llunlingdou.      A 

.><tation  on  the  Plattsburg  Railway,  41  miles  from 

Montreal.     Population  about  Ton. 
HKNIIKRSON'S  C0RN1:K.S,  C.   W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp. 

F.iiiilv,  which  see. 
HKNItVVILLi:,  C.   K.,  Co.  Iberville,  T|i.  Sabrevois. 

(io  to   Rouse's   Point.      This   Village    lies   east   of 

River  Riclielieu.     Population  about  (ion. 
HKItD.MANS  CtJItNLRS,  C.  K.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  Tp. 

Hincirmbrooke,  between   St.  Lawrence   and  River 

Riclielieu.     Sec  l)eni.«ton. 
HKItKFORD,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  in  Compton.     Go  to  Coatl- 
I      cook,  on  the  G.  T.  It. 
lllllllKltT.     See  Croniarlv. 

HKillLAND  CRKLK,  (  .   W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Scarbo- 
I      rough,  in  which  is  Scarborough  Station,  on  the  G.  T. 
'      It.     I'lipulation  aliout  '.'.'ill. 
HILLIKR,  C.   W.     A  Tp.  in  Prince  Kilward.     Go  to 

Trenton,  on  tlie  (i.  T.  It.     Pupnlation  about  |;iO. 
HILI.SHOItO,  C.  W.,Co.  Lambton.Tp.  Plympton,  near 

Port  S.irnla,  connected  wPh  G.  T.  It.  at  Stratford, 
i      to  which  place  ]iroceeil.     Populallon  about  UK). 
'  HlLI.SIintG,  C.   W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  Kriu.     Go 

to  Acton,  on  the  G.  T.  It.     i'opuialion  about  Kill. 
I  HILTON,  C.  W.,  (.'o.  Nortliumbcrlanil,  Tp.  Brighton, 
I      in  which  is  a  Station  (Uriglib.nl,  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

Pojiuhition  about  lin. 
I  HINCHINUROOKK,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Huntingdon.  For 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND   VILLAGES. 


67 


Bcntlnck,  wlilcb 


call,     (io  to  (^(iinp- 


)nling  Lake  Huron. 


I.  Maikliam,  which 


.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp. 


ipton.     Go  to  Coati- 


i  Ilmitiiigdoii.  For 


Post-offlces,  Vlllapcs,  etc.,  sec  Alhelsfon,  Dcnlaton, 

Ilcriliiiairn  t'oriuTs. 
1I0I,I,.\M),  t  .  W.     A  Tp.  in  tlie  Co.  of  (irey.     I'or 

riMili',  sec  (iKiri  Soiiiid,  Herkde.v,  ami  L'liat.'in'nrlh, 

aUo  Piisl-iplliecs  in  Tp. 
HOLLAND    LANDING,  Co.  V.irk,  Tp.  Kast  thvll- 

liiiil)iiry.     A  Station  on  the  Ontario,  Slincoe,  and 

Huron  ]!ail«av  from  Toronto,     iU  luilcH  from  To- 
ronto,    rop\ilation  aliout  :MH\. 
HOI.LKN,  l'   ^^-i  ''"•  Wi'llinntnn,  Tp.  Maryliorough. 

(io  to  (iuelpli,  on  (I.  T.  It.,  and  thence  hy  triage. 
II()l,MK,-<\  IM.i:,     Hce  (Jochricli, 
ilOliVliOlIK,  C,   W,,  Co,    Bruce,  Tp,    Kinloss,  near 

Lake  HiM-oii,     Alioi'.t  'JOndles  from  (ioderich,  which 

see. 
HOI'K,  C.  W.,  Co,  Durham.     A  Tp.  in  which  are  Can- 
ton, I'errytciwn,  and  Kll/.ahethvllle,  [Villages   and 

I'o.'it-ofllceB,]  which  see. 
HOl'KTOWN,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Lanark.     A  Tp.  near  South 

fhoru  of  L'pper  Ottawa,  near  Fitzroy.     See  Ayhuer 

Kast,  fcir  route.     I'opulalion  aliout  Ion. 
HOUNIIV,  C.  W.,  Co.  llallon,  Tp.  Kscpicsing.     Go  to 

Acliui,  on  (i.  T.  K.     I'opulalicui  ahout  100. 
UOitTO.V,  C.  \V.      A  Tp.   fronting  South   Shore   of 

KiverOllawa,  in  which  are  Itenfrew  au<l  Castleford, 

I'osl-ollices,  whii'h  Bee, 
JI0r(illTO.N,  C.  W.      A  Tp.  in  Co.  Norfolk,  fronting 

Lake   Krie.     I'ort  Stanley  la  the  nearest   Hallway 

Station,  tthlcrh  see. 
IIUWAHI),   <'.    W.,   Co.    Kent.     A  Tp,   la  which  is 

Ihidgetown,  which  see. 
HOWR'K,  C.  K.,  Co,  Chateauguay.     Go  to  Niipier- 

ville,  on  the  I'lattshurg  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad, 

Population  ahcuit  15tl, 
HOWICK,  C,  \V.,  Co.  Huron,       A  Tp,  in  which  is 

a  rn-tollii'e,  l.isadell,  which  see. 
linilll'.l.l.'S  FALLS,  Co.  Carletcui.     See  Aylmer  Fast. 
HILL,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  and  I'ost-ollicc  of  itself,  in  Co. 

Ottawa,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Uiver  ut  Otta- 
wa, C,  \V.     I'opulation  ahout  L'."iO, 
IH'I.LKI'T,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Huron,  in  which  are 

llrandon  and  Constance,  as  I'ost-ollices,  etc.,  which 

sie. 
IIII.LSVILLF,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldiinand,  Tp.  Walpole. 

(io  to  (  anhoro  on  liull'alo  and   Lake  Huron  Hall- 

wav. 
Ill'MliFIt,  C.  \V.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Ktohlcoke.     Go  to 

.Mirnico  on  G.   W.    1!.,  also  Cooksville  stage  from 

Wolfe  Inn,  Torruito. 
HCMltFI!.<T().SK,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Wellainl  Co.  near 

Welland  Canal.     Go  to  Itidgewuy  on  UulTaro  and 

Lake  Huron  It.iilway, 
lU'NTFIt.-^TOWN,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  In  Maskinonge.     On 

North  Shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter,  (,<t.  Lawrence,)  be- 
tween   -Moulreal    and   Three   Hivers,   reached    hy 

Fteatuers.     Si'e  SI.  .Maurice  District. 
HUNTINGDON,  C.  K,  on  South  .^lore  of  Lake  St. 

Francis,  nearly  opposite  the  Coteau  Lainling  Station 

of  tlie  G.  T.  It'.     I'opulalion  ahout  7(m. 
IIINTINGDON',  ('.  \V.     A  T|).  in  Co.  Hastings.    For 

Post-oflice,  etc.,  see  Ivaidjoe. 
HUNTlNtiVlLLK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Hichmond,  Tp.  Ascott, 

which  is  a  station  on  the  (i.  T.  It.     Poiuilation  ahout 

loo. 
IR'NTLFY,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Ciirleton.     Go  to  Ot- 
tawa t  ity  by  ih'anch  liailway,  from  Prescott,  on  the 

G.  T.  It.'  Population  ahout  loo, 
lU'STUN,  C.  \V.,  Co.  WelliriKlon,  Tp.  Maryborough 

Uo  to  Guelpli  on  the  G.  T.  It.    I'opulation  about  75. 


INDIANA,  C.  W.,  Co.  HaUlimand,  Tp.  Seneca.     Go 

to  Middlcpnrt  on  liulTalo  and  Luke  Huron  Itailway. 

Population  ahiiiit  :!oil. 
INDIAN   HKSKKVK,  Co.  filengary.    The  name  of  a 

Tp.,  of  which  Athol  is  the  Village  and  Post-ollice, 

which  see. 
INDIAN  KKSKRVKS.     See  Mum,  Rania,  etc.,  on  L.ake 

Siiocoe,  Tyendlnaga,  on  Hie  (J.  T.  R.,  etc.     The  In- 

diiin  Department  liave  an  ollice  in  Toronto. 
INDCSTHY,  C.  K.,  in  County  Jolliet,  on  North  Slio-e 

of  St.  Lawrence,  on  Itlviere  L'Assmnption,  which 

flows  Into  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Isle  Jesus.     Go  to 

Montreal.     Poiinlation  aliout  L^IHI. 
INGtRSOLL,  C.  W.,  Co.  0.\ford,  Tp,  North  O.xford. 

Po]Hiliition  about  'J8l)0,    See  elsewhere  for  further 

particulars. 


INKFIIMAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Dundns,  Tp.  Mountain.  Go 
to  .Matilda  on  Hie  G.  T.  U.     Population  ahout  500. 

INNFIIKIP,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Kast  /orrn.  Go 
to  Woodstock  or  Princeton,  both  Stations  on  the  (i. 
\V.  I!. 

INNI.^FIL,  C.  W.  A  Township  In  Co.  SImcoc,  bisected 
by  the  Ontario,  Siuicoe,  and  Huron  Hail  from  Tor- 
onto, (io  Io  Lefioy,  llelle  Kwarl,  and  CniigviUe 
Stations  on  that  line  within  the  Township.  Popula- 
tion about  Ion. 

INNISVILLK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Druinmon(L 
Above  the  town  of  Perth.  Go  to  Hrockville  by  O. 
T.  It.,  and  thence  by  Stage  direct  to  Perth. 

INVKItlllltON,  C.  \V.,Co.  llriice,Tp.  liruce,  fronting 
Lake  Huron,  (io  to  Owen  Sound,  which  see.  Pop- 
ulation aliout  Till. 

INVKKNKSS,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Megantic.  Go  to  Som- 
erset or  Slanfold  on  the  G.  T.  It.  Population  about 
160. 

IONA,C.M'.,Co.  F.igin.Tp.  Dunwlch.  fiotoF.kfrldon 
<i.  W.  It.,  and  thence  South.     Population  about  'iUO. 

IltKLAND,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Megantic.  For  Post-olliceg 
and  Villages,  see  .Maple  Grove,  New  Ireland. 

IltONIlILL,  C.  K.,  Co.  Hronie.  Ascott  on  the  G.  T.  U. 
appears  to  be  the  nearest  Station. 

ISLAND  OF  .MONTItKAL,  C.  K.  On  the  St.  Lawrence. 
See  also  Post-ollices  and  Villages  within  It.  Long 
Point,  Au.\  Trembles,  St.  Ann,  anil  .Montreal  City. 

ISL.VV,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Fenelon.  See  Lind- 
say. 

ISLK  OF  Oltl.KANS,  C.  E.  On  St.  Lawrence,  below 
(Quebec,  to  which  go  by  .Steamer,  or  to  Point  Levi 
on  G.  T.  R. 

ISLK  Al'.V  COUDRE,*,  C.  E.  On  the  St.  Lawrence, 
(io  to  (Juebec,  and  thence  by  Steamer  Saguenay. 
Population  about  find. 

ISLK  AIX  GltL'KS,C.E.,Co.Lilet.  Go  to  St.  Thomas, 
Tcrniiiius  of  the  G.  T.  it.,  and  thence  by  vessel. 
Poiiulallon  about  (lull. 

ISLE  AC.V  NOl.X,  0.  E.,  Iberville  Co.  Go  by  River 
liiclielleu  Steamers. 

ISLK  .lESUS,  C.  K.  On  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite 
.Montreal.  Ciii  off  from  main  land,  (Terrebonne 
Co.)  by  trihulary  from  the  Ottawa  llivrr  and  ."^t 
Lawrence.  Go  to  Montreal.  See  also  St.  Martin  and 
St.  Viiicent  du  Paul,  Villages  and  Post-ollices  with- 
in it. 

ISLE  PERIiOT,  C.  E.  On  Lower  Ottawa.  GotoVan- 
dreuil  on  the  (t.  T.  R, 

ISLE  VKRTK,  C.  E,,  Co.  Temiscouata.  On  South  of 
.St.  Lawrence,  nearly  opposite  continence  of  the  Sa- 
guenav.     Go  to  yuebec,  anil  thence  bv  Steamer. 

IVANHOE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Huntingdon. 
North  of  lielleville,  to  which  go  by  G.  T.  R. 


JARRATT'S  CORNERS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Oro 
(io  to  llarrie  by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron 
Rail  from  Toronto,  and  thence  to  Gilbraith's  by 
Stage,  and  some  six  miles  on  by  road.  Population 
about  'Joii. 

.lAKVlS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilaldimand,  Tp.  Walpole.  Go  to 
Caledonia  on  the  lluiralu  and  Lake  Huron  RaU. 
Population  about  Hill. 

JEltSEV,  (llivlere  Chaudiere,)  C.  V..,  Co.  Reauce.  At 
the  head  of  the  River  Chaudiere,  wliidi  Hows  into 
the  St.  Lawrence  nearly  opposite  liucbec.  .lersey 
lies  east  of  the  Grand  Trunk,  on  the  conllncs  of  the 
State  of  Maine.     No  Station  is  near. 

JERSEVVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wentworlh,  Tp.  Ancaster 
Go  to  DundasonthetJ.  W.  R.    Popuhillon  about  ViO. 

JOHNSON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Grey,  Tp.  Sydenham.  Go  to 
Owen's  Sound  by  Ontario,' Simcoe,  and  Huron  Rail 
to  Collingwood,  and  thence  bv  Steamer. 

JOHNSON'S  CORNKIt.s,  C.  K.,  Tp.  llemmingrord.  A 
Station  on  Plattsburg  and  .Montreal  Rail,  3G  miles 
from  Montreal. 

JOIINVILI.E,  C.  E.,  Co.  Compton.  Tp.  Eaton.  Go  to 
Lennoxvllle  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  ahout  IliO. 

JORDAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Louth.  A  Station 
on  the  G.  W.  R.     Poiiulatlon  about  yuO. 


K 

KALADAR,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Addington.    Go  to  Na- 
pauee  on  the  G.  T.  R.    See  also  Crown  Luuda. 


* 


58 


CANADA:   CITIKS,   TOWN'S,    AND  VILLAGKS. 


,. 


I      ' 


'!■ 


KAMOURASKA,  C.  K.     An  Klfcloral  DNiilcl  luicl 

Tmm.     Tin;  town  Is  sItiiHled  iio.ir  the  ."'until  SIidiu 

of  till'  SI.  I.awieliei',  liL'twutii  (fui'lu'C  ami  tlii>  tnimlli 

of  till'  S:i;.'iK'll.'iy.     (ii)  ti)  St.  TliiMli.is,  tlu'  TiTlllllills 

of  lliu  (I.  T.  U.,  as  liclng  llic  uearcsl   ilail  jiiiliit. 

P.>|iiilalion  alidUt  'J."iiiii. 
KAllS,  ('.  \V.,  Ci).  Carlctdii,  T|i.  Nurtli  (Iniver.     (in  to 

Kt'Mi|>l  villi'  III'  ()s;^oiiilc  III)  tilt'  llltawa  l!ai'.i\a,v,  I'l'ii- 

IR'i'ti.'il  Willi  I'l-u.-'i'iitt  uii  thu  (1.  T.  It.     I'nimlalioii 

aliiiiil  ."ill. 
KAIi;~\  II.I.K,  C.  \V.,r(i.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Aili'lalilc,  nil 

till'  llni'  iif  ilio  llailwa.v  l'!\li'ii>iiiii  tii   I'mt  ."^aiiiia. 

At  |Mi-.-i'iil  (III  to  V.kU'iA  111- to  MiMir.l  liryilges,  (i.  W. 

li.     I'n|i>ilaliiiii  alioiit  l.'iii. 
KI:I:N.\N.''^VII,I.I':,  C.  W.,  C'o.,Sliiicoe,  Tp.  Adjala.  Try 

.Million  nil  till'  (I.  T.  U.,  and  tlicia'i-  by  .Miniii  silagt'. 

I>ii|iiilatinii  aliiiiit  inn. 
KKllll,    ('.   \V.,  (11.    I.ainlitini,   Tp.    Dawn.     Cio   In 

llnlliivill  1.1'  Tliaiiiu.-vihi'  1111  (i.  W.  i;. 
KKI.\  ll.l.K,   •'.    W-,  t  11.    Iliaiit,  Tp.  DurfiiI'd.     (io  to 

I'riiii'.iiiii  on  till'  (i.  W  .  11. 
KEMPTVILLE.  0.  W.,  Cn.  (iri'nville,  Tp.  (l.-irnrd. 

A  Slalliin  and  Town  on  the  Ottawa  llaihvay,  cnii- 

iii'i'trd  witli  the  11.  T.  U.  at  I'l-uscott.     rnimlatloii 

aliiiiit   |:!."iil. 
KK.NII.WOKTII,  ('.  W.,  Tn.  Wellington,  Tp.  Arthur. 

(Jo  to  (liH'Iph  on  tlie  (1.  T.  It.,  and  thence  hy  Stiifie. 
KKNMdUK,  (.'.  \V.,  (  o.   Itiissill,  Tp.  Ospnide.     (into 

()s(.'iiiidi'  on  the  (Itt.'iwa  liailway,  from  I'lescott  on 

Hie  (i.  T.  It.     ropniatlon  iili.nit  ,"iil. 
KKSSKIlKi',  (',  \V.,  Co.   I'riint.iiai'.     A  Tp  adjacent 

In  Freedrants  and  (inwii  Lands  fur  sale,  which  see. 
KKNVON,  C.  W.,  Co.  (ileiiKary.     A  Tp.  iiiiitli-we9t  of 

I,ani'a>ter,  to  nliii-h  ^o  hy  (1.  T.  It. 
KKI'I'I:L.     See  Indian  l,.iiids. 
KKUTCII,  ('.  W.,  Co.  I.aiiilitiiii,  Tp.  riyinidnn.     (In  to 

London  on  the  (1.  W.  It.,  or  Stratford,  heiiii;  on  the 

I'lM'l  Saniia  Si'elioii. 
KKS\VKK,('.  \V.,»'o.  Sinicoe,  Tji.  North  Gwilliinhiiry. 

(ill  to  llradford  or  Holland  Landiii),',  on  the  Ontario, 

Siiiieoe  and  Huron  Itailway  Iroin  Tomnln, 
KLITLKIIV    MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Kin^-.     Oo 

to  Xewin.irket  on  Ontario,  Sinicoe,  and  Huron  Hail- 

wa'.'. 
KlLllltlDK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Halton,  Tp.  Nelson.     (In  to 

Ihonie  or  Oakville  on  the  (1.  \V.   It.      Population 

ahont  l.'iii. 
KlLD.Uil':,  C.  K.     A  To.  in  .Toilette,  on  North  Shore 

(if  St.  Lawrence.     See  St.  -Maurice  District.     I'opu- 

l.'ition  almut  '.i.'jOit. 
KILLAKNKY,  (,'.  W.    On  North  Shore  of  Lake  Huron. 

No  reKiilar  coniinunicutlon. 
KILKK.V.NV,  ('.   K.     A   Tp.  in  Montcalm,  on  North 

Shore  of  St.   Lawreiiee.     (in  to  Mniitreal.     See  St. 

Maurice  district.     I'opnlatinn  ahnut  MHK 
KILMAIiNOCK,  C.  W.,  Cn.   Lanark,  Tp.  MontaKue, 

near  Ilidciui  Canal,     do  to  Smith's  Kalis  from  Ih'ock- 

ville  on  (1.  T.  It. 
KILSVTII,  C.  W.,  Co.  drey,  Tp.  Derby,     do  to  Col- 

liii(,'Wiiod  by  Ontario,  ."^iiiicoe,  and  Huron  liaihvay 

friim  Tnrontn,  and  tiience  by  Steamer  to  Owen's 

Sound. 
KILWOUTH,  V.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.   Delaware. 

do  to  Koinoka  on  the  (1.  W.  II. 
KINIilKN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carleton,  Tp.  Kilzroy.     Pnjiu- 

latinn  about  Ml. 
KINCARDINE    C.W.     A  Tp.  in  liruce.     A  Money 

Order  Ollice,  (formerly  I'enetanKore,)  frontiiij;  Lake 

Huron,     (io  to  duelph,  aiiil  thence  make  for  Saii- 

(leen.     diielph  Is  on  d.  T.  It. 
KING,  C.  W.    A  Tp.  in  York,    do  Io  King  on  Ontario, 

Sinicoe,  and  Huron  Hail  from  Toronto. 
KINdSKY,  C.  K.     A  T|i.  in   Druminoiiil  Co.     (io   to 

Danville  on  d.  T.  It.  Seclioii. 
KINtiSKY    KALLS.     A  I'ost-ollice  In  Kingscy,  winch 

see. 
KINGSTON,  ( '.  W.    A  City,  the  Caiiital  of  Kronlcnao. 

do  to  Kinjxston  by  (1.  T.  It.,  or  by  Steamers  frnin 

Mnnlreal,  Hamillnn,  Tnrontn,  and  Hay  of  (Juiiile, 

and    llide.iii    Canal ;    also   from   Cape  Vincent   on 

L'nitcd  Slates  side.     Population  about  l:!oiin. 
KlNdSTON   .MILI  S,  C.  ;V.,Co.  Frontenac.     A  Station 

on  tlie  (I.  T.  It.  (near  Kingston  City).     Population 

about  l.''iil. 
Kl.NdSVILLK,  ('.  \V.,  Co.  Kssex,  Tp.  dosflekl.    Go  to 

Hapliste  Creel;  or  Itelle  Itiver  on  (1.  \\.  It. 
KIMCOltA,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Perlh,  Tji.  Kllice.     Go  to  Strat- 
ford by  the  G.  T.  It.,  or  by  liull'alo  an(i  Lake  Uurou 

Uuilivays.    Populutiou  about  &U. 


KINLOSS,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Ilruce.  A  Tp.  about  2rt  miles 
north  of  (ioilerich.     do  Io  Stratford,     .^ec  Kinkora. 

KINSALK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Pickering.  Go  to 
Port  I'nion  or  Krcnchman's  Hay  on  (I.  T.  It. 

KINTAIL,  C.  W.,  (  11.  Unroll,  Tp.  A-.|inilil.  Fronting 
Lake  Ilnron.  do  In  Stratford,  as  before.  See  Kin- 
kora.     Pnpiilallnn  abnllt  .'ill. 

KIPI'KN,  C.  \V.,  (  n.  Ilni'iin,  Tp.  Tnckersinlth.  do  to 
Slratford  bv  (1.  T.  It.,  theiici'  bv  (indcrii'li  Stage. 

KIIIKTON,  C.  \\\,  Cn.  llnrnn,  Ip.  IMiorne.  .Sear 
lllaiicliard,  St.  Marv'.s.     (in  In  Strall'ord  on  (1.  T.  It. 

KIUK'.V.M.L,  ('.  \V.,  Cn.  Wentwnrtb,  Tp,  llevc  rley. 
dn  tn  Ilarrlsburg  on  the  (1.  W.  It.  Po|iiilalioa 
aliiiiit  7ii. 

KIILFV,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  Leeds  and  drenville,  For 
I'n^Inlllces  and  Villages,  see  Frankvilh',  Tnlcdn,  etc. 

KLINKIilKli,  C.  \V.,  Co  York,  Tp.  VauHban.  dn  to 
Kicbiiiond  Hill  on  the  Ontarin,  Siiiicne,  and  Huron 
Itail  fi 1  Tnrniilo.     Pnpiilaliiiii  iibnul  :(nn. 

KNOWLTON,  ('.  K.,  (11.  Ihnme.  (in  tn  Compton  on 
d.  T.  II.,  .Montreal  and  Porlland  Secllon  as  nearest 
Station,  but  the  distance  i.s  considerably  e:uit  of 
llroiiii-.     Population  alioiit  '.'nn. 

KNOWLTON  FALLS.  A  Post-olllce  in  lasl-menlinned 
Tp. 

KO.MOKA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middle-e\,  Tp.  Lobo.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  d.  W.  It.     Population  about  TOn. 


LA  HAIK,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Vamnska,  on  South  Shore 
of  Lake  SI.  Peter,  (St.  Lawrence,)  near  cniilluence 
nf  the  Itiver  SI.  Fraiii'N  wilb  St.  Lawrence,  which 
Hows  from  Itli'hiiinnil,  Ihe  duerging  point  of  the  d. 
T.  It.  In  (Jiiibii',  ea'^l,  and  Mnnlreal,  west,  froiii 
Portland  in  Ihe  south,  do  by  Steamers  between 
Montreal  and  (Quebec.     Popnl.'ilion  alionl  .'mil. 

LA  ItKAll  K,  C.  F;.,  Tp.  S'.  .Marie,  <n.  Deauie.  On 
liiver  Chandiere.     (in  In  Iti'caiii'onr  nn  the  (1.  T.  It. 

L'AC.VDIF,  C.  K.  A  District  in  St.  John's,  nn  Itichel- 
ieu  Kiver  ;  alsn,  a  Stalinn  L^  miles  fnim  Mniitreal  nn 
the  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  liailwav. 

LACHINE,  C.  K.,  Cn.  .Licipies  Carlier. '  The  first 
Stalinn  by  Montrcil  and  I'lait^biirg  Itailway, !»  miles 
from  Montreal.     Pupiilaiion  alioiii  '.'.'ion. 

LACHUTE,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  Argenteiiil,  nn  Xnrtli- 
east  Shore  nf  Lower  Oltawa.  (In  by  Steamers  froia 
Montreal,  or  friiin  Vandrcidl  on  d.  T.  It.  Poimla- 
tion  about  fxin. 

LACOLLE,  C.  K.,  Co.  >-'t.  .Inhn's.  A  Stalinn  on  the 
(  hamplain  and  St.  Lawrence  Itailway, U:j miles  from 
Monlrial.     Population  about  liilK. 

'  .\< OIINI':,  C.  K.,  (  o.  'I'crrebonne.  On  North  Shore 
of  St.  L.'iwreiii'e,  opposiie  Isle  of  Jesus.  See  .Maurice 
Districl.     do  to  Montreal. 

L.\FON  T.MNK,  C.  \\.  Co.  Siiiieoe,  Tp.  Tiny,  on  east 
coast  of  Notiawasaga  Hay,  north  of  Harrie,  to  which 
go  by  Ontarin,  Slincoe,  and  Ilnron  Itailway,  and 
Ihi'iii'e  to  White  Corners  for  Peiielangnishcne  i!o,ul. 

LA  dl  KIIHK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  Tp.  doiliiian- 
cbe-iter.  On  South  Sliore  of  SI.  Lawrence,  ojiiuisite 
Coteau  Landing  on  the  d.  T.  It. 

LAKKFILI.D,  C.  W.,  Co.  Argentenil.  Hack  Township 
from  east  shore  of  Lower  Ottawa  Itiver.  do  to 
Montreal. 

L.\KI-;siIiF,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Fast  NLssouri.  do 
to  Kdwardslmri'  on  tlie  d.  W.  It. 

L'.VMAltm  \,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  York.  TnrnnIn 
City  is  the  must  convenient  Railway  Point  for  gen- 
eral Iravellers. 

LAMHKTII,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Wcstniinster. 
do  Io  London,  on  (1.  ^V.  It.     Population  almnt  'J.'m. 

LA.MHl'ON,  C.  K.,  Co.  Heaiice.  Situ.iled  greatly  east 
of  (iiiebic  and  Itichnionil  Section  nf  d.T.  It.  War- 
wick and  Danville  may  be  naineil  as  nearest  Sta- 
tions.    Population  about  TOO. 

LANARK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Lanark.  North  "f 
Perth,  to  which  go  by  Hrockville  Stage  from  the  (1. 
T.  It.,  Monlri'al  and  Toronto  Section.  Hrockville 
and  .\riiprior  Kxleiision  will  come  within  a  few 
mill's  of  thisTp.     Population  almul  ;!."iii. 

I/ANCASTFIt,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  dlengary,  and  a 
Stalinn  nn  the  d.  T.  It.,  -Mntitreal  and  Tnronlc  Sec- 
tion. It  miles  e.'ist  of  Cornwall,  anil  f>l  west  of 
Montreal.     Pnpulatlnii  ahont  •"»iii. 

LANOIt.UK,  C.  F.  In  llertbier.on  Norlli  ,«hore  of  St. 
Lawrence.  See  St.  Maurice  District.  Population 
about  ^4iJU. 


1^ 


CANADA:    CITIKS,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


59 


lusMiieiitioncd 


LANDSDOWNE,  ('.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  locdK,  ami  a  i  LINDSAY,  C.  W.,  Cn.  VUtnrla   Tp   Opi      Tlie  Ter- 
tiliitli.ii  "II  till'  ((.  T.  It.     ropiiliitloii  iil)oul  liiil.  iiiliius  cif  till'  I'.ivl  lliipi.  anil  l.liiiN.iv  Uulhviiv   ii,n- 

MO  PKTITIO  IU\  Ii;i!K,  C.  K.,  Ht.  Kranil.s  Cliurli.volx,  |     nciiiil  willi  tliu  tl.  T.  U.  at  INut  lli.pu.     Pciiulallon 


iip|Mi>ili'  Isle  (Ic  C'lHiilri'.i,  III!  Norlli  Shores  iif  .<t 

l.awrciicu  liilinv  (liicljue,  tu  wlikli  (,'"1  ai"'  tln'iu'c 

hv  .'<tfaiiii'i'  .Xii(,",iciia.v. 
I'KiKllNII'.ltK,  »'.   K.     Ill  Naiiit'rvlllo.     A  i^lnllim  on 

.Miintival  anil  I'lattsburg  Kail,  'M  nilk'n  fiimi  Mmi- 

tri'iil. 
LAPRAIRIE,  C.  E.    OnHmitli  Slinrcnf  SI.  I.awrinci', 

ii|i|iii!^iti'  .Monlrral.     (I"  tu  .liinriinn,  nn  Cliiiinplaln 

ami  SI.  Ifiiihvav,  II  nillrs  fnuii  Mmili'ial. 
I,.\  I'KK.-^KNT-VTION,  C.  K.    In  .''t.  Ilyarlnllio.    (Into 

St.  Ilyai'intlif,  uii  tlie  (i.  T.  It.,  :ii(  iiillus  from  .Miin- 

iri'.'il. 
I.AlKili:,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Klgln,  Tp.  Dunwicli.    (io  to  Kk- 

frlil,  nn  (I.  W.  It. 
I,A  SAI,.  »'.  K.     SiH'  I/a  I'l(.'i'"niiTi'  anil  St.  lifinl. 
1,'ASSIMI'TION,  »'.  K.,  Tp.  St.  Snlpirr.     In  Klci-tiiral 

I)i^ll■il■t   nf   l.'Assiniiplinn,  un   Ni.rlli  Slmri'  nf   St. 

I.awri'ni'i',  Inlow  .Munlrual.      (in  Id  .Miintnal  Cil.v, 

anil  tluiu-o  liy  Steamer  or  Trailer.     I'opnlatlini 

aliDiit  .'liiiiil. 
I, A  TKItltlKlM-;,  C.  K.     In  Clilenutlnil,  on  the  Sagne- 

na.v    Itivir.      (In    In   <  liicimtiiul  friim   IJueliec   li,v 

Saj^iit-nav  Steamer. 
I.ATTA'S  SlII.LS,  C.  W.,  Ci).  Ildstlngg,  Tp.  Tlmrlow. 

{•„,  til  Belleville,  nn  (i.  T.  It. 
I.AVAI,.  ('.  K.     In  .Miintnioreni-I.     A  few  miles  lielmv, 

ami  In  the  rear  nf  Ijiiehuc.     Ilo  In  Pnint  Levi,  "ii- 

pn.-iti'  (luehec,  on  tliu  (1.  T.  It.,  anil  eioss  tlie  St. 

I.au  renee. 
1,A\  AI,TI1IK,('.  E.     In  llerlliier.     On  North  Slu.re  of 

St.  Lawrence,  lielween  .Montre.il  anil  Three  llivers. 

(io  111  .Montreal  or  (Juehee,  anil  Ihenee  liy  Steamer. 
I.Ar/.ilN.  ('.  K.     See  .New  Liverpool,  St.   Henri,  anil 

point  Levi-  Villa(,'e.s  anil  I'ost-olliees  llierein— also, 

St.  .lean  Chry.-ostom  anil  St.  Lamliert. 
L'.VVKNill,  ('.  1:.,  Co.  llrnnnnonil,  Tl).  Durham,     do 

to  Ihnh.im.  on  the  (i.  T.  It. 
LAWItLM  i;\  ILI.E,  ('.    Iv,  Co.    Sheiroril,  Tp.  .Smith 

Klv.     See  L'Avenir,  for  Itailwav  Station. 
1,1;.\'KI:sI>AL1';,  (.'.   \V.,  Cu.  Unlario,  Tp.  Seott.     No 

hear  Kiiilv.  ay.     (Io  to  llollaml  Lanilinj:.  on  Ontario, 

Simeoe,  anil  Huron  Itailway  from  Toronto.      I'lipu- 

lalloii  ahoiit  Inn. 
LKAMIXIiTON,  C.  W.,('o.  Kssex,  Tp.  Mersca.     (io  tn 

Kaptisle  t'reek,  on  (i.  \V.  It.  I'opnIation  aluuit  70. 
L'KPIIMIANV,  ('.  K.  SeeSt.SnIpieeanil  L' Assumption. 
l.K.WKNS,  ('.  W.,  Co.  drey,  Tp.  SI.  Vincent,      (io  to 

CnHin^'wooil   hv  the    CIntario,  Siincoe,  anil    Huron 

Itail  from  Toronto. 
I.KKIIS,  (West.)  C.    W.      A  Tp.   in   Co.  LeuiKs.     For 

Post-olliees,  Towns,  etc.,  see   dananoipie,   Seelv's 

Hay. 
I.KKD.S,  (East.)  C.   E.     A  T|).  in    Meganlie.      do  to 

Somerset,  on  the  d.  T.  It.     I'opnIation  alioiit  Kill. 
I.E  rillLON,  C.   \V.,  Co.  I'rescoli,  Tp.  Ilawkeshnry. 

(In  South  siiore  of  Lower  Ottawa,    do  (o  Montreal, 

anil  theneo  hy  Steamer, 


pe.     I'opulallon 
ahont  r.llO. 

LINdWICK,  C.   E.     A  Tp.  in  Conipton.      For  I'ost- 

iilliee,  see  doiilil.     do  to  Complon,  on  (i.  T.  It. 
LII'I'E.NCOTT,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Vork.     do  to  To- 

ronto. 
LISADEL,  C.  W.,  Co.   Huron,  Tp.  Ilonlek.     do  I,, 

SIralloril  .Innelloii  of  llulValo  ami  Lake  Huron  ami 

d.  T.  I!.     Population  ahont  .'ill. 
LISliO.V,  C.  W.,  Co.  p,.,|ii,  Tp.  North  Easthope.     do 

to  Stratfor.l  as  for  Lisailel.  which  see. 
L'ISLEI',  C.  E.     An  Electoral  DIatrlct  anil  Town  on 

South  Shore  of  SI.  Lawrence,  a  few  miles  e.ist  of 

SI.  Thomas,  Tenniuns  of  d.  T.  It. 
l.l.STOWEI.L,  C.   W.,   Co.    I'erth,  Tfi.   Elma.      do  to 

Stratforil  Juiietioii  of  Itulfalo  anil  Laku  Huron  ami 

d.  T.  It. 
LICHKIEI.I),  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Ponliac  Co.  nn  Nortli 

Shore  of  I'pper  Ottawa  ;  for  route,  see  Avlmer  East. 
LITTLE  IHtlTAIN.C.  W..  Co.  \  ietoria,  Tp'.  .Mariposa. 

do  to  Limlsay  hy  llranch  Itailwav  from  roit  Hope, 

on  the  d.  T.  It.     I'oi.nlatiou  ahoiit  inn. 
LITTLE  ItlDEAC,  C.   W.,  Co.  Prescott,  Tp.  Ilawkes- 

Imry  hy  .Montreal  ami  Ottiiwii  Steamers.    Popula- 
tion aliout  'Jun. 
LLOYDTOWN,  C.  \V.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  KinR.      do  to 

King  or  Newmarket,  on  the  Ontario,  Siiucne,  ami 

Huron  Itailwav  from  Toronto. 
LOliO,  C.  \Y.,  Co.  .Miilillese.x.     A  Tp.  in  which  la  Ko- 

iiioka  Station,  on  the  (i.  \V.  It. 
LOCllAllElt,  C.  E,  Co.  Ottawa.     A  Tp.  fronting  the 

North  Shore  of  Ottawa,    do  by  Steamers  between 

Ottawa  City  ami  .Montreal. 
LOCIIIEL,  C.  W.,  Co.  dleiiKary.    A  Tp.   North   of 

Lancaster,  on  the  d.  T.  It. 
LOCKTON,    C.    W.,    (  o.    I'ecl,   Tp.    Allilon.      do   to 

Iln'mpton.oii  the  (i.  T.  It. 
L(Ki;  N,  C.  \V.,  Co.  I'erth.     A  Tp.  in  wliicli  are  I'ost- 

oaices  anil  Villages,  (,'arrunhrooke,  ami   Mitchell, 

'ihicli  see. 
LONDON,  C.  VV.,  capital  of  MliMlesex,  on  the  (i. 

W.  It.,  also  .liinction  of  Lonilon  ami  Port  St.mley 

Itail,  111  miles  west  of  Toronto.     For  View  of  Loii. 

lion  anil  I'iiiIIht  information,  see  ju'eceiling  pages. 
LONd    ISLAMI    l.()(  KS,  C.   \V.,  (  o.   Carlelon,    Tp. 

.Nepeaii.     do  to  (lloucester  or  North  0,-gnoile,  on 

the  Oltawa  Itailway,  connecleil  with  tlie  d.  T.  It.  at 

rrescott. 
LONd   POINT,  ('.  E.      In  Isle  of  Montreal  (Ilochela- 

gal.    do  to  Mcuitreal  by  d.  T.  It.  or  Steamer.    I'op- 

ul.ation  ahont  Inuil. 
LONGUEIL,  C.  E.     In  Cliambley.    The  Station  of 

the  d.  T.  It.,  oil  South  Shore  of  SI.   Lawrence  for 

(Jueliec  anil  PorJlaml,  '.i  miles  from  City,  to  be  united 

hy  Victoria  Ihiilge  with    North  Shore  of  tt.  Law- 
rence.    I'opuhnion  ahont  Uniiii. 
LONdl'EIL,  C.   E.     See  St.  .lohn's  ami  St.   Luc,  on 
'      Cliamplain  iiml  St.  Lawrence  Itailway. 


LEl'ltOV,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Siuicoc,  Tp.  Innislll.      A  Station  LONSDALE,  C.   W.,  Co.    Hastings,  Tp.   Tyenilinaga, 

on  the  Ontario,  Simeoe,  und  Huron  Itailway.     Pop-  ■      wliicli  is  a  Station  on  d.T.  It.    Popnlalion  about  l:t.>. 

Illation  about , 'id.  LOltETTE,  ('.  K.     See  Ancieiiue  Lorrelte. 

LEITII,  C.   W.,  Co.  drey,  Tp.  Sydenham.       do   to  L'OltldlNAL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prescott,  Tp.  Alfred.    Assize 

Owen  Sound  by  Steamer,  from  Colliiigwood,  on  On-  Town.     On  South  Shore  of  Oltawa.     do  liy  Oltawa 

tai'io,  Siincoe,  and  Huron  Kail  from  Toronto.    Pop-  ami  Montreal  Steamers.     I'ojiulation  aboiit  Toll. 

illation  about  To.  LOItllAINE,  C.   \V.,  Co.  Simcie,  Tp.  .Mono,     (io   to 

LEMONVIl.LE,   C.   \V.,  Co.   York,    Tp.   Whiti-liurcli.  Malton,  on  the  d,  T.  It.,  and  thence  by  Stage  to 

do  to  Aurora  or  Newmarket,  on  the  Ontario,  Sim-  Mono  Mills. 

coe,  and   Huron  Kail    from   Toronto.     Population  LOSKV,  ('.  \V.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  King,  which  see. 

aliout  -Jnil.  LOTIlINIEItE,  C.  E.     A  Town  and  Electoral  District, 

LKNNO.X,  C.  W.,  Co.    Lennox,  Tp.    Frederickshurg.  fronting  llie  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  opposite 

do  to  Napanee,  on  d.  T\  It.  Portneuf,  between  Three  Itivers  and  (iueljec.     do 

LENNOX VI LLc,  C.  E.     A  Town  of  Sherbrnoke  Dis-  by  Steamer  from  .Montre.il  or  (Juebec. 

Irict.    A  Station  Olid.  T.  It., '.Ill  miles  from  Montreal.  LOl"(illIi(;it(),  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  in   Frontenac.     do  to 

l'o|inlation  about  2,'>iK  Kingston  Citv,  on  the  (i.  T.  It. 

LES  EltOCLE.MENS,  C.  E.,  in  Cliarlevoi.x.     On  North  LOCISVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kent.      A  Village  in  Cliat- 

Shore  of  St.  Lawrence  below  (Juebec,  opposite  Isle  ham  Tii.,in  wliich  is  Ch.'itliam  Station,  on  the  (j.  \V. 

of  Conilres.     Steamers  occasionallv  .'all.  It.     Population  ahont  'Jnil. 

LES  ECCKEILS,  ('.  E.,  Co.  Portneuf,  Tp.  D'Auteuil.  LOl'Tll,  ('.  W.     A  Tj).  in  Co.  Lincoln.    See  .Jordan,  a 


Oil  North   Shore  of    St.  Lawrence  above  (iuehcc, 

where  go. 
LES    ESCOUMAINS,   C.    E.,    Saguenay.      On    North 

Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  (Jnebec,  tn  which  go. 
l.ESKAltl),  C.  \V.,  Co.   Durham,  Tp.  Clarke,     do  to 


Village  and  Station  on  the  (i.  \V.  It.,  in  this  Town- 
ship. 'Jii  miles  from  Hamilton,  C.  \V. 
LOW,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co.     On  tlie  datinoau 
Kiver,  North  of  Itivcr  Ottawa,    do  to  Oltawa  City 
bv  Kail  from  Prescott,  on  the  (t.  T.  K. 
Newcastle,  on  (i.   T.   K.,   iO   miles   from   Toronto.     LOUEIt  lltELAND,  C.  E.     In  Meganlic.     (io  to  War- 
I'opnlation  about  'J,')il.  wick,  on  thed.  T.  It.    (Jnebec  and  Kichmond  .Section, 

Lll't'Oltl),  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Jlanvcrs.     do  to        'J4  miles  Nortli-east  of  Kichmond  .Iiinction. 
Newcastle  as  for  Leskard,  whicli  see.  LOWVILLE,  C.  \V.,  Co.  lUUon,  Tp.  Nelsoa.     Go  to 


•4'     i 


1! 


i 


a 


!         ■  ! 


.60 


CANADA:   CITIKH,   TOWNS,   AND    VILIAOES. 


WelllnRton  S(iimro,  on  tlie  (1.  W.  U.     I'lipuliilloii     SIANITOWAMNd,  ('.  \V.     On  llic  (Iri'nt  Maiilt.itilln 


M'l'ON,  f.  \V..  Co.  Klfflii.     A  m\y  I'nst-.imi-f. 
LYN,  r.  \V.,  (  n.  I.i.mN,  T|i.  KliziilMtliluwii.     A  Slii- 


hliiiiil  uM  I. like  lliinm.     Sliiiiiii'i's  In  Siiiiimi'r  fn 


Cnllllll 


uhlrli 


All   IikIImii 


•111 

I  ttlcllHMit, 


tlnii  anil  Mdiiivv  Drik-r  (Mlii' 


villi  I'.'.lil.nt  MliiMrr  ..f  tin-  Cliiirrli  .,t  KiikLiimI. 


nil  llicCi.  T.  It.,  n.iir     .MANMMIMI.I.K,  C.  K  ,  Cu.   Iliiiilln):.l..ii.       (;„  to 


lli'i.('k\illi',  I  iiilk'H  wi'st  III'  lli'iic'kvlllo.     Piipiilalliiii         ll<'iiMiilii|.'l'ur.l  mi  llii'  Mi>iitr<'al  iiml  I'lMil.-lniri;  Hull- 

aliniit  liiii.  na\.  II  iiilirs  fi'iMii  .Mniitrral.     I'<'|miI.i||oii  ii|ii>n| 'jihi, 

I.VMIKN,  ('.   \V.,  Cn.  Wiiilwnitli,  Tp.  Ilivnlcy.     A     .M.WSnKI.II,  (  .  K.     A  Tp.  In  Cm.  l'..ullaf.    Fur  I'ml- 

Sliilloii  iin  till'  (i.  W.  It.,  Ill  iiiiUs  wisl  iif  llaiiillldii 

I  itv.     I'npiilallnn  iiliuiil  M,'>ii. 
l,V.M>lllll,-<i',  C.  W.,  Cu.  I..I.1H.      In  I.ansiliiwne,  In 

ulil.li  Tcuviislilp  Is  I.aiiKil.iKiie  Stiilloii,  (ill  llii'll.  T. 


nllii 


il  rnllli' 


Kurl    I   ..lllnlil 


MANVKIt.x,  C.  \V.     A  Ip.  in  liiii  liiiin  <  ii,  near  II f 

IJiiihiiv,  lliaiK'li  fniin  I'liil  llcpc.  In  mIiIiIi  gii  li\  (J 
T.  It. 

MAI'M:,  C    «'.,  C(..  Vnik,  Tp.  VaiiKliaii.     (In  to  lilch- 
moiiil  Hill  liy  (liilai'iu,  Slnicue,  anil  Huron  Kail  fruiii 

Turnllln. 

I'aii-i,  Mil  iiR.  Iliimilu  anil  Lakr  lliiinii ;  Mil' lall.r  i-     .MAPI.K   CItOVK,  C.  K.,  C.i.  Menaiitlo.     Tp.  Inland. 


It.     I'npiilaliiiii  aliiiiit  Til. 


i.v.\i:ii()(  II,  ( .  \v. 


(Ill  1.1 


thi'lii 


Niirfiilk,  Tm.  Cliai-liiltovlllf 


by 


-ta>,'>' 


til    llraiiirnril   nr 


llif  Ji'mliiin  I'oiiil  iif  tiiat  ami  (In  at  Wv-lirn  Itail- 
wavs  mill  (iaii  Ilniiirli.     I'upiilatinii  aliniit  I'lll. 
LVO.NS,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Kl|;iii,  Tp.  Suiitli  Kmi'lii^^ter,     Cio 
to  Ingt'i'sull  ur  Kilwarilslmrg,  on  11,  \\ .  U. 


M 

M'DOXAI.D'S  COUNKIIS,  C.  'iV.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Dal- 


lious 


(ill  to  llnickvillf  liy  (1.    r.  It.,  tliiiico  by 


!<la),'o  to  PiTtli.     '.'11  iiilii-s  fr I'lTlh. 

M'dll.l.lVKAV,  C.   W.     A  Tp.  In  Huron  Cn.,  nlilili 
tho    Port    Sarnia    Hallway    froio    .Xlralfonl    nr    ."^l. 

.1  unci  inn  ut  tliu 


Mary's  «ill  l.l.-ii'l.     (io  to  SIra, 


Ililll'alii 


111  I.aki'  llii 


ami  (i.  1.  Hallways. 


MWAH,  I'.    \V.      A  Tp.   In    Itriilri'W  Ci 


Knr  I'ost- 


nllii' 


.Vrnprinr  ami  lliiriislinni. 


MACVI  1,1,1-:,  ('.  W.,  Cn.  P.-il,  Tp.  Allilnn.  (in  to 
llraiiiplon  nr  .Maltoii,  on  tin.'  li.  T.  it.  I'o|iulatinii 
alioiil  ."ill. 

MAI  llHIIK,  C.  K.  On  the  St.  Maurice  Ul.ftrlct.  flee 
Vaiiii.  hiclu'. 

SIADlIC,  C.  \V.,  Co.  IlastlnjiM,  Tp.  Mailoc.  {In  In 
Itclii-.lilf  liy  till'  (I.  T.  It.,  .Montreal  anil  Toronlo 
Sectliin,  ami  tlieiicc  liy  Daily  Stage.  Mailoe  U  llie 
nearest  Town  to  the  free  (iraiit  Setlleinent  on  the 
Ilasliiigs  Uoail. 

MAD  ItlVDll  .MILLS,  C.  \V.,  Ci<.  (iroy,  Tp.  Ospny. 
(in  to  Nnttawasaga  nr  Suiiniilale,  hotli  on  the  On- 


tario 


Siiiiine,  ami  Huron  Itail  frniii  Tnrnntn. 


MAtiD.M.KN     ISLANDS,    C.    K.,    ( 


South  Shore 


i>f  till 


(ia.-^pi 


Si.  Lawrence  at  Cape  Magila- 


lene,  liefore  entering  on  the  (julL     Tniilers  from 

(Jueliec. 
MAtiod,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  In  Stansteail.    Try  Coal Icnnk 

nr   Cniiiptnn,    on   the   U.   T.    K.     See    tieorg'vilh'. 

I'opiil::llon  aliiiut  ■.'.'ill. 
JIAIDSI'OSK,   C.    \V.     A  Tp.   In   E.ise.v   Co.      do   to 

Wlmlsnr  nr  I'ue  

.MAITL.iND,  C.  W.,  Ci 


the  (1.  \V.  H. 


iville,  Tp.  Augusta.     A 
Slaliniiniithed.T.  11.,  between  Broekville  anil  I'res- 
ei.tt.     I'npulatinii  alioiit  l.'ill. 
M.VL.\llli)i;.  ('.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Elgin.  In  wlilih  U 


.\vlllier  Wot,  which  .sei 


al>' 


Thomas  West. 


MAI.AKOKK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  C.irlilon.  A  Post-olhco  in 
Marllioro  Tp.  See  P'lrritt's  Itapi.ls,  ailjiccnt  to 
Itiileaii  Canal,  ami  near  Ki-nipt\'llie,  on  the  Ottawii 
.liinclion  from  Prescott,  on  tin- d.  T.  It. 

MAI. DEN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Esse.\.  For  Posl-onUe, 
etc.,  sec  .Vniliersthurg. 

MAL  UAIE,  C.  E.  For  I'list-nllice,  se.  I'niiit  St. 
I'etcr,  which  illviiles  dasjie  ami  .Mai  Dale,  iieardulf 
«>f  St.  Lawrence. 

MALLOItV  TOWN,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Leeils,  Tp.  Vnnge.  A 
Station  on  the  (l.  T.  It.     Population  alioiit  'Joil. 

MALTA,  C.  W.,  Cn.  Priice,  Tp.  Itriice,  fronting  Lak. 


do  to  Warwick  on  the  (i.  1.  It. 
MAI'LETON,  C.  W.,  Co.    Elgin,  Tp.   Varinniitli.     (ip 

I.nnilnn  ami  Port  Stanley  Ilrancli  from  Lnmlon  on 

d.  W.  It. 
MAIIA,  (  .  W.,  (  n    Oiitariii.     A  Tp.  usually  cmipleil 

Willi  Kama  as  Indian  Territory,    (iel  In  Urillla  (from 

Ilarrie  hy  Ontario,  Sim 

theme  liy  Stage  direct. 


mil  llmon  Hallway),  und 

•Orllll; 


.MAIIIILETON,  I'.  K,,  (  o.  Wolfe,  Tp.  Dudswell.     do  to 

SherbrooUc  on  the  d.  T.  H. 
.MAItlPOSA,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Victoria.    For  Post- 

nlVices,  route,  etc.,  see  Little  llrltalii,  Manilla,  and 

Oakwnnd. 
>IAIt(  II,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Carh  ton,  fronting  South 

Shore  of  Itiver  Ottawa,  opposite  Ayliuer  Eu.>it,  which 
population  about  'ii>. 


MARKHAM, 


W. 


Cn   York.      (In    by  SloulTviile 


Daily  Stage  fioni  Toronto,  or  by  d.  T.  It.  from 

hornugh,  and  thence  by  Stage.     Pn)>ulation  about 

liillii. 
.MAItbllOltOrdll,  C.  \\.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Carlton.     See 

Iliirritl's  HupiiU  and  MalakolV  for  Post-otliees  und 

route. 
MAItLOW,  C.  E.    A  T|i.  In  Ilcauce  at  tlie  very  extreme 


of  tl 
Maim 


le   pr 


on  the    coiilines  of  the   Stale  of 


It   tl.e  head  of  lliver  (  liamlii 


In   a  direct    lii 


In   Ihi 


St.    Lawrem 


thii'li  llnwii 
I  haiiiliere 

.liinciinn  and  Cliamliere  mi  the  (1.  T.  II.     IJiiebec 

and  Uiebmmid  may  be  named  as  Stations,  hut  are 

about  (',;<  miles  distant. 
.MAItMollA,  C.  W'.,  (  n.  Haslin.;s.     A  Tp.  in  which  are 

tlie  Irnn  Wmks.  mirth  of  Ilellevilli',  In  whi'-li  go  by 

(i.  T.  It.     I'opiilalion  about  Inn. 
MAIISHVILLE,  C.  W'.,  (  o.  Wellaml,  Tp.  Wainllcd,  in 

which  is  11  Station  of  the  llullalo  and  Lake  Huron 

Hail. 
MAHTINTOWN,  C.  W.,  Co.  (ileiigary,  Tp.  Charlntten- 

burg,  ill  which  is  Siimmer.'tow  n  on  the  (i.  T.  11.,  ^ 


mile 


■ast  of  Cornwall,  and  i;o  frmn  Montreal. 


MAItTlNVlLLE,(     E,  ( 


iiptoii,  Tp.  difion.     do 


to  (  oiiiploii  on  the  (i.  T.  li.     Population  about  1.'' 

.MAItYSllI  hi;,    C.  W.     A    Ip    in  Prince  Eilward  (  o. 

For   Villages,  Towns,  ami    Po-l  ollices,  see   I'ieton, 

Hoiigard's  Corijcrs,  and  Port  .Milb  rd. 

MAHVS\  ILLE,  C.  W  .,  (  n.   Hastings,  Tp.  Tyemllnaga, 

in  which  is  it  Station  of  the  d.  T.  It.     I'opulaliou 

about  inii. 

MAItVliOllO,  C.  W'.     A  Til.  in  Wellington  Co.     See 

Huston. 
MASCOI.'CIIE,  C.  E.    A  Tp.  in  L'Assuiiiplion,  on  North 
Sliore   of   St.    Lawrence,  just   belo,v    .Montreal,   'c 
which  go. 
MASKINilNdE,     A  Postollice  Village,  and  also  name 
of  Eleitm.il  Di-lrii-l  mi  Norlh  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence 
in  Si.  Maurice  Disliici,  siiiiate  about  2"  miles  west 
of  Three  Hivers.     Pnpiilalion  about  tiiiio. 
Huron,     det'tn  .<yileiiliaiiM()wen's  Soiindlby  On-  :  MAS.-AV\  ll'I'l,  C.  E  ,  I  o.  Stansteail,  Tp.  West  llatley. 
tarin,  Siiiicne,  and  lliirnn   Itailway  to  Colliiigwood,         do  Io  Complon  on  the  (1.  T.  II.     Population  about 
and  thence  liy  Sleaiiier,  nr  go  byliiielph,  mi  ihe  d.  I      'Jilii. 

T.  It.,  ami  th'ei by  O'Neill's  Owen  Sound  Stage.     MAT.\NE,  C.  E.     A  Tp.  in  Itiinnuskl,  on  Soulli  Shore 

Poiiiiiatimi  about  ."m.  I      of  St.  Lawrence,  fronting  the  Hiver  lielow  the  nioulh 

MALTON,  C.   W.,  Co.   Peel.  Tp.  T.,ronto.     A  Station        of  the  Saguenay,  reached  by  vessels  froiu  tjuebeo. 
onlheli.T  I!.,  Ill  miles  from  Toronto.     Pu|iula'.ion  '      Pii|iulation  about  l.'niii. 

about  ."mo.  I  MATILDA,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Diindas  Co   i;ml  Station 

MALVEHN,  C.   W'.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Sciiiiioro.     do  by  \      of  the  same  name  on  the  d.  T.  H.,  i'  miles  east  of 

Sloiill'ville  Stage  from  Toronto  daily,  or  by  d.  T.  li.         Prc.-c  ill  .liiiictimi,  and  lot  from  Monlreai. 

from  Searlioro  Station.     Population  about  1'.'.").  i  MA'I'TAWA.  on  a  Hiver  which  runs  into  tlie  Ottawa 

JlANCllESTEH,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp.  Iteacli.      do  ,      about  im  miles  above  reiiibroke,  near  Lake  Nipis- 

to  Whitby,  on  the  d.  T.  H.  i      sing.      Pembroke    is    reached    by    Cpper    Ottawa 

M.\NILL.\,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Mariposa,     det        Steamers  from  .\vliiier  East,  which  see. 

to  Llnds.iy  from  Port  Hope,  on  the  (i.  T.  K.,  thence     MAVFI1:LD,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Peel,  Tp.  Chingiiacoiisy.     do 

a  Itrancli  Hailway  to  Lindsay  is  open  to  Oiueiuee.        to  Ihamptnn  on  the  d.  T.  H.     Population  about  fill. 

I'opulatiou  about -450.  JIAVNE,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  WuUuce.    (Jo  to  Ful- 


hi     1*' 


rent  Miinltoiilln 
in  Suinmi-r  frnm 
llaii  Si  tlli'ini'iit, 
I'll  i>r  KiiKlaml. 

Il|,''l'<ll.  Iln    to 

l'l;n|.liurt!KMll- 

il^itlMiiHliiiiii'jni. 

ulliic.    Kiir  I'ml- 

(ii.,  near  line  nf 
n  wlilili  go  li)  U. 

Mil.  llMtulIU'h' 
Huron  Kail  fiuni 

li-.     Tp.  Iifhuiil. 

Vainiiiiitli.  On 
fi  uiii  Liimluu  oil 

usually  oiiii|ik'il 
L'l  tiiUrllltii  (fi'iiiu 
(III  Kailnuy),  und 
I, 
liuiUnell,    (io  to 

•loila.  Kor  I'ost- 
liii,  Munlllu,  and 

111,  fiiinlinH  Snull) 
I,  liia-r  Kiist,  wliich 

{i>  liy  SloulTville 
.  T.  11.  fnini  Siar- 
l'i>|iulalluii  about 

Co.  t'arltnn.    Pee 

r  l'o»t-iink'i'.<  anil 

tlie  virv  exlicine 
(,r  till'  stall'  of 
ilifif,  nliii'li  llovvs 
I'tu'e.  1  hamlitTu 
(1.  T.  II.  l)iii'lii'C 
Stations,  Ijut  art' 

\  Tp.  in  which  are 
(',  III  whii'h  go  by 

,  Tp.  Wainlli'vt,  in 
and  I.aku  Huron 

v,Tp.  Cliai'lollcn- 
'ill  th.'  ti.  '1'.  It.,'' 

Mniitrt'i'.l. 
.  I'p.  (  lifimi.     Cio 
iliilion  alioiit  l.'i. 
iiu'o  Kilrtaril  to. 
lii'fs,  si'c   I'icton, 

d. 
.  'I'p.  T.vi'nilina(;a, 
1'.  II.     I'opiilalion 

UiiiHton  Co.    Si'c 

iinptlon,nn  North 
lo.v    Montreal,     .: 

iZt},  anil  also  name 
of  SI.  l.awreiK'e 
t  '.'II  iiiilus  west 

It    tllOll. 

Tp.  West  Ilatley. 
I'opiilation  about 

ii,  nn  South  Shore 
below  llie  iiionlh 
.'Is  from  tjuebec. 

s  Co   and  Station 

I.,  1*  miles  east  of 

loiilreal. 

s  into  the  Ottawa 

near  Lake  .Vipis- 
y    I'pper    Ottawa 

I  .-ee. 
hint'iiaeousy.     Oo 

.ulalioii  about  fid. 
ilace.     Cio  to  l''ul- 


;*! 


CANADA:    CITIKS,   TOWNS,    AND    VILLAIJKS.  61 

Urlon,  midway  between  Stratford  and  llodurleli,  by  i      do  to  llrnekvllle,  on  (1.  T.  It.,  'Jll  nillen  from  Mlrlok- 


SlatJi 


Siratforil  .liiiii'lion,  II.  T.  It. 


vllle 


l'o|iUlat|oii  iiboiit  liiilil. 


.MK\l)il«  V.\I,K,  C.  W.,  to.  I'l'i'l,  'I'p.  Toronto.     Five  I  MITCHELL,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  I.onaii,  between 

nub'.' from  Ibaiiiplon.     I'opiilaliou  abruil  III  I. 
MKDO.NTI':,  I  .  W.     .\  T|     ' 


111   .^lliK'oe 


bi'iwei'ii  llrlllia 


Stratford  and  (ioderleh. 


to  Stratford  .lunetlon 


of  the  lliiilalo  and  Lake  lliiron  and  (i.  T.  Itailwa.vi. 


I  1  nblwater.     IJo  by  Coldwaler  Sla^-e  fioiii  (Iril-  1      Population  about  lunii. 

ii.i,  »liii'b  Is  leaihed  by  Ontario,  .-iimoe,  and  Huron  ,  MISSIStJl  ol  II.W,  (  .  K.  Conneets  with  l.iike  Cham- 
Jlailway  from  loroiilo,  llelle  Kwart,  and  llieiiee  by  |ilaiii.  (iolo  Ibmse's  I'idiil,  Cliauiplain  and  St.  Law- 
.'>i,'. liner.     In   winl>r,  co  by  ."^liigi'  from  llarrie  to  |      renee  Hail  frcnii  .Monlri'.il. 

.Ml.sSlStlldl,  ('.  K.     Kor  Towns  herein,  nee  IMiillps- 


(bil'.ia,  wliieb 


iil-o  I'oidwaler. 


.MI'il.'VNt  TIlO.N,  C    \y.     \    I'p.   in  Co.   (irey.     tin  to  j      biii'K,  lleiUord,  Stanbrld|/.'  KasI,  and  Cowaiu  111 
lliadford,  and  by  road,  west.  In  .Mi, no,  if  Onlario,     MOH.WVK,  C.  W.,  (  o.   llraiil.  Tp.    West    llranlforil. 
and  Huron  liailw   y  Is  Used,  or  by  Stage  to  ,      (io  to  llrantforil,  on  the  llulhilo  and  Lake  lliiroo 


M.iiii,  from  Million  on  the  li.  T.  I{. 


Itallu 


(ill  to  Itiehiiiond  on  d,  T.  I 


MELBOURNE,   (.   K.      A    I'p.  In    lliehmoiid,  willi  I  .MOIUA.  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  T|i.  Ilunllngdon.    North 
of  llelleville,  to  whiell  go  by  (i.  T.  It.        ropillalioD 

about  l.'iu. 
.MOI.KSWOItTH,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  (irev.     Nortli 
of  Stratlord.     l,o  In  Stnill'ord   by  (1.    I'.   It.,  or  by 
llulV.ilo  and  Lake  llnroii  Kail,    r/ipiilatlon  about , Ml. 


Money  Order  OIlie 

I'opiiialion  about  '.'.'iil. 
MKLIIOSK,  C    W.     .V  village  in  Tyei'dliinga,  Hasllngs 

Co.     TyendliiaKa  is  a  Station  on  II.  T.  II.,  LI  miles 

fioiii  llelleville  on  II.  T.  It.      To]. illation  about  70. 
MKLMLLK,  C.  W.     A  Village  in  Hillier  Tp.,  (  o.  I'rinec     .MO.NO,  C.  «,     .V  I'p.  in  ( 


Kdwanl.     li 


I  to  Treiiloii  on  Ihe  li.  T.  It. 


MERRICKVILLE.C.  »  ,  Co.  ilniuille.  T|i.  Wolford.  :      .Mo 


Siiiie 
.MONO  CKNTIIK,  I'.  W.,  Co.  Mmi 


.Mills 


Tp.  Mo 


'  .Mono  MilU. 


See 


.Maillainl  or    llroekville  on  (i.  T.   II.,  or  to 
Oliana  and  I'reseotl  Uruucli,  from 


do  Io 
Keuililville 
Presei.ll  .111 
MKItlll  I'SVII.LK,  C.  W.,  Co.  WuilamI,  Tp.  Crowland. 


elion. 


Ilo  to  Chippewa 


on  Ihu  Kile  and  Ontario  itailway. 


Populalion  about  lOil. 
MKltSLA,  (J.  W.     A  I'p.  in  K.^sex  C'o.    (Jo  to  (  halhani 

on  Ihe  11.  W.  It. 
.MKItTO.S,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Halloii,  Tp.  Nelson,     do  Io  Wel- 

liiigloii  Sipiare,  (in  same  'I'ownslilp,)  oil  the  d.  \V. 

it.     Populalion  aboui  ],i>. 
.MHTCALK,  C.  \V.     A  I'p.  in  Middlesex  Co.     I'or  I'ost- 

ollii'r,  ell'.,  see  -Napier,     ropiilalion  aboiil  'J."iil. 
MKilS,  C.  K.     .\  Tp.  in  liiiiioiiski,  on  .-oiilli  ."bore  of 


MONO  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Ci 


oe,  T|i.  Mono.     (In  to 


Malton  by  (i.  T.  It.,  and  theiiee  by  fstage.     Popula> 
A   Tp.   in   Itoiiville.     See   Mount 


ti ibont  I.Ml. 

.■MONOIlt,    C. 


Johnson,  SI.  Ilrlghle 
MONI'AltVILLi:,  C.  K.     In  Chamblv.     See  St.  llniiio. 
.MONTI  AL.M,  I  .  K.     A  T"«ii  In    Ip.  of  llawdon,  Co. 

.Moiiti'aim.     On  North  Sloire  id  SI.  Lawrenee,  in  the 

SI.  .Ma  iriie  lli>triet.     do  lo  Mniiinal. 
.MON  TK  IILLLO,  C.  l':.,('o.  Oilawa,  Tp.  I'l'iite  Nation. 


On  Norlh  Shore  of   lilver  Ottiwa,  in 


dreii  villa. 


(ill  by  Ottawa  and  .Montreal  Sti  aiiiers.     I'opulatiiin 
about  inn. 
MONTMOItKXCI,  C.  K.     See  Chateau  Itli'her. 

.■"I.  Lawrence,  on  the  projected  extension  of  (iraiid  ;  .MO.N  r.MoKKNCl   K.VLLS,  C.  K.    Miiiles  below  (Juebeo. 

Ti  aiik  to  Nova  .'i.oiia.     do  by  vessel  from  tluebec.  |      do  to  Ouebee  by  d.  T.  It.  from  llii'liniond  and  .Moii- 

I'lipiilation  about  llnil.  tr.'al,  or  by  Stciiiiers  Iroiii  l'|ipi'r  Canada  and  .Mon- 

MKVKIiSLritd,  Co.  .Northiimberlaiid,  Tp.  Seymour,  j      (rial,  lliein'e  across  the  SI.  Charles  Itiver  by  road 

On  pinjic'ed  exlciision  from  llelleville,  to  which  go     MONTREAL,  C.  K.     Kor  Virus  and  full  iiiloriiiation, 

bv  d.  r.  II.     I'opulalion  about  I.'mI.  j      see  precediii);  pnrtion  id'  this  mu'k. 

MlilMLKI'OlM',  C   W.,  is  a  Stalion  on  the  llulTalo  and     .MONTItOSK,  C.  \V.,  (  o.  Welland.Tp.  Stratford,  which 

Lake  Huron  ll.iiiway,  beiweeii  Cali'doiiia  and  Oiion-  :      is  a  Slalioii  on  tlie  Krle  and  Onlario  Kail  (Niagara 

dai-'a,  (rosl-ollice,  Tiiscarora,)    In   miles  south  of         to  Chinpewal. 

Ilianlford,  ami  li  of  I'aris  .lunetion.      I'opuiation     .MON  I'  ••  i'.   HlLLAIItl';,  C.   K.,  Co.   Itoiiville,  Tp.  St, 

about  Inn.  liillaire,  nliicli  is  a  Slalioii  IT  miles  from  .Montreal, 

.'MiDll.llVII.I.K,  C.  M'.,  C„.  Lanark.  Tp.  Lanark,     do        on  the  d.  T.  It. 

to  IVrlh  from  ll'ockvilie  by  Slage  from  d.  T.  It.  .MOOIII':,  (  .  \V.     A  Tp.  in   Lainbton  Co.,  in  Port  Sar- 

Mll.roilll,  C.  W.,  Co.  I'rince  l-'.dward,  I'p.  Maiysliurg,  ,      niti  Distrli't,  fronting   the   SI.  Clair    Itiver.     do  to 

on  Hay  of  (Jiiinle.     do  lo  llelleville  from  the  west,         Windsor  b.\  the  d.  W.  It.,  and  llience  by  Steamers 

and    Kingston   fi'oiii  the  east    by  steamer  Hay  of         or  lioal.     I'opulalion  about  '.'on. 

(iiiinle.     Ilotli  llelleville  and  Kingston  are  Stations     .MOItllANTlliNN.  C.   W.,  C.i.    Wiiiinglon,   Tp.    Krin. 

I'll  ilie  d.  T.  II.  '      do  to  d -getown,  on    Ihe  (1.  T.  It.       I'liiiulation 

MII.IIASK,  C.  W.,  Co.  I'erlh,  Tp.  .Morninglon,  north        al loo, 

of  Stratlord.     do  to  Stratford  by  lliillalo  and  Lake     IMOItIS,  C.  K.     In  Argenteiiil.    See  Itritonviiie.    Pop- 

llui'on  or  d.  T.  Kallwa\s.  nbilion  aloait  loo. 

.MIl.l.llltOOK.  C.  W.,Co.'llurliaiii,  Tp.  Cavan.     (iolo     .MOItMNdH.M.i:  MILLS.  C.  W.,  Co.  I'erlh,  Tp.  Morn- 

I'ori  ll'ipe  by  11.  T.  It.,  and  thence  by  Lindsay  Kail.         iiiglon.     d.i  to  Slran'ord,  on  tlie  (!.  T.  I!.,  or  by  Iluf- 

Po|iulation  about  loiio.  falo  and  Lake  Huron  Kail.     Pojiiilalion  about' Ino. 

MILI.KS  ISLKS,  C.  !•;.     In  Argenteuil,  on  North  Shore     .MOItSIMiTON.       A    Tp.    in    I'eith    Co.       For    Post- 

of  Lower  OtIawa,  near  Vandreuil,  on  the  (i.  T.  It.         ollics.  etc.,  see  Cartilage,  Milbank,  West  Corners, 

Sleaiiiers  from  .Montreal.  and  Moriiiiigdaie  .Mills. 

.MILI.I-:.'^  VACHKS,  C.  L.     In  .Saguenay  Co.,  nortli  of     MORPtTH,  C.   W.,  (  o.  Kent,  Tp.  Howard,     do  In 

Si.  Lawrence,  near  conlineiice  of  Saguena.v  and  St.         Tliaiiies\  iih*,  on  the  (i.  W.  it,    I'opiiialion  about  .'i.'i;i. 

Lawrence  Itivers.     Sleauiers  from  O'lebec.  MOltUIS.     .\  Tp.  in  lliiriin  Co.     For  Tp.,  see  llodnilii 

MILL  dltOVK,  C.  W.,  Co,  U  eiitworlli,  fp.  We.-t  Flam-         and  .Morri-bunk. 

boro.     do  to  Dundas  on  (1.  W.  It.  .MOltltlSHANK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Morris.    Oo  to 

MILL  IIAVKN,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Addinglon,  Tp.  Krnestown,         Stratford  by  (1.  T.   It.,  and  tlience  by  road,  or  by 

which  is  a  Station  on  tlie  d.  T.  It.  l-lutValo  and  Lake  Huron  ILiilwav. 

MILL  i'OlM',  C.  W.,('o.  Lennox,  Tp.  Uichmond.     do     MORRISBURG,  C.  W.,  Co.  Dundas,  Tp.  Matilda,  in 

to  Napanee  on  (1.  T.  It.  wliidi  is  a  (1.  T.  It.  Stalion.     Population  about  lilK). 

MILM:.-VILLI':,  i  .  W.,  C.  York,  Tp.  Markham.     do     MOUUISDAI.K.  C.  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  drey.      (io  its 

bv  Stage  to  Tliornli'iil  from  Toronto,  or  to  Tliornliill         for  .Morri-baiik.     Population  about  ."in. 

siation  by  Onlario,  Situi ,  ami  Huron  Kail  from     MOIlitlSTON,  C.  W.,  Co.   Wellington,  Tp.  Puslineli. 

Toronto.'  Population  about  loil.  do  to  diiclph,  on  the  (i.  T.  It.    Population  about  I'lii. 

MILTON   I';a.->T,  C.  F.,  (  o.  Shellord.     do  to  Aclon  on     MOIlTIMFIt.  C.  W.,  Co.  drey,  Tp.  Osprey.      do  to 

Ilieli.T.  It.     Population  about  loll.  i      Nollawasaga,  on  the  Ontario,  Simeoe,  und  Huron 

MILTON    WFST,  C.   W.,  Co.    Ilaiton.    Tp.  Trafalgar.  !       Kail  from  Toronto. 

do  to  Oakville,  on  tlie  d.  W.  It.     Population  about     MOIITON,  C.  W.,('o.  Leeds,  Tp.  South  Crosb.v.     (io  to 

l.ioo.  i      danaiioi|iie,  on  the  (i.  T.  It.     Popul.-ition  about 'J.")!!. 

MlMiCO,  C.   W.,  Co.   Yolk,  Tp.  Ktobicoke.      (in   by     MOICVFN,    C.    W.,   Co.    Addington,    Tp.    Krnestown, 

.''Irectsiillc  Stage  from  Tcironto  daily  al  '-',  P.  .M.,         wliicli  is  a  Station  on  the  (i.  T.  K.     Population  about 

froai  llo' deiicr.ii  Wolfe,  in  (liurcli  .^'ircel,  or  by  d.  Inn. 


W.  It.  lo  Mimico  Station.     Population  about  .'ilMI. 
MINTi),  I  .  W.,  Co.  Weliiugtoii.     See  Clillord,  llarr 
Ion.  i'l'viot.lale 


MOSA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Middlesex,  formerly  a  .«tatioii 
on  the  d.  W  It.,  but  I'hanged  to  Newbury.  For 
Vill  iges  and  Post-ollices.  see  Newbury,  Cashmere, 


k 


MIltKlvVlLLI';,  0.  \V.,  Co.  Cirenvlile,  Tp.  Wolford.        Ward.sville,  and  Str.itlibiun,  all  in  the  Townsiilp. 


CAXAUA:    C'll'IKH,   TOWNS,    AM)    VI  l,l,A(JKrt. 


i:  ! 


\  I    i 


MOSCOW,  C.  W.,  P'l    AdcllriRtfri,  Tp.  KnsI  Caiiiil.'n.     NKW  CAKMSI.K,  ('.  K.     (tii  Soiilli  i.f  (;,,-im',  finnll 


iltt  to  Niipiini 


M(»ri,i.\Krn:,  i  .  w..  i 


1  Ih.'  (1,  T.  II.     l'(ip.  nil  Mit  ■-'III 


Sioi'inont,  I'll.  C'lriiuiitl. 


tiM'  ii;i,v  i.r  riiiiii'iii'i,  III  Cos  'I'p. 


l((llrl„ 


■  ■.ipllllltliill  III I  .'Mill. 


Il» 

ipiriit  Iraclirn 


\  ftiili"! III.'  (i.  T.  I(.      l"..piilallnn  aliiiiil.  liiii.      I  NKW  (•.VI(1,I.-<I.H,  ('.  K.      .\  Tp.  In  M.  Maurin'  Trrrl- 


MlUl.Td.S,  ('    W.     .\    I'll,   ill   c.i.   KaMhiiiinl.      Ci-i 


Illllllivilll' 


llallHii 


N..I  a  I'l.-l-iillic' 


SI.  M.iiirli'i'  'rriTJIiiiv. 


latliiii   <ai   till'   lliiDahi  ami  i  NEWCASTLE,  <'.  W.,  Cn.  IHirliiiiii,  Tp.  (  larkr 


l.akt'  lliiriin,  nilli  I'.inl  ullii.'  nlllilii  IIh'  T"»ihIiI| 


i'liitloii  on  Mil'  II.  T.  It.     plrr  preci'illiiK  paxi's 


M(li:.NT.UN,  f.  W.     A  Tp.  Ill  Diiiiilaa  Co.     do  In  .Ma-     NKW  t  IIKMOItK,  «'.  W.     I*i  o  Nollawa^HKi.   'f  wlil .li 


lllila,  on  till'  <l 


It 


Tp.  N.' 


■  Is  a  Po.l.oiri, 


Mtll'NT  AI.IIKIN,  C.  \V.,('ii.  WinlHorlli.Tp.  Ilarlon.  I  NKW   IHNIlKK,  ('    W,  Co.  Wiiliiloo,  Tp.  U  11 i,  j,, 


<io  to  Ontario,  (III  tlui  (i.  \V.  It.     I'opiilalion  alii 
inn. 

Mtii;XT  IlllVli(iK..'<,  ('.  W.,  Co.  .Ml.l,ll,...i'v,  T|i.  Cara- 
iloi'.  A  .station  on  tliu  (i.  \V.  It.  I'opiilalUiii  alioiit 
I. -11. 


MdlNT   KI.IilN,  C.   W.,  t 


o.  Oxforil,  Tp.   IhTi'lmiii. 


Uo  tu  Inijur.iolj   on  tlio  (I.  \V.  It.     I'opulalliiii  iiliuut 

l.-rtl. 
MOl.NT  FdltllKUT,  0.  W.,  Co.  WillliiKton,  Tp.   Ar 

lliiir.     (Ill  to  (liulpli,  on  Ihu  ti.  T.  It.,  ami  tin ncii  liv 

!<t.ip'. 
MOINT  IIKDKKV,  C.  \V.,Cn.  llalilJMiaml.Tp.  Diii'Ma. 

Try   Miil.lli|M.ii,  mi  ll,,'   IliilValo  ami   l.ako   Huron 

Kail.      l'o|iiilalloiiiiliiiiit  Inn. 
MOl  NT  .KIIIN.SIN,  C.  R,  Co.  Itoiivilli-,  Tp.  Moiiolr. 

Trv  .■^l.  Illllalri',  on  tin'  (1.  T.  It, 


«lilcli  'l'o«n«lil|i  ll  III.'  I'lti'r^l.iii'K  Elation  .,f  il„.  (1. 

T.   It.  I'oronto  ami  Mniironl  trillion.     I'opiilatlnn 

alioni  l.'iil. 
NKW    mitllAM,  C   W.,  Co.  llnint,  Tp.  Ilnrfonl.    do 

to  I'rlm'i'ton.oii  ih.'  (I.  W.  It.    Pupiilailon  aliimi  l'j,\ 
NKW   KIIINIillllKIII,  Co,  C. Ml. 'Ion,  Tp,  Clon.vsi.r. 

A   Milan.'   "!•   •■^iil'inli   to    (lila«a,   C,    \S .      llii  il,o 

I'ri'-i'nli  ami  lltlaiia  Itailroa.l.  of   »lik'li   It   in  Ihu 


Ti'rinlnii«. 


ripiilatloti  alioiit  .' 


NKW  (il.A.xilllW,  C.  K     Norlli  of  l-l.'.l,. 
.Moiilri'iil,  to  ttliicli  (fo,  c'lili.'r  li\  Sir 


"pp.'  Ite 
iiiiiK- 


ili'ii.ihiir^  or  Kinn-toii,  or  liy  llio  *i.  T.  It.     I'lipiila- 
llon  aliont  I'miii. 
NKW    lil.,\Sll(l\V,  C.  W.,  Cn.  KIkIii.  Tp.  AlilclioroiiKh. 
rroiii  Morpi'ili  l.'i,  l.omloii   :',.'i,  I  liatliain   :IT  iiil|."i. 


NKW   ll.Ullllltti.  C.   W  ,  Co.  Walcrloo,  111.  Wlliii.'t, 
MOINT  .MCltltAV,  C.  K.     In  Cliarli'Vol.\.     Hci' Miir         In  wlil.li  T"un>lilp  N  I'.t.rslinri;  .>'talloii  of  tlo  (i. 


ray  llav,  Port  an  I'l-r-ill, 


II.     P..|>iilaliiiii  :ii"'iit  linn. 


MOINT  IM.KASANT,  '.'.  W.,  Co.  Dnrham.  yeoCavan.     NKW  lliiPK.C.  U.,i 


Popnlali'in  aliont  .'inn. 


at.rloo,  Tp.  Xorlli  Wiiti'Ho 


(iotoi;ii..p|,lior  lli'ilni.onli.T.  II.  :  iiN.i  to  linlt  ami 


MOCNT  t*T.  I.OL'IH,  C.  W'.,  I'o.  tiliiicoc.    A  IK'W  1'oi.t  Pr.M.m  loi'.lnmlion  llail'v  av.    P..|inlalloii  alioiii  ;ini. 

nllii'i'.  

MOINT    .«T.    I'ATIilCK,    C.    W  . 


;  NKW   lUKI.ANI),  C,  K.     In   .Mi'tjaiitii'.     Co  to  Artlii 
Iti'iifrt'iv,   Tp.  '      li.iska,  on  111.'  C.  T.  It.     I'oinilalloii  aliont  '.'on. 
HroiiKliaiii.     S.I'  Kroi'  Driiiit  l.amK.  ,  NKW   LAND,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Vork,  Tp.  Ka<l  0«  illiinlnirv, 

MOINT'  \KllNON,  C.   W.,  Co.  llraiit,  Tp.  Ilrantroril.         In  Hliiili  K  tlio  llolhiml  l.amliiiK  Slalioi tin' o'n. 

(in  to  Itrantlonl,  on  tin'  Hniralo  ami  K.iki'  liii 
Itailwav.     I'opiiiatlon  aliont  'Jim. 
Mi;i,MCit,  C.  W.     A  I'll,  in  Co,  Sliino,..     do  to  liar 


tano,  Sinn 


ami  Unroll  llaipvay  from  Toronin 


NKW  MVKItl'ool,.  C    K.     In  l.i'\l  I 


■I,  Tp,  Law- 


rii'  Station, 


till'   Ontario,   Sliiu'of,    iiinl   llun 


Itailwav  from  Toronto 
MI:NCKV,  C.   W.,   Co.    .MiiMI.'Si'X,  Tp,  Curriidoc,   In 

wliicli  is  .Mount  llryiln.'s  Station, 
Ml'N.SKI,,        


zoii.     II. 1  to  Point   l,.'vl  (opposlt.'  ()i,  I.I  .1.  Mic  TtT- 
ini'iiH  of  111.'  (i.  T.  II.     Popiilatioi    alM.ni  l-iiii. 
NEWMARKET,  C.  W..  i  o.   V..rk,  Tp.  W  l.ii.lmrili. 
A  .'^talioii  on  till'  Ontario,  .^liin'oi',  ami  llinoii  Kail- 
i\  from  T.iroiitii 


W.,  Co,  dri'iivilli',  Tp.  Wolforil,     (Into     NKWPollI',  C.  K.     A  Tp.  In  Cnmiiton,      do  to  c,,ii,|i. 


Ilroi'kvilli'  or  Maillaml,  on  tin'  d.  T.  It. 
MUltltAV,  C.  W,      A  Tp.  in  N'O'tlnnnliirlainl  Co.,  In 
wliii'li  is  till'  Town  ami  Stiition  of  Trenton,  on  tin 


t.iii  Station,  on  lln'  11.  T.  It.,  Montrnil  ami  Pn.ll.iml 


(lion.     For  l^l^t-ollil 


ami  aililri 


d.  T.  It.     Population  nlioiit  'Jim. 


villi' 


Ml'ltllAY  IIAV,  C.   K.      Ill 


liarli'voix.      On   Nnrtli 


NKH  I'OIIT,   C.  W.,  Co.   Drant,  Tp.   llriintfonl.      In 
I'll  I-  till'  Main  Station  of  llraiitfonl,  on  tin'  liiif- 


yiiori'  of  till'  St.  Kawri'in'O,  liolow  (Jiii'lii'C,  sn  mill's         falo  ami  l.aki'  Huron  Hall. 


NKW  IIHTIMONI),  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Ilonavi'iiliin', 
Soiilli  da-p.',  fronliiii;  tliu  Hay  of  Cliali'nrs.  Tra- 
(li'i's  li'om  i^iu'lioc. 

NKW  KV.  C.   W.,  Co.  Dnrliain,  Tp.  .Manvors.     do  to 


Ni'wi'.istli' 


on  till'  d 


It. 


NKW  SAItCM,  C.  W.,  Co.   Klfjin,  Tp.  Yarinoiitl,.     In 


vliii'li  is  till'  V.'iriiioiilli  Sl;,|i,,|,  ,if  III, 


omion  ami 


ilowii.     do  liy  Sanni.'iiav  Stvainrr  from  ijiii'lioi'. 
MUIIVAI.K,  C.  W.,  Co.  Kr.iiitiiiai',  Tp.  I'oitlanil.     d. 
tu  Kniustonn,  uii  the  d.  T.  It.    I'opulatiun  aljout  I'.'.*! 

N 

NANTICOKK,  C,  W.,  Co.   II.iMiinaml,  Tp.   Walpoli' 

do  to  Cainsvilie,  un  tln.>  Iliillalo  ami  Lake  Ilin'oi 

Itiiihvay. 
NAPANEE,  •\  W.,  Co,  I.i-nnoy,  Tp.  Iliilnnonil,     A  !      dinlpli,  on  tlii' (1,  T.  It,  anil  lliincu  liy  Owl'ii ; 

Ti'U'Krapli  Station  ami  .Moni'y  Orilur  OIIIcl',  on  tin'  i      Sta({.-. 

d.  T,  It.,  '2ii  mill's  west  of  Ko^y'^toii.     fee  preceilltlg  ;  NKW  lOWN  IIOIlINSON,  ('.  \V,     A  VilliiKi'  "illi  I'osl- 

|iaj.'i'S  for  fnrtlier  infoniiation, 
NAS.SAdAWKVA,  C,  W.     A  Tp.  in  Ilalton  Ci 


Port  Slanli'y  Hallway,  ivliiili  I'.inm-.ts  ultli  tliu  (I. 

^V.  II.  at  I Ion.     I'opiilalion  alioiit  .'.ii. 

Tp.  Norinanliy.    do  tn 


NKWSTAUT,  C.  W.,  C, 


111 


ollii'i',  in  C' 


Tp.  Ti'i'iinisi'tli.     do  to  llrail- 


Itot'kwooil,  on  till'  d.  T.  It..  Toroniii 


mill  .'-Iralforil 


Si'i'lion,  or  to  Wi'llinnlnii  Sipiari',  on  Hie  d.  W.  It. 

NKI.SON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Ilalton  Co.,  in  wliiili  is 
Wi'llin).'toii  Si|iian',  ii  Station  on  the  d.  W.  It.  Pop- 
ulation aliont  '.'nil. 

NKI'KAN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Carli'lon  Co,  For  Post- 
ollii'i's  ami  Villagi'S,  see  Dell'.s  Corners,  Long  Islaml 
l.oeks,  eti', 

NKW  AliKIIDKKN,  C,  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp,  Water- 
loo, do  to  Uerliii,  oil  the  U.  T.  it.  I'ojmlatlon 
aliont  'jno. 

NKWAHK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxfnril,  Tp.  Nnrwieh.  do  to 
Wooil.stoek  or  I'riiu'i'toii,  on  the  d.  W.  It. 

NKW  liMSS,  C.  W.,  Co.  I,eeils  ami  drenville,  Tp. 
Kitlcv.     do  to  Ilroekville,  on  the  d.  T.  It. 

NEWBORO,  C.  W.,  Co.  I.eeils,  Tp.  North  Crosliy. 
A  .Money  Onler  Olhee  on  the  Itiileaii.  do  to  Kinjrs- 
ton,  and  thence  by  Steainer.s  or  the  Itiileaii  Can 


111 


fnril  .ir  Ni'wiiiarkit,  on  the    Onlarin 
lluroi,  Hail  from  Toronto.     Popnlatinn  alimit  Hm 
NIAGARA,  C.    W.,  Co.   Lincoln.     Separateil  liy  the 
Nianara  Hiver  from  the  Stale  of  New  Vork.     dohy 
Sti'.im.'rs  froin  Toronto,  or  d.  W,  It.  via  llaiiiillon. 
NICOLET,  (  .    K.     A  Town  in    Hlslriit   of    Nicolet, 
(ikirliiif.'  tin'  Sonlli  Shore  of  the  St.  l.au  ri'iice,  n.'arly 
opposil.'  Three  Hlvers,  to  which  ^-o  hy  Montreal  ami 
liiiehec  Steamers.     The  nearest  ."station  appears  to 
he  Arthahaska,  on  the  d.  T.  II.,  (Imhec  ami  Hleli- 
nioml  Section.     Popiilalion  aliont  tiiiill. 
NICIIOh,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  Uillingloii.     For  Po,-t- 

olliees  ami  \illa^'es,  see  llaCnet  ami  Ciimniick. 
NII.KSTOWN,  C.   W,  Co.  .Miilillcsex,  Tp.  Huri'liester, 

North,     do  to  Kilwarilslinrfr,  on  the  d.  W.  It. 
NISSorill,  C.  W.,  Co.  Mi.l.Ucscx,  Tp.  Nissoiiri  West. 
Sitnateil  on  the  .liinction  of  the  d.  W,  It.,  Iietweeii 
I.omlon  anil  St.  .Marv,  lilaii.slianl.     do  to  l.omloii 
hy  the  d.  W.  It. 
or  to  dananniine.     Iloth  Kingston  anil  dananoiine    NITHItnid,  C.  W.,  Co.  I'ertli.  Tp.  North  Kasthope. 
are  Stations  on  the  (J.  T.  It.  |      do  to  Shakespere  as  the  nearest,  hut  to  Stratfoiil 

NEWBURG,    C.    W.,  Co.    AiIilin!.'ton,   Tp.    Camilen  '      .liincti.ni  as  the  most  convenient  Station,  hoth  on 
Kiist.     do  to  N'apanee,  on  the  (r.  T.  U.     See  preceil- ;      the  d,  T.  It. 

Ini?  paRes.     Population  ahoiit  !KIO.  '  NOlll.KTON,  ('.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Kiiif,'.     In  which  l3 

NKWliUltY,    C.    W.,    Co.    Jliddlesex,   Tp.  Mosa.     A  I      KiiiK  Station  of  Ontario,  Slmeoe,  and  Huron  Hall 
Station  on  the  U.  W,  K.  i      from  Toronto. 


MllllVlTS.      do   to 


CANADA:   (UTIKS,   TOWNS,    AND  VILLAOKS. 


68 


NOItllAM,  V.  W.,  C<i.  Northiiiii)ii'rlmicl,  Tp.   I'lTcy.  I     tlmi.   Cohourg  U  on  Ihu  (i.  T.  It.    I'oiiulutlon  about 
(jo  |o  Iti'll'vllli',  on  till'  I).  T.  !(.,  or  lo  llrlKliloii,  nil  {      r>iMI. 

NOItWOOII,  ('.  W.     \  Vllliitte  nil  iIr.  KliiRMton  Kniirt, 
'*  i'.."l  "f  llo'  I'lty  of  Turuiilo,  III  York 


lllf  KilMll' 


Uiillivay 


rllo 


1)11  till 


llllnlll    M 


NOIIMAMIV,  I'.    W.      A  T|>.   I"  <lf'y  < 
(lu'lpli  iui>l  .".itlKi  I'll  Itoiiil.     liM  to  (liii'lpli  oil  till'  '      Tovvi>lil|i,     No  I'liHlollli'v 


(I.  r.  It.,  mill  iio'iii'''  iiy  ''111 


Ndll.MANDAI.K,  '' 


\V. 


i;; 


rfo 


vllk' 


(III  111''  !<liori'  of  l.aki'  Kri''.     li'i  I'l  I'arlt  or 


SiiriA«A,  (  .  \V.    rill'  I'oit-ollli'e  In  NotliiWHKiinii. 
'I'p,  Charlotti'-  !      Tp.  iiiolrr  llili  iihmiu  U  now  ciillfil  lli.wuiure,  »hk'li 


I'opiihitioii  iilioiil  :loii. 


Iliaiilforil,  lliiiu'u  !*liiKi'  to  Miiicoi',  uiiil  on  liy  lilri'il     NOI'TAW ASA(i A.  I  .  \V.     \  I'p   In  Slini'or  Co.,  itnil  u 


I'oim-yMiicr. 


^>lulloll  i.n  till'  ()nliirlo,.'^lioi' 


NOKM.VN'I'dN,  ('.  W.,  To.  Ilrurc,  T|i.  Hiiiigi'cn.     do        iilioiil  s.^  mil,.,  rmni  Toi'mii 


mill  Unroll  Uitllwuy, 


toOiiilpli.miil  Ihi'iii'i'  liy  .xiiiKo,  or  to  Ulmhor  Trr-     NOI'ltK  DA.MK  1)1'   i>ult  l  Aiih),  c.  K.    Near  llif  Itlver 


llllnlll 


if  till-  li.  W.  It.,  anil  lliriii'i.'  Iiy  Sti'iiiiiiT  illri'it. 


Ndimi    AIUAI.A,   t'.   H'.,  (  ' 


fill 


Tp.   Ailjiilii 


MailawaxI'H,  hoiiIIi  of  tlii'  ,>'t. 


..ittri'iii'i',  lii'loiv  ft. 


riioiiiiiH,  ttlili'li  U  now  till-  Ti'riiiliiiii  of  ilio  <1.  T.  It., 
ml  on  iIh'  pioji'i'iiil  rxli-ii-loii  to  TihIh  I'MoIi".  for 


(ill  to  .Million,  on  till.'  11.  T.  It.,  Toi'iuito  iiinl  Clr.il- 

foril  Si'i'tlon,  aii'l  lln'i lo  .M Iiy  Slai,"',  or  to  I      Ni'W  llnin^Hlrk  ami  the  llrilUli  .■'I'lilmaiil.     I'opulu 

llnnlforil  Hlulloii,  on  till' (Intarlo,  .>*|iiK'iii',  anil  llii    '      "' '    

run  Itallivay  from  Toi to 


lion  aliuiit  Iniiu, 


NiMtTII  AltTlirit.     Sii'  Kiiilhvortli. 


NllltTII  AIMir.XTA,  (.'.  W,,  C. 


I  iivllli',  Tp.  AiiK" 


ta.     do  lo  rri'ii'ott,  on  tin'  li.  T.  It.,  Moiitnal  an. I 


o 


r.o-oiito 


I'lloii,  uhlrli  Is  III  till'  -ami'  ToniMlilp,  ami 


nl-io  .liiiii'tloii  of  lltlawa  Itall.   I'ojiiilatlon  alioiil  '.'>i). 
NOItril  CltdSIIV,  0.   W.     A   I'll,  ill  I'll.  I,i't'ilit.     Fop 


Pnlt-ollil- 


Town,  I'll'.,  Hi'i'  Ni'Wlioro 


NDIt'l'll  DDIltd,  r.  \V.,C'ii.  I'lti-'rlioi Kli.Tp.  D.iiro. 

(ill  to  I'ltiilioro',  tin'   TiTiiiliiui   "f    Mil'   .liimliiin 


Itailrtiiy  fi 1  Colioiii-;,',  on  III.'  (1. 


It. 


NdltTII  KI.IMIS,  C.  \V.,('o.  \kt,.iia,Tp    KPIoii.    do 


OAKLAND,  C,  \V.  A  Tp.  In  Ilrant  Co,  do  to  l'arl< 
or  llrantloril  on  ilii^  lliiirulo  ami  l.nkv  lluruu  Ititll, 
I'lipulatlon  alioiit  '.'no. 

OAKIlllMiK.'^,  c,  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Wlilti-linri-ti,  In 
wlili'li  Towii>lil|i  are  Aiii-ora  ami  Nnviiiiiiki'i,  lioili 


Slalloii'i  on  tliu  lliitarlo 


Sim 


.  ami  Unroll  Hail, 


ri'^pi'i'iiviiy  ilislaiit  ••in  ami  :it  iiiili't  from  Toninto. 


OAKVILLt,  I'.  W. 


to  l.linl-ay  from  I'ort  lln 
llopi'  ami  Mmhay  Itailway 


on  till'  d.T.  It.,  Iiy  I'.irt 


llalloii,  Tp.  Trafalnar.     A 


NOitfll  KL.MSI.KY.      A   I'p.  In   Lanark,  In  wlilili  U 
Sniilli's  l''all*,  wliii'li  *<■•■  for  I'li-l-iiltii' 


,  roiit",  L'ti'. 


Town  ami  .■<lalion  on  tin;  (i.  W.  It.,  Ill  milt's  from 
Toronto.    .x««  iirecfillng  paKi'S.     I'opulation  about 
'.'nnii. 
OAKWOOIt,  C.  W.,  Co.  Victoria,  Tp.  Maripiv.ii.    (lo 
to  l.lmlsay  Iiy  Kail  from  Port  llo|n.'  im  ||ie  U.  T.  U. 


Null  I'll  KLV,  C.  K.,  Co.  .xiii'llonl.     do  to  Diirliiini,  on 
till' d.T.  II.     I'opiilatioii  aliniil  liiii.  I'opiilatioii  alioiit 

Ndltl'll  (iKoltdKI'inVN,  ('.  K.,  (  o.  Cliati'miK.iay.  OlIAN,  I'.  \V.  Si'i'  I'ivmplon.  I'opiiliition  nlioiil  ftO. 
Ill  lli'anliarmil.'i  I'ari-li,  On  Soiilli  ItUnn  oi  St.  01)KS."<.\,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Aiiiliiij;loii,  Tp.  Lini'-lown,  In 
l„iwr.'m'i',  op|io«ili'.'^l.  Aniii''n.'<l.ill mllii'd.  T.  It.         wliii'li  is  KniL'StoHii  Station  on  U.  T.  K.     I'opulation 

NdilTIl  dLANKOltl),C.  W.,l'o.  W -iiiwoiili,'l'|i.  diuii-         alioiit  liilii. 
fiinl.    do  to  .Mlililli'port  on  tin;  liiill'ilo  ami  Laku  i  OI.DKN,  V.  W,     A  now  To«n.slilp.    Si'e  Crown  Lunils 
lliiniii  Itallwav.  for  sak'. 

NDIITIJ  dOWLIt,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Cark'ton,  T|i.  Soulli  I  OM  AdII,  C.  W,  Co.  Ilalt.n,  Tp.  Tiafalt;ar.  For  Itail- 
diiwcr.    do  lo  Kt'inptvillu  or  Osnooili;  on  I'ri'-n'ott  I      way,  .leu  Oakvilk'. 

anil  Oltuwa  Itailway  from  I'rvscott  Junction  of  lliu  !  ONKlllA,  C.  \V.  A  I'p.  In  Ilalilliiiaml.  (io  to  Cale 
(1.  T.  It.  iloiila  on  the   lliillalo  ami    l.aki.'    Iliiion    Itailway. 

NOItTII  MONAdllAN,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  in  I'l'tirlioroiiKli         I'opiilatioii  akoiit  '.'oil. 
Co,,  in  whii'li   in  Ike  town   of  I'eli'iboniUKli,  wliiili     .iNOMiAdA,  C.  \V.     A  Tp,  in  lliaiil  C.i.,  ami  n  Itail- 
si'e  for  I'osl-olllien,  roiili',  rli'.  wav  Station  on  tin'  lliiiralo  ami  Lake  llnroii  Itail- 

Xoit'l'll  I'I'il.llA.M,  C,  \V,,  Co,  Wi'llami,  Tp,  I'elliaiii,         way.     I'lipiiialioii  akont  :;iiii. 
till  lo  SI.  Catlioi-ine's,  on  the  (i.  W.  It.  ONSLOW,  C.  !•:.     A  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co.,  on  North  Shore 

NOItTII  roifl',  C  W,,Co.  I'riiiri'  Kilwanl.Tp,  Supliiai-  ;  of  Uiver  Ottawa,  aliovo  Ayiiiier  Ka,'>t,  wliiclisef  for 
Imr;;,     A  Port  at  wliirli  ilio  Hay  of  IJiiiiiti'  SloamiTs  \      Sli'ami'rs  ami  roiili', 

touch  daily,  to  ami  fiom  Iklieviili'  ami  Kintf.ilon,  '  ONTAItlO,  C,  \V,,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp,  Saltlk'et,  .\ 
liiilh  Slalioiis  on  the  d,  'I',  It,  I'opiilalion  ubont  '  Station  on  the  li,  \V.  it.,  Hi  inile.s  froiii  llainilton. 
Ifil.  I      l'o|iiilation  alioiit  l.'iil. 

NOItTII  STANIIIilKlil';,  C.  K.,  Co.  MisrilMpiol,  Tp.  OI'S,  C.  \V.  .\  Tp,  in  Victoria  Co.  For. Post-offlce, 
Slaiiliriilj.'e,  east  of  till'  Hiver  Itiiln'lieii,     do  to  St,         elc,,  nee  Liinls.iv. 

Johns,  C,  K  ,  hy  the  (  haioplain  ami  St,  Lawrini'i-  ORANGEVILLE,  C.  W,,  Co,  Wclllnston,  Tp.  G»ra- 
ltallw;iy,  ami  eio-s  Uiver  Itii'lielieii,  or  pi  ky  Itichel-  frasa,  on  the  darafia\a  Itoail  from  (liielph,  to  which 
leu  Steamers  wlik'li  ply  to  ami  from  .'\IiiiitreaL  I'op- I  (.'o  ky  d.  T.  It.,  ami  thence  ky  Stage.  I'opuhition 
iilalioii  akinit  ."lO.  akont  .''lOn. 

NOItTII  STIKKLV,  C.   K.,  Co.  Slii'd'.inl,  Tp.  Stnkely.     OUCIIll.L,  C.  W.,  Co,  Huron,  Tp.  Moiiis.    do  to  Slrat- 
do  to  llii'limoml  on  the  (I,  T.  It.,  where  the  d.  T.  it.  ,      font  Itailway  .liiiii'lion  ky  d.  I'.  11,,  nr  ky  the  Itiiiralo 
diveiv'i's  to  liiieliei'  on  the  norik-east,  ,Moiiti'cal  on  i      ami  Lake  Huron  Itailway,  anil  thence  ky  lioilericli 
the  mirlli-west,  anil  to  I'ortlaiiil  on  the  sonlh-ciint.         Slaire  to  .Mitchell. 
I'opiilalioii  akont  l-.',"i,  I  OltKOItl),  C.  \V.,  a  Tp.  in  Kent  Co.     For  I'ost-ollicc, 

NOItTII  sri'TON,  C.  I-:,,  Co.  Ili'ome,  Tp.  Sutton,     do  i       Itailway  route,  etc.,  see  Clearviile. 
to  Coinpt.in  or  C..alicook  on  tin-  (i.   I'.  II.  I  ORILLIA,  C.   W.,  Co.   Siiiicoe,  Tp.  Orillia,  i'^  miles 

Ndltl'll  WALSINdllA.M,  C,  W,,  Co,  Norf.iik,  Tp,  Wai-  ]  from  It.irrie,  to  which  j,'o  ky  Ontario,  Simcoe  and 
sinjrhain.  do  to  Paris  on  ihe  li.  W.  It.,  or  llr.'iiil-  ■  lliiroii  Itailway  from  I'orrinro,  anil  llieiicc  ky  StiiKCi 
font  on  lliin'aloanil  Lake  Huron  Itailway,  ami  thence  !  or  in  siimnier  ky  same  Itailway  to  llelle  Kwart,  and 
to  Simcoe  kv  Sta);e.  !      tlience  hv  Steamer.     Popiijjitioii  ahoiit  .''lOii. 

NOItTII  WAI'KltLOO,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  Waterloo  Co.  |  OltMSTOWN,  C.  K  ,  Co.  Chati'aii),'uay,  Tp.  Ileauhar- 
Fiir  Viilafjes  ami  Posl-ollice,  see  New  Hope.  iiois,  opposite  Cellars  ami  St.  .\niie's  Stations  on  the 

NdllTII  WlLI.IAMSItCltli,  C.  W.,  Co.  liiimlaH,  Tp.  d.  T.  11.,  (keiiiB  on  Ihe  South  .Shore  of  Ihe  ,st.  Law- 
Williamskiir),',  in  which   is  Ihe   U  iilianisknr),'  Tele-        reiiee). 

urapli  Stalion,  on  the  d.  T.  It,  Population  ukoiil  Olto,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Simcoe  Co.  For  route,  see 
•-'."lO.  I      Orillia. 

Nolfl'dN  CltKKK,C.  K.,ro.  I!eauliarin>l9.  On  South  j  OUONo,  C  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Clarke;  In  which 
."^liore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Ihe  St.  Anne's  Town-hip  is  Newcastle  !<latlon  on  the  d.  T.  It.  Pop- 
Station  of  the  (1.  T.  It.     I'opiilalion  akont  5(1.  I      illation  akont  SiKI. 

NdltVAL,  C.  W.,  Co.  llalton,  Tp.  KsquesiiiK.  Oo  to  OKWKl.L,  (roriiieriy  Temperanccvllle,')  C.  AV.,  Co.  Kl- 
deorf;etow-ii,  in  same  'I'p.,  a  Station  on  the  fl.  T.  It.  (tin,  Tp.  Varmoiith.  do  lo  Loniloii  on  the  d.  W.  It., 
Population  akont  ;i."i(i.  i      ami  then  liv   Lomloii   anil  Port  Stai-ley  Junction. 

NORWICH,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  (ami  Villai,'e  with  Monev  '      Populalion  akont  linn. 
Oi-iler  Ollice)  ill   Co.    0.>croril.     (in   lo   Iiu-ei-soii   or    OSllOltNK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Itusscll.     A  Tp.  frontinR  South 
Wooil-loek  on  the  (I.  W.  It.     l'o|iulalioii  akont  TOO.        Shore  of  Oltawa  Itiver.     flo  to  Ottawa  bv  Junction 

NOItWOOD,  C.  W.,  Co.  PelerkoriiiiKh,  Tp.  Asplioilil.  |  from  Prescott  on  the  (i.  T.  It.  Population  about 
do  lo  I'obourg,  ami  tlieiice  by  Peterborouj^li  Juno-  ;      InO. 


Mi 

i'l 


■ 


41 1] 


64 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGES. 


It 


OSROODE,  r.  \V.  A  Tp.  ill  Caiktoii  Co.,  on  the  f)t- 
tawii  and  I'le-cott  Uaihvav,  ID  iiiik's  from  Ollawa. 

OSHAWA,  I '.  \\.  A  Town  in  Co.  Ontario,  'li).  Wliit- 
by.  A  station  on  tlie  (i.  T.  it.,  'V-i  miles  from 
Toronto.  Si't  prcceilinj,'  pages.  I'upuiulioii  about 
Bono. 

Oi*l'l!KV,  C".  W.  A  Tp.  in  Orcy  Co.  Go  to  Notlawa- 
sai:a  ."'lation  on  tlie  Ontario,  Simcoe,  anil  Huron 
Itail.  *^^  miles  from  Toronto. 

O.-^I'lilNtii:,  C.  W.,  Co.  WellioKton,  Tp.  Krin.  Oo  to 
(leoiKetown  on  the  (}.  T.  ,  ail  miles  from  Toronto. 
I'opiil'ition  alioiit  L'."i. 

OTONABEE,  C.  \V.  A  Town  in  Townsliip  of  same 
iiaiiK'.  in  the  Co.  of  I'eterhorongli.  See  Peterlxj- 
rouph. 

OTTAWA,  C.  W.  Tlie  Capital  of  Carleton  Co., 
about  .M  miles  by  .lunetioii  Railway  from  the  il.  T. 
U.  at  I'reseott  ;  also  eominuiiieittion  by  Steamer 
from  Miintreal,  anil  also  from  Pembroke.  For  fur- 
ther partieulars,  see  elsewliere. 

OTTKKVII.Li:,  i;.  W.,  Co.  O.xforil,  Tp.  Norwich. 
Wliieh  see. 

OCl.-iKAl",  C.  K,  Co.  I'ontiac.  On  North  Shore  of 
Cpper  Ottawa,  above  Allumelte  Island.  For  route, 
see  .\vliiier  Kast. 

OUNtiAll,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Kent,  T)).  <  liatham.  In  which 
is  the  Ihatham  Station  of  the  <i.  W.  U. 

OWEN  SOUND,  (;.  W.,  (  <>.  (irey,  Tp.  Sydenham. 
Itoute  by  Itail  from  Toronto  to  CoHinnwood  '.17 
miles,  (Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Uaihvay.)  and  : 
thence  by  Canadian  Steamer,  or  Stajre  in  Winter,  ' 
or  (fo  to  Cnelph,  on  the  (1.  T.  K.,  Toronto  ami 
Stratford  Section,  and  thence  by  Stajje  throni;li 
Ferfrns,  Miniiit  Forest,  i-tc.     l'o))ulation  about  'Jooii. 

O.XFOKI).  C.  W..Co.  (irenville.  A  Tp.  and  Station  on 
the  Ottawa  and  I'reseott  Railway,  ITniil"s  from  I'res- 
eott .Innction  on  the  (i.  T.  R. ;  oio  I'ost-olliee  under 
that  n.ame,  1  but  see  Kemptville  ami  llisliop's  .Mills. 

O.XFORl)  Ci:\  IRK,  C.  W.  In  Township  last  noticed, 
and  for  whicli  it  is  the  I'ost-olliee  address.  i 

0.\l''(ll!l)  MII.I.S.  C.  W.  For  route  and  situation,  see 
jireceilini;  noliee.  A  I'o^t-otliee  is  attached,  and  is 
witliin  Oxford  Township.     Population  ab.iut   lull. 

O.XKORI)  SOCTIl,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.xford.  A  distinct 
Townsbiii,  in  which  is  Fastwood,  wiiicli  see. 

0\KO|{l)  .MlitTII,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.vford.  A  ilistinct  ■ 
ToHiiship.  in  wldcli  is  liijiersoU,  a  Tow  n  and  Station  , 
on  the  (i.  \V.  R.,  which  see. 

O.XFORK  \\  FST.  C.  \V.,  Co.  O.sfonl.  A  Tp.  in  wliich 
is  the  Heaeiiville  Station  of  the  (i.  W.  R.  and  Swea- 
bur).',  which  see,  for  routes  and  I'ost-olhces. 

OS.NAItliCCK,  C.  \V.     A  Tp.  ill  Stonnont  Co.     Anils-  i 
\"ille  and  Dickenson's  Landing  are  both  Stations  on 
the  (J.  T.  1!.,  and   are  situate  in  this   Townshiji. 
They  are  also  Post-olVices,  as  is  Osnaliruck  Centre. 
Uiekeiison's  Landing  is  the  |ireferable  Station. 


P 

PAISl.lOV,  C.  AV.,  Co.  l!niee,Ti).  Fblerslie.     A  Tp.  ad- 
johiiii^    ':iugeeii.     (Jo  to  (iuelpli,  on  ti.  T.  R.,  and  j 
thence    to   Owen's   Soiiiul   by   Stagi.'.      Population 
about  I.")il. 

PAKENHAM,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Lanark.    .«outh  of 
the  River  Ottawa.      <lo  to  Fitzroy  Harbour.     Sec  , 
.\vlmer  Kast.  for  rinite,     i'opulalion  about  Si.")l). 

PALERMO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilalton,  Tp.  Trafalgar.      Go  i 
to  O.ikville.ou  the  11.  \V.  R.     Population  about '2011. 

rAI'INKArVII.I.K,  C,  K.,  Ottawa  l O.  In  Petite  Na- 
tion Tp.,  fronting  the  .N'mtli  Shore  of  the  (Jtlawa, 
between  (Irenville  and  (.'arrillon.  (io  to  Montreal 
fur  Steamer  to  (irenville.     Population  about  ITiil. 

PARIS,  <  .  \V.,  Co.  Rrant,  Tp.  Dumfries,  South.  The 
Station  where  the  (f.  W.  It.,  and  the  Hutl'alo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railways  intersect.  See  preceding 
|iages.     I'opulalion  about 'Jniiii. 

PAR.MA,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Leniio.v,  Tp.  Fredericksburg,  do 
to  .N.ijianee,  mi  the  (i.  T.  R.  , 

PASliKlllAC,  C.  K.,  Co.  Homiventure.  South  of  the 
(iaspe  District,  on  tlie  llay  of  Chaleurs.  Traders 
from  (iuebec.     I'o|inlation  about  '2110.  j 

I'KKL,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Wellington  Co.     For  Towns, 
Itoute,  Villages,  and  I'ost-olhees,  see   Allansvlile,  i 
Alma,  and  Dravton.  i 

I'KKFKRLAW,  C.  W,,  Co.  York.  Tp.  Georglna.  On 
South  Shore  of  Lake  Simioe.  do  to  Holland  Land- 
ing, on  Oularh),  Slii.i ,  and  Huron  Railway  from 

Toronto  City.    X'opulatlou  about  lUO. 


PKLHAM,  C.  ■»•.,  Co.  AVelland.  A  Tp.  For  Post- 
otlices,  route,  etc.,  see  Fenwlck,  Fonthill,  and  I'el- 
hani  t'nion. 

PKLHAM  rSION,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Pelliam. 
do  to  Port  Dalhousie  by  Steamer  from  Toronto,  („■ 
by  (i.  W.  R.  to  St.  Catharine's  or  Jordan,  Ilamlltiin 
and  Niagara  Sectiiui. 

PEMBROKE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Renfrew.  Proposed  Tcr- 
lohius  of  Hrockville  and  Arnprior  Itailwav.  On 
the  South  Shore  of  the  Ottawa,  about  IKI  miles' above 
Ottawa  (  ily.  For  Steam  route,  see  Aylnier  Last, 
population  about  Too. 

PENETANQUISHENE,  C.  W.  An  old  British  Fort, 
on  South-east  Shore  of  the  (ieorgian  Pay.  do  to 
Harrie,  on  Ontario,  Siiiicoe,  ami  Lake  Huron  Rail- 
way from  Toronto,  ami  thence  by  Stage  aliout  !Ji| 
inlles,  or  to  Collliigwood,  the  Terminus  of  the  same 
Rail,  and  thence  by  Trading  Schooner.  Pojiuiatlon 
about  :i,'>il. 

PKNVILI.K,  C.  W..  Co.  Siincoe,  Tp.  Tecumselh.  do 
to  -Newmarket  or  Hradfmd,  on  Ontario,  Sinieoe,  ami 
Huron  Rail  fnuii  Toronto. 

PKKCK,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  daspe  District.  On  the  Snulh 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  facing  the  diilf  of  St. 
Lawrence.  Traders  from  (Juebec.  Po|iulatloii 
about  l.'iiill. 

PKRCV,  C.  W.  A  T)).  ill  Northuniberbind  Co.  For 
Post-ollice,  ete.,see  Norham.   Populatii>ii  about  loo. 

PKRRYTOWN,  C.  \V.,  C.i.  Durham,  I'p.  Hope,  do  to 
Piut  llojie,  on  the  d.  T.  R.      Populati(Ui  about  liiii. 

PERTH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Driimim  ad.  A 
County  and  .\ssize  Town.     On  the  Hrockville  anil 

Arnprior  Railway  now  forming,     do  to  l>i kville, 

on  the  d.  T.  R.,  Montreal  and  'I'oroiito  Section,  ami 
then  •..  by  Stage  thrcmgli  Smith  Falls,  about  -l-l 
miles  gooii  road.     Population  about  •J."iiiil. 

PETERBOROUGH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterlnoough,  Tp. 
North  .Monaghaii.  The  County  and  .\s^i/.e  Town  of 
Peterborough  Counly.  do  to  Cobourg,  on  the  (i.  T. 
1!.,  and  Iheiiee  by  llranch  Railway  to  i'e!erl"0'ougli. 
See  preceding  jiages.     Population  about  lollii. 

PKTKRSlU'ltd,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wibuot.  A 
Sl.ilion  (01  the  (J.  T.  R.,  iW  miles  from  Toronto. 
PopnlatiiUi  about  o.*))!. 

PKiri'K  NATION,  C.  K.  .\  Tp.  in  Ottawa  Co.,  be- 
tween (Irenville  and  (arrillon.  For  Villages.  I'ost- 
olhees,  and  route,  >ee  .Montibello,  Papiueauville, 
St.  .\iidre  .Vvcliii.  and  St.  .\ngelhpie. 

PHILLIPSBURG  EAST,  C.  K,  Co.  Missisipir  i,  T|.. 
St.  .Vriuand.  (hi  the  boundary  separating  I  an.nla 
from  the  State  of  Vi'i'iuont.  St.  .Iidin's  on  the 
we.~l  sidi-of  tlie  Richelieu  River  appears  to  be  Ihu 
nearest  llaihvav  I'oint.     Popidaliiui  about  .'i"ii. 

PlIll.LIPSIURd,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wilinot. 
do  to  Peti'rsbiirg  (in  tlie  same  township)  by  the  d. 
T.  R.     Population  about  li'iU. 

PlIILl  IPSMLI.K,  ('.  U..Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  llastard.  do 
to  l.vii,  on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  and  thence  bv  road  North. 

PICKERING,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Ontario,  with 
Post-ollice  and  .Money  Order  of  the  same  name,  and 
in  which  are  the  f<dlovviiig  Stations  of  the  d.  T.  R. : 
Port  I  uion,  17  miles  from  Toronto,  and  French- 
ini;  iS  Day,  'Jl  miles. 

PICTON,  C.  W.  The  County  and  Assize  Town  of 
Prince  Kdward's  Co.  do  to  lleileville  from  the  west 
and  l\ing>ton  fnuu  the  east,  both  Stations  on  thed. 
T.  R.,  and  from  either  Station  by  Ray  of  llninte 
Steamer.  See  preceding  pages.  Population  about 
'Jill  II  I. 

PlKRCKVll.l.K,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  Vainaska,  on  the 
iSnitli  Shore  of  Lake  .*t.  Peter,  on  the  River  St.  Law- 
rence. .No  Railway  can  be  named  as  near,  do  to 
(Juebec  or  .Montreal,  and  thence  bv  Steamer. 

PIdKON  HILL,  C.  K.  In  .Mis.-isi|iioi,Tp.  SI.  Ainmnil, 
on  the  bc.iiiidary  of  the  Slat  •  of  Vermont.  .Nearest 
Railway,  Point  L.ieolle  Station,  Hs  miles  from  ..lon- 
treal,  on  Rouse's  Point  Railway. 

PILKINdTON,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Wellington  Co.  For 
Town,  Route,  and  I'ost-olliee,  see  Flora. 

PIKE  RIVER.  C.  K.,  Co.  .Missisijiiol,  Tp.  Slanbridge. 
do  by  .Montreal  and  Rouse's  I'oint  Railway  tu  1  a- 
eolle,  :')Si  miles  frinn  .Montreal. 

PINK  ORCHARD,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Whitcliureb, 
in  which  I'ownship  are  .Vurora  and  Newmarket, 
both  Staticuis  on  the  Ontario,  Slincoe,  and  lluniii 
Rail  from  Toronto. 

PINK  Rl\  Kit,  C.  W  .,  Co.  linice,  Tp.  Huron,  froiiling 
Lake  Huron,  do  to  doderieh,  41  iiiile>  from  sliat- 
furd,  the  Juucliuu  of  the  Toronto  uuU  Slrulford  sec- 


; 


I 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    AND  VILLAGES. 


65 


tion  of  the  G.  T.  U.  and  of  the  HulTalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Kail. 

I'll  TSllLltli,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Fiontcnac  Co.  Kor 
llipiilc,  I'ost-oltici's,  and  Vilhiges,  see  Ui'ewt'r's  Mills, 
IliniiiiiKliaui,  and  I'ilt's  Fcn-y. 

]'l..\Ni.\''l'.-M' '.  •-'■  ^^  ■  -^  'P-  '"  I'lccott,  North  of 
('(.rri\v:ill,  to  wliicli  go  tiy  the  (i.  T.  K. 

ri..\TT.-'\  Il.l.K,  I'.  \V.,  (-0.  O.xforil,  Tp.  lilenheini,  i.4  a 
^^lali'in  nil  lliL'  ihill'alo  and  Lal>e  Moron  ItaiUvay,  lo 
\M\i-  fnii[i  l'ari.<  .lurietion.     I'opnlalion  aliont  OOP. 

I'l.V.Ml'Ttl.N',  ('.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  l.ainljton  Ci).  l''oi' 
liuiiti',  ViliaKea,  and  I'ost-olhces,  see  KrroU  and 
Ilili,-:>oroii(.'li. 

I'Ul.NT  AHl.NO,  C'.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  liectie.  Go 
III  l''(irt  Krie  on  Iliill'alo  and  Lake  Huron  Itailway. 

I'OI.NT  Al  K.X.VMIKI!,  ('.  \V.,  Co.  Ileufrcnv,  Tp.  Itoss, 
on  llie  Mill  fcliore  of  L'liper  Ottawa,  f-ee  Ayhner 
iOa-t. 

ruiNT  AU  t'llKXK,  C.  K.,  Co.  Aigenteuil,  on  N'oiili- 
eiKt  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa.  Go  to  St.  Anne's  on 
tlieti.  T.  U. 

PdlNT  ALX  ANdLAIP,  C.  E.,  Co.  Two  Mountains, 
near  tlie  conlluence  of  tlie  Itivers  Ottawa  and  St. 
I,awrence.  (io  to  St.  Anne's  on  tlie  li.  T.  U.,  or 
Piiiiit  Claire,  IT)  miles  from  Mn    I  real. 

I'tllNT  .\l  X  TUK.Mlil.KS,  C.  K.,  (  o.  Hochelaga,  in 
Isk  of  .M(Uilreal.     V.n  to  Montreal, 

I'Ol.N'l'  Af.V  I'l'.KMHI.KS,  ('.  K.,  Co.  Portneiif,  near 
(ape  Saute,  on  ll"'  North  Shore  of  the  St.  I,a\vrence, 
abiiul  '-'0  miles  above  tjneliec. 

POIX'.  t.">AIKi;,  C.  K.,  to.  .laeipies  ('artier.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  (i.  T.  U.,  L")  miles  from  .Montreal,  (To- 
ronto Section). 

POINT  ])i;  I.AC,  ('.  V...  Co.  St.  Maurice,  on  the  North 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  east  end  of  Lake 
SI.  I'eter,  near  the  Three  Hivers,  at  which  the  (Jue- 
hec  ami  Montreal  Steamers  call. 

POINT  KOIfl'I'NK,  C.  10.,  Co.  Vauilreuil,  in  Itigaud, 
im  the  Soiilh-west  Shore  of  Hie  Ottawa.  Go  o  Van- 
(h-euil  l>y  the  (I.  T.  U.,  '^4  niile.s  from  .Muntreiii.  Poii- 
iilatioii  alioiit  L'llt. 

I'UINT  LKVI,  C.  Iv,  Co.  Levi,  Tp.  Lawzon.  The  Ter- 
iiiimis  of  the  (1.  T.  If.,  opposite  the  City  of  Quebec. 
Population  about  4.'iOi). 

I'dlNT  L;;VI  K.VSI,  C.  K.     see  Point  Levi. 

PdlNT  I'L.VTON,  C.  K.,  Co.  Lotbinerc,  Tp,  St.  Croix. 
Oil  Smith  Sliore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  nearly  op]Hisite 
Three  liivers,  at  wliicli  the  .Montreal  and  Quebec 
Steamers  call. 

PdlNI'  sr.  I'KTKIt,  ('.  K.,  Co.  Gaspe,  Tp.  Malbaie  a 
jioiiit  (lividini;  (ias)ie  from  Mai  liay  un  the  Lower 
St.  Lawrence,  near  the  Gulf. 

PdNTI.VC  .MILLS,  C.  K,,  Co.  Pontine,  Tp.  Onslow,  on 
North  Shore  of  Ottawa  liiver.  lio  to  Ottawa  City 
hy  the  Itailway  from  Preseort  .lunction  of  tlie  G.  T. 
It.,  .111.1  thence  bv  Stage  to  ,\\  Imer  Last. 

PdKI'.Vi.L  DC  l-'OKT,  C.  I-:.,  Co.  I'.mtiac,  Tp,  Liteh- 
licM,  north  of  the  (iraiid  Caluiiii't  Island  on  the 
Cpi'cr  Ottawa.     I'or  ruiile,  see  A\  Imer  Last. 

Plllil'  .\LHLi;i',  C,  \V,,Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Ashlichl,  front- 
ing Lake  llurnii,  (io  to  (lodnich,  U  miles  from 
Slraiford,  the  .hiiielion  of  the  liull'alo  and  Lake 
IIiiiiiii  and  (i,  T,  Uaiin.ivs, 

POItr  AC  PLIISIL,  C,  K,,  Co,  Charlevoix,  Tp.  .Mount 
.Murray,  on  North  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about 
80  miles  below  Quebec,  near  .Murray  Hay,  wliere  the 
Lower  St.  Lawrence  Steamers  call. 

PtllM'  lllill'K,  C.  \V.,  Co,  Klgin,  Tp,  Miilahide.  Go 
to  Port  Stanley,  now  connected  with  the  G.  \V.  K. 
hy  Ihanch  itailway  to  London.  Population  about 
'JOO, 

pour  llCliWI'I.L,  C,  \V,,  Co.  (Olgin,  Tp,  Hayhani,  ad- 
joining Township  to  .Malal  ide.  See  Port  Ih'uce  for 
roiue.     I'.ipiilalion  about  'Mm, 

POrtT  COLBORNt.C,  V  ,  C,:,  Welland,  Tp,  Hiim- 
lier>loiie,  .V  Station  fronting  Lake  iOrle  on  llutValo 
ami  Lake  lliii'on  Uaihvay,  lit  miles  frotii  Paris  .tniie- 
tion  of  the  G.  \V.  I!.,  and  M  miles  from  Stratford 
.Imiclioii  of  the  G.   I'.  It.     Poiiulation  about  son. 

POUT  (  liLIIIl',  C.  \V.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Klohicoke.  A 
Station,  1J|  iiiile.<  from  Toronto  V  ily,  on  (1.  W.  U. 
I'Mpiilaiion  ale.iit  hill. 

PORT  DALHOUSIE,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Gran- 
thtiiii.  .\  Poll  nil  North  Sh.ire  of  Lake  Ontario,  op- 
I)i)>ite  Toronto,  now  ennnecled  by  :■  Hallway  Itraiieh 
with  the  G.  NV,  K,     Population  about  Mill. 

PORT  D.VNIKL,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  Honaventiire,  at  en- 
trance of  the  Hay  of  Chaleiirs  from  the  Culf  of  St. 
Lawrence.     Tradera  from  (|uebec. 


PORT  DOVER,  C.  \V.,Cn.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Woodhouse. 
A  Port  on  North  Shore  of  Lake  Krie.  Go  to  Siineoe 
hy  Stage  from  Hraiitford,  and  thence  on.  Popula- 
tion about  '.tilll, 

POUT  KI..M-LKV,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Elmsley. 
(io  to  Kingston  by  the  G.  T.  U,,  and  thence  by  Uid- 
eau  Canal  Sleaiiiers,  through  Smith  Falls,  or  to 
Hroekville  hy  same  section  of  the  G.  T.  It.,  and  ou 
by  Smith  Falls' Stage. 

POUT  IIOOVLU,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham, Tp.  Cartwright. 
(io  to  Jiowmanville  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  4;J  miles  from 
Toronto.     Population  about  Ittl). 

PORT  HOPE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durham,  Tp.  Hope.  A 
main  and  Telegraph  Station  on  the  G.  T.  U.,  6i 
miles  from  Toronto;  a  leading  Port  on  Lake  On- 
tario, at  which  the  lioyal  .Mail  Steamers  regularly 
call  daily;  also  Steamers  for  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Draneh  Itailway  from  hence  to  Lindsay.  See  pre- 
ceding pages.     Population  about  t>{\m. 

POKTLAND,  C.  AV.  A  Tp.  in  Frontenac  Co.  For 
Route,  Villages,  and  Post-olhces,  see  llarrowsinith 
and  Mnrvtde. 

PORTLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  Dastard.  Go  to 
Landsdowne  on  the  G.  T.  K.,  IM  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.    I'opulation  about  l."iU. 

POUT  AIAITLAND,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hahlimand,  Tp.  Sher- 
brooke,  a  port  on  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Dunnville  Sta- 
tion on  the  liull'alo  and  Lake  Huron  liail,  I.')  miles 
from  Paris  Junction  of  the  G.  W.  R.,  and  77  miles 
from  Stratford  Junction  of  the  G.  T.  U.  Population 
about  .^0. 

PORT  .MILFOIiD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward,  Tp. 
.Marysburg.  .Milf.ird  fronts  Lake  Ontario ;  but  the 
Steamers  call  at  Picton,  on  Hay  of  (iuinte.  See  Pic- 
ton  for  direct  route, 

POR'l'  NELSON,  C.  W.,  Co.  ILilton,  Tp.  Nelson.  A 
Port  on  Lake  Ontario.  Go  to  Wellington  Square,  a 
Slalinii  of  the  G.  W.  U.,  in  the  same  Township,  7 
miles  from  Hamilton. 

PORTNEIF,  C,  E,  A  Port  in  Co.  Portneuf,  on  North 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  aliout  :lo  miles  above  l)ue- 
bec.  Steamers  pass  near  Ca\ie  Sante.  I'opulation 
about  750. 

I'OKT  i'ERRY,  C.  \V.,  Co,  Ontario,  Tp.  Ueach.  Go 
to  Wliitliy,  on  tlie  (i.  T.  iv.,  about  yo  miles  from 
Toronto, 

PORT  ROBINSON,  C.  W,,  Co.  AVelland,  Tp.  Tho- 
rold.  A  tliriviiig  business  place.  .Money  Order 
Ollice.  Go  In  Thnridd,  a  Station  on  the  G.  \V.  it., 
about  :!l  miles  froi-.i  Hamilton  (  itv. 

PORT  ROWAN,  C.  \V,,  Co,  Norfolk,  Tp,  Walsing- 
liain,  A  Port  on  L;ike  Erie,  Go  to  Sinieoe  by 
Ibantford  Stage  from  Hraiitho-d  Station  of  the  iiuf- 
falo  and  Lake  Huron  Itailwav.  Population  about 
4,")lt. 

W.,  Co,  Norfolk,  Tp.  IValsingham. 


POUT  ItOVAL,  C. 

See  Port  Hnwiili 

PORT  ItVERSK,  ( 

A  Pnrt  nil  Lake 

Town,  tci  which  | 


,  M",,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Woodhouse. 
Erie,  South  of  Sinicoc,  tlie  County 
o  by  Stage  from  Hrantford  Statior, 
11  the  llullalo  and  Lake  Huron  Uailwav. 

I'ORTSMOC  I'll,  C.  U".,  Co.  Frontenac,  Tp.  Kingston. 
A  Suburb  of  the  City  of  Kingston  w'Ah  daily  Stage 
connection,  (io  to  Kingston  (,'ity  by  Steamers  from 
Montreal,  Toronto,  uiid  Cape  Vincent,  or  by  G.  T. 
H.     I'opul.'ition  about  lihtl. 

PORT  ST.  FRANCIS,  C.  E.  In  Nicolet.  A  Port  on 
the  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  East  end 
of  Lake  St.  I'eter,  S-',  miles  below  Montreal,  a  usual 
place  of  call  for  the  (Jiiehec  and  Montreal  Steam- 
ers, about  'Jo  miles  distant  from  Arthahaska,  on  the 
G.  T.  K. 

PORT  SARNIA,  C,  \V,,  Co.  Lambton,  Tp.  Sariiia. 
Till-  i'ort  on  Lake  Huron,  ilcstined  as  tlie  'i'erminus 
of  the  G.  T.  R.  am'  Vr.  \V.  R.  Go  to  Stratford  by 
the  iiutlalo  and  l.ak.-  Huron,  or  by  the  (K  T.  II., 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section.  A  Branch  of  St. 
Mary's  from  London,  on  the  G.  \V.  it.,  is  near  coiu- 
jilelion. 

PORT  STANLEY,  CM',, Co,  FOlgin,  Tp, Y'armoulh. 
A  leading  Cani.diaii  I'ort  on  Lake  Erie  for  the  City 
of  Lnndnii,  with  which  it  is  now  cnnneeted  Ijy 
liranch  Railway.  Go  t.i  Lomloii  by  G,  W.  K. 
Steamer  from  here  to  Cleveland,  Oliio,  3  times 
weekly. 

PORT  UNION.  A  Station  on  the  O.  T.  U.,  17  mliea 
frtiiii  Toronto  City,  between  Searborougli  East  and 
i'ickering.  (.No  Post-olUce  under  that  name,)  Pop- 
uiation  about  'Si), 


k 


I    i 


4 


II 

i 


It  i 


66 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOAVNS,   AXI)   VILLAGES. 


PORT  TALDOT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Klgin,  Tp.  Duinvich.  Oo 
to  Kkfiid,  on  the  U.  \V.  li.,  ubout  \)o  luika  from 
Hiiiniltoii  ^uv. 

POTTON,  (J.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Drome  Co.  See  South 
Potton, 

PRESCOTT,  C.  K.,  Co.  C.ronville,  Tp.  Atigii.^ta.  A 
Mnin  and  Telcgi-apli  !<tiitiiiii  of  Hio  (i.  T.  H.  ami 
Juiictioii  of  the  Ottawa  Uailwa.v,  M  milos  friiiii  Ot- 
tawa Cit.v,  'J'l.'j  miles  from  Montreal,  ami  'J'.iii  mill's 
from  Toronto,  oppo.^ite  Ogilcji.'^liiirf.',  wliieli  is  the 
Terminus  of  the  Northern  Kailway  from  House's 
Point;  also  Port  on  ft.  1/awrenee,  at  whieli  all 
Caiiacliaii  Steamers  call.  See  preeeding  pages. 
Poi)uliition  about  4h0l). 

PRESTON,  C.  \Y.,Vo.  Waterloo,  Tp.  Wat.rloo.  fio 
to  Paris  by  the  ([.  \V.  It.,  or  by  the  llullalo  and 
Lake  Huron,  anil  thence  liy  (i.  \V.  K.  Ilraneh  for 
Preston  an<l  Oalt.     Poiiulation  about  iNKi. 

P1UC'KVII,I,K,  0.  W.,  Co.  (ircy,  Tp.  Arteme.sia.  In 
the  centre  of  the  North-west  District  or  line  of  pro- 
posed Central  Uailway  from  Toronto  to  Owen's 
Sound.  No  Station  at  present  adjacent,  but  Col- 
lingwood  or  Nottawasaga,  both  on  the  Ontario, 
Simcoe,  and  Huron  Uailway  from  Toronto,  woulii 
prove  most  eligilile. 

PKINCETON,  C.  W.,  Co.  O.xford,  Tp.  lilenlieim,  A 
t't.'\'ion  on  the  (K  W.  K.,  about  7  miles  friini  I'aris 
.luncli  ui  of  (i.  W.  It.  and  Dull'alo  and  Lake  Huron 
Uailna\. 

PUO.-<l'KL" ",  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Ileckwith.  (io  to 
Smith's  Tails  by  Itideau  Steamers  from  Kingston, 
C  W,,  or  .ly  Stage  from  Droekville,  on  the  ti.  T.  U. 
Popidation  ubout  75. 

PHOTON,  C.  ,V.  A  Tp.  in  (irey.  (In  to  Ouelpli,  on 
tile  (f.  T.  .",.,  anil  thence  by  Stage  .North. 

PUSLINCII,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  \Vellington,  close  to 
(iuelph,  to  which  go  by  G.  T.  It. 


Q 

QUEBEC,  0.  R     For  description,  see  elsewhere. 

QUKIiKC  COCNTY,  C.  E.,  witli  Quebec  City  as  the 
Capital — fronts  the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  South — is 
bounded  on  the  .North  by  Chicoutimi,  and  the  un- 
settled district  of  l.,ake  Quimpiumaclisis,  on  the 
West  by  Count.v  Portneuf,  and  on  the  Kast  by 
County  .Montnioreud. 

QUKENSDOIlOLHiH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Elze- 
vir, (io  to  .Mailoc  by  Stage  from  lirlleville,  wliiih 
is  a  Main  Station  on  the  ti.  T,  It.  Section,  U'.'O  miles 
from  Montreal. 

QUEENSTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Niaiiara.  Oo 
to  Niagara  by  fi.  W.  It.,  about  48  miles  from  llaiii- 
Uton,  and  thence  by  Erie  and  Ontario  Itailway  Io 
Q'  'nston,  S  miles,  or  go  by  Steamer  Zimmerman 
fro,. I  Toronto. 

QL'EEXSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp.  Eastflwiinm- 
bury.  (io  to  Holland  Landing,  which  is  a  Station 
li  the  same  Township  on  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
liuiop  Uailway  from  Toronto. 


R 

RAGLAN,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Ontario.  In  Whitbv  Township, 
in  which  is  the  Port  Whitby  Station  of  the  (i.  T.  It. 
I'opulation  abopt  ""  I. 

UAILTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Frontenac.  fio  to  Kingston 
by  the  (i.  T.  It.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section,  or 
b.v  Steamers  from  East  and  West,  and  across  from 
Cape  Vincent.     Population  about  loo. 

RAINHAM  AND  UAINIIAM  CENTllE,  C.  W„  Co. 
Ilaldimand,  both  in  It.iinham  Tp.,  fronting  Lake 
Erie,  (io  to  Cainville  or  Dunnville  by  the  Ihill'alo 
and  Lake  Huron  Itailwav.     Po|mlation  about  200. 

UAPIDKS  DKS  .!OIA(  IILSiS,  C.  E.,  (  o.  Pontiac,  Tp. 
Aberdeen,  .\bove  Pembroke,  with  comuuniication 
from  .Vyliiier  East  (wliicli  see),  liy  the  Upper  Otta- 
wa L'nion  Forwarding  Coinpanv.  Population  about 
CO. 

UATHO,  C.  W.,  Co,  Oxford,  Tp.  Hl,imlfonI.  Oo  to 
Princetoi,  on  the  (i.  W.  I!.,  or  to  Plattsville,  on  the 
liulfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Itaihvav. 

RAVENSWOOI),  ('.  W.,  Co.  Lamliton,Tp.  Ilosanipu't, 
fronting  Lake  Huron,  in  Port  Sarnia  District.  Itail- 
way Ineomidete.  See  St.  Mary's,  Blansliard,  or 
Stratford. 

RAWUON,  0.  E.   A  Tp.  In  Jloatcalm,  on  North  Shore 


of  St.  Lawrence,  In  St.  Maurice  District,  do  to 
Montreal  by  (i.  T.  It.,  or  Steamers  from  tjuebec  and 
Toronto.     Population  about  •.',-)iiil. 

UEACH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Ontario.  Oo  to  Port 
Whilhv,  on  the  (i.  T.  U. 

ltE.\UIN(i,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.  (iarafrax.i. 
(io  to  Itoekwood,  on  the  (i.  \\.  It.,  or  to  (iuelph' 
and  thence  by  Oarafraxa  (iravel  lioad.  Pnpula- 
tion  anout  'Jo. 

IlEAIt  OF  CHATHAM,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Arg.nteuil. 
For  route,  etc  ,  see  Dalesville. 

UEDNEItSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Edward.  In  the 
Tp.  of  Ameliasburg,  which  see.  Population  about 
Dili. 

RENFREW,  C.  W.,  Co,  Itenfrew.  A  rising  Village 
in  a  ncw-settliil  District,  with  .Money  Onlir  Oilice, 
etc,  in  the  Townslii|i  of  llortun.  (io  lo  FeiraH's 
Landing  or  lioinie  (here  Point  coi  1,  ppir  Oiiaw.-i. 
For  route,  see  .Vylmer  East  ;  si'c  also  ••  Free  (irant 
Jjinils,  named  as  tlie  Capital  Town  fur  the  (  nuuty 
Itenfrew.     Population  almut  I.Ml. 

UEPENTKiNV,  C,  E,  In  L'Assumiitinn.  On  North 
Shore  of  the  SI.  Luwrence,  near  .Montreal,  to  which 
RO. 

ItESTIIiOrCIIE,  C.  E.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  Hay 
of  Chaleurs,     For  Post-ollice,  etc.,  see  Cro.ss  Point 

UK  FVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  PrescotI,  Tp.  Plantageiiet, 
wbic'  see.     Population  about  Ion. 

UlCH  -^OND,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Lennox.  For  principal 
Town  and  Itailway  ^^talion.  see  .Napanee  ;  also,  fur 
Posl-ollices,  see  ,'toblin,  Selby,  and  iiowen.  Popu- 
lation alioul  L"Jiiu. 

RICHMOND  HILL,  C.  W,.  Co,  York,Tp,  Vanglian. 
On  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Huron  Hail,  Sfiigcs 
also  run  from  Toronto  daily,  exceiit  Sunday.s.  P.ip. 
idatlon  about  IMio. 

UK  ll.MOND  WESr,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carlelon,  Tp.  (ioul- 
horne.  (io  to  Kelly's  Station  or  Nortli  Osgnnde  by 
the  Ottawa  and  Prescott  Itailway,  from  the  (I.  T.  It. 
at  Preseott,  or  by  Itioeau  C.iii.il  Meaniers  that  ply 
between  Kingston,  Smith's  Falls,  and  Ottawa,  Pup- 
nlation  about  (ion. 

UK  IIVIEW,  C.  W..  Co,  Peel,  T|i,  Toronto  Cor,'.  (!o 
to  .Malton  by  the  0.  T.  It,,  T.ironto  .and  SliatfiTd 
Section,  or  to  .Mimieo,  on  llie  (i.  W.  It.  Tlie  Towii- 
sliip  lieing  in  the  vicioily  of  Toronto  City,  betwe -n 
the  two  Itailwavs  mentioned.     Population  abciul  Io. 

ItK'invO(M),  C. 'W,,  Co.  Oxfnril,  North  Hilling.  T|i. 
llhnheim.  (io  to  Dnniibo.  nn  the  llnlValo  ami  Lake 
Huron  Hallway,  11  miles  Irom  tlie  Pai'is  .liiuetion  of 
that  Itailway  iinil  the  (r  W.  It.  i'oiiulali.in  about 
l."»0, 

UIDdETDWN,  0.  AV.,  Co.  Kent,  Tji,  Howard,  (io  to 
Thamesville,  on  the  li.  T.  It.     Populatiun  abi.ut  :!iio, 

RIGAUD,  <'.  E.  A  Tp,  in  Vandreuil,  between  the 
Ottawa  and  St,  Lawrence  Hivers.  (lo  to  Vandreuil, 
on  the  (i.  T.  It.     Population  aliout  .'inn. 

RIMOUSKI,  C.  E.  A  lown  and  Tp.  in  Co.  Itimou- 
ski,  fronting  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  the  conllueiice 
of  the  Saguenay,  on  tlie  prnposed  eonlinualioii  uf 
the.  (i.  T.  It.  from  St.  Thomas  to  Nova  Scotia.  Ves- 
sels from  (luebec.     Populati  ...  about  .'iiioo, 

ItlN(iWOlll),  C,  W.,  Co.  Whitehincli,Tp.  Whitchurch. 
In  which  are  Aurora,  Newmarket,  lioth  Stations  on 
the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  .and  Huron  Itailway  linm  To- 
ronto.    Pii|iiilation  about  'Joii. 

UlVEIt  DAVID,  C.  E.  A  Postollice  in  Yaiiiask'i. 
Near  a  Tributary  to  the  Itiver  SI,  Francis,  nhich 
Hows  into  Lake  SI,  Peter  tSt,  Lawrence),  belweeii 
Montreal  and  Three  Itivers,     Population  aliout  ."iiloil. 

ItlVEIt  DESEItT,  C.  E,  Co.  Ottawa.  On  llie  North 
Shore  of  Ottawa  Liver,  (io  to  Petite  Nation  by 
Steamer  from  Mniitreal, 

HlVLIt  ST.  LOIIS.  C,  E.  In  St.  Louis,  Co.  Ileauhar- 
nois.  On  the  Smilli  Shore  nf  the  St.  Lawrence  a 
little  above  .Montreal,  opposite  St.  -inn's,  to  which 
go  bv  (I.  T.  It. 

UIVKItSDALE,  C.  W.,  Co.  I!riiee.  Tp.  (Ireenuck. 
Near  Saiigeeii.  (ill  to  (iiielpli  liy  the  (i,  T,  It.,  ami 
tlieuee  North  bv  Stage.     Population  about  .'lo. 

ItlVIEHE  Al  .\  ('  ANAKD.'^,  «.  K.  in  (  harlevoix. 
On  the  North  Shore  of  the  SI.  LaMri'iice.  near  the 
conllueiice  of  the  l-aguenay,  about  '."I  iiiili  ■  ,'elow 
Ouebec.     Steamers  pass. 

UIVIEHK  DES  PH.\IHIi;S,  C,  E,  In  Isle  of  Montreal. 
On  the  St.  Lawrence,  dividing  the  Isle  of  .lesns  from 
Isle  of  Montreal,  do  to  .Munlreal  bv  Steamer  or 
(i.  T.  H.     Population  about  fiod. 

RIVIERE   DU   LOUP,  en  has,  C.  E.    A  favourite 


I 


SB 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWXS,   AND   VILLAGES. 


67 


i-io.      Cio  to  I'ort 


p.  in  Arg.'iiteuil. 


K.    A  favourite 


Wntcring  Place  on  the  goiitli  Shore  of  the  St.  Liiw- 
renee,  In  Teniiscduula ;  where  the  Klver  is  '.ill  miles 
in  wiillh,  lu'ini,'  neiirly  iippiisite  the  inmilh  of  llie 
Sagiien:iy,  liin  miles  below  linel)ee.  (io  li.v  the 
gii"iiena.v  iinil  Lower  St.  hiiwrenee.  Steamers  from 
Qiieliec.  This  is  the  present  Terminus  (jf  Kleelric 
Telegraph  eonnmmieallon,  from  whence  the  arrival 
of  llie  Canailian  .Mail  Steamers  is  aniioiniced,  as 
tliee  arrive  from  l,iver|iool.    Population  about 'iunil. 

RlVlfellK  I)U  I.OLl'  KN  HALT,  C.  E.  In  Maskin- 
onge  llistriet.  On  the  Nortli  Shore  of  tlie  St.  Law- 
rence, forminR  part  of  the  St.  Maurice  Seclion  of 
the  cimnlr.v,  froiillui,'  Lake  St.  Peter,  aliout  'J  miles 
above  Three  Kiver.s;  a  INu't  for  the  (Juebee  and 
Jliinlri'al  Steamers,  which  usually  call  there. 

RIVIKKK  IIUKLI.K,  (.'.  K.  In  Kainouraska,  On  the 
South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  Ml  miles 
below  St.  Thomas,  the  Kastern  Terminus  of  the  tl. 
T.  If.  from  Huebec.     I'opulatiou  aliout  'J^iOO. 

ROUINSON,  V.  K.,  Vc.  ('(Unpton,  Tp.  liur.v.  do  to 
the  Kastof  Sherlirooke,  which  Station  on  thetl.  T.  U. 
afforils  best  counuunication.     I'opul.ition  about  lOII. 

UOHLIX,  C.  \V.,  I'o.  Lenno.y,  Tp.  Itiehmond.  CJo  to 
Napanee,  on  the  (i.  T.  U. 

nOClllOSTKI!,  C.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  Kssex  Co.  <io  to 
I'uci ,  on  the  (1.  W.  I!.,  about  1:1  miles  fnuu  the  Ter- 
minus at  Wliulsor. 

ROl'Kl'OKI),  C.  \V.,  Co.  Niu-folk,  Tp.  Townsend.  (Jo 
to  Itraiilford,  on  the  ItulValo  ami  Lake  Huron  Itail- 
wav,  and  thence  by  Simcoe  Slat;e. 

ROCKTON,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Wentworlh,  Tp.  lieverlev.  (io 
to  Daiidas,  on  tlu'  (i.  T.  I!.,  IJ  miles  from  the  City 
of  Hamilton.     Population  about  l.")ii. 

ROCKU'(Mll),  C.  W.,  Co.  Welliutilon,  Tp.  I'.ramosa. 
A  Staii.in  lui  the  (r.  T.  11.,  42  miles  from  Toronto, 
and  •>  miles  from  tluelph.     Population  about  40(1. 

ROI.PII,  V.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Ueufrew  Co.  I'or  I'ost- 
ollicc,  ronti',  etc.,  see  Point  .Mexauder. 

HOI. I'll.  C.  \V.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  .Middleton.  Lying 
Soiilh  of  the  (i.  \V.  U.  some  -'H  miles.  Try  Inger- 
soll  Stali<in  on  that  U.ailway,  111  miles  east  of  Lon- 
don, anil  'J'.l  West  of  Paris  Junction. 

ROCKI'OliT,  C.  W.,  C).  Leeils,  Tji.  Escott.  Go  to 
Mallorv  Town,  on  the  (i.  T.  U. 

ROMNKY,  C.  W,  A  Tp.  in  Kent  Co.,  fronting  Lake 
Krie.  (io  to  lielle  Itiver  or  liaptiste  Creek,  both 
Stations  ou  the  (1.  W.  K..  near  Wimlsor. 

RO.NDKAr,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Harwich.  Cio  to 
I  hatham,  on  the  (i.  W.  I{. 

RilSi:i!.\NK,  C.  W.,  Co.  lirant,  Tp.  Hrantford.  fioto 
Kr.'iutford,  on  the  llun'alo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

ROSKI'TA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  L.in.irk.  do  to 
llruckville,  on  the  d.  T.  U.,  and  by  Stage  to  Perth. 
I'cipulalimi  about  lid. 

ROSKVI.LK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  Soutli  Kidinp.  Tji. 
Sfirlli  Dumfries.  (In  to  I'aris  .lunclion  of  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  and  (.J.  \V.  Railways.  Pojui- 
latiini  about  7."i. 

ROSl.l.S.  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Tp.  Thurlow.  Go  to 
Il.dlcville,  on  the  d.  T.  I{. 

ROSS,  ('.  \V.  A  Tp.  iu  Renfrew  Co.  On  the  Scuith 
Shore  of  the  I'pper  Ottawa,  on  the  projected  line 
of  Railway  from  Arnprior  to  Peudiroke.  i'or 
jirescnt  route,  see  .\vhner  Kast. 

ROTIIS.W,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellington,  Tp.AIaryhorough. 
(Jo  to  duelpli,  on  the  (1.  T.  R.,  and  thence  by 
O'N'eirs  Stages  for  all  jilaces  North-west. 

ROl'dL  HILL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oidario,  Tp.  Pickering, 
(io  to  Krendunan's  Hay,  '.'1  miles  from  Toronto,  on 
the  (J.  T.  It.     Popidalion  ab(nit  ,'iO. 

UOCdK.MONT,  C.  K.,  Co.  It.uiville,  Tp.  St.  Ca'saire. 
do  te  St.  Hillaire,  on  the  d.  T.  1{.  Population 
about  'J.'iO. 

ROUVILLK,  C.  K.  See  Ahbidsford,  Rougemont,  and 
SI.  Ca'salre.  Villages  and  Post-ollices  in  the  Dis- 
trict elsewhere  noticed. 

ROW.VN  MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Walsing- 
hani.  Near  Lake  Krie,  South  of  any  Railway,  do 
to  lirantford,  on  the  linllalo  and  Lake  Huron,  and 
thence  bv  Stage  to  .-'imcoe.     Population  abiuit  PiO. 

RO.XllOliOl'dllANl)  RO.XHOIiOl'dll  WKST.  Two 
adjoining  Townships  in  Co.  Stormont.  do  to  Corn- 
w.ill.  on  the  d.  T.  R.     Populallon  about  'A'jllil. 

RO.VTON,  C.  K.,  connnoniy  called  South  Ro.Kton, 
which  see. 

RO.XTON  FALLS,  C.  F..,  Co.  ShelTord,  Tp.  Roxton. 
do  to  Aclcul,  on  (he  (1.  T.  R  ,  4'J  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.    Population  about  .Mill. 
RUSSKLL,  C.  W.     A  Tp.  in  Co.  RusscU.     Go  to  Dick- 


enson's Landing  or  Cornwall,  both  Stations  on  the 

G.  T.  R. 
ULSSKLL  TOWN,  C.  E..  Co.  Chateauguay.     Go  to 

Sherrington  Slaiion,;W  miles  from  Montreal,  ou  the 

.Montreal  and  Platlsburg  Rail. 
RYCKMANS  COUNLItS,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Mentv.orth,  Tp. 

dianford.     do  (o  .Middlejiort,  on  the  Bullalo  and 

Lake  Huron  Railway. 


s 

ST.  ADELK,  C.  E.,  Co.  T.  rrebonne,  Tp.  Ahercromble. 
North  of  Isle  .lesus,  opposite  MontreaL  Go  to 
I  Miuitreal  by  Steamer  or  d.T.R.  Population  about 
1      1400. 

ST.  AdATHA,  0.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  South  Riding,  Tp. 
Wilmot.  (io  to  Petersburg,  ou  the  G.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  "all. 

ST.  AIME,  C.  E,,  Co.  Riclielieu.  Go  to  Sorcl,  on  the 
St.  Lawrence,  at  the  coulluence  of  River  Richelieu 
and  St.  Lawrence,  by  the  Steamers  that  ply  between 
Montreal  and  (Juebee.     Population  about  .'lUD. 

Sr.  ALE.XANDRE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Kamouraska.  Ou  South 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  (Juebee  about  70 
miles.  St.  Thomas  Station,  44  miles  below  (Juebee, 
on  the  (J.  T.  R.,  is  the  nearest  Railway  point.  Pop- 
ulaliim  about  lllllll. 

ST.  AI.E.XANDRE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Iberville.  Go  to  St. 
John's,  on  opposite  Shore  of  River  Richelieu,  on 
the  Chamjilain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway,  21  miles 
fnuu  Montreal.     Population  about 'Jud. 

ST.  ALE.XIS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Miuitcahn,  Tp.  St.  Sulpice. 
In  the  St.  Maurice  Seclion,  North  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, nearly  opposite  .Montreal,  and  near  Assump- 
tion, to  which  go.    Population  about  l."HIII. 

ST.  ALPHONSE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Joliette,  North  of  St.  Law- 
rence, in  the  St.  .Maurice  district,  at  the  back  of 
llerlhier  en  haul,  which  see.    Poimlatliui  aliout  1700. 

ST.  .\N1)RE,  Co.  Kamcnu'aska,  fronting  South  Shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  ojiposite  .Murray  l!ay,  to 
which  go  by  Steamers  from  (Juebee.  Steamers 
nsuallv  call  at  Kamouraska. 

ST.  ANDRE  A\  KLIN,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Petite 
.Nation.  (Jn  North-east  Shore  of  Lower  Ottawa, 
do  by  Steamers  from  JlontreaL  Population  'ibout 
1  •-'.•!. 

ST.  ANDREW'S  EAST,  C.  E.,  Co.  Argenteuil 
Railway  projected.  On  North-east  Shore  of  Itiver 
Ottawa,  near  e(Uilluence  with  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Steamers  touch  on  the  way  to  ami  from  MontreaL 
Populalhui  about  I'.'.'ill. 

ST.  ANDREW'S  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Stormont,  Tp. 
Cornwall,  do  to  Cornwall,  on  the  (t.  T.  R.,  03 
miles  from  Mmdreal,  T  miles  from  Cornwall. 

ST.  ANdELHJlE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Oltawa,  T|).  Petite  Na- 
tion. On  Norlli-east  Shore  of  Ottawa  River.  Go 
by  Ste.aiuer  fr:mi  Montreal. 

ST.  .VNICET",  C.  E.,  Co.  Huntingdon,  in  Godmanches- 
tcr,  which  see. 

ST.  ANNE  HOCT  DE  L'ISLE,  C.  E.  In  Jacques  Car- 
tier,  Isle  of  Montreal,  ou  the  St.  Lawrence.  A  Sta- 
tion on  I'.ie  (J.  T.  R.,  '.'1  miles  from  tlie  City. 

ST.  ANNK  DE  L.\  PARADE,  C.  E.  In  Champlain. 
do  !o  Mooer's  Junction,  on  Moidreal  and  Platls- 
burg Kail,  47  miles  from  Montreal. 

ST.  ANN  DES  .MONTES,  C.  E.  A  Settlement.  In 
Gaspe(U'  Cape  St.  Anne,  on  South  Shore  of  St.  Law- 
rence, neai  Cape  Chatts.  do  by  Steamers  or  Tra- 
ders from  (Juebee,  about  170  miles.  Population 
about  l;illlin. 

ST.  ANN  DES  PLAINES,  ('.  E.  In  Terrebonne,  on 
N<uth  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Isle  Je- 
sus, do  to  .Mcmtreai  by  Steamer  or  (J.  T.  R.  Pop- 
ulation about  '2111111. 

ST.  ANNE  LA  POCATIKRE,  ('.  E.  In  St.  Anne's 
Ray,  in  Kamcmraska.  A  SeUlemcnt  on  (he  South 
Shore  of  the  l<t.  Lawrence.  Steamers  touch  at 
Kamouraska,  and  oceashinally  at  St.  Anne,  from 
(Juebee  ;  and  St.  Thcuuas  Station  of  t'.ie  U.  'V.  U.  is 
about '.'.')  miles  distant. 

ST.  ANNE'S,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Lincoln,  T|).  Gainsborough, 
do  to  lieamsvillc,  on  the  G.  W.  H.  Population 
abcuit  l.MI. 

ST.  ANSELME,  C.  E.  In  Dorchester  Co.  Go  to 
Cralg'«  Road  .'Station  of  the  G.  T.  R.,  l.")  miles  from 
Point  Levi.     Population  about  Hlllll). 

ST.  ANTOINE  LOTRINIKRE,  C.  E.  In  Lotblniere, 
ou  South  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  16  miles  above 


i! 


I 


li 


68 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWN'S,    AND  VILLAGES. 


Quebec,  to  wliioh  ro  l>y  Steamer  or  by  fr.  T.  U.,  to  j     Tp.  Wellesle;'.     Oo  to  I'ctcrsburj,',  on  tbe  G.  T.  R. 

Craig's  Unail  ^^t;llillIl,  V<  milrs  froiri  I'niiil  I<i.'vl.  |      I'oimliitioii  about  1(H(. 

ST.  ANTOIM:,  lilVKIt  ItlCIlKI.IKi:,  ('.  i:.,  Co.  Vcr-  !  ST.    (  I.KI',   V.   K.     In   VaTidreiill.      (io  to   Van.liuiiil 

eliurcs.      On    tbo   SmuIM    of    SI.    liawreriee,    bi'low  .^latimj,  on  tbu  (1.  T.  I!., '.'l  uiilt'?  wi'.'it  of  Mmitii'iil 

Montreal,     (io  Io  St.  Ilillairc  by  tlio  (J.  T.  It.,  17     ST.  COMMllIN,  C.  ]■'..     Iji  Two  .Monnlains,  fi ling 

miles  from  Moiilicil.  the   eonllnenee  of    tbe  Ottawa  and  SI.   I.awrinci! 

ST.  AUM.iND  CKNTUK,  ('.  K.     In  Slls.sisquol,  on  llie  Kiver.s.     tio  to  St.  .Vinie'.s  >as  iieari'.«t  Station)  on 

borders  of  the  Stale  of  Vermont,     do  to  Conii  Icni,  tlie  (J.  T.  It.,  '.'l  miles  west  of  Monlreal. 

on  tlie  t).  T.   It.,  Montreal  and  Portland  Seetioii,  .ST.  (  O.NST.VNT,  (,'.  K.    In  l,a|n.iiiie  Co.    Oo  to  June- 

110  miles  from  .Montnal,  tbenee  to   (  barlestipii  .')  (inn  Slali"ri,  on  tbi'  ('bam|dain  and  St.  hiiwrencci 

miles,  to  Slanstead  I'laln  U  miles.  Itailm.id,  1 1  miles  sonib  ot  .Montii^al. 

ST.  .\U.\I.V.\1)'S.     See  I'relieksbnrg  and  St.  Armand  ST.  CltOl.N,  '  .  H     In  l.otbioiere.     On  (be  Itiver  St. 

lentre.     I'opnladon  about  lllil.  i      l.awrenee.  "p|iosite  C.ipe  Saiite.     Illaek  liiver  Sla- 

ST.  AKSKNK,  C.  K.     In  Temiseouatil  Co.,  near  Ca-  tion, 'Jll  miles  below  I'oinI  Levi,  is  llie  nearest  Hail- 

coumi,  nbere  tbe  Steamers  toiieb  from  ijueliee,  ami  w.i.v  point.     I'opnl.ition  about  'J.lon. 

wbere   there    is    aeeoiumodalion.      Population   of  ,'ST.  CI' I'llllKKT,  ('.  Iv      In  Ibrthier,  nearly  ojipnsitu 

Parish  about  'jridii.  Sorel.     On  the  SI.  l.awrenee,  a  Port  for  tlie  IJuel.n! 

ST.  ATIIAXASK,  C.K.     A  Tp.  in  Iberville,     (io  to  St.  and  .Montreal  Ste.amers.     At   Ihe  baelv  of  liiTiliier 


■lobn's  Station,  on  Ibe  Cliam]daiii  and  ,St.  Lawrenee, 
'21  miles  from  .Montreal,  ami  cross  Itiver  Uichelieil. 
Populali ilioul  IMio. 

ST.  AllilSTIN,  (  .  K.  In  Pnrtneuf,  on  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence,  It)  miles  above  tinebec. 

ST.  ALillSl'IN  TWO  .MOINTAINS,  C.  E.,  Two 
.Moinitaius  Co.  On  Lower  Ottawa,  near  coidluenee 
Willi  St.  Liiwrenee.  (io  (o  Montreal  or  St.  Ainu;'s, 
on  the  (i.  T.  K.,  Montreal  ami  Toronto  Section. 

ST.  ItAKNADK,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  St.  .Maurice.  On 
N(n-th  Shore  i^f  the  St.  I.awrem'c.  (io  to  Three 
Itivers  as  tbe  nearest  Port  at  which  Steamers  l(mi'li 


Village,  for  wiLieh  make.     Piipul.ition  .'ibmil  ■-'."iiiii 

ST.  CVIULLK,  C.  K.  In  L'lslrt,  nn  Sootli  Slioie  of 
tbe  SI.  LawriMu'e.  (io  (o  SI.  Tliomas  TmuiriiK  nf 
(i.  T.  It.,  IJuebec  ami  St.  Tliom.is  Di.-iricl,  and  tlu^n 
about  1'.'  mih's  distance.     Popolalion  al"iul  .'lOO. 

ST.  1>.\MASL,  C.  K.  In  St.  Ilyaeintlie  Co.  (In  Io 
SI.  Ilyacintbe  Stalimi,  fiii  tlie  (i.  T.  It.,  :iil  iiiili..3 
from  .Mnntreal.     Popnlalioii  about  I'^o. 

ST.   DAVIICS,  ('.  W,  Co.  Li >ln,  Tp.  Niagara,    do 

In  Niag.M'a  bv  the  (i.  W.  II.     Pnpni.-itinii  about  .'inii 

ST.  ItKSIS,  C.  I-:.  (Ml  Itiver  l!ic|n.li,.u,  in  St.  Ilja- 
ciruhe.  wliieli  s.'c.     Pn|ml,itio,n  abnut  Too. 


between  Jlontreal  and  liueliec.      Pni)ulation  about     ST.  liKNIS  UK  LA  liOl  I'lLLI  i;i!K,  C.  K.   In  Kaninu- 

Itioo.  ra-ka,   on   the  .-ioutli  Sliore  of  tlie  St.    Lawrence, 

ST.  IIAUN'ABK,  C.  K.    On  liiver  Yaniaske,  in  St.  Ilya-  ^      about  In  miles  below  SI.  Tliom.is  Tmiiiiius  of  (i,  T. 

cinllie  Co.     (io  to  St.  Ilillaire,  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  Mon-  -      K.  from  (Jiiebee.     Popiil.'itioii  alioiit  '.'noo. 

treat  and  Porllaml  Section,  alimit    IT   miles  from  '  ST.  HID.VCI),  C.  K.     In  L.--andiere  |Ma>kiiioii|'e  \>U. 

Montreal.     Population  alioiit  do.  |      iricli,  nii   Norlh  Sbm'e  of    SI.   Lawrence,  i  |),io.ile 

ST.  HAIITIIKLA.MK  IN  IlKKTIII  Kit,  C.  E.      On  the  I      Sorel,  it  niil.s  east  of  Herlliier,  wliicli  see.     I' .pala- 

North  Shore  of  the  SI.  Lawrence,  opposite  Sorel,  I      linn  alioiit  loon. 

at  which  Port  the  (incbee  and  .Moiilreal  Steiimers     ST.  IIOMINIIJI'L,  C.  V„     In  Co.  l!,-ignt.     (in  b.  .\cl,,ii 

touch.     Population  abnul  •.'."iiin.  nn  tbe  (I.  T.  I{.  ' 

ST.  liAZILK,  C.  !■:.     In  Pmineiif,  nn  Nnrlh  Shore  of  ]  ST.  KIIOI'.Mtl),  C.  K.     In  N.ipierville.      (in  I..  Shir- 

St.  Lawrence,  between  (Juebec  and  'lliree   Itivers,  I      riiiglon,  .'tj  iiiilo  snoili  nf  .Mnntre:il.     A  Sliitinn  nii 

at  which  i'ort  the  .Montreal  ami  (Juebec  Steamers  I      tin-  Mnntreiil  ,-ind  Platlsbiirg  Itailw.ay.     Popid.itinii 

call.     Pn|iulatinn  abmit  loon.  almul  u'.'iO. 

ST.  liENOlT,  C.  K.     In  Two  Mountains,  fronting  the  i  ST.   KLIZAIiETII,  C.   K,     In  Jnlicttc  Cn.     (hi  Itiver 


cnntUieiice  of  the  Olt.iwa  and  SI.  Lawrence,  op]i 
site  I>le  of  ,lesns.     do  to  .Montreal  by  Steamer  and 
Kail.     Po|iulatioii  aliont  llillll. 


Ilayonne.  (io  In  Hirlliier,  on  ilic  Nnrlh  Shore  nf 
St.  Lawrenee,  np]in>ii,'  Snrcl,  at  the  head  of  Lake 
SI.  Peter.     Popiilalinii  abnut -J.")!!. 


ST.  UKUNAKI),  C.  E.  in  Co.  Dnrcliester.  (io  to  SI',  KLI.I,  C.  Iv  In  Temise.uiala,  on  the  Snutli  Slinre 
Craig's  Jtoad  Station,  on  the  (i.  T.  U.  Population  i  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  tlie  mnutli  nf  iliu 
abnut  l."iMn.  Saguenav.     (in  to  l!i\  iere  dii  Loini,  wbicli  see. 

ST.  liltldlDE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Iberville,  Tp.  Monoir.  do  '  ST.  EI.ZL.M!,  ('.  L.,  Co.  Heauce.  do  to  ISlack  liiver 
to  St.  Ilillaire,  on  the  d.T.  It.    Population  about  To.  i      or  Craig's  lioad  Slatinns,  nn  tlie  (Juebec  and  Hide 


ST.  liltCNO,  C.   E.     In  Co.  Chamliley.      do  to  Lon- 

geuil,  on  tlie  (i.  T.  It.  Terminus. 
ST.  CASIMIK,  C.  E.     In  Co.  Portneuf.  See  St.  Itazile 
ST.  CATllAKINES  EAST,  C.  E.  In  Co.  P.irtiieuf,  Tp. 


moiidSnctions  of  tin'  d.  T.  K.  Popidatinii  abmil  '.'."■no. 
"P.  ESPItIT,  C.  E.,  Cn.  Mnritcaliii.      (Mi  Nnrlh  Shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  below  .Monlreal.     do  to  .Mnn- 
treal by  Steamer  or  Kail. 


Kossambault.  On  River  .laccpies  ('artier,  about  '.I  ST.  ETIENNK,  C.  E.  In  St.  Maurli'e.  On  Itiver 
miles  from  Les  Ecuriels  (the  Port  at  the  eonllnenee  i  Haliscaii,  alimil  id  miles  Imlnw  Three  Itivers,  to 
of  that  Itiver  and  llie  SI.  Lawrencel,  which  is  '.',')  :  wliicb  gn  by  the  Steamers  tliat  piv  li.lween  .Moii- 
niiles  abnve  (Juebec.     Popnlalioii  al.ont  .'iii.  treal  and  (Juebec.     popn'nilinn  almul  oouo 

ST.  CATHARINES  WEST,  C.  W.Co.  Lincoln,  I  ST.  EUSTACHE,  C.  E.  In  Two  .M,„intains.  A 
Tj).  (Iranlhani.  A  Steamer  from  Toronto,  or  the  (1.  j  con-iderable  Lmiiber  Station  on  prnjeeted  Line  of 
W.  It.  frnui  Hamilton  and  Niagara  to  St.  Callia-  Monlreal  iind  (niawa  Kailway.  (io  In  St.  Ann's, 
vine's  Station,  llj  miles  from  Niagara,  and  82  from  on  tlie  ii.  T.  It.,  or  to  .Mniilmal.  Pnp.  abnnl  i"iMO. 
Hamilton.     See  preceding  pages.  ST.  KAHIKN,  C.  E.     In  Kimmiski,  a  few  miles  wcsl  nf 

ST.  CELESTIN,  C.  E.  In  Nicniet  Co.,  frnntlng  the  j  Hie,  on  the  Smith  Shore  "f  the  St.  Lawrence.  See 
ist.  Lawrence,  on  llie  South  Slim-",  npim^iie  Three  I       Hie.     Pupulatimi  ab.oil  llnO. 

Kivers,  wbere  the  (Juebec  and  .Montreal  Sleameis  '  ST.  FAMII.LE,  C.  E.  In  tlm  Isle  of  Orleans,  in  MomI- 
call.     Population  about  l:Joil.  niorenci    Co.,  on   the    Itiver  St.  Lawnoice,   bil.o- 

ST.  C.HSAIItE,  C.   E.      In   Co.    Uoiiville.     (io  to  St.        (Juebec.     (io  to  (Jiubi'c  by  (he  (i.  T.  It.  or  Sleam- 
Ilillaire  Station  of  the  (i.  T.  It.      Population  about        ers.     Popnlalinri  abnut  lloo' 
ISW-  ST.  FEI.I.V   1»K  VAI.Ol.-i,  (  .  E,     In  Jnl   .tie.     See  Ilu 

ST.   CIIAItLES  (on  Itiver  Itiehelieu),  C.   E.,  Co.  St.'       Uanisay.     I'npulatinn  about  lilliio. 

Hyacinthe,  Tp.  St.  Charles,  (io  to  St.  Ilillaire,  on  '  ST.  KEItEOL,  C.  E.  In  Mniitmnrenci  Co.  On  North 
the  (i.  T.  It.     Population  about  4im.  '      Shore  nf  St.  Lawrence,  below  (Juebec.  do  to  (Jmbu-. 

ST.  CIIAItLES  (Itiver  lloyerl,  C.  E.     In  Hidlechasse.    .ST.   FLAVIE.  (.   E.      Ilin M.      (io    to  liic,  which 

A  . "Station  on  the  SI.  Thomas  Sectimi  of  llie  (1.  T.        si'c.     Pn|mlitinn  abniil  '.'oon. 

U.,2.')  miles  below  tjiiebee.     Populalinti  abmit  '.'M.-iU.    ST.    KOV,  C,  E..  i'n.  (Jinlice,  near  Cilv  of  (Juebec,  to 

ST.  CHItlSTOPIIE(L'Artliabaska),  C.  E.     In  Co.  Ar-        which  gn  by  Steamer  nr  (i.  T.  It.  frnlii  .Mnntreal and 

tbabaska.     do  to  Arthal>aska  Stall on  the  (i.  T.         Pmllaiid. 

It.,  (Juebec  and  Iticlimond  Seeliroi,  .'l-J  miles  nortli  ST.  Eli.Wi  IS,  C.  E.,  Co,  V.am.aska.  On  llie  Itiver 
of  Itichmonil  .lunclion,  and  M  miles  from  (Juebec  ,  St.  Francis,  whiih  unites  \\  ilii  the  St  Law  r.'iice  at 
(Point  Levil.     Pnpidati.ui  abnut '.'.Ml.  Uie  head  of  Lake  St.  Peter.     St.'.ininis  Iroin  Mnii- 

ST.  CLAIKE,  C.  K.     A  Tp.  in  Dnndiesler  Co.     Chan-        treal  tnu.di.     I'npnl:itinn  abnut  :ioo. 

ditVe  Junction  and  Craig's  lioad  an'  tlie  Stalimis    .<T.   FI!.\NCIS   MILLS,   ( '.   E.      Some  of   the  largest 

on  the  (Juebec  and  Iticlimmid  Seclinii  of  the  (i.  T.         and  most  i pbde  in  Canada,  on  the  St    Francis, 

U.  for  Co.  Dorchester.     Populali. in  alioiil  '.'."joO.  near  the  lirompion  Fall's  SI  itinn  of  the  d.  T.  ll.,'JO 

BT.  CLEMENT'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  North  lliiiing,  ,      miles  from  .Montreal. 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES, 


69 


ST.  FIIAN^'OIS  (MontmiiKiil'),  C.  E.  In  Mnntniapnl 
Co.  ()(>  t(i  t<t.  Tlioinas  'rt'rniiniis  of  the  (i.  T.  It., 
+t  inik'.i  below  Quubec.    I'upuliitiun  of  I'ari.^li  iiboiit 

iidOIP. 

ST.  Klt.VNCf'S  D'ORI.KANT',  C.  ¥..  On  Isle  of  Or- 
leans, In  Montmoreui'i  Co.,  on  the  i*t.  Lawrence, 
just  below  (luebee.  Cio  to  Queliec  by  Steamer  or 
Kail. 

ST.  KK.VNX'OI.''  (BeauceX  C.  E.  In  Iteauce  Co.  No 
Station  can  be  naineil  lis  the  nearest.  Try  lilack 
Itiver,  on  the  (1.  T.  It.,  (Jiiebee  and  Itlehinund  Sec- 
tion, anil  (,'o  south-east. 

ST.  (I.MiitlKI- (lie  lirainlon),  ('.  K.  In  llertbler.  A 
T|).  in  Hertbier,  near  Lake  Maskinonpe,  at  Ibe 
source  of  the  Itivcr  llayonne,  which  eni|itle.s  into 
the  St.  Lawrence  near  Hertbier,  whicb  see.  Popu- 
lation of  Parish  aliout  HiliMl. 

ST.  (IKNKVIKVE,  ('.  K.  In  .Jacques  Cartier  (Mon- 
treal Islanil).  (io  to  Hlue  Itoiinels  or  Point  Clair, 
the  llrst  two  Stations  of  the  U.  T.  it.,  from  Mon- 
treal. 

ST.  (IKOItllK,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Iteaiu'o  Co.,  near 
River  Cbaudiere,  which  Hows  into  the  St.  Lawrence, 
opposite  (Quebec,  do  to  (  haudiere  Junction  or 
I  liaudiire  Station,  about  !•  miles  from  (Juebec 
(Point  Levi).     Population  about  l.'xio. 

ST.  GEORGE,  illranti,  C.  W,,  Co.  Itraid,  East  Rid- 
inf.'.  Tp.  South  Dumfries.  (Jo  to  Paris  .luru'tion  of 
(1.  \V.  It.  anil  Hull'alo  an'!  Lake  Huron  Hallways. 
Population  about  MMI. 

ST.  (IKOIttiK  illastiiigs),  C.  W.  See  Ivanhoe.  New 
Posti.llice. 

ST.  (lEKTItl'DE,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Nicolct,  fronting 
the  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite 
Thri'e  Itivcrs,  where  (Juebec  and  Montreal  Steam- 
ers touch.     Population  aliout  LSiKI. 

ST.  (lEIlVAIS,  C.  E.  A  Tp,  in  liellechasse.  f!o  to 
Clmuilierc,  on  the  (l.T.  It.,  !t  miles  from  Point  I,evi, 
opjiosite  (iuelicc.     Population  abo\it  ;MWI). 

ST.  (ilLE.S  C.  E.  A  Tp,  in  Lotbiiiicre.  (in  to  the 
Ulack  Itivcr  Station,  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  (iuebce  and 
Itichinonil  Section,  '.Ml  miles  from  Point  Levi,  oppo- 
site ((uebec.     Poiinlation  about  llud. 

ST,  <il!K(l()IIIE,  C,  E.  A  Tp,  in  Nicolct,  frnntinp  the 
Soulb  Shore  of  the  ."t.  Lawrence,  op]iosite  'i'liree 
Rivers,  where  the  (luebee  and  Montreal  Steiunera 
call.     Population  about  MCillll. 

ST.  llf;LI^;NE,  C.  E.  In  Kamouraska.  See  Kamour- 
Hska. 

ST.  IIELENE,  (1)E  nAOOT,)  C.  E„  Co.  Dapot.  Co  to 
Cpton  on  the  (i.  T.  It.  Population  of  parish  about 
•Jim, 

ST.  IlKLEN'S,  C,  W.,  Co.  Huron,  Tp.  Wawanosh,  Co 
to  Strat ford  .1  unction  of  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron 
and  (i.  T,  It.,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  and 
tlience  by  Slape  to  (ioderich,  44  miles. 

ST.  llftNEDINE,  C.  E,,  in  Co,  Dorchester,  do  to 
Chaudierc,  S  miles  from  Point  Levi  Terminus  of 
(Juebec  and  llichmond  Railway.  Population  of 
parish  about  LtiKI. 

ST.  HENRI,  C.  E,,  In  Lauzon,  Co.  Levi.  Go  to  Point 
Levi  Station,  opposite  (Juebec,  and  thence  to  St. 
Henri,  a  Station  on  the  (L  T.  It.,  (Juebec  and  St. 
Thomas  Section.     Population  of  Parish  about  IKdO. 

ST.  IIKRMAS,  C.  E.,in  Two  Mountains,  opposite  Mon- 
treal, on  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  near  con- 
(lueiice  of  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence,  (io  to  Point 
Claire  on  (i.  T.  It.,  15  miles  K^m  Montreal.  Popu- 
lation about  l.^lln. 

ST.  HILAIItE,  C.  E.,  in  Co.  Rouville,  a  Tp.  am!  a  Sta- 
tion on  the  (I.  T.  It.,  IT  miles  from  .Montreal.  Pop- 
ulation about  lliml. 

ST.  liCdCKS,  C.  E.,  Co.  Itapot.  Oo  to  ITpton  on  the 
(i.T.  ll.,4;(  miles  from  Montreal.  Population  about 
■l.'iO. 

ST.  HYACINTHE,  C.  E.  A  Town  In  St,  llyaclnthe 
Co.,  and  a  Main  and  Telepraph  Station  on  thed.  T. 
It.,  :!0  miles  from  Montreal,     I'opulation  about  501111. 

ST,  IRENEK,  C,  E.  In  Charlevoix,  on  the  North 
Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  Murray  Pay,  Xf)  miles 
below  (Juebee.  Go  by  Lower  .•<(.  Lawrence  Steam- 
ers from  (Juebec,  now  a  favourite  place  of  summer 
resort.     Population  about  idii. 

ST.  ISIDORE  (DOKCllhXrER),  C.  E.  Go  to  Chau- 
diire  on  the  d,  T.  It.,  (Juebec  and  Richmond  Sec- 
tion.    Population  of  parish  about  'ilMMl. 

ST,  L-^IDORE  (I.APRAIRIE),  C.  E.,  Co.  Lapralrle.  A 
Station  oil  the  Montreal  and  Plattsburp  Railway, '.'1 
uiiie.i  from  .Montreal     Population  about  2(10. 


ST.  IVES,  C.  W.,  Co.  :MiddlescJC,  Tp.  West  Ml.ssourl. 
do  to  St.  .Mary's,  lilaiishard,  by  Stage  from  London 
on  the  (1,  W,  R.,  (Railway  Hraiich  now  forminp,)  or 
by  Stape  from  Stratford  Terminus  of  the  (1.  T.  R., 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  and  of  the  llull'alo 
and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

ST.  .lACOH'S,  C.  W.,  Co.  Waterloo,  North  Riilinp,  Tp. 
Woolwich,  (io  to  Berlin  on  the  0.  T.  It.  Popula- 
tion about  4IIII. 

ST.  .lACtJlJKS,  C.  E.,  Co.  L'Assumption,  Tp.  St.  Sul- 
pice,  on  North  Shore  of  St.  Lawrence,  below  .Mon- 
treal. Go  to  Montreal,  and  thence  bv  Steamer  or 
Trader.     Population  of  parish  about  ;iiioii. 

ST.  .lACiJl'ES  LE  .MINEI:R,  C.  E,,Co.  Laprairie.  do 
to  St.  Isidore  on  the  .Montreal  and  Plattsburg  Rail- 
way.    Population  about  'J.')!). 

ST.  JANVIER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Terrebonne,  Tp.  I)e  Blain- 
ville.  do  to  Montreal  by  Steamer  or  Railwav,  and 
cross  from  Isle  Jesus  to  opposite  shore.  Population 
of  parish  about  liiilil. 

ST.  JEAN  BAPTIST!:,  C,  E.,  Co.  Rouville.  Go  to  St. 
Ililaire  on  the  (1.  T.  R. 

ST.  JEAN  CIIRVSOSTOME  (CHATEACGUAVI,  C.  E., 
Chateaupuay.  (io  to  St.  Isidore  Station  on  the  Mon- 
treal niid  Plattsburp  Railway,  '21  miles  South  of 
Montreal.     Population  about  t;oi). 

ST.  JEAN  CIIRVSOSTOME  (LEVI),  C.  E.,  Co.  Levi, 
Tp.  Lau7.on.  do  to  Point  Levi,  the  (i.  T.  R.  Ter- 
minus of  (Juelicc  and  Richmond  Section  fortjuehec. 
Population  of  parish  about  ISdU. 

ST.  JEAN  IJES  ClIILLONS,  C.  E.,  Co.  I.otbinifcre. 
(io  to  Somerset  on  the  (i.  T.  R.,  (Juebec  and  Rich- 
mond Railway,  49  miles  from  (Juebec,  and  47  from 
Iticbmond  Junction. 

ST.  JEAN  D'ORLEANS,  C.  E.  Isle  of  Orlean.s,  on  the 
River  St.  Lawrence,  just  below  the  City  of  (Juebec, 
to  which  po. 

ST.  JEAN,  PORT  JOLI,  C.  E.,  Co.  L'Islet.  Go  to  St. 
Thoma.s  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  It.,  4!)  miles  east  of 
Point  Levi,  and  then  a  distance  of  '.'ii  miles  by  road  ; 
or  by  Steamers  from  Quebec,  It  beinp  a  Port  on  the 
South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  which  they 
usually  call.     Poimlation  of  parish  about  :Mki. 

ST.  JEROME,  C.  E,,  Co.  Terrebonne.  Opposite  Isle 
Jesus,  North  o."  Montreal,  to  which  po  by  Steamer 
or  Rail.     Pojiulatlon  of  parish  about  1,'iiiir. 

ST.  JOHNS  EAST,  C.  E„  Co.  .«t.  John's.  Go  by 
Chainplain  and  i^l.  Lawrence  Railway  to  St.  John's 
Station,  '.'1  miles  from  Montreal,  situated  on  the 
West  side  of  the  River  Richelieu.  Population  about 
45(W>. 

ST.  JOHN'S  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Welland,  Tp.  Pelham. 
Go  toThorold  on  tlieG.  W.  It.    Population  about  MS{\. 

ST.  JOSEPH,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Beauce.  do  to  Somer- 
set on  the  G.  T.  R.,  and  then  by  Road  east  about  22 
miles.  The  Chaudliire  River  (lows  throuph  the  Tp., 
and  Chandii^re  Junction  Station,  on  the  same  Sec- 
tion, is  about  'J5  miles  distant.  Population  of  par- 
ish about  itiiiiil. 

ST.  JOSEPH  DC  LAC  (TWO  .MOCNTAINS),  C.  E., 
near  the  coiilluence  of  the  Ottawa  and  St.  L.awrence 
Rivers,  (io  to  Montreal  or  St.  Anne's  on  by  G.  T. 
R.     Population  of  parish  about  I'i'iii. 

ST.  JOSEPH'S  ISLAND,  C.  W.  Lyinp  in  St.  Mary's 
Straits,  on  Lake  Huron,  10  miles  above  Point  de 
Tour,  running  east  and  west  '20  miles,  and  about  15 
miles  wide.  Steamers  call  from  i^aulte  St.  .Marie 
and  Collin  .wood,  97  miles  from  Toronto,  on  the 
,«iincoe,  Huron,  and  Ontario  Railway. 

ST.  JUDE,  C.  E.,  in  Co.  St.  llyaclnthe.  Go  to  Hya- 
I     cinthe  on  the  G.  T.  R.     Population  about  '.'5il. 

ST.  JULIK,  C.  E.,  Co.  Vereheres.    See  Beloceil. 

ST,  JULIENNE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Montcalm.  See  Itawdon, 
I      Chertsev,  etc.     Population  of  parish  about  ISilO. 

ST.  LAJIDERT,  C.  E.,  Co.  Levi,  Tp.  Lauzon.  Go  to 
I  Point  Levi  on  G.  T.  R.  Population  of  parish  about 
'     lino. 

ST.  LAl'RENT  D'ORLEANS,  Co.  Montmorenci.  On 
the  Island  of  Orleans  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  just  be- 
low (Juebec,  to  which  po  by  i<teanier  or  G.  T.  It. 
Population  of  Parish  about  1000. 

ST.  LACRENT,  C.  E.,  Montreal,  Co.  Hochelnpa,  on 
the  Isle  of  Montreal,  do  to  Montreal  by  Steamer 
or  Railwav.     Population  of  parish  about  *IO(l. 

ST.  LAZARE,  ('.  E.,  Co.  Bellecbasse.  do  to  St.  Henri 
from  ('handii''re  on  the  Junction,  a  Station  on  tbu 
(Juebec  and  St.  Thomas  Railway,  17  miles  from  Point 
Levi.     Population  of  luirlsh  about  l"^oo. 

ST,  LEON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Maskenonge  Dumontler.     On 


Vi 


i! 


f 


70 


CANADA:    CITIKS,    TOWNS,    AND   VILLAGKS. 


I       J 


North  Slioru  of  SI.  Lawri'iici-,  J.iikf  .St.  IV'ter).  Hcc 
](ivl6i'e  (111  Iaiu])  I'll  limit,  whicli  Uo»'8  tliroiigli  T|i. 
Duiiioiilier. 

ST.  LKiOUKI,  C.  K.,  Moiilciilm.  On  North  Shore  of 
.*t.  Liiwrence.  t^-iu  L'Assuiiiptloii  uiul  St.  Maiiiict; 
Territory. 

ST.  1,1  N.     See  I/.^ssumplion, 

ST.  l.OIJIS,     See  liivir  St.  l-oiils. 

ST.  LDUIS  l)K  (iOUZAOL'K,  C.  K,,  In  Ilcaiihacois, 
fi'oiitiiij^  the  South  Slioie  of  llie  St,  I.avvieiK'e,  o|i- 
pn.site  Ceiliir.  (io  to  t)e(l:ir's  Koail  Stiition,  'JU  iiiiles 
nc<t  of  .Morilreiil,  OM  the  (i.  T.  It. 

ST.  l.lll',  V.  K.,  ill  St.  Joliii'.-i.     See  St.  Jolm's  Kiist. 

ST.  lA'l'K,  C.  K.,  Co.  Itiiiioiisld,  which  fronts  tlie  South 
Sliore  of  till'  St.  hiittreiice  lielow  the  eontlueiice  of 
theSiiKueiiav,  a  port  heloiv  Kic,  anil  on  the  extendeil 
(iranil  Trunk  K.\ten:<ion.  I'opiilation  of  jiaiish 
alioiit  '.MiMi. 

ST.  .M.^ItC,  v..  K  A  Tp.  in  Vercherefl,  lielow  Mon- 
treal, on  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  (Jo  to 
Montreal. 

ST.  .MAItCKI,,  C.  E ,  Co.  Uiclielieu,  on  Sontli  Shore  of 
St.  hawrence.     Go  to  William  Henri    Sorel',  whieh 

ST.  .MAtiUKItlTK,  C.  K.,  Tp.  l>ortlie.«le.-.     See  (.'hau- 

(liiire. 
ST.  .MA  It  IK.    See  Ln  lleauce. 
ST.  .MAKIK  DK  .MOMIM!,  ('.  E.,  in  Uouville.    Go  to 

St.  Ililaire  mi  the  ti.  T.  It. 
ST.  .MAKTIIE,  V.   E.,  Co.  Viunlreuil,  Tp.  ItiKiluil,  on 

Soutli-we.st  Itaiik  of  JiOwer  (Jtlawa.      Go  to  Van- 

(Ireuil  on  (1.  T.  U. 
ST.  MAIi:i.\,  0.  E.     Wo  Jesu.s  (Eaval  Se<lioiO.     Oo 

to  Point  Claire,  on  (i.  T.  U.,  1!)  miles  on  llie  (i.  T.  U. 

from  .Montreal,  ami  thence  to  St.  Martin,  North. 
ST.  .MAHTINK,  C.  K.     In  (  hatean^'lla.v.     (io  to  Sher- 
rington, on  the  .Montreal  anil  I'latt.iburK  Mne,  ii'l 

miles  from  Montreal. 
ST.    MARYS,   C.   W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Itlansliaiil. 

Population  ahoiit  'JJOO. 
ST.  .MATlllAS,  t:.  E.     Ill  H.iuviiie.    do  to  St.  Ililaire, 

on  the  G.  T.  U.,  17  mile"  from  .Montreal. 
ST.  .MU'IIEI,,  0.  E.     Upiio.sile  t'aii),'hnawaj;a.     Go  to 

l.achine  hy  .Montreal  anil  Plattsliurg  Kailway,  on 

Isle  of  .Montreal.     Not  a  Post-ollico. 
ST.  MICllEh,  0.  E.     A  Tp.  in  liellechasse.     On  the 

South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,     (io  to  St.  Henri, 

on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  (Juehcc  and  St.  Tluuiias  Section. 
ST.  MOUESTE,  C.  E.,  Co.    Temiscouala,    Tp.    Whil- 

wortli,  near  Trois  Pistoles,  proposed  Termimis  of 

St.  Andrew's  (New  ISrunsnick!  and  (Quebec  Kailway 

and  .Iiinclion  wltli  the  (i.  T.  II. 
ST.  MONIliL'E,    C.   E.     In   NicoKt,   fronting   the  St. 

Lawrence,  opposite  Three  Uivei's,  to  which  ^o. 
ST.  N.VIICISSE,  C.  E.    t'liamplain.    do  to  Champlain. 

4  miles  from  Rouse's  Point    N.  V. ),  on  the  N<^rlherii 

U'lilroad  from  OKdeiishiirj;  ,N.  Y.). 
ST.  NICHOLAS,  C.  E.     Levi.    Go  to  Point  Levi,  on 

the  (i.  T.  It. 
ST.  NOKIIEKT,  C.  E.     In  liertliier.     See  Ik-rthier. 
ST.  OUItS,  (,'.  E.    On  Uichelieu  Iti.er,    (io  liy  Steamer 

to  anil  from  Henry  William,  or  Sorel  from  .Montreal 

f'nd  the  Kiclidieii  lliver. 
."ST.  PACOME,  I'.  E.     Kamouraska.   pee  Kamouraska. 
ST.  PAS(,'HAL,  C.  E.     See  Kamouraska. 
ST.  PAUL  '    LNDUSTUIE,  C.  E.,  J.iliette  Co.    See  In- 

dustrv. 
ST.  PALL'S  HAY,  C.  E.,  Co.  Cliarlevolx.      On  Nortli 

Shore  rf  the  St,  Lawrence,  oppusite  the  Isle  .\iix 

Condres,  about  Ij't  miles  belnw  tiiielo'c,  the  Hrst 

landing-place  of  Jacques  Cartier.     Go  by  Steamers 

from  tiuebec. 
ST.   PHILLIPI'E,  C.  K.      In   Lapraiiie.      (io   to  St. 

Lambert,  on  Junction  on   .^lontreal   and  Kousu's 

Point. 
ST.  PHII.OMENE,  0.  E.    In  niatea,.n..ay.    Go  to.^t. 

Isidore,  on  tlie  .Montreal  and  Plattsluirg  Itall. 
ST.  PIE,  U,  E,,  Co,  lliinot.     Go  to  SI.   Ilvaciiitlie,  on 

tlie  G.  T.  K.,  Montreal  and  Portland  S.M-tion. 
ST.  PIEKUE  H'OULE.VNS.     See  Isle  .,f  Oilrans, 
ST,  PIEKKE,  C,  E,     ,M"ntmai,'ni.     Go  to  St.  Tliomaa, 

on  the  (i.  T.  It,,  III  miles  Iroin  (Jiiebic. 
ST.  PIEKKE  Li;.-  MECQl'ETS.     See  Nicolet. 
ST.  PLACIDE,     S,e  Two  .Mountains. 
ST.  POLYCAKP,  C.  E.     In  SoiilanK'es.     (io  to  Cedars 

Iload  Station,  2'.t  miles  from  Moiitre  il,  on  the  (i.  T.  It. 
ST.  PKOSPElt,  C.  E.,  Cliamplaiii  Co,      (io  to  Cliaiii- 

plain,  on  House's  Point  and  ttgdensburg  K.iilway, 
4  milen  from  House's  Point. 


ST.  RAPHAEL  WEST,  C.  W.,  Co.  Glengary,Tp.  Char- 

lolteiilmrg.     Go  to  Lancaster  Station,  54  miles  from 

.Montreal,  on  the  (1.  T.  R. 

•ST.  RAPHAEL  EAST,  ('.  E.,  liellechasse  Co.      Go  to 

St.  Henri,  on  the  St.  Tlionias  Section  of  tlie  G  T  l{ 

ST.  RAYMliNI),  t;.  E.     See  Portneiif. 

.>iT.  ROIiERT,  C.  E.,  Io.  Richelien.     (io  to  St.  IliilaIre 

on  the  G.  T.  It,  ' 

ST.  ROCHES  DES  Al'NAIS,  ('.  E,,  Co.  L'Islet.      See 

Port  Jolic. 

.ST.  KOCILM.IE,  C.  K.     In  St.  Hyaeintlie.      Go  to  St. 

Hvaeintlie,  on  the  G.  T.  K.,.'Jti  iiiiies  from  .Montreal 

on  the  G.  T.  11.  ' 

ST.  ROCH  L'ACHIGAN.     See  L'A,ssumplion. 

ST.  ROSE,  t .  E.     Ill  Isle  Jesus  tLaval).     Go  to  Slon- 

treal. 
ST.  SACVEUR,  C.  E.,  Co.  Terrebonne,  Tp.  Ahercroiii- 
hie.  North  of  New  Carli.-ie,  on  Nortli  Shore  of  St. 
Lawrence.    See  St.  .\dele  and  St,  .Maiirlee  Territory 
■  ST.  SCIIOLASTKU'E,  C.  E,     See  Two  Mountains. 
'  ST,  SIMON  I)E  Y,\MASKA,  ('.  E.,  Co.  llagot,  I'l,,  De 
I      Ramsay,  on  Si. nth  Shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter,     Go  to 
I      SI,  Eramis  (^Yaiiiaska).     Steamers  toucli  from  (Jue- 
I      bcc  and  .Montreal, 

'  .ST.  SL'MON  l)E  RIMOCSKI,  f.  E.,Co.  Rimouski.    On 
j      the  .■^oiilli  Slmre  of  .-1.  Lawrence.     A  Port  between 
!      Trois  Pistoles  and  Hie,  wliieli  see. 
;  ST.  SOPHIE,  C.  E,,  Co.  .Mcgaiitie,  Tp.  Halifax.  Goto 
{      Stanfold  or  Artbabaska,  <oi  the  G.  T.  It. 
St.  STANISLAS,  C.  E.     See  Cliamplaln. 
ST.  SLLPICE,  C.  E.,  .Montcalm  Co.     See  Alexis.    .No 
I      Post-.tliee, 

ST.  SLLPICE,  C.  E.     L' Assumption.     See  L'Assiiiiip- 
;      lion,  '01  River  L'.\.ssuiiiption,  wliicli  Hows  into  H. 

Lawrejice  below  the  Island  of  Montreal, 
;  ST.  SYLVESTER,  C.  E.,  Co.  Lotbliilere.     Go  to  Recall- 
I      emir,  55  miles  from  llieliuiond  Junction,  on  the  U. 

T.  K. 
I  .ST.  SYLVE.XTER  EAST,  C.  E,     See  St.  Sylvestci, 
ST.  THERESE    DE    BLANVILLE,  (  .  E.,Co,  T.  r- 
rilionne,  Tji,   lllainvllle.     Opposite  Isle  Jesus,  on 
River  St.  Lawrence.     Projected  .Montreal  and  (II- 
tawa  Railway  will  toucli  at  St.  Eustaehe.     Montreal 
is  the  nearest  Railway  point. 
ST.    niO.MAS  (lieithierj,  C.  E.,  Co.   liertliier.     See 

liertliier. 
ST.  THOMAS,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,   Tp.  Vannoull;. 
On  the  London  and  Port  Stanley  Ilrandi  of  the  II. 
W.  R.     Go  to  London,  on  the  G.  W.  U.     Populaliua 
about  :iooil. 
ST.  THOMAS,  (Montniagni),  C.  E.,  Co.  Moiitniiiv- 
ni.     The  present  Tenniniis  of  tlie  (i.  T.  It.,  east  nf 
(ineliec  411  miles,  fronting  the  South  Shore  of  llic  .'■t. 
Lawrence. 
ST,  TIMOTHIE,  C.  E.,  Ileauharnois  Co.,  fronting  the 

St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Vandrenil,  on  G.  T,  K, 
ST.  ri!li.\IN,  C,  E.,Co.  Chateaugnav.  See  St.  l.-i.l.nc, 
ST,   riiSlLE,  C,   E,,  Co.  .Maskinonge.       In   llic    M. 
.M.inriee  T'rritory,  in  I'ief  St.  Jean,  on  the  .Noilli 
Slmre  of  the  SI.  Lawrence,  which  see. 
ST.  VALENTINE,  C.  E.     See  St.  J. din's  East. 
ST.  VAI.LIER,  C.  E,,  Co,  liellechasse,  Tp.  St.  Vallicr. 
On  South  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.     Go  to  ."^t 
ILoiri.  on  tlie  G.  T.  It. 
.ST,  Vl(  TolliE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Richelieu.    Go  to  St.  Ilya 

cintlie,  on  theti.  T.  R. 
ST.  VINCENT,  C,   \V.     A  Tp.  in  C.i.  Grey,  fronting 
the  Nnttawasaga  Hay.     Steamer  fnuii  CoUIo.u'woimI 
touches  at  Cape  Rich  and  .Meaford  ill   nuili   Im 
Owen  Sound.     Road  Stages  in  Winter,     (in  t..  Cil- 
lingwood  by  the  Ontario,  Sioicoe,  and  Huron  hiiil, 
yT  miles  from  Toronto.     Popnialimi  about  ooo. 
ST.  VINCENT  DE  PAIL.     In  Isle  Jesus,  which  sc, 
ST.  ZEI'HIHIM,    C.  E.,  Co,  Yamaska,  Tp.   (  ourval, 
near  tlie  St.  Francis  River,     Go  to  Port  St,  Eraio-is, 
on  Lake  St,  Peter,  liy  ((iiebee  and  .Montreal  Stcaiii 
ers,  ^:i  miles  below  .Montreal. 
ST.  ZOTl(<l'E,  C.  E.     In  Soulanges.     On  Ni.rtli  Shore 
of  St,  Lawrence.     Go  to  Cedars  Road  Station,  'Jit 
miles  West  of  .Mmitre.il,  on  the  G.  T.  It. 
SAIIREVOIS,  C.   E„  Co.  Iberville.      For  I'ost-ollice, 
see  llenryvillc,  on  East  Shore  of  River  Iticliilicu. 
Slolt's  Station  on  liie  wi'st  side  of  Hie  River  Cliiiia- 
|dain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railway  is  the  nearest  point. 
SAGl'EN.'.Y  DISTRICT,  (\  E,      This  is  readied  by 
Steamer  "  Sagiienay"  from  (Jiiebec  and  Tadousac, 
on  the  North-west  Shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  14a 
mill's  tielow  tjuebec. 
SALE.M,  C'.  W,,  (.0.  Oxford,  Tp.  Malalilde.    Go  to  St 


Pi 

SCIl.^ 

A 

no 

SCOT 

Go 

(i. 

SCOT 

Pi 

anil 
SCOT 
ll'i 
ship 
Hill 
Lan 
SERA 
Aug 
Gni 
SEHRl 
twei 
Illai 
the 
G, 
SEELl 
the 
(pie. 
Kin 
SELlii 
Nap 
U„ 
SELK 
to 

P'lp 

SENT 

Grai 

Lak 

SEY.M 

Seyi 

thei 

811 A  K 

Tp. 


CANADA:   CITIES,  TOWNS,    AND  VILLAGES, 


71 


igixi-y,  Tp.  CImr- 
n,  54  niilfs  from 

S!*e  Co.      (id  ti> 
II  of  tliu  (i.  T.  11. 

oti)  St.  Ililluirc, 

).  l.'lslut.     Sue 

illic.      (!o  ti>  St. 
from  .Moiitruiil, 

mililloii. 

1).     Go  to  Mon- 

",  Tp.  A))i'ri'niiii. 
rtli  Sli.iri'  of  St, 
uirloc  'rcrritory. 
I  .Moiiiitiiiii-. 
1.  lliip't.  Tp.  De 

t.  I'lttT,      do  to 

toiicli  from  (Juc- 

).  Itimouskl.  On 
A  I'orl  liutwifii 

I.  lliilifax.  (iutu 
T.  1!. 
111. 
Sec  Alexis.    Xo 

Pee  li'Assuiiii)- 
:li  llowa  into  St. 
itreiil. 

L'.       (iO  to  licOlUi- 

iictioii,  on  the  U. 

*t.  Pylvestei. 
E,  C.  K.,Co.T.r- 
e  Isle  Jcjiis,  .1)1 
loMtreiil  iiii'l  (II- 
;aelie.     Jlontreal 

1.  liertliier.     Set' 

,  Tp.  Yarnioutli. 
liraiicli  of  tln-(l. 
'.  U.     I'opiilativpii 

E.,  Co.  Montniiij!- 
(i.  T.  It.,  ea>l  .if 
li  Shore  of  tlie  St. 

Co.,  fronting  the 

,  on  (i.T.  K. 

y.  See  St.  l.-^iilore. 

■(,'u.       In   the   St. 

an,  on  the  North 

see. 

Ill's  Kast. 

e,  T)!.  SI.  Vallier. 

•ence.     tio  to  St 

1.    Go  to  St.  Iljii 

o.  Grey,  fronting 
from  Collliii-'wooil 
oril  fii.  I'uiili-  loi 
inter.  Go  tn  Col- 
anil  Huron  Kuil, 
on  ahoiit  r.illl. 
.lesus,  whieh  see. 
'kii,  Tp.  Conrval, 
(1  Port  St.  Kraiu-is, 
1  Montreal  Steam 

,     On  Xortli  Shore 
Itoail  Station,  'JH 

.  T.  It. 

Kor  I'ost-oflice, 

f  Itiver  Kiclulieu. 

r  the  lUver  Chiiiii- 

ithe  nearest  poiiil. 

his  is  reiielieil  hy 

lee  and  Tailonsiio, 
St.  liawrence,  140 

ilahlile.    Go  to  St 


Thomas,  on  the  Loniloii  ami  Port  Stanley  Uallwiiy, 
whleh  eonneets  with  the  G.  W.  K.  at  London,  I'op- 
ulallon  aliout  4IHI. 

BAhKdUli,  G.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  nereham.  Go  to 
IngeiMili,  on  the  G.  \V.  It.     Population  ahout  JKIII. 

gAl.^l''l'^■^•''^  C.  \V.,  Co.  Wentworlh.  A  'l'|i.  For 
Post-otliee,  see  Ontario,  wlilcli  is  a  Station  in  siiiiie 
Township,  uu  the  U.  W.  It.,  lii  inilea  from  Hamil- 
ton Cllv. 

SAXIXllhl',  ('.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Alhloii.  Go  to  >Ial- 
ton  111  miles,  or  Dranipton,  W  miles  from  Toronto, 
on  the  G.  T.  It.     Popiilalloii  ahoiit  l.jll. 

SANOI'OINT,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Itenfrew,  Tp.  MeNiih.  On 
Upper  Ottawa,  South  Shore.  Go  to  Filzroy  Uar- 
hour.  For  I'jiper  Ottawa  Steamers  and  route,  see 
Aviiiier  Kast. 

SANDWICH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Essex.  A  Tp.  fronting  the 
St.  Claire  Itiver,  !)  miles  helow  Detroit,  Miehigan. 
Stages  from  Windsor,  on  the  G.  W.  It.  ;  also  Steam- 
ers from  Windsor  and  Detroit.  Papulation  ahout 
lliill. 

SAltNlA,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Lanihton,  Tp.  of  Sarnla.  Situ- 
ated at  the  upper  end  of  Hiver  St.  Clair,  near  its 
junction  with  l.aUe  Huron.     I'opnhition  ahout  |:iiiii. 

SAUGEEN,C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  llruce  Co.  A  Port  and 
ilarhour  of  Lake  Huron.  There  are  one  or  more 
projected  Hallways  to  conneet  it  with  Toronto.  At 
iireseiit  go  loGiielph,  a  .Main  Station  ontheG.T.  It., 
,')il  miles  trom  Toronto,  and  thenee  hy  Stage  through 
Flora,  Fergus,  .Mount  Forest,  Durham,  etc. 

SACLT  Ai;  ItKCOLLKT,  C.  K.  On  the  Isle  of  Mon- 
treal,    (io  to  Montreal.     Population  ahout  'A'liUl. 

SAUI.T  STK  MAItIK,  C.  W.  Ahout  '.'.">  miles  from 
Lake  Suiierior.  A  Steaiuhoat  Landing  iiiid  jihice 
of  Summer  resort  on  St.  .Mary's  Itiver  or  Straits. 
The  Americans  have  a  Ship  Canal,  connecting 
Lakes  Huron  and  Sujieiior.  Go  to  Ccdiingwiioil,  ',17 
miles  from  Toronto,  hy  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Kail,  and  thence  hy  Stemiier.  Population 
ahout  4IIII. 

SAULT  ST.  LOL'IS,  C.  E.  In  Laiirairie.  Go  to 
Caughuawaga  Station,  l.'i  mile>  from  .Montreal,  on 
the  .Montreal  and  Plattshurg  Itallway. 

SAWVKItVILI.K,  C.  E.,  (  o.  Compton,  Tp.  Newport. 
Go  to  Compton,  on  the  G.  T.  It.  Population  ahout 
Kill. 

gCAItltOIlOI'GII,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  York.  A  Sta- 
tion on  the  G.  T.  It.,  Li  miles  cast  of  Toronto. 
Piipiilation  ahout  (iO. 

SCIIANTZ,  C.  W.  In  Co.  Waterloo,  North  Hiding. 
A  Station  hetween  Guelph  and  Ilerlin,  !>1  miles 
north-west  of  Toronto,  on  the  G.  T.  It. 

SCOTCH  IILOCK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  llallon,  T)).  Esquesing. 
Go  to  Georgetown,  110  miles  from  Toronto,  on  the 
G.  T.  It.     Population  ahout  .So. 

SCOTLAND,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Itrant,  Tp.  0  ikland.  Go  to 
Paris  Juncilon  of  the  G.  \V.  It.,  and  of  the  Biilliilo 
and  Lake  Huron  Itallway. 

SCOTT,  I'.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Ontario  Co.,  North  Itlding 
iPost-ollice  discontinued,  Aug.,  1n")7).  This  Town- 
ship is  hest  reached  from  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and 
Huron  Hail  from  Toronto,  either  from  Holland 
Landing  or  Newmarket  Stations. 

8EIIAST0P0L,  0.  \V.  A  new  Township,  north  of 
Anglesea  and  Ilarrie,  in  F'ronlenae  Co.  See  Free 
Grants.     Population  ahout  lIMI. 

SEltltlNGVlLLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth,  Tp.  Downie.  He- 
tween ami  adjacent  to  Stratford  and  St.  Mary's 
lllanchard.  Go  to  Stratford  hy  the  (1.  T.  It.,  or  hy 
the  Ilutfalo  and  Lake  Huron,  whi  h  unites  with  the 
G.  \\.  It.  at  Paris.     Population  ahout  l'2i». 

SEKLEY'S  HAY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Leeds,  Tp.  LeeiLs.  On 
the  St.  Lawrence,  near  Gananoipie.  Goto  (ianaiio- 
qiie,  a  Station  on  the  O.  T.  It.,  11  miles  east  of 
Kingston,  on  the  G.  T.  11. 

SEI.IIY,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lennox,  Tp.  Iticlimond.  Go  to 
Najianee,  ill  same  Towiishi|i,  a  Station  on  the  (i.  T. 
It.,  1!)  miles  west  of  Kingston.  Population  ahout  I^ill. 

SELKIItK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilahlimand,  Tp.  Walpole.  Go 
to  Canfleld,  on  liulfalo  and  Lake  Huron  Itallway. 
Population  ahout 'Joll. 

SENECA,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Ilahlimand.  A  Tp.  on  the 
Grand  Itiver.  Go  to  Middleport,  on  UuU'alu  and 
Lake  Huron  Rail. 

8EYM0CK  EAST,  C.  ^V.,  Co.  Norlhumherland,  Tp. 
Seymour.  Go  to  Hellevllle,  on  the  G.  T.  It.,  and 
thence  north  hv  Stage.     Pojiulation  ahout  llR), 

SIlAKSPEAItE  (late  Bell's  Corners),  C.  W.,  Co.  Perth, 
Tp.  South  EasthoiJB.    Go  to  Stratford  by  the  Buf- 


falo and  Lake  Huron  (with  Junction  at  Paris  wltti 
the  G.  W.  11.),  or  hy  the  G.  T.  It.     Population  ahout 

r>iHi. 

SHANNONVILLE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Tvendinaga,  Co. 
Hastings,  South  Itlding.  A  Station  on  the  G.  T.  K., 
7  miles  east  of  ikileville.     Po|iulatlon  ahout  Kllld. 

SHAItoN,  (  W.,Co.  York.Tp.  Kast  Gwilllmhury.  Go 
to  Newmarket,  H4  miles  from  Toronto,  lui  the  Onta- 
rio, Simcoe,  and  Huron  Itailway.  Population  ahout 
'.a  I. 

SIIKEN,  C.  E,,  Co.  Pontiac.  A  Tp.  on  North  Shore 
of  Upper  Ottawa,  fronting  the  Itiver.  See  Ouiseau 
for  Post-olliec,  and  Ayliner  East  for  Ljiper  Ottawa 
route. 

SHAWEXEtiAN,  C.  E.  On  the  Itiver  Sliawencgan, 
ahove  (irand  Piles,  In  the  St.  Maurice  Territory, 
wliich  see. 

SI./-:KFIKLD,  C.  \\.,  Co.  Aihllngton.  A  Tp.  For 
Itoiitc,  Post-olhees,  and  Villages,  sec  Clareview, 
Erinsvllle,  and  Tamworlh.  lias  no  Post-oQice 
under  head  of  "Shellield." 

SHKFFIELD,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Wentworth,  Tp.  Beverley.  A 
Post-othce  and  Village.  Go  to  Copetown,  a  Station 
of  the  G.  \V.  H.,  in  Heverlev  Tp. 

SHKFroitl)  AND  SHEFFOltD  .MOUNTAIN,  C.  W. 
Go  to  Sherhrooke,  on  the  G.  T.  It.,  Eastern  Town- 
ships, ill!  miles  from  Montreal,  and  l'.il  from  Queliec, 

SHEItHltOOKE  WKST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  llaldimand 
Co.  For  Post-olliccs,  see  Port  JIaitland.  Go  to 
AVainlleet.on  the  Biill'alo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway. 

SHERBROOKE,  C.  E.  In  Ascot.  Go  to  Sherhrooke. 
on  the  G.  T.  It.,  Montreal  and  Portland  Section,  I'il 
miles  from  (Juehec,  and  Uli  from  Montreal.  Steam- 
ers to  Lake  .Memphramugog  ply  all  the  Summer. 
Population  ahout  3II0II. 

SlIKItlDAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Toronto.  The  Tp. 
of  Toronto  is  the  western  vicinity  of  tlic  City.  Pop- 
ulation aliout  lull. 

SIIEItltlNtiTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Napierville,  and  a 
Itailway  Station  on  the  Montreal  and  Plattshurg 
Hail,  ;i:i  miles  from  Montreal.    Population  ahout  LMl. 

SlIIPTON,  C.  K.  A  Ti).  in  llichmond.  See  Dannvlllc 
for  Post-olhce,  also  for  Daiinville  Station,  on  tlicG. 
T.  It.,  S  miles  from  Iticlimond,  on  Quebec  and  Iticli- 
mond Line. 

SILLSVILI.E,  C.  V,'.,  Co  Lennox,  Tj).  Fredericksburg. 
Go  to  Eriiestown  Station,  s  miles  west  of  Kingston 
Citv,  on  the  G.  T.  K. 

SIDNEY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Hastings.  For  Post- 
olhce,  see  Frankford.  Go  to  Belleville,  on  the  G. 
T.  It. 

SILVElt  CHEEK,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Ilalton,  Tp.  Esipieslng. 
Go  to  Georgetown,  on  the  G.  T.  It.  Pojiulation 
about  .'jll. 

SILVElt  HILL,  C.  AV.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Charlotte- 
ville,  near  the  Shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Go  to  Brant- 
ford,  on  the  BulValo  and  Lake  Huron  Itailway,  8 
miles  frou!  the  Paris  .lunction  with  the  G.  W.  It., 
and  thence  by  Stage  to  Simcoe  dally. 

SIMCOE,  C.  W".,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Woodhouse.. 
Daily  connection  by  Stage  with  Paris  and  Brant- 
ford.  Go  to  Brant  ford  by  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Hail.     Population  about  '2(100. 

SINCLAIHVILLE,  C.  \V.,  Co.  llaldimand, Tp.  Seneca, 
which  see. 

SLIGO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  C.iledon.  Go  to  Bramp- 
ton, on  the  G.  T.  It.,  'Ji  miles  from  Toronto.  I'opu- 
lation  about  50. 

SMITH,  t'.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  Peterborough  Co.,  joining 
Cavan  and  North  Otonabee  Townships  on  tlie  South, 
and  surrounded  by  the  Otonaliee  and  triliutary 
Itivers  wbicli  separate  it  from  Ennismore  on  the 
West,  llarve.v  on  the  North,  and  Douro  on  the 
East.     For  Village  and  Post-olhce,  see  Bridgenorth. 

SMITHFIKLD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland.  In 
Brighton  Tp.,  which  is  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  '22  miles 
west  of  Belleville.     Population  about  40(1. 

SMITH'S  COHNKHS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Northumberland,  Tp. 
.Murray.  Go  to  Trenton  or  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T.  It. 
SMITHS    FALLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  North 
Elmsley.     On  the  Itiver  Itideau,  with  steam  com- 
munication from  Ottawa  ami  Kingston  liy  the  Hl- 
deau  Canal  Steamer-,  and  by  Stage  t*2  miles)  direct 
from  Brockvllle,  on  the  G.  T.  It.    Population  ahout 
l.'jilO. 
SMITHVILLE,  C.  W.  (Hastings),  Co.  Hastings,  Tp. 
Thurlow,     Go  by  Belleville,  on  the  G.  T.  K.     Pop- 
ulation about  U)0. 
SMITHVILLE   (Lincoln),  C.  AV.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp. 


'^ 


11 


72 


CANADA:    CITIES,   TOWNS,    ANIJ    VILLAGES. 


Grimsby,  fjrlmsby  Ptatlon  on  the  O.  W.  K.,  17 
mlk's  i'outli-L'ii^t  <>r  lluinlltdii,  (rii  Luke  Untaiio. 
Poiniliitloii  aliout  iV>il, 

SUMllltA,  C.  \V.  A  T|).  In  Lamliton  Co.,  fronllnR 
ItlviT  St.  (lair,  bftHien  Itlver  St.  (lair  and  Lakf 
lluniii,  about  'JD  uAWn  Norlli-Wfst  of  Cliiitliain,  a 
Station  on  the  ().  \V.  11.     Population  almut  Kin. 

SOMKItSKT,  C.  K.  A  Town  ami  Township  In  Mfgan- 
tic  Co.  and  a  Station  on  tin'  (i.  T.  U.,  (juidifc  and 
Itichuiond  Section,  47  miles  from  Iticliuiund  Junc- 
tion. 

SOl'IIIASllUUd,  C.  W.,  Co.  Prince  Kdward.  One  of 
tlie  loinclpal  Townships  in  this  County,  two  sides 
of  wldcli  are  surrounded  by  the  Hay  of  (Juinte.  It 
contains  some  of  the  llnest  land  in  Camilla,  and  is 
exceedingly  prosperous.  The  Steamers  from  Helle- 
ville  from  the  West,  and  Kingston  on  the  Kast — 
(both  Kingston  anil  llellevllle  are  .''tations  on  the 
G.  T.  li.,  Montreal  and  Toronto  Section)— touch  at 
Nnrtliport  daily.  For  Villages  and  Post -ollices,  see 
Demore^tviile,"(llibert's  Mills,  and  Xorthport. 

SOKAHA,  C.  i;.,  Co.  Ilagiit,  Tp.  Ciiton.  Uo  to  Cpton, 
on  tlie  (i.  T.  It.,  4:1  miles  from  .Montreal.  Popula- 
tion aliout  It'll). 

SOUEL,  C.  E.  See  William  Henri.  Population  about 
4(1(1(1. 

SOUI-ANfiES,  C.  E.  A  District  fronting  Nortli  Shore 
of  the  St.  l^awrence,  adjoining  (lleiigary  In  (^anada 
West.  In  Soulanges  is  the  Cedars  lioail  Station  of 
the  (r.  T.  K.,  'J9  miles  from  Montreal. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  llruee,  Tp.  Saugeen. 
Soulliampton  forms  as  yet  only  the  nucleus  of  a 
town,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Uher  Saugeen. 
Two  or  three  Iiolels  and  stores,  surrounded  by 
several  line  houses  have  been  jilanted  uiion  the 
sandy  slope,  still  .sludiled  Willi  slumps,  rising  gently 
from  the  shore  of  the  lake.  The  sand,  however, 
disajipears  before  a  richer  soil,  as  you  retire  into 
the  interior  of  the  country.  A  Flour  Mill  and  two 
Saw  Mills  stand  upon  the  banks  of  the  river.  The 
Fisheries  furnish  lucrative  emidoyment  for  several 
boats'  crews,  particularly  during  the  fall  of  the 
year.  Heyond  the  river  lies  an  "  Indian  Ueserve," 
and  an  Indian  Village,  consisting  of  a  few  frame 
houses,  inhabited  by  a  reiiinaiit  of  "  mildeyed  and 
melancholy"  Iteil  Indians,  pensioned  by  Oovern- 
meiit,  and  monopolising  a  crescent  eminence  upon 
tlie  liaiiks  of  the  meandering  Saugeen,  wilh  roman- 
tic dells  and  sylvan  scenery  scarcely  surpassed  even 
by  "winsome  Varrow."  (>iiposlte  the  town,  and 
about  a  mile  distant  from  the  shore,  lies  Chantry 
Island,  or  rather  Islet,  on  whicli  a  Lighthouse  has 
lately  been  erected,  and  In  the  lee  of  which  miglit 
be  constructed  a  harbour  of  refuge  for  a  whole 
nav.v,  a  scheme  which  rumour  sa.vs,  has  been  jiro- 
jeeted  in  conneclion  with  a  new  line  of  railroad 
from  (iiielph,  and  urgently  deiuaiideil  l>y  the  inac- 
cessibility of  tills  north-nest  corner  of  the  province. 
But  eonshlcring  the  dangerous  nature  of  (he  navi- 
gation through  tile  (ieorgian  Ha.v,  there  cannot  be 
the  least  iloiibt  lliat  it  will  withdraw  the  trallic,  at 
least,  to  the  West  from  the  Northern  liailroad  to 
t'olliiigwood,  and  conduce,  tlierefore,  to  the  pros- 
perity of  "  The  Morning  Star,"  as  Southampton 
may  lie  designated  from  its  position.  7(1  miles  north 
of  (iodcrlcii,  H'Ji  miles  from  (Jwen  Sound.  Stage 
dailv  to  Owen  Sound.     Population  aliout  li.MI. 

SOUTH  1101/rON,  C.  E.  Co.  Ilrowne,  Tji.  Ilolton. 
licave  tlie  train  at  Comptoii,  (I.  T.  U.  ()o  through 
Charleston  ainlStanstead  Plain — in  which  isOeorge- 
tjllc  cross  by  Steam  Ferry  to  lioKon,  shore  of 
Miigog  Ijake,  ami  go  by  .■•tage  to  Itoltoii.  one  of  the 
Eastern  Townships,  proverliial  for  ferlility  of  soil, 
salubrity  of  climate,  and  the  singular  beauty  of 
their  seeiierv. 

HOUTH  (.'AVUOA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Haldim.ind,  Tp.  South 
('lIUIUil  ('"  toCaiitield  Station,  on  the  lliiiralo  and 
Luke  llillon  Hailwav.     Population  about  Inn 

SOUTH  CItOSltV,  C.'W.  a  Tp.  in  Leeds  Co.  For 
Post-ollices,  Iloute,  and  Villages,  see  Elgin  and 
Morton. 

SOUTH  DOUItO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Peterborough.  Tp.  Douro. 
Go  to  Peterborough  liy  Hallway  from  Cobourg,  on 
the  (1.  T.  H.     Population  about  .Ml. 

SOUTH  in  IIIH.M,  C.  S.,  Co  Drummoml,  Tp.  Dur- 
ham, (io  to  Durham  Station,  on  the  ().  T.  R.,  (il 
miles  south-east  of  Montreal.   Population  about  liMl. 

SOUTH  EA.STHOPE,  C.  W.  A  Tji.  in  Co.  I'crth.  In 
the  vicinity  of  the  Stratford  Junction  Station  of 


the  IliilTiiIo  nnrt  Lnko  Huron  Rnilirny  nnd  O.  T.  U. 

I       I'ost-olllce,  see  Sliakspeare. 

SOI  .il  EL.MSLEV,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Leeds  Co.  On 
the  liideau  HIvcr.  Goto  llrockvllle,(ui  thetJ.T.  H,, 
anil  thence  by  Smith's  Falls  Stage.  Population 
about  Till. 

SOUTH  ELY,  C.  E.  See  Ely.  A  Tp.  In  ShelTord.  In 
the  vicinity  of  tlie  Jiichiiiond  Junction  of  the  G.  T. 
It.     Population  about  Inn. 

SOUTH  FINCH,  U.  W.,  Co.  Storniont,  Tp.  Flndi.  do 
to  Dlckensiui's  Liindlng.  on  the  G.  T.  It.,  a  Stiitlon 
!l  iiillea  West  of  Cornwall,  the  County  Town.  pop. 
ulaticn  about  HKI. 

SOU'I'H  GLOUCESTEH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Cnrleton,  Tp. 
Gloucester,  (io  to  Gloucester,  a  Station  II  inilis 
from  Ottawa,  on  tin'  Prescott  Ilranch  from  the  (i. 
T.  U.  lit  Prescott  Junction. 

SOUTH  GOWEIt,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  ill  Nortli  Hiding  of 
Co.  GrenvHIe.  Go  to  Kelly's  or  Osgoode  Statinii, 
on  the  (Ktawa  Ilranch  from  the  Prescott  Juncliou 
of  theG.  T.  H. 

SOUTH  (illANBV,  C.  E.  A  Post-ollicp  for  (iraiiliy 
Tp.,  Co.  Sliclford.  Go  to  Acton,  on  the  G.  T.  it. 
Population  about  inil. 

SOUTH  HINCHlMiltOOKE,  C.  E.,  Co.  Hiinlingdon, 
Tp.  Iliiichinbrooke.  Go  to  llciiiliigford.  41  iniirs 
from  .Moiilreiil,  a  Station  on  tlie  .Montreal  ami 
Plattsburg  Hailwav. 

SOUTH  .M  AHCH,  ( •."  W.  A  Post-oirice  in  March  Tp., 
Co.  Carlelon.  (In  South  Shore  of  Ottawa  Hivir, 
opposite  Aviiiier  East.  Go  to  Ottawa  Citv  fniiu 
Prescott  Junction  of  the  G.  T.  It.,  by  (Xtaw'a  Hail- 
wav. 

SOUTH  .MONAGHAN,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Xorthum- 
herland.  West  Hiding.  Go  to  Trenton  on  the  G.  T, 
It. 

SOUTH  MOUNTAIN,  C.  W.  A  Posl-otrico  in  Moun- 
tain Tp.,  Diindas  Co.  Go  to  Matilda  Stathui  on  the 
G.  T.  H.,  '.I  miles  west  of  Kingston  and  104  east  of 
Montreal.     Population  about  Inn. 

SOUTH  I'OTTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  Ilronie,  Tp.  Potion.  For 
route  from  Complon  Station  of  tlie  G.  T.  It.  See 
South  Ilolton. 

SOUTH  HO.XTON,  C.  E.,  Co.  SlielTord,  Tp.  Hoxton. 
Go  to  Acton  on  the  G.  T.  It.,  411  miles  from  Mon- 
treal. 

SOUTH  WEPTMEATH,  C.  VV.,  Co.  Henfrew,  Tp. 
Weslmeatli,  fronting  the  Hiver  Ottawa,  South  Shore, 
adjacent  to  Pembroke.  The  Pembroke  and  bnick- 
ville  Hallway  will  Intersect  the  Tp.  Go  (o  Ayiiner 
East,  and  see  Avimer  East  for  route 

SOCTHWOLD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin.  A  Tp.  skirted  on  Ilia 
west  by  the  London  and  Port  Stanley  Itailway,  and 
fronting  Lake  Erie  on  thesoulli.  Go  to  St.  Tlioiiiiis 
WesI,  which  see.  For  Post-ollices  within  tlie  T|i., 
see  Fingal  and  Talbotvllle  Itoval. 

SOUTH  ZdltltA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  Tp.  Zorra.  (io 
to  Wooilstock  on  the  (i.  W.  11.,  about  47  miles  west 
of  Hamilton  City. 

SPARTA,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  Tp.  Yarmouth.  In  the 
vicinity  of  London  and  Port  Stanley  Uranch  Hail- 
wav from  London,  G.  W.  It.  Go  to  St.  Thomas 
West. 

SPENCEIt  COVE,  C.  E.,  Co.  (Juebec,  in  vicinity  of  the 
City.  Go  (o  Point  Levi  Terminus  of  the  G.  T.  H. 
Population  about  'Jniiii. 

SPENCEItVILLE,  C.  W.  A  Village  and  Post-idlice  in 
Edwnrdsliurg,  Co.  Grein'ille.  Go  to  Edwardshurg 
Station  on  the  tr.  T.  It.,  11  miles  east  of  Preseuti. 
Junction.     Population  about  l.'iii. 

SPIKE'S  COHNEHS.     See  llarrowsinith. 

Sl'HING  AHIIOUH,  C.  W.,  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Wal>ing- 
liani,  on  Lake  Eric.  Go  to  Simcoe.  See  Simcoe,  ('. 
\\'..  for  route.     Population  about  :tnn. 

SPHINGFOHD,  C.  W..  Co.  Oxford,  Tji.  Norwich,  (io 
to  Wooilstock  on  the  G.  W.  H. 

SPHINGVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Durliam,  Tp.  Cavan.  Go 
to  Port  Hoiie  on  the  G.  T.  It,,  iVl  miles  west  of  To- 
ronto, and  thence  by  Port  Hope  and  Lindsay  Hail- 
way,  partially  open  to  Oiiiemee.  Popiilalioii  aliout 
Inii. 

STAFFOltD,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Henfrew,  adjacent 
to  Pembroke,  on  Upjier  Ottawa,  South  Shore.  See 
.\yliner  East  for  route.  The  Itailway  to  Pembroke 
will  pass  very  near  this  Towiisliip. 

STAMFOllD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Wellaiid.  Co.  Town  and  Tp, 
in  Niagara  District.  A  Station  on  the  Drancli  Hail- 
way  from  Niagara  to  Chippewa,  10  miles  from  Niag- 
ara, and  7  from  Chippewa. 


CANADA:   CITIES,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGES. 


78 


BTANIIKIDIIK  KAST,  <'.  K.,(o.  .Mlssl<i|iinl,  T|i.  Sliui- 

lirid|.'f.     (ii)  I"  t'i>ni|il(iii,  ('.  K.,  (Ill  li.  T.  IC,  Mini- 

il<  <■(>.     On  trisil  mill  I'orlliinil  fivMimi,  or  in  St.  .InlmV  mi  tliu 

1  tlii'd.  T.  It.,  (  li.'iiiipluiii   mill    St.    I.invn-iiff    Uiiilnay,    liftHini 

l'ii|iiiliitliin  Mlili'li  t«o  StiUliiiin  llu'i-i.'  in  It  line  of  Mii(,'i',<  llirui' 

liiiii'^  »  wvek  tliriniKli  flmiliriilKf,  Diuiliiiiii,  llniiiie, 
lliilloii,  mill  lii'iirf:t'vlllL'.     I*n|iiiliiili>ii  iiliMiii  'J.'iii. 
UTASIIIIllXiK,  «'.  K.     Sue  Sliiiil)iiil|,'t;  i;a»t  mill  Uuil- 

fiji'.l  ill  saiiK'  Tp. 
STAM'IIN,  C.  K.     a  T|i.  Ill  DmrliPsliT,  on  Kii^t  Siioie 
iif  llif  CliHiiiliiTf  llivi'i-,  li.iriliTJiin  llfilcelias-i'  I'u. 
The  Cliiiiiilii'ie  .liiiiclinii   nil   (1,  T.   Ii.  Is  iilimit  .'iii 

lllili'<  ili-lalll.       I'nplllalinll  lllinlll  'Jill. 

gTAM-'Ol.D,  ('.  K.  A  T|i.  In  Arlliatiaskii;  ii  Stallmi 
on  llii'  (i.  T.  It..  'i'<  miles  finiii  I'niiit  Levi  ((Juebee), 
ami  M  miles  frniii  Itieliiiiniiil  .liinellnii. 

STAM.KV,  r.  W.  A  T|i.  in  i'x.  lliiinii.  iif  wlileli  Ilay- 
(ielil  is  the  piiiieliiiil  l'o«l-ulllee  and  Villaxe.  Sec 
alsn  Dnii-efielil. 

PTA.M.KVS  .MILLS,  C.  W.,  Co.  I'eel,  Tp.  Cliliipia- 
omi-v.  (In  In  Hi'uiiiptim  uii  llie  11.  T.  II.  I'npula- 
ti.iii'aliMiit  l.'ill. 

STANSTEAD,  C  K.  A  Tp.  ami  Town  in  Cn.  of 
saiii''  name,  ooiitaiiiiiiK  llatle.v.  Ilai'ii'-tnii.  ami  Maii- 
stiail.  nil  (he  llnrilers  nf  (he  Stale  nf  ViTiiinnt,  three 
nf  Hie  hesl  'i'nwii-liips  ill  the  Kasli'in  Pioviiiee.  (in 
(n  Cniiiptnii  nil  the  (i.  T.  It.,  llil  miles  .smith-east  of 
.Mmilival. 

■STKl'IIK.S,  (!.  \V.  A  Tp.  in  Miiniii,  frniitiii(!  I.aka 
lliirmi.  The  IJmlerieh  Slaui'  frmii  l.nnilmi,  ('.  W.  ; 
llaiiiillnii  anil  Winilsnr  Line,  anil  the  St.  .Mar.v's 
lllaii-hanl,  whieli  Hee,  nlTef  the  lie^t  innile  nf  emii- 
iiiMiiieatinii.     I'm'  I'nst-ntlii'i',  see  K\eter. 

STK\  LNSM  I.LK,  ('.  \\.,  Cn.  Wellaml,  I'p.  Ileitle,  near 
shmenf  L.ike  Krie.  (in  to  rm-t  Kiie,  Canadian  Ter- 
minus nf  the  lliitrali)  anil  Lake  lliii'ii  Railway. 
I',p|>i.;:;timi  alimit  l."ill. 

STIRLING,  C.  \V.,  (  n.  Iliislinns,  Tp.   Itawilon.     Co 
to  llelh'ville  nil  the  C.  T.  It.,  II:!  miles  east  nf  To- 
I'ciiitn  anil  '.':in  we-t   nf   Mnnireal,  ami  tlieiioe  liy  ' 
Stace.     SliiKC  also  fruiii  .Mailue.     I'n|iulatimi  ulioul  j 
I  mill. 

STITTSVII.LK,  V.  W.,   Cn.   Cailelmi,  Tp.  (inulhiirn.  j 
North  Osjinnile,  nil  Hie  Ottawa  aiiil  I'resentt  .lime-  j 
tloii,  HI  miles  frmii  (lllawa  City,  appears  In  lie  the  ; 
neare^(  Station.     (In  tn   I'resentt  .liiiu'tinn  (fnr  Ot- 
tawa Itailwav)  on  the  (>.  T.   It.     I'opulation  aliuiit 
.'ill. 

STOCO,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilasliniis,  North  Itiilini;,  Tp.  llun- 
gerfnril.  North  of  Napanee  ami  Tyemlnnafra  nii 
the  (i.  T.  It.,  .Montreal  anil  Tornntn  Seetion.  Nap- 
anee most  ellKihle  lor  Sta^e  coiineetimi.  I'upiila- 
timi  ahoiit  ,'ili. 

PTONKIIA.M,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  in  tliiebec  Co.,  norlli-eaiit 
of  (he  City  about  IS  niUcn.  Uo  to  Point  Levi  on  the 
(i.  T.  It.  I 

STONEY  CREEK,  C.  W.,  Co.  W,nt«ortli,  Tp.  Salt- 
ll.ei,  101    Lake   Ontario,      tin   to   Ontarin   Station,  i 
alimit   11^  miles  smith-west  nf  llamllton,  mi  Hie  (i. 
W.  It.     I'opiilaiiou  alioiit  'J(l;i. 

gTOItNOW.W,    C.    K.,    i'o.  Cmiipton,    Tp.    Winslow,  I 
about  il."i  mile^  east  of  Itielimmnl  .liiiietinii  of  the  (1.  ! 
T.   It.     Sherbrnnke  is  the  most  ,-lii;ilile  Station  for 
Stai;i nneelimi.     I'npuhitimi  about    Ion. 

STOlilllMlTON,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Krniiteiiae.     A  Tp.  north 
of  I'lattsbiiri;.     (in  tn  Kiiifrston  City  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  ; 
ami  thi'iiee  bv  Itiileaul  anal  Steamers  or  riallslnii'i.' 
Slatre. 
.STOTTVILLK,  C.  K.,  St.  Jolin's.     Try  SI.  .Inliir.s,  l'1  ; 
miles  fi'fini   Montreal,  mi  ( 'haiii|ilaiii  and  St.  l^aw- 

relK'e  l!;iihva\-.       l'o|Hll;ilinn  about  .'ill. 

STOUFFVILLE,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Vork,  Tp.  Whitebiireh. 
do  hy  Slatre  frniii  'I'nrmitn  City,  at  L'|  1'.  «.  daily, 
from  lilack  Horse  Inn,  front  st.,  or  by  Sta^'e  frmii 
I'^earboro  Station  at  If.  Stmill'viUe  is  also  williin  I'.' 
miles  east  nf  the  (Inlarin,  Siiiiene,  and  lliirnn  Kail- 
way.  Aurora.  Kin;.:,  or  Newmarket  Stations.  I'opn- 
lalimi  about  .'iilil. 

STRABANE,  C.  W.,  Co,  Wentwortli,  North  Uiilinjr, 
Tp.  Klainborn  West,  (in  tn  llaiiiiltnn  mi  tlietl.  \\'. 
It.     I'npiilatinn  abmit  '.'ml. 

STItAhKOltKVILLK,  I  .  W.,  Co.  Kl-in,  Tp.  Ilayliam. 
Near  Lake  Krie,  about  '.'II  miles  \ve^t  of  St.  Tiiniuas 
West,  nil  Lnndon  and  I'nrt  Stanley  .liinclinn  nf  the 
(i.  \V.  It.,  emineeliiii,'  at  London,  C.  W.  I'opulation 
abmit  4011. 

STRATFORD,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Perlli,  Tp.  .^outll  Kaslliope. 
The  Teriuiinis  nf  tlie  (i.  T.  It.,  ^!l  miles  north-west 
of  Toronto,  'M  miles  from  the  I'aris  Station,  on  the 


d.  \V.  It.,  an  well  us  on  the  Ilullalo  and  Lake  Huron 
Kail.  Slane  eoiineelluu  with  duderich,  St.  .Mary's, 
and  London,  C.  \V. 

STltATillllltN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Middlesex,  West  IlidlnK, 
I'p.  .Mo.,a.  (in  to  Kkfrid  Station  on  tliu  d.  \\.  It., 
•in  miles  West,  C.  W. 

STltATllltOY,  C.  W,  Cn.  Middlesex,  Tp.  Carradoe. 
tin  tn  .Mniiiit  lli'.\  ilges  in  same  Tuwnshlp,  a  Stallou 
mi  the  (i.  W.  It.,  l,-i  miles  west  of  London,  'J.  W. 
Population  about  Inn, 

STREETSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co.  I'eel,  Tp.  Toronto. 
(in  by  Sta^'e  ilireel    frniii   Tnronio   City  ideneral 

Wolfe  Inn)  dally,  at  'J  1'.  .M.,  or  by  Stajie  fi i  I'nrt 

Credit  Statimi,  on  the  (1.  W.  II.,  I'J  miles  west  of 
Tnrmitn.     I'opulatimi  about  J.'ioil. 

STL'KKLV,  C.  K.  A  Tp.  In  .Xhenbrd.  About  1'.' miles 
West  of  Sherbronke  Statimi,  on  the  d.  T.  It.,  •& 
miles  sonlh  of  Itlehmnnd  .liiiietinii. 

SILLIVAN,  C.  W.  A  Tp,  in  r,,.  (ire.v.  dn  tn  Col- 
liiiKwnnd  by  the  Ontarin,  Siiiiene,  and  lliirmi  Hall- 
way frmii  Tnrmitn,  and  tlienee  by  Canadiiiii  Steamer 
In  Owen  Snuiid,  and  tlieiiee  by  Sta^e  aliont  I'.' 
miles  south-west. 

Sl'.M.MKltSTOWN.  C.  W.,  Co.  dlennary,  Tp.  Char- 
Inlteiiburi,'.  A  Slatinii  mi  the  (i.  T.  11.,  ■<  miles  east 
nf  Cnrnwall,  and  tJO  from  MotitreaL  I'oimlation 
about  .'ill. 

SlMMKItVILLK.  C.  W.,  Co.  Peel,  Tp.  Tnrmilo.  In 
Hie  vieiiiity  nfTnrmito  City,  (in  tn  Port  Credit,  I'i 
mill's  on  the  llaiiiiltnn  and  Tormiln  Seellmi  nf  d. 
W.  It.,  or  by  Cnnksville  Sta;;e,  daily  from  Toronto. 
Popiilatinii  about  Inn. 

Sl'NMD.^I.K,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  and  Statimi  on  tlic  Sim- 
ene,  Ontarin,  and  Ilurmi  Hallway,  ?J  miles  from 
T.pronln. 

SlTIIKllLAND'S  ( OltNKItS,  C.  W.,  Cn.  Lamlitnn,  T|). 
Kiiphemia.  (in  tn  Newlmry,  <ui  the  (1.  W.  It.,  Ham- 
lltmi  and  Winilsnr  Seetion,  about  iilj  miles  west  of 
London,  C.  W. 

SII'TON,  C.  K.  \  Tp.  in  limine.  Stages  run  frnm 
Coinptmi,  mi  Hie  (i.  T.  It.,  by  way  of  deoryeville. 
I'opulatimi  about  15(1. 

SWK.Mil  ltd,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxford,  North  Itldiii);,  T|i. 
'  est  Oxfnr.l.  (in  (n  IiiKersoll,  on  the  (i.  W  It., 
llaiiiiltnn  and  SVindsnr  Seetinii,  alunit  'Js  miles  west 
nf  I'aris  .lunelion  of  ti.  W.  It.  and  Ilullalo  and  Lake 
lliirmi. 

SWKKTSIil'Itd,  C.  W.,  Co.  Jlissisipioi,  Tp.  Dimliam. 
(io  by  the  same  StatJe  route  from  Cmnplnii,  nn  the 
d.T.  It.,  .Montreal  and  Toronto  Seetimi,  by  way  nf 
(ieni'iii-viile,  as  for  llnlton,  Suttmi,  Ib'nme,  ete. 

SWir/KltVILLK,*'.  W.,  Co,  .\ddiiiKtoii,  Tp.  Kriusloii. 
do  to  Krnestnii,  on  the  (i.  T.  it.,  I."i  niilus  west  of 
Kiiif;ston  Citv.     Poinilati'".  about  Inn. 

SVltKNIIAM,  C.  W,  A  I'p.  in  drey  'n,,  in  wliieli  Is 
Owen's  Sound,  the  p.''liieipal  Tnwn,  P.  "t,  and  Post- 
olliee  of  li,.„  1ms. ?'b'  .  (in  hy  Ontario,  ;  imene,  and 
Huron  llailway  to  Cnllin^'wood  from  Tnronto,  and 
tlienee  b.\  Canadian  Steamer,  or  by  (iuelph,  on  the 
d,  T.  It,,'  and  tlienee  bv  .'^tiij.'es, 

SYllKNll  AM.  C,  W.  A  'I'p.  in  Iteiifrew,  on  the  .South 
Shore  of  the  I'pper  Ottawa  Itiver,  near  Pembroke. 
For  mule,  see  .\vliiier  Kast.     iN'nt  a  Post-nlliee.) 

SVDKMIA.M  I'L.U  K,  C.  K.,  Co.  Ilriinimoiol,  Tp. 
Kin;.'sey.  do  to  Daiinville,  on  the  d.  T.  lt.,(Jiiebee 
and  Ilielimond  Seetion,  I'J  miles  from  Itielimond 
.hiiielioii. 

SYLVAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Mi.ldlesex,  West  ItidiiiK,  Tp. 
Williains.  In  Port  Sarnia  Distriet,  West  of  Strut- 
ford,  on  intendeil  (1.  T.  11.  Kxteiisimi  at  iireseiil. 
(io  tn  l.niidmi,  ('.  W.,  by  the  d.  W.  II.,  and  abmii 
lii  tn  IS  miles  nortli-we=t  by  Iluad.  Poimlatioii 
about  Oil. 


T 

TADorSAC,  C  E.  In  Tadousae  Co.  On  North-oust 
lioiiit  o[  (he  eonllueiiee  of  the  Itivers  Sapiieniiy  and 
St,  Lawreiiee,  Mil  miirs  bilnw  (Juebee.  Tlie  Sague- 
n.iy  Steamers  usually  eall.  N"teil  as  a  Station  nf 
the  Hudson's  li.iy  Company,  with  its  llaj;  stalf  and 
eannmi.  Nnted  alsn  fnr  a  "  railinmless"  hurbour, 
wlicve  the  Fremli  si|iiadi'oii  found  a  seeure  retreat 
at  the  Sie(xe  of  iluebee  under  deneral  Wotfe.  Poji- 
ulation  about  Inn. 

TALHOTTVIl.LK  ItOVAL,  C.  W.,  Co.  Elgin,  West 
Itldinj,',  T|).  SouHiwidil.  (i"  tn  St.  Thomas  (West), 
on  the  London  and  I'nrt  Stanley  Kailnay,  which 


j  I 


7-i 


CANADA:   CITIKS,   TOWNS,   AND  VILLAGK9. 


connects  nt  London  with  tlie  (1,  W.  It.  l'i>|mlutlon 
Hliont  .sun. 

TAMAItACK.t'.  K.,('().  M.Kiintli'.     A  ni'W  I'okI  iinicc. 

TA.MWOUTll,  »'.  W.,  C.i.  AdilliiKlon,  Tp.  Jiliflll.'lil. 
yoe  "  Ki'fc  (Jr;ints."  Tmnworlli  U  iini'  of  llio 
placc'i  (III  llie  rnuii'  Irnin  Kiiin-'lnn  to  Napanvt',  on 
tilt'  (i.  T.  K.     Population  iilMint  ((Id. 

TA.\XKi{Y  WKST,  C.  K.  On  the  Isle  of  .Montreal 
(lloclielaKii  Division),  (io  to  .Montreal  City  liy  (I. 
T.  H.  or  Steamer. 

TAl'I.KYTOWN,  ('.  \V.,f'o.  Went«dilli,Soiitli  Uldlnn, 
Tp.  Saltlleet.  (io  to  Dntarin,  on  thiMi.  \V.  ll.,aliont 
11^  nilica  froni  llainllton  City.  I'upiilation  ubuut 
811. 

TATMtCK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lanark,  Tp.  Darllnof.  Aliout 
iiO  miles  nortli  of  I'erii,  to  whleli  (;o  liv  Sta^e  from 
lln.ckvllle,  on  the  (i.  T.  K.  The  Arnprlor  Knilway 
will  open  this  (llstrlet,  ami  Is  now  In  |iro(;ress. 

TKir.M.XKTll,  ('.  \V.  A  Tp.  In  SlMieoe,S(.iilh  Ithlln);, 
nliont  (i  miles  West  of  llradforil,  to  wlikh  Station 
Ko  liy  the  Ontario,  t^lincoe,  and  Huron  Kail  from 
Toronto. 

TKKSWATKIt,  ('.  W.,  Co.  rtniee,  Tp.  Ciilross.  (!o  to 
(liielph,  on  the  (I.T.  I(.,  Toronto  and  Slralforil  See- 
tion,  andtheiiee  liv  (iarafraNa  Ito.id  North. 

TKMI'I.KTON,  ('.  K.  A  Tp.  In  Ottawa  Co.  Opposite 
the  City  of  Ottawa,  on  the  North  Shore,  near  eon- 
flnenec  of  (iatlneau  and  Ottawa  lUvers.  (In  to 
I'ri'seott  .Innetion,  on  the  0.  T.  It.,  anil  thence  hy 
Ottawa  Itallwav. 

TK.Ml'l,KTON,  C.  K.  .lames  Ilo),'an,  Poslniaater,  Inn- 
keeper, and  Trader,     (iatiiiean  Point. 

TKOilAl'TA,  C,  K.  In  SeiKiiory  of  lieanharnols,  on 
iioiith  Shore  of  St.  I.awreiiee.  (io  to  l.aelilne  and 
cross  to  ('aut;lina\va);a  or  lleanlianiois',  is  alnmt  In 
miles  west  of  the  Itailway  (Montreal  and  Platts- 
bnrn  Mill'). 

TERREBONNE,  C.  K.  A  Town  and  S.iKnory  op- 
poslte  Isle  of  .lesiis,  on  North  Shore  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, (io  to  .Montreal,  and  theiiee  aliout  'jn  miles. 
Population  alioiit  1-1(10. 

TKTK  IJf  llori.K,  C.  K.  A  Moniitaln  I'eak  SOO  feet 
Iiliih,  ahout  one  mile  from  railoiisae,  from  whence 
may  he  seen  one  of  the  most  wild  and  inaKiilllcent 
vlew.s  the  Samienav  affords. 

TKVIOTDALK,  C.  w!,  Co.  Wellington,  North  Illdlii):, 
Tp.  Minto.  (Io  to  (inelpli,  on  the  (i.  T.  H.,  niiil 
thence  North  liv  Stajje. 

TIIAMKSKOHP,  C.  W.,Co.  Oxford,  North  liidhi^',  Tp. 
Kast  Missouri,  (io  to  Kdwanlslinr)?,  on  the  (i.  W. 
It.,  10  miles  cast  of  London,  C.  W.  I'opulation 
aliout  fion. 

TIIAMKSVILLK,  V.  W.,  Co.  Kent,  Tp.  Camden.  A 
Station  on  the  (i.  T.  H.,  -1!)  miles  west  of  London, 
0.  W.     Population  aliont  :!(in. 

THISTLKTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  York,  Tp,  Ktolilcokc.  (io 
to  Weston,  on  the  (i.  T.  U.,  !l  miles  nut  of  Toronln. 
Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  or  hy  Stape  at  '.' 
daily,  from  Wolfe  Inn,  Chiireh  street,  which  Koes 
lliro'uj.'li  Ktohlcoke.     Population  iiliout  Inn. 

TIIO.M.\SI!l'lt(i,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings,  Ninth  ItidliiB, 
Tp.  Ilunperford.     (io  to  Naiianee,  on  (i.  T.  K. 

THOUAII,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario.  A  Tp.  in  which  are 
lieavcrton  and  Korcastle,  elsewhere  referred  to, 
which  see. 

TllOKNIll'liY,  C.  W.,  Co.  (ire.v,Tp.  Cnlllncwood.  (io 
to  Colllnjjwood,  fin  Ontario,  Siniein',  and  Huron 
HalUvav, ili")  miles  from  Toronto.  Population  aliout 
l.'))). 

THORNHILL,  C  W.,  Co,  York,  Tp.  Markham. 
Dailv  Stape  from  Toronto  City,  Best's  Hay  Horse, 
Yonpe  street,  at  '-^  P.  M.,  also  Hallway  liy  Ontario, 
Slnicoe,  and  llnron.  From  Toronto  14  miles.  Poji- 
ulation  aliout  7iM). 

THOKNTON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Simcoe,  Tp.  Innisfil.  Lefrny 
and  Craipvale  are  hoth  Stations  in  Innislll  Tp.,  on 
the  Ontario,  Simcoe  and  Huron  ItaiUvi'.y.  Popula- 
tion aliout  7."). 

THOROLO,  C.  W.  A  Town  and  Tp.  In  Welland  Co. 
A  Station  on  the  (i.  W,  It,,  lij  miles  from  Niagara, 
and  uhout  Hi^  from  Hamilton.  Poiinlation  ahont 
20011. 

THOItPVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  AVellinpton,  North  Kldlng, 
-"■;>.  Nicol.     (io  to  (inelpli  on  the  (!.  T.  It. 

THREE  RIVERS,  C.  K.  Nearly  half-way  lietween 
Montreal  and  (Jnehec;  a  Town  at  the  month  of  the 
Pt.  Maurice  from  the  north,  and  the  Itecancour  on 
the  South,  situated  on  the  North  Shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.    A  Tp.,  Corporate,  and  Electoral  District. 


Tills  wag  formerly  the  seat  of  government.  The 
Cataract  of  ShawlnncKamine  Is  ahout  'i.'i  lulles  up 
the  St.  Maurice,  and  Is  an  oliject  of  preat  liitere-t 
as  are  the  luiiilieiliip  estaldlshnients  spiuiip  up  of 
late  with  the  openliip  of  the  .st,  Maurice  eoinitry. 
(io  hy  Steamer  from  Uneliec  or  .Montreal.  Popula- 
tion alioni  Tniiii. 

TIHIll.OW,  (  .  W.  A  Tp.  in  llnsllngs  Co.  (In  to 
llellevllle  on  the  (1.  T.  It. 

TliritSO,  C.  K,,  Co.  Ottawa,  Tp.  Lochaher,  mi  the 
North  Shore  of  the  Ottawa  Illver,  trontliip  Ihe  river, 
aliont  '.'II  miles  lielmv  OllawaCity.  (io  liy  Steamers 
from  Mnntreiil.  .See  also  Ottawa  City.  Population 
aliont  '.'on. 

TILIIII!*'  KAST,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Kent.  Oo  to  Ilap. 
tiste  Creek  on  the  (i.  W.  It,,  Ml  miles  east  of  \Mijd. 
sor.     Population  ahont  •%o. 

TILIintY  WESr.  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Kssex  ('■  .  Kor 
Postollici',  route,  etc,  see  Ciinilier  and  Tilhury 
Kast,  (adjolnlnp  Township), 

TINI)IICK,('.  K,  ATp,  in  Arthahaskn.  (iol.i  Dami- 
ville  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  I'.'  miles  from  lllclminiid. 

TlilNti,  C.  W.  A  Tp,  In  North  llidinp  of  Shiiciie  Co,, 
fronliiip  tlietieorplan  Hay.  KorTowiis,  I'lisl-ollii.'is, 
and  route,  see  Penetanpnishene  and  Lafonlalne, 

TOLKDO,  C.  W,,  Co,  Leeds,  Tp,  Kitlev.  (io  to  Urock- 
vllle  on  the  (i,  T.  It.     Population  ahont  17fi. 

TOIiONI  (»  (iOltK,     See  (iore  of  Toronto. 

TOItONTO,  C.  W,,  Co.  Peel,  A  Tp,  In  vicinity  and 
west  of  Toronto  City,  See  Credit,  Cooksville,  Siiiii- 
merville,  Sireetsville,  Sheridan,  atid  Derry  West  for 
Post-iitlices,  etc, 

TORONTO,  C,  W,,  Co,  York,  I'pper  Canada,  and 
seat  of  povernment.  For  full  information  and  views 
of  Tiironto,  see  elsewhere, 

TOWN.^KNI),  C,  W,  A  Tp,  In  Norfolk  Co.  Fnr 
Itoutes,  Villapes,  and  I'ost-ollices,  see  llloom.-liinp, 
Huston,  C.  W,,  Hartford,  Itockford,  Villanova,  and 
Waterford. 

THAKALOAIt,  C,  W.  A  Tp.  In  Halton  Oo.  do  to 
Hronte  In  the  same  Tp,,  a  Station  on  the  (I.  W.  II., 
l:!i  mih'S  from  Hamilton  Citv, 

TItKCASTLK,  C,  W„  Co,  Perth,  Tp,  Wallace,  (io  to 
Stratford  on  the  (J.  T.  K,  Wallace  Tji.  lies  about 
T-i  miles  north. 

TItKNIIol.M,  C,  K.Co.  I)rummonil,Tp.  Klnpsey.  Go 
to  lluiinville  on  li.  T,  II, 

TRENTON,  C,  W„  Co.  Northiimlierland,  T|i.  Mur- 
ray. A  Station  on  the  (i.  T.  It,,  (near  the  iiioulh  of 
the  Itiver  Trent,)  1'.'  miles  west  of  lielleville  and  lill 
oast  of  Toronto, 

TlilNti,  C,  K.  A  Tp,  In  Heauce,  ahont  'A'l  miles  east 
of  ,\rlliali.'iska  Station  on  the  Ci.  T.  It,ii2  miles  from 
liii'hmond  .Innetion, 

TICOIS  PISTOLKS,  C,  K.  A  Tp.  In  Teinlscouata.  A 
Port  on  South  Shore  of  ,st.  Lawrence,  aliout  110 
miles  helow  St.  Thomas  Kast.  The  Inteiideil  Teriui- 
iinsof  the  St,  Andrew's  (New  llruiiswlck)  and  Wood- 
stock Itailwiiy,  forniliip  a  direct  line  li.v  connection 
with  the  (i.  f.  II,,  from  (Jueliec  to  the'Atlaiilic.  en- 
tirely tlirouph  Hritish  Territory.  Popnlatio..  almut 
Slniio. 

TltOLS  SADMONS,  C.  K.,  Co.  L'Islet.  See  St.  .lean 
Port  .loll. 

TItoV,  C,  W.,  Co.  Wentwnrtli,  Tp.  Hcverley.  do  to 
Copetowii  Station,  on  the  (i,  W.  It.,  IS  miles  west 
of  Hamilton  (  itv.     Population  aliout  'JOO, 

TCLLAMOItK,  C,'W,,  Co,  Peel,  Tp,    Toronto  (iore. 
(ill  to  Weston  or  Malton,  on  the  (i.  T.  It,     I'opnia- . 
tloii  aliont  inn. 

TlltNHKUltY,  ('.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Huron  Co.  In  which 
Is  Helmure  Post-olllce.  do  to  Mitchell  hy  Stape 
from  tlie  Stratford  .Innetion  of  the  d.  T.  It.,  and 
Hnll'alo  and  Lake  Huron  Hall,  and  thence  north 
tlirouph  Lopan  and  (ir"y,  or  to  duelpli,  on  the  d. 
T.  It,,  Toronto  and  Stratford  Section,  anil  thence 
tlirouph  Arthur,  Mount  Forest,  etc,  liy  Stupe, 

Tl'SCAltOItA,  C,  W,,  Co,  Hrant,  Kast  Itldiiip,  Tp.  On- 
ondapa.  do  to  Onoiidapa  Station,  on  the  llnlfalo 
and  Lake  Huron  Kail,  1(1  miles  south  of  Paris  Jnnc- 
tiiin. 

TWKKD,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilastinps,  North  Itldlnp,  Tp. 
Ilunperford,  do  to  Napanee  or  Tyenilinapa,  on 
the  (i  T.  It.,  and  then  north.  Popuhithin  ahout 
IfllO. 

TWO  MOUNTAINS,  C.  K,  Opposite  the  Isle  of  Mon- 
treal, on  the  St.  Lawrence.  In  which  are  Point 
aiix  Anplais,  ,st.  Henoit,  and  8t,  .loseph  du  Lac. 

TYENDONACJA,  C.  W.     A  Tp.   in  Hastings  Co.,  in 


CANADA:   CITIES,  TOWNS,    AND  VILLAGES. 


75 


i 


wlili-li  »re  llli'snltiKtiin,  Mnrysvlllp,  iin<l  Mclrnno 
VllliiKi'H,  with  I'lisl-ollli'is,  whli'h  »i'i.'.  'I'.vi'iiillniiKii 
In  ji  i^lMlliili  "ti  the  (1.  T.  It.,  !IJ  mill's  went  of  Kliigi- 
(Mii   mill  lit  iiill''^  I'l'"'  "f  llclli'vllli'. 

TVUi'oNNKI,!.,  t'.  W.,  ('".  Kl(,'lii,  Wist  Illillni.',  Tp. 
Iluiiivli'li.  A  Vllliixe  ami  I'lirt  mi  l.aki'  Krii',  aliuiit 
U  miUvt  west  uf  I'nrt  Slaiili'.v,  U,  wliUli  k"  I'.V  Hh' 
d'  \\.  It.  Ill  l/Kiiiloii,  ami  lliiMii'u  liy  lliaiicli  Hall 
(Uri'il.     i'"|iiilaliiin  uli"nt  'Mt. 

TVItdXK,  •'.  W.,  t'li.  Kiirliaiii,  Wi'st  Itlilliii?,  T|).  Dar- 
|iii);loii.'  (ill  ti)  ll>>»  iiiaiivilU',  Oi>  xaim.'  T|>.),  a  .Main 
Siailoii  "I  t'.  ''.  "'<  ''''  ■>>il>^>  <:u'*t.  uf  Turoiitii. 
l'<i|iulatl<>ii  aliiiut  'iM, 


UNION,  ('.  W.,  To.  Eluln,  T|>.  Yarmnulli.     (in  to  Si. 

TIl'iUKH  Wl'St  111  sailU'  T|l.      (ill  tip  {..illilnll,  1)11  tllr  (i. 

\V.  II.,  ami  lliriK'i'  li.v  l.iiiiiliiii  ami  I'urt  t'taiili'y  Line, 

riiiinliiiliiM  aliiiiit  :iliil. 
INIONVIM.K,  «'.   \V.,  Cc).   York,  East   ItlilliiK,  T|i. 

Mi.ikliaiii.    (1"  I>,v  StiHilI'vlIlL'  Stage  from  'riiruiito. 

tiiM'  Maikliam. 
fl'TdN,  (.'.  K.,  <  11.  lliiKot.    For  I'ost-nllii'i',  see  Soralia. 

A  Slatlon  oil  tlie  U.  T,  K.,  4a  miles  soulli-east  of 

Mmitreal. 
I'SllOltNE,  •'.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co,  IlnrciM.      For  Posl- 

(lilici-,  si'i'  Pi'ioii.     flo  111  SIratfiiril,  mi  llic  (i,  T.  U., 

or  liv  till'  lliiiralii  anil  l.akr  Ilurmi  Itiiilwa.s'. 
t  TIC.V,  <'.   \V.,  (11.  Oiilailii,  'I'll.    Itituli.     Alioiit  20 

mill's' imrtli  of  Wliilliy  ami  (Isliana,  linlli  Statimis 

nil  liii'  <1.  T.  It.     I'opiiialioii  aluiut  .'ill. 
I'.MlKIDtiK,  ('.  \V.     A  Tp.  ill  (liiliiriii  t'o.     Nnrlli  of 

I'iiki'riiiK-    <■"  '"  '"'"'t  Wliitliy.'JU  mill's  euat  of  To- 
ronto.    I'opiilatioii  Hliout  .Mill. 


VAIiCAItTIKK,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Quoliec  Co.  (io  to 
I'oiiil  I,i'\  i,  tiuflife,  (1.  T.  It.,  on  finitli  Shore  of  St. 

VAU.KNTVNE,  C.  E.,('ii.()ntiliii<,  Tp.  Hrock.  Alioiil  ;V> 
mill's  iiiirlli  uf  I'm-t  Wliilliy,  to  wliU'li  pi  liy  (1.  T.  It, 

VAI.l.KYKlKM),  C,  E,  In  lleiiiiliarmils,  (io  to 
CaiinlinattaKa.  npposlti'  l.ai'liini',  liy  .Montreal  ami 
I'liitlsliiirt;  Kallway,  ami  Ferry,  llieiice  west.  I'op- 
iihitlon  aliiHit4iKl, 

VANKLEEK  HILL.O.  W„Co,  l'resi-..ll,T|i.  Ilawkis- 
Imry.  On  Smith  tiliore  of  Lower  Ollawii  Uiver.  (io 
liy  Steamer  to  anil  from  Uttiiwu  anil  Montreal. 
Population  alimit  M\. 

YAKEXNES,  C.  E.  In  YerehereK,  On  Smilli  Shore 
of  St.  Lawrence,  (io  to  St.  Ililairi',  mi  tlieti.T.  It., 
1"  miles  from  .Montreal.     I'lipiilalimi  alimit  IdilH. 

VAXDUEL'IL,  C.  E.  A  Distriet  liiiiimleil  liy  !<oii- 
laii^es  on  the  west,  anil  liy  llie  Kheis  Ottawa  ami 
SI.  Lawreni'e  at  their  emilliiinee.  In  wliieh  is  Vaii- 
ili'eiiil,(i.  T.  It.  Slalliin,  Mmilreal  ami  Tormitn  See- 
tloii,  '.'1  mill's  nest  of  Mmilreal,     I'np,  ahoiit  .'mo, 

YEKILA.M,  C,  W.,  Co,  Vielmia.  A  Tp,  north  of 
Emily,  do  to  Limlsayhy  I'mt  Hope  Uailway,  from 
Port  lliipe  l'i'.i  miles  west  of  Toroiilii,  on  (i.  T.  U. 
Fur  Pnslortiee,  ete.,  see  llolii'ay^v'mi. 

YEKNONVILLK,  C.  W.,  Co.  .Niirlhiiiiilierlanil,  Tp. 
Ilalilimaml.  (io  to  (iraftoii.  mi  the  (i.  T.  I(.,  7 
miles  east  of  Colioiirn.     Pnpiilatimi  alioiit  TH. 

YESPKA,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Simeoe,  in  which  is  the  Co, 
Town  uf  llarrie  ami  Aptoii  Post-olllce.  Clo  to  llar- 
rie,  which  see. 

VICTOItIA  COU\EI{S,C,\Y,,  Co,  Ontario.  T|i,Iteacli, 
(io  to  Wliilliy,  on  (i,  T,  K.,  '.",1  miles  east  of  I'lirmilo, 
Pupulalimi  ahmit  I'lll, 

Yl(  rolllA  Slit:AI!E,  C,  W,,  Co,  York,Ti>,  .Markimm, 
which  see,     Piipiiliilion  alioiit  '.'Oil, 

VIENNA,  Co,  ElK'iii,  East  Itiiliiit;,  Tp,  Ilayhaiii,  near 
Shore  of  Lake  Erie,  (In  to  Paris  .liini'tion  liy  (1,  W, 
It.,  or  Itiilfalo  ami  Lake  Huron,  ami  thence  liy  mail 
to  Norwich,     Popiilatlmi  alioiit  Hull, 

VILLANOVA.  C,  W„  Co.  Norfolk,  Tp.  Tiiwnseml.  Go 
to  llraiitforil,  on  the  lliill'alo  ainl  l.ike  Huron  Itall- 
wav.     Population  aliout  Inn, 

VITTORIA,  C,  W„  Co,  Norfolk,  Tp,  Chtirlotteville, 
(ill  to  Simeoe  liy  Sla(,'e  from  liraiitforil,  on  the  Hiif- 
falo  anil  Lake  Huron,  ami  on  liy  mail,  Populalimi 
aliout  .'"iilii, 

VlidOM  ANTON,  C,  W„  Co,  Ontario,  Tp,  llrock.  See 
ilruck.     Population  about  5il. 


A  Tp,  fwlth  Marnhvllic 

Post-olllces),  lioriierliiK 


w 

WAINFLEET,  Co.  Wellnnil. 

ami  Walnlleel  Centre    foi 

Lake  Erie,  '  iil  a  Statimi  on  Hie  llulValo  ami  Lake 
llui-mi  Kallway, '.'li  miles  Norlh-west  of  lluiralo  ami 
Furl  Erie,  anil  .V,l  miles  from  Paris  Junction.  Popu- 
lalimi ahoiil  .'ill. 

WAKEFIELD,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  In  Ottawa  Co.  On  the 
North  Shore  of  llie  Ollawii  Itivir,  near  the  (iailiieau 
Itiver,  ahmil  'Jil  iiilles  from  Teiiipli'lmi,  which  see. 
See  also  (lllawii  for  mute.     Populalion  ahmit  lIHI, 

WALLACE,  C.  W,  A  Tp.  in  Co.  Peilli.  (io  In  (iuelpli, 
on  the  (i.  T,  K.,  ami  thence  hy  (larafraxa  Itoail— 
lays  on  the  left  of  Arlliur  Tp.,  aliout  .'id  miles  north 
of  (iuelpli. 

WALLAt  Eliritd,  C.  W.,  Co.  Lainliton,  Tp,  Somhra, 
Chalham  or  Ihe  (i.  W,  11.  is  llm  lu'iirest  Itailwav 
Slutimi,  The  Village  is  silnateil  on  the  "Clieiiail 
Ecarle,"  the  iiaiiie  ^'Iveii  to  the  Channel  which 
separates  the  Walpnii'  Isliiml  frnm  the  main  lliver 
at  the  .Mouth  of  the  St.  Clair  Itiver,  at  tlie  lieail  of 
St.  (lair  Lake.     Population  ahmil  .'mil. 

WALMElt,  C.  W.,  (.'...  WellluKlmi,  Tp.  Peel,  (io  to 
(iuelpli,  on  the  (i.  T.  It.     Population  aliout  ","i. 

WALI'OLE,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  llalillimiml  (  o.,  In  h  hicli 
are  llalmural,  Naiiticiike,  ami  Selkirk  VilhiKcs  ami 
Post-oHiees,  which  see. 

W'ALSINIillAM,  t  .  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Norfolk,  (into 
."liiicoe  hy  Stajfe  from  Paris  or  llraiitforil,  on  the 
lluHalo  ami  Lake  Huron  Itailway. 

WALTEU'S  FALLS,  C.  W.,  (  o.  (irey,  Tp.  Ilollaml. 
(ill  to  Owen's  Souml  liy  Steamer  ('Miiailiaii,  or 
Sla^e  from  ColUiigwooil,  on  Ontario,  Simeoe,  anil 
Huron  liailway,  Ho  miles  fi'iiiii  Toronto.  Popula- 
timi  ahmit  lin. 

WAROSVILLE,  C.  W.,  Co,  Miilillesex,  Tp,  Mosn, 
(ill  to  Newliury  111  same  Tp,  A  Slation  on  (1,  W.  It,, 
iili  miles  west  of  Lmnloii,  C,  W, 

^VAU^WOUTII,  Co,  Nortliuiuherlanil,  A  new  Post- 
olliuu, 

WAUNEIl,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Lincoln,  Tp.  Caistor.  Ititwecn 
the  (i.  W.  K.  ami  Ihill'alu  ami  Lake  Huron  Itailwavs, 
Try  (iriiiisliy,  mi  the  (i.  W.  11.,  Hamilton  ami  Ni- 
iiKara  Seclimi,  ami  Canllelil,  on  the  llull'aio  anil 
Lake  Huron  Itailwav. 

WAItSAW,  C.  W..  Co.  Peterhorouiih,  Tp.  Diiiiimer. 
North-west  of  Pclerlioroiij.'h  Termiiiiis  of  llranch 
Itailway  from  (i.  T.  It,  at  Cnhmirj,',  hy  which  go. 
Pii|iiilaiimi  ahmit  l.'iil, 

WAItWICK,  C,  E,  A  Tp,  in  Arlhalia  'la,  anil  a  Sta- 
tion on  the  O.  T.  I!., '.'4  miles  from  l!i  limmiil  .luiiC'- 
timi. 

WARWICK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Lamhton,  on  Ihe  Lon- 
ilon  ami  Port  Sarniii  Extension,  (io  to  Lomliin  liy 
the  (1.  W.  It.     Pii|iiilatiiiii  ahmit  :liiil. 

WASHINIiTON,  C.  W.,(;o.().\foril,  North  Riillntr,  Tp. 
Illeiihehii.  (Io  to  Driimlio,  a  Slatimi  of  the  Iluiralo 
ami  Lake  Huron  Uailway  in  same  Tp.,  aliout  '.I 
miles  rroiii  Paris  .luiiction.      Population  ahoiit  inn. 

WATERDOWN,  C.  W.,  (.'o,  Weiitworth,  Tp,  Flain- 
tiiimunh  East,  Waterilown  is  l  mili'S  ea.»t  of  Ham- 
ilton, A  Station  on  tliu  (I,  W,  It.  Population  about 
llliiii. 

WATERFORD,  C,  W,,  Co,  Norfolk,  Tp,  Townscml. 
(ill  to  Paris  or  llraiitforil  by  Ihe  lluiralo  ami  Lake 
llurmi  Itailway,  ami  Iheiice  by  Stages,  which  pass 
through.  This  place  beiii);  half  way  between 
HraiiMmil  ami  Simeoe,  the  County  Town,  Popuhi- 
latimi  about  mhi, 

WATERLOO,  C.  E.,  Co,  ShelTmil,  Co  to  Aelon,on 
the  (I,  T,  It,,  Montreal  ami  Pmtlami  Se.limi,  49 
miles  from  ,Mmitreal,     Populalion  about  'Joo. 

WATEULOO,  C,  W,,  Co,  Wiiterloo,  North  liiiliiitr,  Tp. 
Nmlh  Waterloo,  (io  to  llerliii,  on  the  (i.  T,  It,,  (J4 
miles  from  Toronto,     Popiilatimi  about  l.'mil, 

\YATEULOO  SOITII,  C.  W,     See  Preston,  C,  AV, 

WATEULOO  (KinptmO,  C,  W,,  Co,  Fiontenae,  In 
the  vicinity  of  Kingston,  (io  to  Kingston,  on  the 
(1,  T,  It,     Populalion  about  'J.'iil, 

AYATEltVILLE,  C,  E,  A  Tp,  in  Co,  Compton.  A 
.Salion  on  the  (1,  T,  It,,  liKi  miles  from  Montreal. 
Population  alimit  ^llll, 

WATFOUl),  C,  W,,  Co.  Lamhton.  See  Warwick. 
Pnpiilatimi  about  ."hi, 

WATSON'S  COUNEItS, 
Itiiling,  Tp,  Dalhmisie, 
llrockviUe,  on  (j.  T,  U. 


i« 


I 


C,  W„  Co,  Lanark,  North 
(ill  to  Perth  by  Stage  from 
Populalimi  about  5(1. 


76 


CANADA:   CITIKS,  TUW'NM,   ANM)   VILLAOKS. 


WAUIirSO,  ('.  \V.     A  f<liill.iii  (11(1  Pi.st-Mlllii')  Kii  IIh 
(I.  W.  II.,  IIjiimIIImii  uikI  W  lii.hor  .S.'li.iii,  In  MI'I 


(lll'Sl'X  {'i 


:>i  inll<' 


^1  iif  I.oihIoii,  C.  \V. 


J  I'i 


WAWANUSII,  ('.  W.     A  Tp.  ill  lliirnn  Cu.,  mirlli  i)f 
(inili'iirli,    1. 1    nlilili    K"    ''>   I^tiip'    fKiiii    r'li'uirnnl 


Jiiiiiiliiii,  III'  iiv  lliilliilii 


III  l.iiki'  lliiriiii  Kiiiln 


WKKlKtN,  r.  K  A  T|i.lii\V(iiri'(ii.  AliMUl  •.'iliiill.H 
ciisl  of  lilt'  .liihi'tliiii  Sliitlnii  at  Uli'hiiiiiiiil,  (I.  T.  It., 
({iirlii'i'  anil  llli'liiniiiiil  .Xri'lli>ii. 

WKIMAK,  ('.  \V.,  (II.  Wuliiliiii,  T|i.  WCIIi'.l.'.v.  do 
III  III  rllii,  I'lt  mill's  ri'iiiii  Tiiniiilii,  mi  llii'  (I.  I'.  It. 

WKM..\.M>  I'DItT,  »'.   \V.,  tu.  I.liii'iilii,  Tp.  <iiiliHli"- 

I'iiIIKIi.      lio    I"    llcalllHMlli',  III!    till'  (i.    \V.   It.,  Illinllt 

'.'M  inili'M  ri'iiiii  Ihitiillluii  I'ltv .   l'ii|Miliilliiii  aliiiiit  'Jim. 

>VKI,l,Klf.-'  II.VV,  C.  W.  (liri.iikiOiiluilii.  t<i.'(a'iiii- 
Mi'cnii,  I'rliii'c  KilHiinl  Cii,,  ('.  \V. 

WKI.I.KSI.KV,  t'.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Wutcrlnn,  North  ItM- 
li\IS.  Ill  whli'li  Is  .'■Itiiiili'  III  rllii,  II  .''tatiiiii  of  Hit'  (i. 
T.  It..  I'll  iiilli'.'t  rniiii  'I'lii'iiiiiii  (  Iiv. 

WKI.M.NdTK.S,  ('.  \V.,  Cii.  I'l'liiit'  Kilnnril,  Tp.  Illl 
lltr,  tiontlnx  l.akt'  ilntailii.  (io  to  llrl^'litoii,  on  llo' 
(J.  T.  It.,  anil  ll.t'iii'i'  li)  Unfit;  to  ('oiini.'('oii.  I'npii- 
latiiin  alioiil  iliiii. 

WELLINGTON  SQUARE,  »'.  \V.,  Co.  Ilaltiiii/lp 
Nt'l'xin,  Sitiiati'il  on  the  opoii  Lako  oiit.'>l<l('  Itiir- 
liiiK'liiii  Itii.v.  Tills  plari'  forms  tlir  Wintor  I'orl  for 
llaniillon  ;  It  Is  a  Stallmi  on  llio  II.  \\.  It.,  T  iiilli'.s 
friiiii  Maiiillloii.     I'lipiilaliiiii  alioiit  T.'iil. 

MKIJ.MAN'.'^  C()llNl':i!,'<,  C.  \V.,  (  o.  llastliiKs,  Norlli 
ItlilliiK,  Tp.  Itawilon.  (Ill  to  lli'lli'vllli',  on  tin'  (i.  T. 
It.,  anil  llii'iit't'  iiiirtli  of  i<|iliirv  Tp. 

\VK.-*r  Altll.W,  C.  W.,  (  o.  Ilriiii',  T|i.  .\rraii.  Ailja- 
t'l'iit  to  Siiiini'fii.     (*t'i'  Saiif.'1'i'n  for  rmilt'. 

WKST  JIOl.TO.V,  C.  K.,  Co.  Ilroine.  (d'u  lloltoii  for 
roiiti'.     Population  alioiit  |ou. 

WKST;<  CUIl.NKK^  C.  W.,  Co.  I'lilli,  Tp.  MorniiiK- 
toll.     .**t'L'  .MoriiliiKtoii. 

WK.><T  UX.'^A,  C.  \V.,  Co.  HInipoo,  Soiitli  ItidiiiK,  T|i. 
Kfisa.  Rssa  is  a  SliLtlmi  on  Ho' lliitario,  .'''iiiicot',  ami 
Unroll  Kailuav,  71  iiilits  from  Turoiito. 

WK.-<T  II  ATI.KV,  I  ■.  y..  (In  Hit'  .MassaH  ippi  I.ako,  Co. 
!<laii.«tt'iiil,  Tp.  llatii'.v.     (  liarit.-toii  In  lliis  Tp.  is  .'i 

mill's  fi I  Ciunpton  .^tatimi,  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  I  In 

mills  fioiii  Moiitrt'al. 

WKST  FAU.MIA.M,  C.  K.,  Co.  Misslsipml,  Tp.  Kai'ii- 
ham.  Till.'  Stai^o  roiitt'  troiii  Coiiiptoii,  on  tlif  (i.  T. 
it.,  .Moiitri'iil  anil  Toronto  .'^ct'tioii  tliroii^h  Itromo, 
lloltoii,  ftf.,  to  .>i|.,)olin's,  (.'.  K.,  alVorils  I'ommiiniia- 
tloii,  Fariiliam  Tp.  Is  alioiit  A,')  milts  from  Comp- 
ton,  anil  l.'i  inik'S  from  >St.  John's,  C.  K.  I'oiiuliitloii 
Illinllt  Tun. 

;VK.<l'lll':i,l),  C.  W.,  Co.  lliiroii,Tp.  WiiHunosh.    i<i't,' 

WEST  FLAMBOROUGH,  ('.  W.,  Co.  Wttilivorlh, 
.North  Killing',  (to  to  Klamlioroii^li  Station,  on  tin' 
(;.  \V.  If.,  TJ  miles  West  of  llaiiiilton  City,  Pojni- 
lalion  ahoiit  .'iilil. 

VKST  111  NTl.\(il)OX,  C.  W.,  Co.  Hastings.  See 
lliiiithi^'ilon. 

WKST  IIC.NTLKV,  C.  W.,  Co.  Carletou,  Tp.  Ilunlle.v, 
whivh  si'i'. 

UK-^T  .M'dll.I.IVllAV,  C.  \V.,  Co.  Huron.  See  M'dil- 
livrav.  I 

WK.-^T.MKATII,  ('.  W.     A  Tp.  In  Co.  Itenfrew.    On  the  ! 
South  Shore  of    the  Ottawa  lliver,  t'lose    to  Pem- 
broke, oil  the  line  of  tlie  Itailway  K.xti'iision  from 
Ariiprior  to   Pemlirnke.      for  Cjiper  (Mtawa,  .see  , 
.Xvliiier  Kast. 

WK.'^T.MINSTKIt,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Miililiese.x,  South  of 
Loiiiloii  City,  on  the  llrani'li  Hallway  from  l.onilon 
to  Port  Sariiia,  For  Po.st-olliees,  etc.,  see  Ityroii 
mill  l.amlieth. 

WESTON,  C.  \V.,  Co.  York,  West  liiilinn,  Tp.  York. 
lietween  Hie  (I.  T  It.  anil  the  Ontario,  Siiiiene,  ami 
Huron  Itailway  In  the  vieinity  of  Toronto.  Thi'  (i. 
T.  It.  Station,  Toronto  ami  Stratfonl  Sei'lion,  is  il 
miles  from  T'jronto,  anil  the  Ontario,  Sinicue,  anil 
Huron  Station  s  miles. 

AVKSroVKU,  (;.   W..  Cn.  Wcntworlh,  Tp.  Deverley. 
l.ynilen  Station   l.'ij   miles  ami  west  of   Hamilt""  ' 
city,   on  the  (i.  ^^ .   It.  is  in  the  same   Townsliip.  ! 
Population  aliiiut  lull. 

\VKST  OStiOODK,  C.  \V.,Co.  Carleton.     Sep  OsRooile. 

WfSr  I'OItT,  C.  \V.,  Co.  l.eeils,  T|i.  North  Crosliy. 
tio  to  Kingston,  on  the  (i.  T.  I!.,  or  to  (iananoipie, 
on  same  Itailway  Section.      Population  ahoiit  :illil. 

WKST  SlIKFFOlti),  C.K.  Set!  Sbellonl.  Population 
about  15U. 


WKST  \VIN(  lIFSTKIt,  C.  W.    Hoe  Wliidunler.    Pop 

nlatlmi  alioiil  I'.'n. 

wyyy  wooi.wicii,  c.  w.    See  Wooiwich. 

WHITBY,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Ontario  C,,,,  hi  «|,|,|,  |, 
the  I'oiMi  anil  Port  of  Whlthy,  mi  Lake  Oiitarlo-it 

Mail il  Tehnr.iph  Statimi   of    the  tl.  T.  11.,  Kl) 

mill's  east  of  Tiirmito  CItv. 

WIIITCHCItCII,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Co.  York,  North 
Itiillii).',  skirti'il  mi  the  Wist  hy  Ihe  Ontario.  Sliiii'ne 
anil  lliirmi  Uailna.v.ln  wlihli  are  the  Towns  ami 
Uallway  Slalimis  ami    Pnsl-olllees  of    Aurora  anil 

of  Oak. 


Newmarket;    also  PiisCiillli'i'S  ami  Ti 

r|il),'rs  anil  Pine  llUer  ami  SlmilMlli',  wlilih  se 


WIIIIKIIAI.I.,  C.  W. 


Kent,  Tp.  Camileii.     (in  |a 


llothni'll.  In  mill's  ni.t  ,,1  l.oinli.n,  i,ii  the  II.  \\,  |t 

WIHTF  I.AKK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ileiifiew,  Tp.  .M'Nali.    For 

Ipper  Ollawa  route,  see  .\.N  1 r  Fast     Ihis  place 

liiliiK  near  Fltzrny  Harliniir  ami  Arnprlor,  the  Ter- 
minus of  the  Hallway  imw  In  iii^  I'oiistriicteil  fruiu 
llroi'kvllle  lhroii)(li  Perth.     Pii|iulatiiiii  alioiit  l.'m 

WIIII'FIFI.K,  (.  W.,  Co.  Slmeoe,  .Xiiulh  lllilhiK,  Tp. 
.Miiliiiur.  which  see. 

WlllTWOItTII,  C.  F.,  Co.  Teliilscouatii.  For  PoM- 
tilliee,  see  St.  Modt'sle ;  for  route,  etc., m'O  Tr«i«  Pis- 
toles. 

WICK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ontario,  Tp    Ilrock.     See  Iln.ok. 

WIIHlFIt,  C.  W.,Cii.  l.amhlmi.Tp.  Ilii-iini|iii'l  front. 
iiiK  the  South  Slime  of  Lake  lliiion,  mi  line  of  (i.  T. 
It.  Fxteiislmi  to  Port  Sainla.  (In  to  Stratfonl  hy  (1. 
T.  II.  on  IlulValo  ami  Lake  Huron  Hallway.  Pupu- 
laiioii  alioiit  lull. 

\MI,KI':.-i|'OKT,  C  W.Co.  l.ainlitmi.Tp,  Smiilira.  On 
lliier  St.  (  laire,  nmlh  of  the  l.uke.  See  Wallace- 
liiiri;. 

WILLIAM  HENRI  or  SOREL,  C.  R,  Co.  Ilichelieu. 
On  the  ri».'lit  hank  of  the  Kuer  Ilichelieu  at  Its  cmi- 
lliience  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  In  or  I,"!  miles  hclnw 
.Montreal.  (Jo  h_\-  Steamers  to  aiul  fioin  (iiielicc  anil 
.Monireal.  Ily  means  of  a  canal,  navl).'alloii  froiii 
hence  is  unliilerriipleil  to  Lake  (  Immplaln.  Piipii- 
lalimi  aliout  Iniiii. 

WILLIAMS.  A  Tp.  in  Miilillesex,  Mhlillesex  Co., 
West    Iliiliiif:,  ailjiilnlni;  l.aiiihlmi.     For  riinte,  nee 

Ailehilile.     See  also    l.onil C.   W.,   which  lij  the 

nearest  nillwav  point. 

WIl.l.lA.MSIIfllli.C.W.     ATp.  in  Co.  OunihiH,  wliirh 

is  the  WiHianishiirK  Stall f  the  (I.  T.  it.,  .Montreal 

ami  Toronto  Seeiion,  li'.i  miles  fniin  .Mmiireai,  ami 
!ls  miles  west  of  Itrockville.  For  Post-ollices  aiitl 
Villages  nilhiii  il,  see  IMiiihar  unil  Fast  Wllliaiiia- 
tiiiri,'.     Population  aliout  '.'on. 

WIl.l.IAMSTOW  N,  Co.  (ileiiK-ary,  Tp.  (  liarlottenliiir); 
(ill  to  Siiiiiiiiei'sliiwii  Station  in  the  same  Township 
on  the  (I.  T.  II.,  ■<  miles  east  of  (  ornwall  ami  liU 
miles  from  Montreal  City.     Popiilatimi  aliout  :Jilil. 

WII.I.ISCIIOFT,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ihuee,  Tp.  FItleisley.  See 
Paisk'V. 

WII. LOCKS,  C.  W.,Co.  VIelorln.Tp.  Verolain.  do  to 
Liiiilsay  frmn  Port  Hope  on  the  d.  T.  11.  by  Branch 
Itailway,  and  thence  ubout  I'i  mllcii  north.  Popu- 
lation aliout  .'lO. 

WlM.onmilV,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  in  Wellaml  Co.  For 
Post-nnit'e,  see  lllack  Creek.  (Into  Fort  Frie  on  the 
IliilValo  ami  Lake  Iliirmi  Kailway. 

WII.I.OWIIALF,  C.  W.,  (  o.  York,  West  llliliiip,  Tp. 
York,  ((Jiiery  Vaiichan,)  in  the  vicinity  of  Toronto, 
on  the  Voii)-!'  Street  lloail.  Co  liy  Tliornhlll  Stage 
from  Tormito.     Popiilatimi  aliout  l.'iii. 

WII, Mill',  C.  W,  Co.  Waterloo,  Smith  Killing.  ATp. 
in  wliicli  is  the  Peter-hurg  Statimi  of  the  (i.  T.  It., 
Tormilo  anil  SliatfonI  .s^eelion.  To  miles  iiorlli-west 
of  Toronto.  For  Milages  ami  Post-ulllces,  see 
liaiieii,  New  Diinilee,  New  Ilaiiiliiirg,  Philipshurg 
West,  Peterslmrg,  anil  St.  Ag.itha. 

WII.'I'ON,  C.  W.,  Co.  Aililiiigtoii,  I'p.  Kriieslown.  Co 
to  Friiestown  on  the  d.  T.  It.,  •>  miles  west  of  Kings- 
ton. 

WINCIIKSTKIt,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  ill  Co.  Diiiiilas.  do  to 
Wiiliaiiisloirg  on  the  (i.  T.  It.,  'M  miles  from  .Mon- 
treal.    Population  aliout  .'iiiil. 

Wi:<I)IIA.M  anil  WINDHAM  CKNTIIF,  ( '.  W.  A  Tp. 
(Winilham  (  eiitre  liciiii;  the  Postotlieel  in  Co.  Noi- 
fiilk.  do  tu  Paris  or  llraiilfortl  on  the  llullalo  ami 
Lake  Iliirmi  Itailway,  thence  hy  Sinicoe  Stages 
through  Waterfoi'il. 

WINIISOIt,  I '.  K.  A  Town  in  .''herhrooke  District,  anil 
a  Station  on  the  (LT.  U.,  'J  miles  south  of  Itiehmouil 
Junction. 


M. 


CANADA:   CITIKH,   TOWNS,    AND   VILLAr.KH. 


I  t 


•  Wllli'liiatir.     I'()|) 

IV.MilHlih. 
lii  (''>.,  Ill  nhl.h  If 
II  l.iiki'  (liitiiiio-it 
r    lliu  II.  T.  IC,  '.'« 

1  C'l.  V.irk,  N„rlli 
II'  iinliirin.  ^llMl  >>(' 
,ri'  till'  '!'..« ii»  iiiiil 
I'H  "f  Aiimni  iiriii 
imI  TiiHiis  nf  Oak- 

IMIll',    Wllll'llKl'l'. 
|>.  ClIlllili'M.      (in  III 
.11,  nil  llnll.   \\.   II 

w,  T|i.  M'Niili.    ¥„r 

T    Ka.-I      llll..   |,l,n-,. 

Arninlnr,  thr  'I'lr- 

t  i'nii>iriii'li'il  frmu 

llllllnll  lllinlll    l.'ill. 

,  ^'«lltll  Itlilinit,  T|>. 

oiiiihi.  Fur  Piml. 
,  i'lf.,iioc  Triib  I'U- 

M'k.     Si'i'  llinck. 
i.  Iln.iuii|lli'l    finlil. 
nri,  nil  liiii:  nf  (i.  T. 

I  tn  Striilfnnl  I'.v  i: 
ti  IliiUwiiy.     ro|.u 

ti,T|i.  fniiilira,  (In 
ukc,     (•(;«;  Wullaii; 

'.  K.,  To.  IllcluOloii. 
tlclU'lll'U  nt  ll»  II. in 

II  nr  -l.'i  mill's  tx'li.is 
I.I  fi'niii  ({ui-Ik'c  aii.l 
il,  iiavi),','illnii  fi'i.iu 

liarii|ilaiii.      rnpu- 

L'X,  Mlililli'sex  Co., 
III.  Fur  rimli',  »i't' 
.   \V.,   wlik'li  is  llie 

t'li.  HiiiulaH,  wlilcli 
(I.T.  It,,  .Mniilical 
I'niii  .Mniiiri'al,  ami 
or  I'nsl.iilllci',  ami 
mil  y.nsl  WilliaiiiK. 

I'll.  Clhirlnltrnliur^'. 
tlir  >aiiiL*  'rnwitsliiji 
r  (  nriiwall  anil  i)0 
ilatinii  aliiiiil  Uiiil. 
I'll.  Flilt'i'slfy.     ."cc 

{I.  Vvruliiin.  (io  to 
1).  T.  U.  by  Drancli 
iiik'H  north.    I'liim- 

Wrllaiiil  Co.  Fnr 
tn  Fni't  Ki'k'oii  till! 

,  West  liiillnir,  T|i. 
ii'inilv  (if  Tiiniiilii, 
liv  Trinnihlll  f^tapi 
t  l."iii. 

alh  Killing'.  A  T|i. 
nil  nf  ihcti.  T.  li., 
■||  mill's  iiiirlli-wi'sl 
1  rn.s|-iiHii't'S,  ..I'f 
iiliiii'^',  l'liili|i»lnirg 
1. 

|i.  Kincstowii.  (Ill 
lik'.'*  wt'.st  iif  Kiiiiis- 

11.  Iliiiiila.i.  111!  til 
I  miles   from  .Mini* 

I'lIK,  ('.  W.     A  Tp. 

■nllii'l'l  ill  Cn.  Nnr- 

nil  till'  iliill'aln  anil 
liy    f'iiiK'iit'   t-taKt'S 

irooku  Di.strirt,  unil 
south  of  Uiclaiiouil 


WINDSOR,  <'.  W  ,  Co.  Kiwrx.  Tp.  fanilwlrh.    The  i 
Caiiiiilliiii  'rniiiliiiix  oflliii  II  \V.  It  ,  finiii  lliimllinn 
mill  .MiiKiirii,  wUh  I'tniiii  FiTiy  to  Ifi'Irnil,  In  iliii'it 
Ciiiini'i'lloii  with   .Mli'liliiaii  t'lnlial  Italliva.v,  IhIiik 

Hlinllt    I'^ll   IlllIlK  HI'"'    of    llallliltnll,  '.".'I  Hint    nf  Tn. 

riiiilo  city,   mill   'iM   rriiin    MuKura.      I>ii|iulatlnii 

Hllllllt  MiKlil. 

WINItr't'lt  Mil,!..*",  f.  K.,('o.  ltk'hiiii)iiil,T|i.  Wliiilsor, 

(',  K.,  ivlilrll  lire. 
WlNSI.llW,  C,  K.,  Co.  Ciiiiiiitoii.      For  I'list  iilllri-,  nrv 
fliiriiiiwiiy  ill  the  »ami'  T|i.     (in  to  Hhi'i'liiiinkr,  anil 
Ihciu'i'  fast  aliiiiit   l.'i  iiillrit  liy  inail,     ^'lll■l■ll|•nllkl!  In 

nil  till'  (I.  'I'.  II..   Mnlltl't'lll  ami  Tnlnlltn  ,»i'i'liiil|. 

WI^*IIKAl  II,  C.  >V  ,  Co.  l.iimlitoii,  III  Warwick  T|i. 
ttliii'h  ^11'. 

WdlllllN,  C.  W.,  Co.  Viirk,  Fiml  Killing,  T|i.  .Xcar- 
hnriiiiKli  lio  <o  Si'iii'lioroiiKh  •'.<tulliin  on  tliu  (t.  T, 
It.,  IM  mil'"'  "I'"'  o'  Tiiiiinto, 

Wdl.KK  l^'l,AMl,  C.  W.,  di.  Frmitriiac.  (In  the  St. 
I.awri'iii'i*.  npiiiisltt'  Klii^stnn  City,  tn  w'lilrh  k"  h.V 
Hli'iiiii»'rs  I'li.st  ami  wrst,  iiml  arrnss  frniii  tin-  .\iin.'rl- 
can  ulili',  or  liy  11.  T.  11  ,  .Mniilnal  ami  'rnronlo  Sic- 
tlnii,  Kiii|.-li.i'i  City  lii'iiiK  iMiiiillfs  frniii  .M..nlri'al, 
ami  li'io  mlli'K  rrmii  T.irniitn.    I>ii|iiilatliin  aiiniit  .'iliil. 

Wdl.Fllltll,  C.  W.,  t  11.  (Iriiivllli',   .Ninth  KMiiiif.     A 

Tp.  In  wlili'li  In  till'  Town  ami  I'list-nllii f  M'-rrii'k- 

villi',  .Mansll,  anil  Kaslon'M  Conii'i's.  (In  to  Ki'inpl. 
\ilii',  nil  till'  iiitawii  ami  i'mscutl  l.liic,  '.';l  nilli'H 
rrnlll  till'  .llllll'tinll  nil  tin'  II.  T.   It. 

Wlll.FSI'dWN,  C.  H.  A  'I'll,  ill  Wnlf  Co.  Go  (o 
liiiiiivilli',  I'.'  mill's  friiiii  Uk'hniiinil,  on  tliu  (I.T.  II. 
pnpiilallnnaliniit  Inn. 

Wdl.VKItTil.N,  C.  W.,  Co.  Oxforil,  North  Itlillnc,  Tp. 

Illi'lllli'llll.      (ill    to    l>rilllllin.  111    sailiii   Tnwilslllp,  nil 

tilt'  IliiHalo  ami  l.aki.'  Huron  llall»ay,',i  miles  iiurtli 
i.f  I'arls.li lion. 

WOODBRIDOE,  C.  W.,  Co.  Vork,  West  ItliUnK,  Tp. 
VaiiKliaii.     (io  to  Itlehiminil  Hill,  In  same  Township, 

n  t<latinn  nil  the  Ontarln,  ^iim ,  anil  Huron  lluil- 

wiiv,  I-*  mill's  friiiii  Tomntii  i  ilj. 

WOODIll'ltN,  C.  W.,('ii.  Wentwnrlli,  Nnrth  Killing, 
Tp.  Ilinliriiok.     See  llinlirook. 

Wdiinill'IlN,  C.  W.,  Co,  l.uinhlon,  'I'li.  llnsaiinuet, 
wliii'h  see. 

WDIIDIIIU'.-'K,  0.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Norfolk  Co.,  in  wlikh 
Is  Siiiieoe,  till' County  Town,  anil  I'nrt  Ityerse  ami 
Port  Dover,  which  see.  (io  to  I'arls.on  the  llulValo 
mill  Lake  Huron  Itallway,  iiiiil  tlieiicu  hy  islincou 
Stages,  alioiii  Vi  miles. 

WCltliKOIll),  C.  W.,  Co.  (!rey,  Tp.  Hyilenhain.  do 
tn  CiilliiiKWoii'l  (In  sumo  Township)  the  Terminus 
of  the  Ontario,  tilmcue,  ami  Hui-on  Itallway,  li7 
miles  friiii  Toronto. 

W(l(»Ii.«iIIlK,  C.  K,,,  CV.  Megantle,  Tp.  Halifax,  (io 
to  Arthaliaska,  oa  thu  (>.  'f.  It.,  li^t  miles  Irniu  ({iie- 
liei'  (Point  Levi).     Populatinii  al.out  .'m. 

WOODSTOCK,  C.  W.,  {'•<.  (Ixfi.nl,  Nnrlh  KliliiiK. 
Tp.  Itlamlfnrd—ii  Main  ami  Ti  legrapli  .■station  o'.i 
llie  (i.  W.  It.,  iihoiit  47  miles  west  of  Haiiilltoii. 

WdllOVII.I.K,  0.  W.,  Co.  Vli'toria,  I'p.  Kliloi..  (io  i„ 
l.lmlsay  from  I'ort  Hope,  on  the  li.  T.  U.  Popula- 
tion about  Dill). 

WOOLWICH,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Waterloo,  North  Ulil- 
hig.  Go  to  Uerlln,  M  miles  froni  Toronto,  on  the 
(I.  T.  R. 

WOTTON,  C.  E.  A  Tp.  in  Wolfe  Co.  Go  tn  Dann- 
vlllc,  on  the  (1.  T.  It.,  I'i  miles  from  Itiehiuonil. 

WYTON,  C.  W.,('o.  Miihliesex,  Fast  lliiiliig,Tp.  West 
.Mi.ssourl.    Between  London  and  ft.  Mary's,  on  line 


nf  .Iiincllnn    Itallvny   nearly   cnmpli'leil.      Go  tn 
Lniidon,  on  the  G,  W  .  It.     Pi.pulatlnii  ulmut  7.\ 


VAMACHIDK,  C.  F.,  Co.  Ht.  Maurice.  On  North 
Shore  nf  l.aki'  St,  I'l'tir  iltlver  SI,  l.awr.nei",  a 
little  east  of  Itlvlere  ilii  l.iiup  (11  haiit,  on  the  Itlver 
Mai'hiiie,  Huu  St.  Muurlcu  Territory.  I'opulathin 
aliiiiil  liiiiil, 

VA.MASKA,  ('.  K.  A  Town  nml  District  on  South 
Shore  of  Lake  St.  I'lter,  near  Port  Fnincls.  The 
Itlvr  Fnimls  divlilis  Vamaska  liiln  marlv  eipial 
porlioiis.  See  St.  /iphirlm,  St.  Aiilnlne  and  I'nrl 
St.  Fraiii'is.      I'.ipulalinii  alimil  4iiii. 

YAltMOCril,  C.  W.,  (  n.  FIgin.  A  Tp.  friiiitlng  Laku 
Frie,  on  Liiiidon  ami  Port  Stanley  Line.  Fnr  Pnst- 
ollices,  Towns,  and  Itallway  Slallniis  within  it,  seo 
.Mapletnii,  New  Sarin  Port  Stu:iley,  Sparta,  St. 
Thomas  West,  and  I         n. 

YONGF,  C.  W.  A  Ip  111  Leeds  Cnmilv,  Skirted  mi 
I  Ihe  snlilli  by  Ihe  (1.  T.  It.,  ill  wlileli  Is  MallnrMiiWll 
I  Station  on  the  li.  T.  It.,  .Mmitreal  and  Tnrniito  Sec- 
tion, i'J  miles  west  of  llrockvllle.  For  I'lisl.nllicfH 
and  I'liwiis,  see  Mitllorytown,  Calntuwn,  Kscott,  and 
Farmersvllle, 

YORK,  C.  W.,  Co.  Ilalilliiiaiiil,  Tp.  Seneca.  A  Town 
on  (he  llraiid  lliver.  (In  In  I  aii'iiniilii,  nn  the  lliif. 
fain  and   Lake   Hiirnii  Itallwav.     Pnp.  abmit  Inn. 

YtHtK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  Ill  (11.  Vn'rk,  In  Ihe  vicinity  of 
Tnriinto  (  Ity.  The  Station  of  that  name  about  li 
mill's  west  of  Tiirniito,  near  Daiifnrth,  is  closed. 
Weslnii  is  ill  this  Township,  with  two  Stations,  one 
on  the  li.  T.  It.,  Toronto  and  Slratfurd  Section,  and 
the  nlher  on  the  (Northern)  (Intarin,  Siiiicoe,  and 
Iliiron  Itallway.  For  I'list-nlhces,  see  L'Aiiiarnux, 
Kgliiitnn  (.'.  iiiiies  up  Yoiige  street),  and  Wiliowdalc 
and  York  Mills. 

YOltK  .MILLS,  C.  W'.,  Co.  Vork,  foriiierlv  Hogg's 
I       Hollow.     (In  by  Thornhill  Stage,  ihillv  at  ;li  P.  M. 

YdllKVll.LF,  C.  W.  A  Suburb  of  'i'lirniitn,  coiii- 
nieiii'lng  at  the  N'orlliern  City  llnumhiry,  \i/..,tlie 
north  side  of  Ilioor  street,  about  !(  miles  from 
(Jiieen  street.  Ilmiiibus  from  King  street  every 
even  hour.     I'oiiiilatlon  about  'Jinm. 


'A 

/FTLAND,  r.  W.,  Co.  Huron.  A  Post-offlce  In  Turn- 
berrv,  which  see.     I'npiilalion  about  .'ill. 

ZIMMFItMAN,  C.  W.,  Co.  llalt.ui.Tp.  Nelson.  Goto 
Weliington  Siiuare,  on  the  (i.  \V.  It.,  7  niilea  west 
of  Hamilton.     Pnpulatinn  abnut  lin. 

ZONK,  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Kent  (  o.  (io  to  Ilothwell,  on 
the  (1.  W.  I!.,  Ilaiiiiltoii  ami  Windsor  Section,  about 
t'lll  miles  west  of  Lomlnii,  C.  W. 

ZIHIKA  WFSI',  C.  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Oxford,  North 
Itiiling,  near  Ihe  line  of  tlie  (1.  W.  It.  For  Uoute, 
I'ost-ollU'e,  etc,,  see  Kinbro,  Falrvlew,  and  Harring- 
ton West. 

ZOItltA  FAST,  (\  W.  A  Tp.  In  Co.  Oxford,  North 
Hilling,  near  the  line  of  the  (i.  AV.  U.  For  Uoute, 
Post-oniees,  etc.,  see  liinerskip. 

Zl'llICII,  C.  W.,  Co.  Iliiriin,  Tp.  Hay.  On  Shore  of 
Lake  Huron.  Go  to  lllaiishard,  St.  Mary's,  or 
Stratford,  by  the  G.  W.  11.,  or  Ituiralo  and  Laku 
Huron  Hallway,  and  thence  by  Stage. 


m 


BELLEVILLE  AND  BOWMANVILLE,  C.  W. 


79 


BELLEVILLE,    C.    W. 

'■  A  town  in  the  Townslr.p  of  Tliurlow  and  County  of  Ilastingg,  on  the  River  Moira,  whicli 
debouches  into  the  Hay  of  Quinte.  It  is  :he  chief  town  of  the  county,  and  a  port  of 
entry,  doing  a  considerable  business  in  imports,  and  also  in  the  export  of  lumber,  flour,  and 
other  agricultural  produce,  supplied  by  various  manufacturing  establishments  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, and  by  a  flourishing  farming  district.  The  county  is  divided  Into  north  and 
Boutii  ridings,  each  returning  one  member  to  the  Legislative  Assembly.  A  steamer  leaves 
every  morning  for  Kingston,  distant  54  miles,  fare  |L50  and  f  1,  and  returns  the  Bome 
evening,  calling  also  at  Piclon  and  IJath.  Two  other  steamers,  plying  between  Trenton 
and  Montreal,  call  here  on  their  passage  up  and  down;  fare  to  Montreal,  $5  and  $2.5t. 
The  town  is  on  the  line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  There  are  two  daily  stages  to  Stir- 
ling, 15  miles,  fare  50  cents,  the  earliest  of  whiah  meet  stages  from  Marmora  and  Seymour ; 
anotiier  to  llungorford,  25  miles,  farr  $1 ;  and  another  daily  to  Madce,  25  miles,  fare  $1. 
Distant  from  Montreal  220  miles,  ard  from  Toronto  113  miles.  Daily  mails.  Topulatiou 
about  7000." 

Business  Directory. 


American  Hotel. — D.  Crysdale,  Front  at' 
Ainbrotypist  and  I'hotographist. — Frank  G. 

Ludlow. 
Attorney  and  Solicitor. — L.  H.  Henderson, 

Front  St. 
Attornoy-at-law,  Solicitor  in  Chancery,  Con- 
veyancer,  etc.  —  Allan  Springfield  Mnc- 

doncU,  Front  st 
Barrister  and  Attorney. — James  Fraser,  Jr. 
Barrister  and  Attorn ey-at-law.— George  Eyre 

Henderson,  Front  st. 
Barrister  and  County  Attorney. — J.  0.  Hare. 
Barristers,  etc. — Ross  &  Bell,  John  Bell,  W. 

II.  Ponton,  Front  st^ 
Belleville  Independent, — James  W.   Carman, 

Front  St.  ^ 

Belleville  InteHigeiiHt. — M.  Bowell,  Editor 

and  Pabrwhe^i      Cor.  Front  <fc  Bridge  sis. 
Contractor.r— Oeorgc  JTcilson,  John  st. 
County  Clttk  lioA  Notary  Public. — Thomas 

Willig,  J.  r.    Shire  iiai\  Church. 
Dafoe  House  Hotel, — ^T.  Warren,  Bridge  st. 

[See  Advtjl 
Draper  and  Tailor. — John  McAfee,  Front  st. 
Dry  Goods,  Grocery,  Crockery,  and  Liquors, 

Victoria  Buildings,  Front  st. 
Fancy  and  Staple  Li  .  Goods,  and  Groceries. 

— W.  Kelly. 


Grocer  and  Provision  Dealer.— Henry  M.  Par- 
ker, Front  St. 

Grocers,  AVine  and  Liquor  Dealers. — Munroe 
&  Ralston,  Front  st. 

Hardware  Merchant. — John  Lewis,  Front  si. 

Jeweller. — Charles  Brick,  Front  st. 

Land  and  General  Agent,  Custom  House 
Brokei'. — Archibald  Dunlop. 

Law  Clerk. — D.  F.  McVean,  Bridge  st^ 

M.  D.— P.  V.  Borland,  Front  st. 

Merchant  in  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  etc.— John 
Badcock,  Front  st. 

Miller,  Baker,  and  Grain  Merchant. — Henry 
Corby. 

Paper  Manufacturer — P.  F.  Canniff,  Mill  st. 

Photographist. — John  C.  Short. 

Publisher  of  Hastings  Chronicle. — Elijah 
Miles,  corner  Front  ifc  IIo.el  sts. 

Rifle  Factory  and  General  Jobbing  Establish- 
ment.— Charles  A.  Hector,  Front  st. 

Tin  and  Sheet  Iron  AVare  Manufacture — Wil- 
liam White,  Front  st. 

Watch  and  Clock  Maker,  Jeweller,  etc.. 
Front  St.,  opposite  Court  House. 

Wellington  Hotel. — Francis  Papineau,  Fruiit 

St. 

Woollen  Manufacturer. — S.  Wheadon,  Front 

St. 


DAFOE    HOUSE,    BELLEVHiLE,   C.  W., 

BY    T.    WARREN, 

Is  now  open  for  the  reception  of  the  Travelling  Conmiunity,  by  the  above-named  Pro- 
prietor, Lite  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte  Saloon.     No  pains  or  expense  has  been  spared  in  fitting 
up  the  estiiMishment  us  a  First-class  Hotel.      The  Proprietor  solicits  the  patronage  of  his 
numerous  friends  and  the  public  generally. 
JSett«»i«e,Jif«y27W,i868.  T.    WARREIV,  Proinrietor. 


tl 


i         f ! 


BOWMANVILLE,  0.  W, 

"A  town  in  the  Township  of  Darlington  and  West  Riding  of  the  County  of  Durham.  It 
is  hounded  on  the  south  by  Lake  Ontario,  and  is  situated  on  the  line  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railroad.  In  1850  the  place  was  incorporated  a  village.  Within  the  last  ten  years  it  has 
increased  and  prospered  rapidly,  and  it  owes  much  of  its  present  importance  to  the  Hon. 
J.  Simpson,  formerly  of  the  firm  of  Bowman  &  Co,     The  town  lias  excellent  water  power 


80 


BOWMAN  VILLE,   C.   W.,   AND  BRANTFORD,   C.   W. 


ti! 


'il 


within  aiiu  mound  it,  na  well  as  a  capital  wharf;  nnd  a  first-rate  harbour  is  now  being 
constructed.  T!ie  country  around  is  unsurpassed  for  fertility  and  salubrity.  Distant  from 
Toronto  43  miles,  and  from  I'ort  Hope  19  miles.  Railway  fare  to  Toronto,  $1.60.  Daily 
mails.    Population  about  4000." 

Business  Directory. 


Attorney  at  Law,  Solicitor  rnd  Conveyancer. 

— Robert  Rnsscll  Losconibe. 
Alma  Hotel. — John  A.  Mason,  Market  square. 
Barrister  at  Law. — St.  John  U.  Hutcheson, 

notary  public. 
Barristers  and  Attorneys  at  Law. — Armour 

&  Bethune. 
Bank  of  Montreal. — George  Dyett,  manager, 

King  street. 
Baker,  Confectioner  and  Grocer. — Alexander 

Fletcher,  Kinu;  street. 
Bookseller,    Stationer   and    Artist. — Robert 

O'llara. 
Canadian  Statesman. — J.  M.  ond  W.  R.  Climie 

&  Co.,  publishers  and  booksellers. 
Dry  Goods,  Grocery,  and  Crockery  Merchant. 

— W.  McMurtry. 


Farmers'  Exchange, — Joseph  Maynard,  Kin" 

street. 
General  Merchant,  Miller  and  Agent. — Lewis 

M.  Squair,  King  street. 
General  Grocer,  wholesale  and  retail. — Robt. 

Forster,  King  street. 
General  tJrocers  and  Seed  Merchants. — Mur- 

vlock  Brothers. 
Hardwarp  Alerchant,  Carriage  Builder  and 

Ironfounder,  Jacob  Jleads. 
Ironfoundrj',  Stove  and  I'lough  Factory.— 

Wm.  I'orter,  King  street,  east. 
Miller  and  Distiller. — John  Burk,  King  street, 
Ontario  Bank. — David  Fisher,  cashier,  King 

street. 
Surgeon-Dentist. — J.  A.  Brown,  King  street 
Waverley  House  Hotel. — A.  Hindes,  King  st 


BRANTFORD,  C.  W. 

"An  incorr^'.r-lod  town,  on  the  Grand  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation.  It  is  the  chief 
town  in  the  County  of  Brant.  Brantford  has  direct  coninuinication  with  Lake  Ontario,  and 
with  Xew  York  city  l)y  canals ;  it  is  the  most  important  station  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  Railroad ;  and  it  is  celebrated  for  its  flour,  iron,  steam-engines,  stoneware,  lumber, 
agricultural  implements,  stoves,  etc.  Tlie  country  in  tiie  neighbourhood  of  Brantford  lias 
been  long  known  as  an  excellent  agricultural  section  of  the  Western  Province.  Distant 
from  Hamilton,  25  miles;  from  Niagara  Suspension  Hriilge,  CO  miles:  from  Paris,  7  miles; 
and  from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  70  miles.    Daily  mails.     Poi>ulation  about  8000." 


Business 

Agent  for  Phoenix  Assurance  Company  and 

Life  Association  of  Scotland. — M.W,  I'ruyn. 
Assurance  agent,  and  proprietor  of  Kerby 

House. — James  Kerby. 
Ale  and  porter  brewers. — Spencer  A  Sons, 

West  Brantford  Brewery. 
Ale  and  beer  brewers. — George  Wliite  &  Co., 

East  Brantford  Brewery. 
Barristers,    notaries,    an<i    conveyancers. — 

Wood  it  Long,  Colborne  an<l  Market  sts. 
Chemistsand  druggists. — Hutchinson  it  Good, 

corner  of  Colborne  and  King  streets. 
Chemist  and  druggist. — F.  Brendon,  Colborne 

street. 
Foundry. — B.  G.  Tisdale,  Brittania  Foundry, 

manufacturer  and  dealer  in  stoves,  ploughs, 

etc.,  Colborne  street. 
Hardware  merchants. — Cleghorn  <Jt  Co.,  Col- 
borne street. 
Hardware   merchants. — A.    Morton   &    Co., 

Colborne  street. 


Directory. 

HomcRopathist — Dr.  Wm.  H.  Bacon,  corner 

of  Colborne  ond  Queen  streets. 
Ilomicopathic  physician. — Dr.  Chas.  H.  Von 

Tagen,  Market  street. 
Ilotci.— A.  C.  File,  Royal  Exchange  Hotel, 

West  street,  near  the  railway  station. 
Insurance  Co, — Allen  Good,  secretary  Gore 

District  Mut\uil  Fire  Insurance  Co. 
Ij»nd  agent, — Wm.  H.  Morgan,  auctioneer, 

broker,  etc. 
Mcrclumt.  —  Ignatius   Cockshutt,    Colborne 

street. 
Miller  and  distiller. — Alexander  Bunnell,  Col- 
borne street. 
New  fine  art  gallery. — L.  R.  Smith  iSe  Co., 

Colborne  street,  north  side. 
Railway  refreshment  house. — Fred'k.  Walsh, 

adjoining  railway  station. 
Steam  planing  mills. — William  Watt,  sash 

and  f)lind  factory,  Waterloo  street,  near 

depot. 


BRANTFORD,  CANADA   WEST. 

THE    EXPOSITOR,  Semi- Weekly  and  Weekly, 

Published  by  €.  E.    STEIVART,  Muriiet  (Street,  Brantford, 

Is  the  beat  advertising  medium  in  the  County  of  Brant.    It  also  circulates  in  the  adjoining 
Counties  of  Oxford,  Norfolk,  Waterloo,  and  WenUvortli. 
AUeertiaemenls  inserted  on  t/ie  most/avuurable  terms. 

Book  and  Job  I'tlnllng— neat,  cheap,  and  expedllioui. 


8  now  being 
Distant  from 
1.60.     Daily 


ynard,  King 

;ent — Lewis 

itail.— Robt. 

lants. — Mur- 

Huilder  and 

I  Factory.— 

,  King  street, 
nshier,  King 

King  street, 
deu,  Kingst 


BRIGHTON,  0.  W.,  BKOCKVILLE,  C.  W.,  AND  COBOURG,  C.  W. 


BRIGHTON,  0.  W. 


81 


A  village  and  port  of  entry  on  Presque  Isle  Bay,  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  Township  of 
Brighton,  and  County  of  Northumberland.  A  steamer  plies,  for  passengers  and  freight, 
three  times  a  week,  to  Colborne  Harbour  and  Cobourg,  and  Oswego,  New  York.  Fares  to 
Oswego,  $2.50  and  $1.75.  A  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  is  in  the  village.  Dis- 
tant from  Belleville  22  miles,  and  from  Toronto  91  miles.  There  is  a  daily  stage  to  Picton 
85  miles,  fare  f  2,  via  Consecon,  15  miles,  fare  75c.;  and  one  tri-weekly  to  Percy,  16  miles' 
fare  $1.    Daily  mails.     Population  about  1500. 

Business  Directory. 


British  Flap. — Richai-d  Spencer,  proprietor 
and  publisher,  Main  street. 

Boots  and  Shoes. — Robert  Wynn,  dealer  and 
manufacturer,  Dundas  street. 

Baker,  Confectioner  and  Grocer. — J.  M.  Wel- 
lington, Main  street. 

Hardware  Dealer. — Jas.  Taylor,  Main  street. 


Huffman  House.— Peter  Huffman,  at  railway 

station. 
Lumber  Merchant— H.  C.  Betts. 
Mansion  House  Hotel. — James  White. 
Prieur  House   Hotel.— Levit  Prieur,  Main 

street 
Saddler.— A.  Z.  Valleau,  Main  street 


is  the  chief 
Oiitiu'io,  and 
ilo  and  Lake 
rare,  lumber, 
(rantford  has 
ice.  Distant 
aris,  7  miles; 


}acon,  corner 

8. 

Uhns.  II.  Von 

hange  Hotel, 
'  station, 
cretnry  Gore 
se  Co. 
1,  auctioneer, 

itt,  Colborne 
•  Bunnell,  Col- 
Smith  &  Co., 
'red'k.  Walsh, 

n  Watt,  sash 
3  street,  near 


'antford, 

1  the  adjoining 


BROCKVILLE,  0.  W. 

A  busy,  thriving  town  and  port  of  entry  in  the  ToVnship  of  Elizabethtown  and  County 
of  Leeds.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  bank  of  the  River  St  Lawrence,  at.the  foot  of 
the  Tliousand  Islands ;  is  the  county  town  for  the  Counties  of  Leeds  and  Grenville,  which 
are  united  for  judicial  purposes.  All  the  steamers  plying  between  Montreal,  Kingston, 
Toronto,  and  Hamilton,  and  Lewiston,  N.  Y.,  stop  daily.  The  Grand  Trunk  Railway  passes 
through  the  northern  part  of  the  town,  and  has  a  large  station.  The  Brockville  and  Ottawa 
Railway,  from  the  shore  of  the  St  Lawrence,  through  the  town,  to  Pembroke  on  the  Ottawa, 
is  in  course  of  construction.  A  steam  ferry-boat  plies  ev  ery  half  hour  during  summer  be- 
tween this  place  and  Morristown,  a  village  in  the  State  of  New  York.  There  is  a  daily 
stage,  via  Smith's  Falls,  distant  32  miles,  fare  $2 ;  to  Perth,  distant  45  miles,  fare  $2,50 ; 
one  daily,  via  Farmersville,  distant  16  miles,  fare  75e. ;  to  Westport,  distant  46  miles,  fare 
$2 ;  and  one  tri-weekly  to  Mirickville,  distant  28  miles,  fare  $1.50.  The  town,  with  the 
Township  of  Elizabethtown,  sends  one  member  to  the  Legislative  Assembly.  Distant  from 
Montreal,  125  miles;  from  Kingston, 48  miles;  and  from  Morristown,  1  mile.  Daily  mails. 
Population  about  6000. 

BOOKS,    STATIONERY    &   FRINTING. 

The  Subscrihors  imve  always  on  hand  a  full  supply  of  the  National  School  Books,  Bibles,  Testaments,  Ouide 
Books,  and  the  newest  books  and  papers  published. 

Wrapping,  Writing,  Printing,  and  Boom  Paper,  Wholesale  and  Betail. 

HENDERSON  &  WYI.IE,  Brockville,  C.  W. 

N.  B.—Mr,  Wylie  U  Editor  and  Publisher  qf  thi  "  Srockville  Recorder,"  puUished  e^ery  Thundau 
morning, 

COBOURG,  0.  W. 

A  town  in  the  Township  of  Hamilton  and  County  of  Northumberland.  It  is  the  chief 
town  of  the  county  and  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  There 
is  an  excellent  harbour,  affording  safe  accommodRlion.  A  large  trade  in  agricultural 
produce  and  lumber  is  done.  The  proximity  of  Cobourg  to  Rochester,  and  other  ports 
on  the  American  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  renders  it  a  first-class  business  settlement ;  and 
the  fertile  soil  of  the  neighbourhood,  with  the  advantages  of  a  ready  market  and  unsur- 
passed water  power,  have  raised  Cobourg  in  50  years  to  its  present  position.  During  the 
season,  steamers  call  daily  from  and  en  route  to  Toronto,  Kiugstou,  and  Hamilton,  and 


82 


COLBORNE,  C.  W. — CORNWALL,  C.  W. 


to  Rochester,  New  York.  Cobourg  is  a  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  and  a  ter- 
minus of  the  Cobourg  and  Peterborough  Railway.  Distant  from  Toronto,  72  miles;  from 
Kingston,  103  miles ;  and  from  Montreal,  260  miles.    Daily  mails.     Poijulation  about  VOOO. 

Business  Directory. 


Agent  British  and  American  Express  Co. — 
William  II.  Sanger,  King  street. 

Anilirotypist  and  Photographist. — Alexander 
Gerritt,  Division  street. 

Bookseller,  Stationer,  and  News  Depot. — 
Henry  Allan,  Division  st.  (near  post-office). 

Carriage  Maker. — William  De  Lany,  Divi- 
sion street. 

Cobowff  Sun  Newspaper. — Tlios.  McNaugh- 
ton,  editor,  King  street,  east. 

Cohouni  Star. — Clench  &  Floyd,  Publishers 
and  Printers,  King  street. 


Dry  Goods  Merchants. — McFarlane  «fe  Grant, 

South  side,  King  street. 
Importer  of  Paper  Han.^^ngs,  Decorator,  etc. 

-—John  Ilayden,  King  street,  west. 
jVIerclmnt  Tailor. — David  Ross,  King  street 
Pauwels'   Chop    House. — Edward   I'auwels, 

Division  street. 
Saddle,  Harness,  and  Trunk  Manufacturer. 

— ^Thomas   Morrow,   Union   Block,   King 

street. 
Wholesale  and  Retail  Grocers,  Wines  ond 

Spirits. — A.  &  D.  McCallum,  King  street 


COLBORKE,  C.  W. 

A  thriving  village  and  port  of  entry  on  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  Townships  of  Cramah6  and 
Haldimand,  and  County  of  Northumberland.  A  considerable  trade  is  done  in  lumber, 
and  curing  of  whitefish  and  salmon  trout,  with  which  the  lake  aboimds.  A  steamer  plies, 
for  passengers  and  freight,  twice  a  week  between  this  ond  the  other  north  shore  ports  and 
Oswego,  New  York.  There  is  also  a  tri-weekly  steamer  to  Rochester,  New  York.  Cabin 
Bnd  deck  faves  to  Oswego  and  Rochester,  $2.60  and  $1.75.  Colborno  Harbour  is  near  a 
station  of  the  Grand  Ti-unk  Railway.  Distant  from  Cobourg,  16  miles  ;  from  Montreal,  249 
miles;  and  from  Toronto,  84  miles.  There  is  a  tri-weekly  stage  to  Norwood,  32  miles, 
fare  $2.     Mail  daily.     Population  about  300. 

Business  Directory. 


Cabinet  Maker. — 0.  A.  Chapin. 
General  Merchant. — G.  ^\'.  Webb. 
Merchant. — J.  Stuart  Strong,  King  street. 
Notary  Pulilic  and  Conveyancer.  —  M.  K. 

Lockwood,  King  street 
Physician,  Surgeon,  etc. — F.  Pugh,  King  st 


Town  Clerk,  Dry  Goods,  Grocery  and  Hard- 
ware Merchant. — J.  S.  Scott 

Tinsmith  and  Hardware  Merchant — G.  N. 
Gordon. 

Watchmaker  and  Jeweller. — F.  H.  Edwards. 


COR^TWALL,  0.  W. 

An  incorporated  town  and  port  of  entry  in  the  Township  of  the  same  name  and  County 
of  Stormont  It  is  the  County  Town  of  the  United  Counties  of  Stormont,  Dundas,  and 
Glengarry.  The  business  of  tlie  registry  office  and  of  the  circuit  and  principal  law  courts 
arc  transacted  here.  A  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  is  contiguous.  The  boats  of 
the  Canadian  and  American  lines  between  Montreal  and  ilaniilton,  and  of  the  Montreal 
and  Kingston  line,  call  daily ;  and  there  is  a  line  of  steamers  which  start  four  days  a  week 
for  Montreal  and  intermediate  ports.  A  considerable  amount  of  flour  is  embarked  at  this 
place  for  Montreal,  which,  by  this  route,  is  distant  85  miles.  To  avoid  the  Long  Sault 
Rapids,  immediately  above  the  port,  a  canal  has  been  made  to  Dickinson's  Landing,  a  dis- 
tance of  12  miles,  offording  ample  accommodation  for  the  largely  increased  navigation  on 
the  St  Lawrence.  Distant  from  Montreal  68  miles,  and  from  Kingston  105  miles.  Daily 
mails,    pepulatiou  about  2500. 

Business  Directory. 


Barrister  and  Attorney  at  Law. — Richard  T. 
Wilkinson. 


Barrister  and  Attorney  at  Law. — J.  F.  Pringle. 
Bookseller  and  Stationer. — Henry  A.  Sawyer. 


DUNDAS,   C.  W. 


88 


Cornwall  Conntitntional. — ^Watson  Litel,  Pro- 

Erictor  and  Editor,  and  issuer  of  Marriage 
iccnses  for  County  of  Stormont. 

Hotel,  St.  Nicholas. — A.  C.  McDonold,  Pitt 
street. 

Hotel,  British  North  American. — John  Ken- 
nedy, Second  street. 

notel,Chequered  House. — Michael  and  Philip 
Cnrpenter,  Water  street. 

Merchant  and  Agent  for  Life  Association  of 
Scotland. — William  Cline,  J.  P.,  Pitt  street. 

Merchant  and  General  Trader. — D.  McMil- 
lan, Pitt  street. 


Merchant  and  General  Trader. — Alexander 

McDougall,  corner  of  Pitt  and  First  sts. 
Physician  and  Surgeon. — J.  J.   Dickenson, 

South  of  Second  street. 
Painter.— Joseph  Hitehins,  Pitt  street. 
Tinsmith. — Jolm  McPhee,  Pitt  i<treet. 
Tanner  and  Shoemaker. — Robert  Craig,  Pitt 

street  and  Second  street. 
Tailor. — AI.  J.  Smout,  Second  street. 
Watchmaker  and  Jeweller. — J.  S.  Warner, 

Pitt  street. 
Watchmaker,  and  Clerk  of  Division  Court. — 

Wm.  Wilford  Pack,  iltt  street. 


DUNDAS,  0.  W. 

Dundas  is  an  incorporated  town,  situated  upon  a  small  stream  running  into  Lake  Ontario, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  canal  about  a  mile  in  length,  formed  by  a  bay  called 
"  Coote's  Paradise."  And  though  the  supply  of  water  fails  during  several  months  in  the 
summer,  the  stream  is  thronged  with  mills  and  factories  from  the  western  to  the  eastern 
limits  of  the  town: — two  flour  mills,  two  iron  foundries,  a  woollen  factory,  a  planing  mill, 
an  agricultural  implement  maker,  a  pump  maker,  a  last  factory,  a  tannery,  and  a  paper 
mill.  The  sheds  at  the  canal  basin,  it  will  be  observed,  present  a  deserted  appearance, 
owing,  of  course,  to  the  Great  Western  Kailroad  offering  such  facilities  for  the  speedy 
transportation  of  freight. 

But  the  picturesque  frame  which  nature  has  fixed  round  this  bustling  scene  of  art  and 
industry,  deserves  special  attention  from  the  tourist.  Post  yourself  on  the  bold  and  lofty 
escarpment  that  raises  its  head  above  the  town  towards  the  north,  and  one  of  the  loveliest 
londscapes  in  the  Canadian  province  bursts  upon  your  view.  To  the  right  lies  a  wooded 
gorge,  down  which  rushes  the  waters  of  the  stream.  The  line  of  railroad  runs  right  west, 
toward  the  setting  sun,  ond  loses  itself  in  "  the  bush."  Several  hundred  feet  beneath  your 
point  of  observation  lies  the  town  itself;  in  the  long,  withdrawing  valley,  elegant  mansions 
top  the  summits  of  the  neighbouring  knolls.  Ancaster  peeps  out  from  the  wooded  height 
in  front.  Hamilton,  with  its  numerous  towers  and  spires,  flanked  by  "  the  mountain,"  ap- 
pears to  the  left.  Round  and  round,  the  undulating  country  is  clothed  with  luxuriant 
foliage,  and  the  blue  waters  of  I^ko  Ontario  form  the  distant  horizon  to  the  admiring  spec- 
tator. Numerous  sylvan  sites,  most  appropriate  for  elegant  villas,  can  be  pointed  out  in 
the  suburbs ;  accordingly,  we  have  little  doubt  that  Dundos  will  ultimately  prove  one  of 
the  most  attractive  spots  for  permanent  residence,  as  well  as  for  pic-nics  and  holiday  pleas- 
ure parties.     Population,  about  3000. 

Business  Directory. 


Auctioneer  and  General  Agent. — George  W, 
Wright. 

Barristers,  etc. — Robertson  &  Wardell.    (See 
card.) 
i  Chemists  and  Druggists. — Thornton  &,  Fisher. 

Dealer  in  Fancy  and  Staple  Dry  Goods. — R. 
S.  Brock. 

Dry  Goods  and  Clothing. — Gregson  &  Graf- 
ton. 

Dry  Goods  and  Millinery. — Dickie  &  Breck- 
bile. 

Dundas  Mills. — James  Wales,  Ogville  street. 


Bundas  Free  Banner. — Somerville  &,  Oliver, 

Publishers. 
Dundas  Warden. — J.  L.  Spence,  proprietor. 
Engineer. — Walter  Bastablc,  Hart  st. 
Grocer. — McAffer,  Market  Square. 
Grocer. — Wm.  Wilson,  King  street. 
Grocers,  Wholesale  and   Retail. — Dickie  &, 

Watson. 
Hotel  and  Livery  Stables. — George  F.  Scace, 

King  st. 
Importer  of  Hardware. — James  S.  Meredith. 
North  American  Hotel. — Bernard  Collins. 


Barristers,   Attorneys,   Conveyancers,   Notaries   Public,    dec, 

DUNDAS    AND    HAMILTON,    0.  W. 
TllOMiS  noDERTSON,  Crown  Attorney,  County  Wonlwurth.  A.  R.  wardell. 


if  I 


I 


l< 


84 


GALT,   GODERICH,   GUELPH,   0.  W. 


^     111 


ill 


Jl 


GALT,  0.  W. 

An  incorporated  town  in  the  Township  of  Dumfries  and  County  of  Waterloo.  It  is  de- 
lightfully situated  on  either  side  of  the  Grand  Uiver,  where  it  receives  the  waters  of  Jlill 
Creek.  The  town  possesses  immense  water  power,  which  is  fully  employed  driving  the 
niacliinery  of  numerous  manufacturing  establishments,  flouring,  and  otlier  mills.  Distant 
from  Berlin,  the  county  town,  (with  which  it  will  bo  soon  connected  by  a  railway  leading 
from  Hamilton,  through  Gait  and  Preston,)  12  miles;  from  Hamilton,  25  miles;  and  from 
Toronto,  70  miles.     Daily  mails.    Population  about  3000. 

Business   Directory* 


Barrister  and  Attorncj-. — John  Miller,  North 
AVater  street. 

Commission  Merchant. — David  W.  Frazer. 

Druggist,  "Wliolesale  and  Kotail.  —  R.  S. 
Young,  Main  street. 

Dry  Goods,  Millinery,  etc. — J.  S.  Fisher, Com- 
mercial Buildings. 

Liim/rics  Reformer. — James  Yonng,  Editor. 

Ualt  Reporter. — Jeffrey  &  Son,  Publishers. 

Grocers  and  Leatlier  Merchants. — Fleming 
<fe  Robinson,  Main  street. 

Grocery  and  Provision  Dealer. — Peter  Alison 
Marshall,  Main  and  Ainslie  streets. 


Homoeopathic  Physician  and  Surgeon. — J. 
J.  Lancaster. 

Iron  Founders  and  Tin  Smiths. — J.  W.  Davis 
<fe  Co., 

Miller  and  Distiller. — John  McXaughton. 

Nursery  and  Seedsman,  Operator  and  Ex- 
press Agent. — J.  G.  Eraser. 

I'ostmastcr  and  Agent  for  Gore  Bank. — John 
Davidson. 

Railway  Hotel  Depot. — Benjamin  Hobson. 

Surgeon-Dentist. — Robert  Reid. 

Town  Clerk  and  Treasurer. — Adam  Ker, 
(iueen  street. 

Union  Hotel. — John  Young,  Main  street. 


GODERICH,  C.  W. 

Goderich  forms  the  terminus  of  the  Buffalo  and  Huron  Railway,  and  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  River  Maitland,  upon  an  eminence  150  feet  above  tlie  level  of  Lake  Huron. 
The  plan  of  the  town  deserves  particular  notice :  an  elegant  town  hall  graces  the  centre  of 
a  large  octagonal  area,  round  which  rise  up,  in  stately  dimensions,  numerous  stores  and 
hotels ;  several  churches  rear  their  spires  in  the  distance ;  the  grammar  school  adds  another 
*  ornament  to  the  architectural  structures  of  the  place ;  on  one  side  the  primeval  forests,  and 
on  the  other  the  mirrored  surface  of  Huron's  inland  sea,  form  the  horizon  to  the  delighted 
spectator.  Altogether  Goderich  is  a  desirable  residence;  it  is  said  to  be  unsurpassed  for 
the  healthiness  of  its  situation,  the  soil  in  its  vicinity  is  remarkable  for  its  fertility,  the 
fisheries  yield  excellent  profits  to  the  proprietors;  it  boasts  of  two  newspapers  and  a  light- 
house ;  a  cockle-shell  of  a  steamer,  touching  at  Goderich  and  the  intermediate  ports,  plies 
at  present,  with  regular  irregularity  and  great  discomfort  to  passengers,  between  Port  Sar- 
rica  and  Southampton,  the  old  harbour,  in  the  hands  of  tlie  Canada  Company,  attesting  the 
mischievous  consequences  of  monopolies,  stands  sadly  in  need  of  repair;  but  when  the  new 
line  of  steamers  has  commenced  to  ply,  in  connection  with  the  Buffalo  and  Huron  Railway, 
as  well  as  with  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  from  Toronto  and  Stratford  to  Milwaukee,  Clii- 
cago,  and  the  "Far  AYest,"  it  will  bo  enlarged  and  improved.  Wo  have  little  hesitation, 
therefore,  in  predicting  an  unprecedented  progress  for  the  Canadian  "  Queen  of  the  West." 
Populati(m  40U0.     70  miles  north-west  of  Paris. 


GUELPII,  C.  W. 

An  incorporated  town  on  the  River  Speed.  Chief  town  of  the  County  of  Wellington,  and 
station  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  It  is  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Gait  and  Guelph 
Railway,  whir'.i  connects  with  tlie  (ireat  Western;  and  the  soutiiern  terminus  of  the  jiro- 
posed  Railway  to  Saugeen,  the  distance  to  wliieh  is  about  70  miles.    From  Guelph  there 


GUELPII,   C,   W. 


86 


ore  regular  stngea  to  Owen  Sound,  through  Fergus  and  Elora,  and  a  regular  mail  to  South- 
ainptuu.  Ik'ing  the  centre  of  a  rich  agricultural  district,  Guolph  has  a  large  retail  country 
trade;  its  oxi)orts  are  chiefly  wheat  and  flour.  Distant  from  Toronto,  47  miles,  and  from 
Hamilton,  30  miles.     Mail  duilj-.     l'oi)ulation  about  -irtOO. 


Business 

Ai^ent  and  Conveyancer. — Robert  Thompson, 
.St.  tJeorge  square. 

^(•tist. — Samuel  Sliuw,  AVyndlmm  street. 

Barristers  and  Attorneys.  —  Fergusson  and 
Kiiiijsmill.     [See  advertisement.] 

Barrister's  and  Attorneys. — Leinon  &  Pater- 
son.     [See  advertisement.] 

Barrister  at  Law. — Thonuis  II.  Saunders. 

l)rv  (Joods,  ClotiiiniT,  etc. — Abraham  Boice. 

Great  Wejitern  Hotel. — Robert  Matthews. 

Groceries,  Crockery,  and  Provisions.  —  C. 
Meredith  ife  (,'o. 

O'lic/jih  Herald. — George  Pirie,  Editor. 

Uudjih  Advertiser. — Jonathan  Wilkinson, 
Eilitor. 

Hardware  Merchant. — John  Keller. 


Directory. 

International  Hotel. — J.  K.  Scriven,  Propri- 
etor.    [Sec  advertisement.] 

Land  and  (Jencral  Agent— James  Webster. 

Alerehant.— Geo.  Draper,  Wyndham  street 

Merchants.— Stewart  &  Tlioiiison,  Wynd!iam 
street 

Notary  Public,  Insurance  Agent  etc — R. 
Greet 

Saddle,  Harness,  and  Trunk  Makers.— Smith 
&  Metcnlf. 

Thori)'s  New  Hotel.— J.  Thorp,  Proprietor. 
[See  advertisement.] 

]Villiii;itijn  Merciiri/. — Geo.  M.  Keeling,  Pub- 
lisher. 

AVellington  Hotel.- Jamea  Lindsay,  Proprie- 
tor.    [See  advertisement] 


INTERNATIONAL    HOTEL, 

C3-XJEX.I>I3:,     o.    ■w. 

Within  50  Yards  of  the  Bailway  Passenger 
Station. 

•T.  K.  Sf'KIVKN  hoKS  most  n'spcrll'.illy  to  iiitinmtc  to 
hisiiimii'niiis  friiiuls  niicl  the  Iravnlliiii;  imiilic,  Hint  liis 
^vell-kno\vll  llotol  is  fitted  up  in  a  itmiuior  uiisur[iassi>(l 
fttr  at'cuiiKiiiKlatum  liy  any  othur  Huti'l  m  Town.  His 
Talilo  will  lie  always  sniiiilicd  with  all  tlie  prwurable 
luxuries  ul  tilt)  season.    His 

LIQUORS 

Aro  of  tin'  very  best  nuiiUtit's,  iind  every  attontion  and 
rmirtosy  will  be  extonued  tn  liis  (jiKtsts,  in  order  to  render 
tliiiin  !is  rtiiururlablf;  as  [Missible.  His  Stable  will  ho  siip- 
pliud  at  all  times  with  tho  best  iiuality  of  Hay  and  Outs, 
luid  rui  attoutive  hostler  will  he  alwavs  in  attoiulanro.  In 
fact,  he  eaa  assure  the  public  that  lii.s  House,  iii  all  its 
dupaitmoiits.  will  Im  couduetnd  with  |)rnpnfly,  ami  de- 
flerrolhcpatnmaiJte  of  his  friends  and  iho  puhlie  ueucrally. 


J.  K.  SCRIVEN. 


Gudph,  July  2, 1S57. 


GREAT  WESTERN  HOTEL, 

Wyndham  St.,  Guelph. 

The  undersigned,  liaving  completed  his  large 
and  eonimodioua  new  stone  building  on  tiie 
site  of  tlie  old  "Farmer's  Arms"  Hotel,  form- 
ei'lv  (iccui)iod  by  Mr.  John  Pipe,  has  opened  the 
siiid  Establisiiinent  tor  the  acconiinoihition  of 
tlie  i)ubiic.  Ho  intends  to  keep  His  Uar  con- 
stiuilly  suppUed  witli  tlie  choicest  litpiors,  and 
His  Tahi.k  willi  tlie  best  viands  of  the  season, 
also  guild  stabling  will  be  jirovided  for  horses ; 
and  no  exertion  will  be  spared  to  make  the 
Great  Western  Hotel  worthy  of  the  supiiort  of 
the  asjtriciiltural  conimunity  in  the  county,  and 
the  public  generallv. 

11.    ITIATTIIEWIS. 

t^P~  A  ml!  from  hh  old  fnentls  and  patrons 
renpeitfullij  xdliriteil. 
OuKi.Pii,  Oct.  2Utli,  1S55. 


WELLINGTON    HOTEL, 

WYIVDIIAM    STREET, 

OI'I'OSITK   MO.VTIIE.VL  UANK, 

JAMES    LINDSAY, 

Proprittor, 

The  above  new  and  cuninioilioiis  hotel,  lieiiiR  situated  iu 
a  central  part  of  the  town,  and  riinvenient  to  both  the 
Itailway  Slalioiis,  oilers  iieeiiliar  lulvantiit'es  to  the  travol- 
ini;  public.  Visitors  will  find  the  arrangeinents  good,  aiul 
changes  iiKxlcrate. 

An  excellent  Lirery  Stahle  in  attached  to  tht 
Hotel,  and  trimty  lioxtlem  are  alwayn  in  attendance. 

Daily  Stages  to  Jilora,  Fergus,  and  Owen  Soiuid. 

An  Oinnll)iig  atlendH  the  CarM,  and  conveys  tiucHtt 

to  and  from  the  House  free  of  Charge. 

THORP'S  NEW  HOTEL, 

GUEI.PH,     C.   W., 
S.   TMMOHP,   PropHetor, 

Is  just  opened  for  the  accommodation  of  the  public.  Is 
a  tirst-cluss  liouso.  and  the  best  in  (iiiclpli.  C'harees  reas- 
oiialilo.  J^ivory  at  short  notice.  Staaes  to  and  from  all 
parts.    A  free  Uuss  iu  attendance  at  the  .Slatiiins. 

ANDREW  LEMON.  n.    W.    PETERSOS,  JR. 

MESSRS,  LEMON  &  PETERSON, 

Barristers  and  Attorneys  at  Law, 

SOLICITORS  IN  CHANOERY, 
NOTARIES     PUBLIC,     &c., 

GUKLPII,    C.    W. 
Agent  for  the  Colonial  Life  Assurance  Company. 


A.  J.   FEROUSSON. 


J.   J,   KINOSMILL. 


FERGUS80N     Sl    KINGSMILL, 
BARKISTERS     AND     ATTORNEYS    AT    LAW, 

taOljMCITOHS    IJ>'    VH^.WKHV,    HTC,    JiTC, 


I 


r 


I 


!i 


i! 


16 


nULL — INGERSOLL — KINCARDINE,  C.   W. 


HULL,   C.  E. 

A  villiiijc  fitimicd  on  tlie  River  Ottiiwa,  opposite  to  the  U>v/u  of  Oltawn,  to  ^\llieh  it  ig 
connected  bj'  a  suspension  bridge,  nt  tlie  celebriit  >i  t'liau  Jerio  Fulls.  A  considerable  trade 
U  dont  in  luiiiber,  and  in  the  niunufaUuring  of  axes,  pails,  etc.     I'dpulation  uVmut  '250. 


ANDREW    LEAMY, 
LVMBER     IVIERCIIAIVT     AIVD     MUjI, 

HULL      T  O -W  InT  S  H  I  3?,     O. 


OIVI^ER, 


General  Store. — J.  J.  Mnrston,  Main  street. 
Hotel  Keeper  and  Blacksmith. — I'atiick  Mr, 
Garr,  Main  street. 


Lumber  Jlercbnut.- 
advertisement.  J 


-Andrew  Leuniy.     [See 


INGERSOT.L,  C.  W. 

An  incorporated  village,  in  the  Ci.unty  of  <  >.\ford,  Township  of  North  Oxford ;  situated 
on  the  Ri\i'r  Thames,  and  a  station  on  the  Oreat  Western  Railway.  Wheat  and  sawn 
lumber  form  the  piineipnl  trade  of  tliis  place  and  tlie  surrounding  country.  The  land 
around  is  excellent,  and  the  village  is  fust  increasing  in  population  and  importance.  ]»ia- 
tant  from  Woodstock,  9  miles;  from  Hamilton,  57  miles;  from  London,  19  miles;  from 
Windsor,  129  miles;  and  from  I'ort  Burwell,  on  Lake  Erie,  3'i  miles.  Daily  mails.  Popu- 
lation about  3000. 

Business  Directory. 

Attorney  nt  Jm.\v. — Richard  Ollurd.  General  Merchunts. — J.  McDonald  &  Bros. 

Bookstore  and  News  Depot. — E.  II.  Crysler.  (fcnerul  Mercliuiit. — Sunmel  I'oole. 
Chemist,  Druggist  and  Stationer. — O.  B.  Cald-  ;  Iviirrsoll  Cfirouicic — .1.  S.  ijarncld,  Editor. 

well.  Royal  E.xchango  Hotel. — H.  Henrn,  I'ropri- 
Chemist  and  Druggist. — John  M.  Chnpman.  etor.     [See  advertisement.] 

Conveyancer. — Jumes  Berric,  Thames  street.  Merchant  und  Atrciit  for  English  and  Aineri- 
Dul}'   House. — John    I'utterson,    proprietor.        eun  Newspapers. — li.  A.  Woodcock. 

[See  advertisement.] 


DALY    HOUSE, 
nsro-ERsoLii,    o-    -ntv. 

The  Siibscnbor  boss  to  inforni  Ins  fripiiils  and  tlic  public 
that  he  lt:is  roniovcd  to  tiie  uIhivo  IIuuho,  wliirii  is  new 
oiul  commodious,  and  furnislied  in  miKlern  style. 

Ily  strict  personal  attention  ho  hopes  to  receive  his 
usual  share  \>T  patronage. 

A  free  Buss  to  and  from  the  cars. 

SaSS  FATTEBSOH. 


I  ROYAL  EXOH/INGE  HOTEii. 

AND    (iEXKKVL    8T.>.(iK    HOi;.<K, 

Cor.  of  Thames  &  CharicK  Sts., 

H.    HEARir,    Proprietor. 

Visitors  will  liiid  tho  nrranironient'-"  ko<h1,  and  rliarcos 
moderate.  /  p<iod  I. iver>' Stable  ntt.u  lied  Da'ly  Sia^es 
t.r  Tilsni'.buiff,  Vienna,  and  Port  Itu'-well,  a  1  tu  Si. 
Mary's  Mondays,  Widnesdays,  and  Krhiiys. 

t^  An  omiiibus  to  'lud  iVo'ii  the  rais  free  uf  char,.u. 


KINCARDINE,  C.  W., 

Is  n  small  town  situated  upon  the  sliore  of  Lake  Huron,  at  the  inotith  of  the  River 
Penetangorc,  upon  an  acclivity  extending,  in  a  ridge  of  no  great  height,  along  the  ben^jh  "n 
both  directions.  It  occupies  the  centre  of  a  beautiful  buy,  forming  a  crescent,  tcrminuting 
in  northern  and  souther"  pinepoints.  The  principal  street,  studded  with  respectable-look- 
ing stores  ;ind  hotels,  (the  North  American,  so  fur  as  regards  attention  und  a  good  table, 
will  benr  r'opipnrison  with  its  nnme.  ake  in  Toronto,  minus  tiie  niggers,)  runs  puriiUel  to  the 
shore  for  half  a  mile  at  least;  und,  like  other  towns  siiiiutcl  upon  the  eustern  sliorc  of  tho 
Jake,  though  minus  a  rf.ilroud  at  present,  and  possessed  only  of  a  quuy  for  lading  und  un 
lading  small  schooners,  it  is  competii^g  for  the  honour  of  the  principal  port  for  the  trans- 
portation of  jiassengers  and  the  transshipment  of  freight  across  the  li;ke  to  the  "  Far  West." 
Government  iius  voted  £1,500  for  the  dredging  "ud  enlargement  of  the  harbour,  und  as  the 


LINDSAY  AND  MILL  BROOK,   C.  W. 


8T 


diftnnd  of  the  rivor  forms  n  nntural  bnsin,  covered  with  shallow  deposits  of  sand,  Kin- 
cnrdine  will  soon  oft^r  a  safe  Imrbournge  to  vessels  of  large  dimeneions,  and,  therefore,  bids 
fair  to  prove  no  mean  rival  to  Goderieh  and  Saugoon.  30  miles  north  of  Goderieli.  Popu- 
lation about  lOUy. 


I 


LINDSAY,  0  W.. 

Is  oituated  upon  the  hanks  of  the  River  Seugog,  and  is  composed,  as  yet,  of  only  a  few 
Mocks  of  frame  houses,  stores  and  hotels,  grist  and  lumber  mills,  with  the  exception  of  2  or 
?,  liriek  liouscs  on  each  side  of  the  river.  The  site  of  the  town,  according  to  the  original 
pliin,  is  extensive;  but  as  individuals  have  selected  spots  for  their  houses  in  all  different 
directions,  Lindsay  presents  a  straggling  appearance  to  an  old-countrymon.  But  as  it  is 
favoured  with  railroad  communication  to  Port  II()])e  on  the  south,  and  stage  to  .Manilla  and 
Mariposa,  one  of  tlic  richest  agricultural  townships  in  the  province,  8  miles  to  the  west,  and 
by  steamer  to  the  Falls,  liobcaygeon,  etc.,  on  tlie  north,  wo  may  reasonal>ly  anticipate  the 
enhirgement  of  the  town,  as  well  as  the  increase  of  its  trade,  at  no  distant  date.  It  is 
worthy  of  special  notice  that  an  excellent  reading-room  is  supplied  not  only  witii  the  Pro- 
vincial, but  with  American  and  British  newspapers  and  mogazineo,  as  well  as  with  the  re- 
prints of  the  ]>rincipal  Britisli  Quarterlies ;  and,  we  may  add,  for  the  information  of  the 
sportsman,  (liat  lisliing  in  the  river  and  lakes,  as  well  as  deer  shooting  in  the  sui'rounding 
busli,  will  at  once  recruit  his  hcaltli  and  amply  repay  his  pleasing  toils.  Population  $2000. 
From  Port  Hope,  42  miles.     Fare  $1.25. 

BuKin<><«s  Directory. 


Attorney  at  Law. — F.  B  Greene,  ICont  st, 
Barrister  and  Xotary  Public. — Anthony  La 

Course,  Kent  st. 
Bookseller  and  Druggist. — W.  J.  Stoughton, 

Kent  St. 
Barrister  at  Law. — T.  A.  Hudspeth,  Kent  st. 
Boot  and  Shoe  Maker. — .\  Bright,  llidont  st. 
Cubiiiei  Makers. — iiatthie  &  Anderson,  Wil- 
liam St. 
Dry  Goods  and  General  Merchant. — Richard 

Leary,  K<>nt  st. 
Dry  (ioods,  Groceric;!,  Boots,  Shoes,  etc. — S. 

and  ().  Bigilow,  Lindsay  st. 
Grocer  and  Confoctionor. — Wm.  Alexander 

Silverwodd,  Kent  st. 
GoMcral  Merchant. — Wm.  Kewin,  Kent  st. 
General  Merchant  — Jolin  Kennedy,  Kent  st. 
Gencrd  Merehant'<. — Keenan  <t  Lenilmii. 
Iinporler  and  (Joneral  Merchant. — Thomas  8. 

Leluinc,  King  at. 


Jewett's  Hotel. — B.  Jewett,  Proprietor,  Kent 

street. 
Lindsay  Flour  Mills. — Dealer  in  Wheat,  Flour, 

etc.,  Robert  Lang,  Proprietor  ;  office,  Kent 

street. 
Lindsay  Tannery. — W.  McNeil,  William  st. 
IJtKUmj  Advocate. — Edward  D.  Hand,  Pub- 

lisiier. 
Merchant  and  Carriage  Manufacturer. — John 

Thirkhill,  Kent  st. 
Martin's   Hotel,   (Inte  Walsh's). — J.    Martin, 

i'r'iprietor,  Kent  st. 
Mti'ctuint. — James  Watson,  William  st. 
Merchant  — Charles  Britton,  Ridout  st. 
Staple  and    i'ancy  Dry  (Joods  Merchant. — 

Thus.  Bronglmll,  Knowlson's  Block,  Kent  st. 
Victoria  Herald. — Henry  John  Waite,  Editor, 

Publisher,  and  Proprietor,  William  st. 
Wateiimaker  and  Jeweller. — H.  G.  Clarke, 

Kent  st. 


[!i 


MILL  BROOK,    C.   W. 

A  flourishing  village,  situated  in  the  Township  of  Cavan,  and  County  of  Durham.  Has 
a  local  trade  of  some  importance.  A  station  on  the  Port  Hope  and  Lindsn^,  Railway  is 
lialf  a  mile  from  the  village.  Distant  fro'  \  Port  Hope  13  miles.  Daily  mail.  Population 
about  1000. 


Business 

Clork  of  Division  Court,  Conv^  yancer,  etc. — 

James  M.  Brodie,  Kell  st. 
Dispensing  Chemist.-E.  ( tregory,  Railroad  st. 
Dry  Goods  Mereiiant  and  General  Grocer. — 

Samuel  Jauies.  Howell,  50  Mail  st. 
Dr\'    Goods    Merchant. — Richard   Ilowden, 

Railroad  at. 


Directory. 

General  Merchant. — James  Kellj%  Kell  st. 
Grocer,  Baker,  and  Confectioner. — James  A. 

Johnston,  Corner  of  Cavan  &  Kell  st. 
Mil/brook  Me.tsenfjcr. — Alfred  Edwin  Hayter, 

Editor  and  Pro|)rietor,  Railroad  st. 
Wellington   Hotel. — Granville    Richardson, 

Corner  of  Railroad  &  Mill  ate. 


,     H 


..    » 


88  NAPANEE,   NEWCASTLE,   AND   OSIIAWA,    C.    \V. 


NAPANEE,  C.  W. 

Niipiiiioo  is  n  pictty  villHjjc,  silimlod  (in  a  river  of  tlic  siinii>  iianu',  nnd  wliirli  may,  nrohiililv, 
be  seloctt'il  as  the  county  town  of  Uicliniond  Township.  The  river  is  niivi^'ahie  by  si'nall  selioo'n- 
ei's,  and  oilers  (irstrate  water  iirivilene,  in  addition  to  tlie  four  saw-mills,  which  cut  '.i,ooo,iiijo  ft. 
of  lumber  annually,  two  (lour  mills,  two  fouixlries,  a  woollen  factory,  plaster  factorv,  cabinet  fac- 
tory, iilaiiing  mill,  brewery,  tannery,  etc.,  wbich  stanil  u])on  its  banks.  Thednmd  Trunk  Railway 
Station  stands  immediately  to  tho  north  of  the  vilhijje.  Napanee  is  (lossessed  of  no  ordinary 
advantages,  and  is  evidently  destined  to  extend  at  the  expense  of  other  inland  villa^^es.  If  tliu 
traveller  wishes  a  comfortable  house,  he  should  visit  the  Commercial  Hotel,  Napanee;  and  if  tliu 
sportsnnin  is  anxious  to  prime  his  "  iiocket-pistol,"  by  all  means  visit  ilr.  Johnston's  distilleiy 
at  Clark's  Mills,  where  a  Hcotchnnin  (listils  "  mountain  dew"  as  pure  imd  spirit-stirring  as  any 
that  smells  of  "peut-rcek"  nnd  the  llightuuds  of  Scotlund.  I'opulution,  liuuo.  Distant  from 
Kingston,  25  miles;  Toronto,  tdi  miles. 

ISufiiness  Directory. 

Henry  U. 


Ambrotypist  and    Photographist 

Carman,  Dnndas  st. 
Amos  8.  IJristol,  M.  D. 
Uaker,  Ac. — J.  Worthington,  Dundas  st. 
Barrister  and  Attorney,  Notary  Public. — 13.  C. 

Davy,  Dnndas  st. 
Commercial  Hotel.-— S.  R.  Shaw,  Dundas  st. 
Druggist  luid  Dealer  iu  Paints,  Oils,  etc.— Jas. 

C.  Uufi'inan. 


General  Assurance  Agent,  Treasurer  Mechanics' 
Institute.— Robert  Euston,  Town  Hall,  Mar- 
ket Siinarc. 

Manufacturing  Miller,  Conveyancer,  Ac— Jaa. 
V.  Uurtels. 

y<tj>iini'c  Stiiiidard. — Alex.  Campbell,  Editor  and 
Publisher. 

Solicitor  in  Chancery,  Attorney-at-law,  Notary 
Public— Robert  S.  Henderson,  Dundas  st. 


.1-  v'Uage  on  the  Nnpanee  River,  in  the  Townsliip  of  Camden  anil  County  of  Addini^ton. 
Distant  from  Kingston  215  miles,  and  from  tlie  Napanee  Station  of  the  (Irand  Trunk  Railway 
&^  miles.     Usual  stage  fare  to  Kingston  75  cents.     Daily  mail.     Population  about  900. 

BiisinoiiiS    Directory. 


Carriage  Builder. — ,Tohn  Criehton,  Main  st. 
Chemist  and  Druggist. — Joshua  Hower,  Main 

street. 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Boot  and  Shoe  Shop, 

etc. — Robert  F.  Hope  <fc  Son. 
Druggist. — Allen  Caton. 


Emjiire  House  Hotel.— .Tames  Power,  Main,5t. 
Newburg  Carriage  Factory. — Samuel  Lake, 

Main  st. 
Neifliitrf/  Index. — Allen  Caton  &,  C,  V,  Price, 

Editors  and  I'roprietors. 
Soddler. — O.  S.  Koblin,  Main  st. 


NEWCASTLE,   C.  W. 

A  town  on  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  Townsliip  of  Clarke  and  County  of  Durham,  omI  n  Station 
on  the  Grand  Trunk  Ilailwaj'.  Tho  trade  of  tho  ]>laeo  is  considerable.  Dis'ant  f"om  Co- 
bourg  25  miles,  and  from  Toronto  47  miles.     Mail  daily.     Population  about  P250. 

Business    Diircctory. 


Agent  Montreal  Telegraph  Co.,  Fire  and  Life 

insurance. — A.  II.  Hunter. 
Barrister  and  Attorney-at-law. — Nealo   Me 

Neill,  King  st. 
Dry  Goods  and  General  Merchant. — Samuel 

McCoy,  King  st. 
General   Merchants. — Cashman   &  Wolcolt, 

Foster's  Buildings,  King  st. 
General  Merchants  and  Produce  Dealers. — 

Wilmot  &  Co.,  King  st. 


Ncwcaxi'^  111'  nrdo: — W.  A.  Powers,  Printer 

and  Publisher. 
Phvsieian.— tieorge  M.  Reid,  M.  D.,  M.  R.  C. 

S.  E.,  Mill  St. 
Principal  Newcastle  Academy. — W  T.  Boate. 
(Jueen's  Arms  Hotel. — W.  Couch,  King  st. 
Veterinary  Surgeon. — William  A.  Itose,  R. 

C.  V.  S."  E.,  Chemist  and  Druggist. 
Wellington   House   Hotel. — John  Salisbury, 

Stage  Depot,  King  st. 


OSIIAWA,    C.    W. 

A  flourishing  incorporated  village  in  the  Township  of  Whitby  and  County  of  Ontario, 
2-J  miles  from  Sydenham  Harbour,  on  Lake  Ontario.     A  large  business  is  done  in  the  pro- 


OAKVILLE  AND  rETEIlBOllOUGlf,  C. 


W. 


89 


iiv,  i)rnl)!il)Iv, 
sriiall  Kflidoh- 

'.l,0i_»n,uuij  Ct. 

■,fiil)iiu't  flic, 
■link  Uaihviiy 
11(1  oiiliiiaiy 
iiiKi's.  If  Ilia 
ami  if'tliu 
'II  s  (listillciv 
'liiiK  lis  any 
Diatuut  lium 


•rMi'dianica' 
n  Hall,  Mar- 

1',  Ac. —Jus. 

11,  Ivlitornnd 

law,  Xoiary 
Duiidus  St. 


Acldini^ton. 
ink  Railway 
JUt  <J0(). 


ivcr,  Mniii,st. 
imiiiol  Lake, 

C.  Y.  Trloc, 


'■(1  n  Station 
lilt  f'oin  Co- 
50. 


ers,  Printer 

I).,  M,  ]{.  V. 

W  T.  Hoate. 

,  Kiiii,'  St. 

\.  ]t(j^.>,  R. 

?ist. 

I  Suil.-<bury, 


of  Ontario, 
in  tlie  pro- 


duce of  the  country,  and  tlie  place  is  egpfecially  oelebroted  for  flour.  Several  large  fac- 
toricsi,  also,  have  been  estiiblislied,  niul  the  (lininl  Trunk  Uaihvny  has  a  station  hero,  at 
which  all  trains  stop.  Distant  from  Toronto  .'!!!  miles,  on  J  fiimi  Montreal  aoo  miles.  A 
daily  stage,  carrying  the  mail,  runs  north  from  Oshawa  through  l^olumbus,  llaglun,  I'rinco 
Albert,  Horelia,  and  Port  Perry,  to  B.'ttvurtou,  on  Lake  Sinicoe,  distant  50  miles,  fare  fa.OO. 
Dully  mail.    I'opulation  about  yuoo. 

Business    Directory. 


Barristers  and  Atlornoys-at-law. — Hillings  & 

Wilson. 
Clirialliiit  Oiffri)ift  and  Osliawii    Vindicator, 

riiblisheil  by  L'like  <t  Orr. 
Pniu'gist. — Mark  Kobinson,  King  st. 
General   (Iroccrs  and    Pnivisiun  Dealers, — 

Luke  (t  Wood,  2  King  st.,  Kiist. 
Goiienil  Grocers  and  Wine  Merchants. — IJurk 

(fc  Me(!aw,  King  st. 
Geni'rnl   Merchants.— W.  11.  (Hbbs   &   Co., 

Kiiigst. 


McKlroy's  Hotel.— John  McElroy,  King  st. 

Oshawa  Mills.— Johu  Warren,  ilerchant  and 
Projirielor. 

Postmaster,  Bookseller,  and  Stationer.— Gavin 
liurns. 

Produce  Dealers. — (Jibb  ifc  Brother,  South 
Osliawit. 

Scdieitor. — S.  U.  Fairbanks,  King  st. 

Surgical  and  Mechanical  Dentist,  and  Mon- 
treal Telegra])h  Agent. — C.  N.  Vars,  Cor. 
King  &  Simcou  sts. 


OAKVILLE,   0.   W. 

'■  An  incorporated  town  in  the  Township  of  Trafalgar  and  County  of  Holton,  on  Lake  On- 
tario, at  the  mouth  of  the  Sixtcen-ilile  Creek,  which  forms  an  excellent  and  land-locked 
harbour,  of  easy  access.  Ookville  is  advantageously  situated  for  ship-building  purposes, 
and  a  number  of  first-class  vessels  are  built  here  every  year.  It  is  the  outlet  for  the  ship- 
ping of  flour  and  other  products  to  the  American  side,  besides  being  the  wheat  market  of 
the  County  of  Ilalton.  The  Station  of  the  (Jreat  Western  Railway  is  on  the  outskirts  of  the 
town.  A  daily  line  of  stages  runs  to  Stewarttown,  through  Postvillo,  Ashgrove,  ond  Horn- 
by. The  steamers  plying  between  Montreal,  Hamilton,  and  other  ports  call  here.  Distant 
from  Toronto  25  miles,  from  Hamilton  20  miles,  and  from  Milton,  the  County  Town,  10  miles. 
Fare  to  Milton  Hl^  cents,  to  Hamilton  50  cents,  to  Toronto  50  cents.  Daily  mail.  Popula- 
tion about  2000." 

Business  Directory. 


Canadian    Hotel.  —  John   Williams,    Navy 

street. 
General  Dealer  in  Groceries.  Wines,  Licpiors, 

etc. — T.  1).  Jidinstowii,  Colborne  st. 
General  Merehant  and  Insurance  Agent. — 

James  llcid,  Colborne  st. 


Hardware   Merchants. — William   Robertson 
&  Co.,  Colborne  st. 

POSTMASTKH,  ClEUK    DIVISION    CoUllT,    Com.  IH 

15.  K.,  Town  Clerk,  Conveyancer,  etc. — R. 
Haliiicr,  Navy  st. 
Tinsmiths. — D.  Chisholm  &  Co.,  Colborne  st 


PETERBOROUGH,   C.   W. 

"  A  flourishing  town  in  the  County  of  Peterborough,  situated  on  the  Otonabee  River,  in 
the  Towiishi|>  of  Monaghan.  Lumber  is  the  principal  trade  of  the  place.  There  is  also  a 
considerable  business  in  wheat  and  flour.  A  railway  connects  this  town  with  Cobourg  and 
the  (irand  Trunk  Railway,  distant  150  miles,  fare  $1.  Stage  fare  from  Port  llope,  distant 
30  miles,  fare  $1.     Mail  daily.     Poiiulation  about  -10    ■." 

Business    Directory. 


Alex.  Harvey,  M,  D.  and  Coroner,  Aylmer 

street. 
Attorney-at-law  and  Notary  Public. — W.  F. 

L  Vizard. 
Bari'ister-at-law. —Charles  Alexander  Weller, 

George  st. 


Cabinet  Warerooms. — William  T.  Swayne, 

George  st. 
Caisse's  Hotel. — Leon  Caisse,  Cor.  of  Hunter 

<k  Water  sts. 
Commission  and  General  ^Merchant  in  Wine, 

Seed,  etc. — Coupur  «fc  Ogilvy,  George  st. 


li 


00 


rAUIS  AND  PICTON,   C.    W. 


ComraiMlon  nnd  Ooncral  Mcrclmnt. — \Vm.  B. 

UpiiJ,  (J('orj{(!  Ht. 
Dry  uiiil  Fimcy  (ioods  Importer,  Grocer,  etc, 

— II.  H.  M(m)()iii;iiI,  (it'orgw  M, 
Ocncrnl  Provision  Uoiilcr. — George  Mitchell, 

Hunter  Ht. 
Grocers,   Iliirdwnre  nnd   Comtnlmtioii   Mer- 

clmutB,  Corner  of  Hunter  itc  George  »is. 


Grocer, — AupfUHtuA  rodotto,  fJoorRc  ct. 
Miirlile   MiiHonH — John   Thonma  Wiiltehcud 

&  Co.,  IJrocIt  M. 
J'etcrtxiro     Kjeitiiiiurr.  —  A.    HawyerH,    I'ulj. 

iislier. 
I'eterboro'  Review.— 1.  &  U.  White,  Tuhlish- 

(TH. 

Tailors  nnd  Clothier*. — A.  Mercer  &  Sons. 


II 


PARIS,   0.  W. 

Taris  is  situntcd  within  a  mile  of  the  line  of  the  Gront  Western  Uallroftd,  on  the  lmnk»  of 
the  Grand  Ilivcr;  und  ns  tliu  country  in  undulating  and  rising  in  some  places,  even  into 
hills,  the  scenery  is  very  picturesque ;  the  houses  etand  enilmwereil  amongst  wtxid,  hero 
tipon  the  slopes',  nn<l  there  in  the  valli'y,  reminding  tlie  eontinental  tourist  of  the  vine  clad 
slo[)e3  of  Hcvrcs,  between  I'aris  nnd  Versailles.  In  addition  to  tlie  flour  atid  luniiicr  nilila 
common  to  almost  every  town  in  the  province,  I'aris  is  provided  with  ft  gyj)sum  or  |>iaster 
mill.  Tiio  lofty  railroad  wooden  liridge,  which  s[)anH  (lie  Grand  Iliver,  fiM'uis  (ine  of  the 
most  ftttrnetive  otyects  of  interest,  and  if  th<.'  traveller  can  allurd  lime,  he  may  (ill  his  Ims- 
ket  with  fish,  of  all  sorts  nnd  sizes,  from  tlio  river.  Notwithstanding  these  natural  attrac- 
tions nnd  nd»j)tation9  of  I'aris,  both  for  pleasant  residence  ami  manufuetures,  the  Great 
Western  linilroad  has  carried  the  trallic  past,  in  both  direetioiis,  and  thrown  it,  at  least  in 
the  mean  time,  into  n  state  of  comparative  stagnation,  to  improve  however,  we  hope,  willi 
the  general  return  of  "better  times."  Population  2i)(>0.  Seventy-two  miles  from  Susjicn- 
Bion  Bridge. 

BiisincK!*  Directory. 


Chemist  and  Druggist, — Alex.  C.  Bell,  River 

street    (Sec  Advt.) 
Commission  Merchant  nnd  Assurance  Agent 

— Thomns  Ilyall,  Uailway  Station. 
Dnguerrean  and  I'hotogrnphic  Artist — C.  S. 

German,  River  st. 
General   Dry   (ioods  nnd   Groceries. — Wm. 

Patcrson,  River  st. 


Hotel, — .lames  Currie,  Anglo-American  Hotel 

Station. 
Tavernlveeper. — Jnmes    Loutit,    Mechanics 

street. 
Tin  and  Coppersmith. — Willinm  Rosebrugh, 

Rivrr  st. 
Wholesale     nnd     Retail     Merchant.  —  .lolm 

Irwin,  J.  I',,  Upper  Town. 


ALEX.   C.  BELL,   CHEMIST   &   DRUOOIST, 

WnOI.ESALK    A.NI)    HKTAII.    DKAI.KH    IN 

Drugs,  Patent  Medicines,  IlyestiilFs,  Paints,  Oils,  Varnishes,  Turpentine,  Bnislies,  Comb, 

FANCY    AllTlCJI.I^S,     S:v.., 
RIVER      STREET,      PARIS,     C.W. 


1       I  . 


PICTON,    0.   W. 

One  of  the  most  enterprising  towns  for  its  size,  in  the  I'cgion  of  the  beautiful  Bay  of 
Quint6,  noticed  elsewhere.  The  County  Town  of  the  County  of  Prince  Edward,  nnd  situ- 
ated on  the  Bay  of  Quint6.  Distant  from  Kingston  40  miles;  stenmboat  fare  f  1,  stage  fare 
$2.     Distant  from  Belleville  22  miles  ;  stenmboat  fare  $1.     Poj)ulation  about  2000. 

Business   Directory. 


Attorney-nt-lnw  and  Notary  Public. — Lcm- 

prierc  Murray. 
Bnrrister-nt-law. — Snmuel  Merrill. 
Barrister,  nnd  Attorney-nt-lnw,  and  Notary, 

etc. — Philip  Low. 
Cnbinet    nnd    Chair  Factory. — Gillespie   &, 

Southard,  Main  st 


Carriage  Manufacturers. — Fraliek  <fe  Brother. 
Drnper,  Tailor,  and  General  Oultilter. — Robt 

Mitchell,  Union  Buildings. 
Eclectic    Physician    nnd    Surgeon. — II.    E. 

Bowles,  M!  D.,  Elizabeth  st.     (Sec  Advt.) 
Flour,  Plaster,  and  Woollen  Mills. — James  C. 

Wilson,  Lake  on  the  Mountain. 


POUT  HOPE,  c.  w. 


01 


^vgo  dt, 
Wliitfhcad 

^yii'",  I'lib- 

il-',  I'llliliuh- 
<t  Sons, 


\u'.  Lniiks  of 
s,  even  into 
wood,  hero 
u'  vinc-c|ii(! 
iiiiiliiT  rnilla 

111!  Ill'  lilllsttT 
olli'  of  llio 
till  Ills  1)118- 

tiiral  aUnic- 
'■",  tlio  Cr.iit 
t,  at  least  ill 
I'  lio|i(',  Willi 
roiii  Siis|iin- 


lerioan  Hotel 
,  ik'clmnica 
1  Rosol)ruf,'li, 
iiant,  —  John 


,  Comb, 


itifiil  Bay  of 
rd,  and  sitii- 
1,  stn^'o  fare 
2000. 


:  it  TirotliiT. 
IUt.— I'.obt. 

on— 11.  E. 
(Seo  Advt.) 
. — James  C. 


Gliilic  Hotel. — J.  Bliiiiclmnl,  Main  itt.    (See 

AdviTlim'liH'llt.) 
(;,.i„,,,|.. — Kdwaid  F.  Ke«iin,  Hridi^o  st. 
liimiiani'"'  and  (ieiierul  Affciit,  Seed  und  Vro- 

(llli'e   Iteiili'l',  etc. 

Iron  Foiiiiderit  and  StoamKiigino  Manufuc- 

tiin'r!<. — i;ii/.al)ctli  M. 
Miirlil"'  Dealer. — S,  A.  Moore, 
Meiodeou   .Miniufucturers. — I'.   W.    A  F.  M. 

Aiidrii^. 
Menliaiit^. — dray  A  Co.,  Mnln  st. 
>'oi'tli  Ainerieaii  lloiid. — J.  MultaHliud,  Main 

Kt,,  near  Steaiiilioiit,  (iniiy. 
riidto'jraiilii^t  and  AinltrotjpUt. — W.  P.  Uey- 

iioMk,  Main  Kt. 


Plii>to(n'aj>lilKt    and  Anilirotyper. — John  A. 

Slieriiir,  Union  Ituildint^H. 
I'icton  fAi.v«f.— Steplieii  M.  Conger,  Editor 

and  I'mprii'tor. 
I'idon  Tiiiii'i. — Robert  Moylc,  Piiblinhor. 
SiirneonDentirtt.— W.  li,  Gilbert,  .Main  nt 
Surgeon   and    I'livHleiun.  —  Henry    llentall 

Kvans,  M,  I).,  ^^.  U.  i;,  S.  R.  .Main  «l. 
Tanner,  I'ot  Itarley,  and  Split  I'ea  Mill.— P. 

F.  MeCiidiK. 
TinHiiiiili,  —  Henry  M.  Hponenborgh,   Main 

street. 

Wateliniaker,    Jeweller,    etc. — Win.    Jauie* 
Porte,  Main  st. 


Health  Institute. 

COlt.  ELIZAUETII  &  KINU   STN., 

PIUTON,    C.   W. 

Treatment— Fhyiiological  Purely. 

Dfvoldiiiiii?  llie  iiicritiil  iiml  pliyKiriil  imliirn.  Tlin  imly 
(nil!  hii'IIiikI  dl' tri'litiiiK  Clirniiir  iIikiinii  unit  ili'loniiity. 
Locatluii  tifulllty  uuU  pluiLsuiit.    Uiuler  thi^  euro  of 

H.  E.  BOWLES,  M.  D. 


GLOBE    HOTEL, 

MAIN    STREET,   PICTON,   C.   W., 

IJY    J.    B1.ANCIIAUD, 

Till  Fniprlntiir,  In  thiuikiiiu'  tlm  pulilic  fur  punt  favnuric, 
licuH  tci  iiKhuro  tlic'wi  tliut  mitliiiiK  nii  lun  piirt  will  tin  wnnt- 
iiiu  til  Kivo  HuliBlui'tlim  to  tliiiKu  Willi  limy  liivimr  liim  witli 
tlinir  piilriiimini.    Mnll  NtnKdn  Imvn  thiN  hiiusu  ilnily. 

Ciirrmcis  111  iilti'iKliincii  in  nml  iriiin  tlm  IiuiiIn  fri.'O  iif 
churun.    I.iviTy  Sliililes  attiu-liuil  tii  tlii'  llntiil. 

Termi  Liberal.  Josiah  Blanohard. 

JHclon,  28/A  May,  186T. 


roRT  noPE,  0.  w. 

port  Hope  is  bonutifiilly  situated  upon  the  western  Klioro  of  Lake  Ontario,  on  an  accliv- 
ity, the  suiiiinit  of  which  is  capped  with  beach  and  pino,  and  clothed  with  villas,  eml)ow- 
ered  ainoni?»t  the  trees.  Tlio  principal  street  runs  from  the  harbour  to  the  top  of  the  hill, 
and  is  crowded  with  large  and  lofty  briek  stores,  houses,  and  hotels.  Tlie  Town  Hall  and 
lliintreal  IJank  form  prominent  tibjects  to  a  spcctJitor,  placed  upon  the  quay.  And  tho 
graceful  curve  of  the  viaduct,  resting  on  jiiers  of  solid  masonry,  over  which  tho  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  is  carried,  tends  only  to  enhance  the  jiieturesquencss  of  the  view.  It  is 
Biirroundcd  by  a  rich  agricultural  country,  diveri^itied  by  hill  and  dale,  wood  and  stream, 
the  evidence  of  which  is  the  number  of  wagons  cratnmed  with  quarters  of  beef,  mutton, 
and  pork,  turkeys,  geese,  chickens,  eggs,  butter,  and  vegetables,  crowding  the  town-hall 
square  on  Saturdays.  Communication  by  railroad  is  already  extended  to  Lindsay,  40  miles 
to  the  north-west,  as  well  as  to  Peterborough,  to  the  north-east;  and  steanu's,  moreover, 
ply  regularly,  during  summer,  between  Lindsay,  Fellon  Falls,  and  Bobcaygci  n,  20  miles 
further,  in  a  northern  direction,  on  Lake  Sturgem.  Distant  from  Cobourg  7  miles,  from  Tor- 
onto C2  miles  (faro  $2.1li),  from  i*.  ^  rborough  21)  miles,  from  Lindsay  42  miles,  from  Eiug- 
Bton  98  miles.     Population  about  8000. 

Busiiics^i    Directory. 


Accountant  and  Commission  Merchant,  Con- 
veyancer, House,  Land,  Insurance,  and 
General  Agent. — II.  Maxwell,  south  side  of 
Walton  St. 

Accountant  and  General  Agent. — Robert 
Davidson,  Walton  st. 

Attorney  and  Solicitor. — George  Brogdin 
Walton  Bt. 

Barrister-at-law. — J.  Forster  Boulton,  Wal- 
ton St. 

Barrister  and  Attorney-at-law. — Nesbitt  Kir- 
chafVer,  Walton  st. 

Book  and  Job  Printing  Office. — Geo.  A.  Coul- 
8on,  Mill  St. 


Bookseller  and  Stationer. — Jos.  C.  Ansley, 
AValton  St. 

Chemist  and  Druggist. — John  S.  Tomlinson, 
Walton  St. 

Civil  Engineer. — A.  W.  Sims,  Elgin  st. 

Commission  Mercliant.— F.  Murpliy .Walton  st. 

Commission,  Shipping,  and  Forwarding 
Agents,  Lumber  Merchants,  etc. — Albro  & 
Vindin,  Walton  st. 

Contractor. — Ralph  Jones,  Mill  st. 

Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  and  Crockery. — J.  G. 
Lecronier,  Walton  st. 

Dry  Goods,  Groceriesw — J.  H.  Delamore,  Wal- 
ton st. 


I 


I 


92 


PRESCOTT  AND  TRENTON,    C,   W. 


General  Commission  Aj^ont. — Robert  O.  Wil- 
son, Walton  st 

Grocer,  Liquor,  and  Provision  Jilerclmnt. — 
Robert  Mclntyre,  Walton  at. 

lloniceopntiiic  Phyt^icinn  and  Surgeon. — Dr. 
(leorgc  Pyburn,  Walton  st 

Importer  of  I^ry  Goods  and  Millinery. — J.  B. 
Giilespia  it  Co.,  Wftlton  st. 

Manufacturer  of  Upholstery  and  Cabinet 
VVare.— W.  F.  Russell,  Walton  st. 


Port  Hope  Atlas. — Cliarles  Rodfjers,  Editor 

and  Publisher,  Brogden's  Buildings. 
Port   //ope    Guide. — Hugh   Crea,   Publisher 

and  Editor,  Walton  st. 
Produce    and    Connnission    Merchant,    and 

Agent  for  British  and  American  Express 

Coiii])any. — Wui.  Burnhani. 
AVliolesalo  and  ]{etail  Denier  and  Importer 

of  Dry  Goods. — James  Lang,  Jr.,  Walton 

street. 


BJ 


PRESCOTT,   0.    W. 

An  inco'-porated  town  on  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  Township  of  Augusta  and  Coun- 
ty of  Grenville.  It  is  opposite  the  town  of  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  and  the  traffic  between  tlie 
two  places  is  very  considerable;  requiring,  during  tlie  season  of  navigation,  the  constant 
employment  of  two  ferry  steamers.  All  the  steamers  i>lying  between  Montreal,  Kingston, 
and  Hamilton  stop  here  daily.  The  town  is  contiguous  to  a  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railway ;  and  the  Ottawa  and  Prcscott  Railway  has  a  terminus  on  the  river  shore,  and 
■within  the  limits  of  the  town.  There  is  a  junction  of  the  two  roads  at  a  short  distance 
from  their  respective  stations.  Tlie  town,  with  the  Townships  of  Augusta  and  Edwards- 
burg,  sends  one  member  to  the  Provincial  Parliament.  Distant  from  Montrcol  li;i  miles, 
from  Toronto  220  miles,  and  from  Ottawa  54  miles.     Daily  mail.     Population  about  luuO. 


Business    Directory. 


Agent  for  Royal  Mail  Line. — V.  R.  Covell, 

Kinj^  st 
Arcuitect. — Henry  A.  Sims,  King  st. 
Baker, — Thomas  Torr,  King  st. 
Boot  and  Shoe  Makers. — Belgard  &  Crowly, 

King  St. 
Clieap  Ticket  Agent,  Tickets  all  Points  W^est. 

— A.  Scoit,  Geralds,  Nort Imp's  Hotel. 
CuEMriT. — Gcorgc  Harding,  Xing  st. 
Chemist,   Diiuooist,   and   Coroner. — R.    W. 

Evans,  King  st. 
Clerk  of  Second  Di  /ision  Court* — ^Thos.  Har- 
rison, Esq. 
Contractor  of  PuBLin  AVorks,  Brewer  and 

Distiller,  Pre^dent  of  Mechanics'  Institute 

and  County  Agricultural  Society.— Edward 

&  King  sts. 
Dealer  in  Hardware,  Tin,   Bar  ond  Sheet 

Iron. — John  Chambers,  King  st. 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Hardware,  Farm  and 

Garden  Seed,  Stationery,  and  Secretary  of 

Agriciilturul  Society. — King  st 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  and  Liquors. — W.  B. 

Trainer,  King  st 
Dry   Goods,    Groceries,  and    Provisions. — 

James  Mooney. 
Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Provisions,  Hardware, 

etc. — John  Ferguson,  King  st. 
Drj'  Goods,  Hardware,  Groceries,  etc. — W. 

S,  Akin,  King  st 
General  Dealers  in  Dry  Goods,  Groceries, 


Ran- 


Ilardware,  Crockery,  etc. — Miller 

kin,  King  st. 
General   Insurance  and  Emigration  Agent, 

Sight  Drafts  on  Europe. — Mntthcw  Dows- 

ley,  Post-ofliee  lUiildings. 
Golden  Ball  Hotel,  and  Distiller.— John  Mor- 
row, King  st. 
Grocer. — !•'.  M.  Adams,  King  st 
(irocer. — John  Bradley,  King  st 
Groceries  and  Provision  Store, — T.  Methot 

King  st 
Forwarder  and  General  Steamboat  Agent 

— Roliort  Gilpin,  Water  st 
Forwarding    Commission    Merchant,   U.   H. 

Consul  Agent — J.  S.  Hawley,  Watir  st. 
Hepburn  House  Hotel  and  Saloon. — Henry 

S.  Hepburn,  Corner  of  Edward  &  Water 

sts. 
Kingston    Ale    Depot. — Tliomas    Robinson, 

Innkeeper,  Dog  ik  Duck,  Water  st. 
Merchant.  Tailor. — Josepli  I'eid,  King  st. 
Printer.  Publislier,  and  Editor  nf  Mia.siiir/er. 

— C.  J.  Hyncs,  King  st     Messenger  only 

i|l..^()  a  year,  in  advance. 
Storekeeper. — John  Ford,  King  st 
Watch   and   Clock   Maker,  .Feweller. — John 

Bnrnett,  King  st 
Wliolesale   and   Retail  Grocer,  Forwarding 

and  Conmiissloii  Merchant,  Auctioneer  and 

Insurance  Agent, — Isaac  D.  Purkiss,  1,  2, 

«fe  K,  Brady's  Block,  Water  st 


TRENTON",   0.   W. 

An  incorporated  vil^'ge  and  port  of  entrj',  prettily  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  mouth 
of  the  River  Trent,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  (iuinte,  in  tlie  Townships  of  Murray  and  Sid- 


WINDSOR  AND  WHITBY,  C.  W. 


93 


ney,  an<l  Counties  of  Northumberland  »nd  Hastings.  Two  steamers  start  twice  a  week  for 
Moutrcal,  fare  $5  and  $2.50,  and  is  near  a  station  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  Distant 
from  Belleville  12  miles,  and  from  Toronto  101  miles.  There  is  a  small  isksd  two  miles 
east  of  the  village,  called  Mill  Island,  with  two  steam  mills  for  lumbering  purposes  on  it 
Daily  mails.    I'opulation  about  ICOO, 

Business    Directory. 


Attorney-at-law,  Solicitor  in  Chancery,  etc. 

—Daniel  R.  Murphy,  South  Side  Dundas 

street. 
Baker. — William  Dickens. 
Coroner.— J.  P.  Patrick  Gilbert  Fergus,  M.  D., 

Surgeon. 
Doctor  of  Medicine. — H.  W.  Spafford. 
Dry  (ioods.    Groceries,   -whartinger,   etc. — 

Jesse  T.  Ilendeison. 


Druggist. — Albert  D.  C.  Hawley,  Bridge  st. 
Merchant. — David  Roblin. 
Merchant  —John  N.  Thompson. 
Merchant  Tailor. — John  Stuart,  Water  st 
Railroad  Hotel. — Lewis  Cruickshank,  Water 

street 
Saddler  and  Harness  Maker. — J.  R.  Wert, 

corner  of  Elgin  &  Water  sts. 


WINDSOR,  0.  W. 

Is  situate.!  at  the  western  frontier  of  the  Province  of  Upper  Canada,  upon  the  banks  of 
the  River  St.  Clair,  opposite  to  Detroit,  in  the  State  of  Michigan.  It  forms  the  termiims  of 
tlie  Great  Western  Railroad,  the  seat  of  a  Custom-house,  and  the  site,  at  least,  of  an  embryo 
city ;  but  as  the  steamer  connects  the  Great  AVestern  with  the  Michigan  Railroad,  at  the 
otlier  Hide  of  the  ferry,  which  is  only  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  broad,  no  great  extension 
can  rcnsonftbly  be  anticipated  for  this  frontier  town,  placed,  moreover,  as  it  is,  in  such  close 
proximity  to  the  large  and  flouriaJiing  town  of  Detroit    Populatior  about  3,000. 

Business  Directory. 

Barristers,  etc. — ^Macdonell,  Stuart  &  Trew,  I  Vinegar    Slanufactures.- 
(See  Card.)  I      (See  Card.) 

Windsor  Saloon.— Wm.  Stratton,  Proprietor. 


-Wm.    C    itagley. 


MACDONELL,  STUART,  &  TREW, 

BARRISTERS, 

Attorneys,  Solicitors,  Notwics  PuMic,  k., 

WINDSOR,  C.  W. 

8.  8.   UACDONELL.  J.   STUART.  N.    M.   TREW. 


WM.   C.   BAGLEY, 

Manufacturer  and  Wholesale  Dealer  in 
PURE     TABLE 

WHITE  WINE  &  CIDER  VINEGAR, 


\ 


AVIIITBY,   C.   W. 

An  incorporated  town  in  the  Township  of  Whitby  and  South  Riding  of  the  County  of 
Ontario.  It. is  the  chief  town  of  the  county,  and  a  station  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway. 
Distant  from  Toronto  29  miles,  fares  f  1  and  75  cents.  Daily  mails.  Population  about 
3500. 

BtLsincss   Directory. 


Ambrotypist  and  Photographist. — James  A. 

Clark,  Brock  st 
Barristorat-law. — A.  G.  Ham,  Brock  st. 
Barristers  and  Attorneys.— Macdonell  <t  Dart- 

nell,  Court  House. 
Chomist,  Druggist,  and  Perfumer. — Geo.  A. 

Bannister,  Dundas  st 
Dealer  in  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  Stationery, 

etc. — Joel  Bigelow. 
Dealer  in  Stoves,  Copper,  and   Sheet   Iron 

Ware. — John  Trotter. 


Dry  Goods,  Rea'iy-made  Clothing,  and  Gro- 
ceries.— Robert  Campbell. 

General  Dealer  in  Groceries,  Provisions,  etc. 
— Joseph  Mansfield. 

Importers  of  Dry  Goods,  Groceries,  and  Seeds. 
— Hamilton  &  Roberts. 

Importers  of  Dt-y  Goods,  Groceries,  Hard- 
ware, etc. — Gibson  &  Yarnold. 

Importers  and  General  Dealers  in  Dry  Goods, 
Groceries,  etc, — Lowes  &  Powell. 

Ontario  Time*. — Wra.  McCabe,  Publisher. 


94 


WOODSTOCK,   C.   W. 


>»  i 


\'i 


stationery. — George  Yule,   Jr.,   Agent    for 

Telegraph  Company. 
Tin,  Sheet,  Iron,  and   Coppersmith. — John 

Brj'nn,  Bvock  st. 
Watch  Maker  and  Jeweller.— Thos. Gallagher, 

Brock  St. 


Whitby  Chronicle. — W.  H.  Higgins,  Editor. 

Whitby  Foundry. — Lynde  &  Post,  Brock 
street. 

Wliitby  House  Hotel. — Thos.  Nelson  Strip- 
true,  Dundas  st. 


WOODSTOCK,  C.  W. 

The  chief  town  of  the  county  of  Oxford,  situated  between  the  North  and  South  RiJings 
and  forming  one  of  the  municipalities  of  the  latter.  Its  location  is  very  healthy,  being  on 
the  lu'ight  of  land  of  the  Western  Peninsula,  and  surrounded  by  an  exceedingly  fertile 
countrj-,  renowned  for  wheat  growing  and  cattle  raising.  The  River  Tlianios  skirts  tlic 
northern  limits,  and  Cedar  Creek  posses  through  the  southern  part  of  the  town,  supplyinij 
2  grist  mill  water  privileges.  Its  principal  business  is  various  manufactures  and  commerce, 
especially  the  forwarding  of  wheat,  etc.  On  tlie  south  side  is  a  cliief  station  of  the  (ircat 
Western  Railway.  The  principal  buildings  are  of  brick.  There  are  3  first-elass  hotels,  7 
churches,  2  spacious  school  houses,  and  a  county  grammar  school,  and  a  substantial  market- 
place and  town  hall.  A  magniticcnt  five-story  steam  grist  mill  was  set  in  operation  in 
1856,  at  a  cost  of  $40,000.  The  Canadian  Literary  Institute  is  in  course  of  erection,  at  tin' 
east  end  of  the  town,  estimated  to  cost  $30,000.  Distant  from  Hamilton,  48  miles;  from 
London,  29  miles;  from  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge,  91  miles;  and  from  Paris,  19  miles. 
Daily  mail  east  and  west  by  railway,  and  north  and  south  by  stage.  Two  mails  are  made 
up  for  England  weekly.     Popidatiou  in  18.')2,  2,112,  increasing  in  1857  to  4,745. 

Business  Directory. 


Attorney,  Conveyancer,  etc. — John  Greig. 

(See  advertisement.) 
Analytical  and  Pharmaceutical  Chemist. — 

Robert  Stack. 
Barrister  and  Attorney. — Hugh  Richardson. 

(See  advertisement.) 
Bookseller,  Stationer,  and  Bookbinder. — W. 

Warwick. 
Cabinetmakers  and  Upholsterers. — Gurnctt 

&  Piggott. 
Dry  Goods  Merchant. — W.  A.  Woods. 
Dry  Goods  Merchants. — Packer  &  Hood. 
Grocer   and  General   Merchant.  —  Edward 

Blomely. 
Groceries,  Wines,  Spirits,  etc. — J.  W.  Hughes 

&Co. 
Groceries. — W.  A.  Reid  &  Co.,  Dundas  st. 
Iron  Founder  and  Gener.ol  JIanufacturer. — 

Homer  Pratt  Brown. 


Merchont. — ^Tliomas  Oliver,  West  End. 

Produce  and  Commission  Merchant. — Jolin 
Ferguson. 

Pliysicians  and  Surgeons. — Drs.  Turguand  A 
Cunyngluiiiie. 

Railway  Hotel— Robert  Bickle. 

Surgeon  Dentist. — John  G.  Brown,  Dundas  st. 

Slioeniakcr  and  Tanner. — Wni.  Wilson. 

Tin,  Iron  and  Copperplate  Worker  and  Stove 
Dealer. — George  Boditeh. 

Telegraph  Operator. — Henry  Jozard,  Jr. 

Watchmaker. — John  Dingwall. 

Wine  and  Spirit  Merchants. — Henry  <t  (Gor- 
don. 

Woofhtock  Sentinel. — John  W.  Wliinnic  & 
Son,  Proprietors. 

Wondntoek  TimrK. — Alex.  RiggsMcCleneglian, 
Editor  and  Publisher. 


JOHN^    GREIG, 
ATTORNEY, 

Oonveyanoer,  cS&o., 

WOODSTOCK,   C.   W. 


HUGH   RICHARDSON, 

BARRISTER  &  ATTORNEY  AT  LAW, 

Notars  Public, 

CONVITSrANCER,    &,c., 

WOODSTOCK,  C.  W. 


Ib  one  of 
River  Ni" 
steamer  wl 
ing  upon  I) 
out  of  uml 
sive  forts  i 
been  looki 
Bpectnble 
passenger 

decay :  p'' 
Potatoci 
ments  of 
solitary 
railroad  c 
the  lofty 
of  Niogai 
Fort  Oi 
yankee  in 
mounting 
about  3,0 


rgins,  Eilitor. 
f  I'oit,  Brock 

Nelson  Sa-ip. 


'outh  Ridings 

'tl'y,  fioingon 

'•Ji>'gly  fertile 

mes  skirts  the 

'Vn,  supplying 

nJ  coinniorce, 

of  tlie  (iront 

liiss  hotels,  7 

"tial  ninrket- 

operatidti  in 

eetion,  at  tiiy 

miles;  from 

r's,  19  miles. 

ails  are  made 


St  End. 
•hant.— John 

Turguand  A 


n.Dnmlasst. 

iVilson. 

«•  mid  Stove 

zard,  Jr. 

enry  <fe  Gor- 

AVliiiinic   & 

cCleneghan, 

sonT 

IT  LAW, 


&c., 


TOWNS  IN  CANADA  WEST. 


NIAGARA,   C.   W., 

Is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Canada,  situated  on  a  point  formed  by  the  mouth  of  the 
River  Niagara  on  the  east,  and  Lake  OnUirio  on  the  north  ;  surveying  it  from  the  deck  of  the 
steamer  which  plies  between  Toronto  and  Niagara,  you  would  imagine  that  you  were  gaz- 
ing upon  one  of  the  seaport  towns  in  the  south  of  England.  Snow-white  mansions  peep 
out  of  umbrageous  woods;  glittering  spires  reflect  the  beams  of  the  setting  sun,  and  mas- 
sive forts  raise  their  front  to  the  storm;  but  step  ashore,  and  you  soon  discover  you  have 
been  looking  upon  a  "  dissolving  view."  It  is  true,  a  few  houses  wear  all  the  aspect  of  re- 
spectable retirement,  but  they  are  lodges  in  a  vast  wilderness,  the  footfall  of  the  solitary 
passenger  re-echoes  in  the  deserted  city  :  the  frame  buildings  betray  all  the  symptoms  of 
decay :  pride  and  poverty  dwell  next  door  to  each  other. 

Potatoes  are  planted  in  FortStGeorge  ;  Fort  Massasauga  is  dismantled,  the  mud  embank- 
ments of  which  are  washed  away  at  the  rate  of  3  feet  annually',  and  it  is  sentinelled  by  a 
Bolitary  old  pensioner,  and  last,  not  least  of  the  '.'As  to  which  Kiagara  is  heir  to,  a  modern 
railroad  carries  the  majority  of  travellers  over  the  scenes  of  ancient  bloodsl-  V  and  past 
the  lofty  memento  of  civil  war — Brock's  Monument — to  the  P'alls,  14  miles  from  the  town 
of  Niagora. 

Fort  Ontario,  on  the  American  side,  is  maintained  in  n  good  state  of  preservation,  but 
yankee  invention  has  transformed  the  warlike  in)  .  a  peaceful  and  useful  structure,  by  sur- 
mounting it  with  a  light-house.  Tempora  imitantere,  et  nox  mutmnus  in  illis  !  Population 
about  3,000.     Distant  from  the  Falls,  14  miles. 


SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,    C.  W. 

Suspension  Bridge  is  a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad  running  from  there 
to  Windsor,  opposite  Detroit,  and  also  to  Hamilton,  C.  W.  Emigrantx,  passing  through  to 
the  West,  generally  wait  here  4  to  6  hours,  and  have  baggage  re-checked.  There  is  an  emi- 
grant refreshment  room  within  the  station,  conducted  by  a  German,  where  good,  whole- 
some provisions,  and  tea  and  coffee  are  supplied  at  the  lowest  rates.  The  economicol  Ger- 
man emigrants,  for  the  most  part,  patronize  it.  There  is  also  another  excellent  refresh- 
ment saloon  at  the  station,  where  meols  are  to  be  had  on  the  arrival  of  every  train; 
whilst  for  a  respectable  and  comfortable  hotel  at  the  Bridge,  we  name  the  Great  Western 
hotel,  kept  by  Mr.  Kavanagh,  who  is  very  attentive  to  strangers.  Parties  passing  through, 
can  leave  their  baggage  at  either  the  station,  or  hotel — have  time  to  walk  as  far  as  the 
Falls — fully  one  mile  up  the  river  side ;  whilst  parties  who  have  time  to  stay,  will  find  Sus- 
pension Bridge  convenient  for  arrival  and  depariure  of  trains  to  the  West,  or  to  Buffalo 
and  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  or  to  New  York  and  eastern  cities.  Distant  from  Buffalo,  22 
miles;  Windsor,  C.  AV.,  229  miles;  Hamilton,  43  miles;  Toronto,  81  miles,  via  rail — and 
about  BO  miles,  via  rail  to  Niagara,  and  thence  steamer  across  Lake  Ontario. 


ST.  CATHERINE'S,  0.  W. 

St.  Cathahink's  is  celebrated  for  its  mineral  springs,  to  which  great  numbers  resort  every 
summer.  Hotels  of  the  largest  size,  and  ;,  .'11  appointed,  are  established  for  accommodating 
visitors;  the  larger',  of  which  is  the  Stepehenson  House,  named  after  its  proprietor,  Mr.  Ste- 
phenson, who  has  done  much  to  bring  the  virtues  of  St.  Catherine's  Springs  prominently 
before  the  public.  St.  Catherine's  is  situated  on  the  Welland  Canal,  which  connects  Lake 
Erie  and  Lake  Ontario,  in  one  of  the  best  agricdtural  districts  in  Canada  West.  It  is  a 
station  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad.  Distant  from  Toronto,  75  miles ;  Hamilton,  39  miles ; 
and  Niagara  Falls  12  miles. 


I 


TOWNS  IN  CANADA  WEST. 


IM 


SOUTHAMPTON,  C.  W., 

Forms,  as  yet,  only  the  nucleus  of  a  town,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Snugcen, 
Two  or  three  hotels  anil  stores,  surrouniled  hy  several  frame  houses  have  been  planted  up. 
on  the  sandy  slope  still  studded  with  stumps,  rising  gently  from  the  sliore  of  the  lake. 
The  sand,  however,  disappears  before  a  richer  soil  as  you  retire  into  the  interior  of  the 
country.  A  flour  mill  and  two  saw  mills  stand  upon  the  banks  of  the  river.  The  fishtries 
furnish  lucrative  employment  for  several  boats'  crews,  particularly  during  the  fall  of  the 
j-car.  Beyond  the  river  lies  an  "  Indian  Reserve,"  and  an  Indian  village,  consisting  of  a 
few  frame  houses  iidiabited  by  a  remnant  of  "  mild-eyed  and  melancholy"  red  Indians,  pen- 
sioned by  government,  and  monopolizing  a  crescent  eminence  upon  the  banks  of  the  me- 
andering Saugeen,  with  romantic  dells,  and  sylvan  scenery  scarcely  surpassed  even  by 
"  Winsome  Yarrow."  Opposite  the  turn,  and  about  a  mile  distant  from  the  shore,  lies 
Chantry  Island,  or  rather  islet,  (m  which  a  light-house  has  lately  been  erected,  and  on  the 
lee  of  which  might  be  constr'snted  a  harbour  of  refuge  for  a  whole  navy — a  seiieme,  which, 
rumour  says,  has  been  projected,  in  connection  with  a  new  line  of  .uilroad  from  fimlph, 
and  urgently  demanded  by  the  inaccessil)ility  of  tiiis  northwest  corner  of  the  province. 
But,  considering  the  dangerous  nature  of  the  navigation  through  tiie  (ieorgian  liay,  tiiere 
cannot  be  the  least  doubt  that  it  will  ■withdraw  the  traflic,  at  lust,  to  the  west  from  tho 
Northern  Railroad  to  Collingwood,  and  conduce,  therefore,  to  the  prosperity  of  "tho 
Morning  Star,"  as  Southampton  may  be  designated,  from  its  jiosition. 

P()p\dation  about  650.  70  miles  N.  of  Goderich — 32  miles  from  Owen  Sound.  Staga 
daily  to  Owen  Sound. 

ST.  MARY'S,  C.  W., 

Twelve  miles  S.  AV.  of  Stratford,  is  a  town  which  has  risen  into  existence  witliin  the 
last  few  years,  and  is  beautifully  situated  upon  tlie  banks  of  the  River  Thames.  The 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  is  carried  across  a  valley  on  the  north,  and  a  branch  to  London  oq 
the  east,  on  viaducts  which  adurn  the  town  liy  tho  liglitness  and  elegance  of  their  struc- 
ture. The  point  of  junction  has  been  removed,  on  account  of  the  intervening  vaheys, 
about  two  miles  from  the  town,  a  distance  wliich  proves  a  serious  inconvenience  to  the 
trader  as  well  as  to  tlie  tourist;  but  the  ra|)id  progress  which  is  evidently  destined  for  St 
Mary's,  by  its  situation  as  a  market  town  and  its  limestone  quarries,  midway  between 
Strafford  and  London,  will  probably  overcome  the  natural  obstacles  bj-  the  extension  of 
its  limits  to  the  vicinity  of  tlie  station.  Stage  connection  witii  Stratford,  IngersoU,  and 
London  daily.     Population,  2,60(». 


STRATFORD,  C.  W., 

Forms  the  junction  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  to  I'ort  Sarnia  on  the  River  St. 
Clair,  and  the  Buffalo  an<l  Huron  Railway,  and  is  situated  upon  the  banks  of  the  River 
Avon.  It  is  a  straggling,  irregular  town,  following  the  windiiiL's  of  the  river,  and  tlie  un- 
dulations of  the  rolling  country  on  which  it  is  built.  The  intersection  of  tlie  town,  more- 
over, by  three  lines  of  railway,  the  erection  of  two  station-houses  and  sheds,  the  assuni|i- 
tion  of  an  eminence  by  several  churches,  not  to  sjieak  of  the  dilajiidated  state  of  several 
tenements  forsaken  by  their  inmates,  all  adds  to  tho  general  disorder  and  confusion  pre- 
sented liy  tiiis  once  flourishing  town ;  for  since  the  railway  has  been  carried  throiigh  to 
Goderich  it  has  been  threatened — like  si'veral  other  towns  ]ilaeed  in  similar  eireunit  tances — 
■with  a  severe  coUajise.  Notwitlistnndiiig,  Stratford  lies  in  the  centre  of  an  I'Xteiisive  dis- 
trict of  the  "  Huron  tract,"  noted,  as  everybody  knows,  for  its  prodiietivoness,  and  will  al- 
ways, therefore,  prove  a  steady,  if  not  an  increasing  attraction  to  tlie  farmers  in  the  sur- 
rounding country.  PopidatioTi,  n,5()0.  Distant  from  Toronto,  89  miles ;  Sarnia,  80  miles; 
London,  39  miles ;  Goderich,  45  iidles. 


• 


ver  Sniigeen, 
n  planted  up- 
of  the  lake, 
itorior  of  the 
The  fishoi'ies 
ho  fall  of  tho 
insisting  of  a 
Indians,  pen- 
is of  the  me- 
sed  even  hy 
lie  shore,  lies 
1,  and  on  the 
heme,  which, 
from  Oiulph, 
the  province, 
in  Bay,  there 
•est  from  the 
?rity  of  "tho 

ouiid.    Stage 


!e  within  the 
'hunics.  Tho 
o  London  on 
'  their  Btruc- 
ning  valleys, 
nienee  to  tho 
atined  for  St» 
way  between 
extension  of 
ngersoU,  and 


lie  River  St. 
of  the  liiver 
',  and  tlie  un- 
town,  iiiore- 
,  the  nssunip- 
te  of  several 
infusion  pre- 
d  tlii'o\igh  to 
■umitanoes — 
?xten>ivo  dis- 
,  niid  will  al- 
s  in  the  sur- 
ia,  80  miles; 


fart  ioMi\, 


THINGS    AS   THEY    ARE 


i:<r 


18  5  9. 


i 


.1 


COIS^TEJN^TS    OF    PART    lY. 


' 


i 


PAQE 

Amoi'ienn  Auction  Rooms ao 

Amcricnn  Bank  Xotes 23 

Aiin'i'ioiin  IJiinks  nnil  Hankini; 19 

AmdMciin  llofol-' 11 

AiiiiTiLMn  lU  iisi'rt G6 

American  IVnplo,  Doi^enoracy  of  the  ...  02 

Ainoriean  Iliiilroad  Cars 41 

Annrican  Unilroail  Conductor 4.5 

AiiuTioan  li.iilroad  Locomotive 43 

American  '(ailroads 40 

Anuiscmcits  and  Sports 59 

Attcndaiu'c  at  Ciiurcli 49 

Auctiont  vr,  The  American ...  31 

Aiictiiiu  Uooins  in  New  York 30 

Aiilonia  on  ( )vcn ^  . . ,  33 

]5iiki'rie?,  Mcdmnicul 33 

ISiilliit  \'oliiiL,'  in  America 70 

ISaiik-  Note  l!o])orters 24 

liiiiik  N'oti's  of  America , 23 

Baiikint;  Literature,  Curiosities  of. 2.') 

ISankinsr,  Wild-Cat 21 

I'.anks  and  Banking 19 

Milliards  and  Ciioss 01 

]{(iiik>rllir,  Tlio  Railroad 45 

booksellers'  Trade  Sales 31 

Uroken  Banks 28 

Ciiiiiida,  Trade  with 32 

Cars  on  .\inerican  Railroads 41 

Cars,  Railroad  Sleeping 48 

Chiireh  Attendance 49 

Churches  in  America 49 

Chnrdi  I'salinody 50 

Cil  izcnsiiip 04 

Clergymen  in  America 72 

Clothing  and  Dress 49 

Ci)niiiiercijil  Agencies 17 

Connncrcial  Colleges 29 

Comparative  Time  Indicatitr. 85 

Consumption  of  Ice 40 

Cnriosilies  in  P.anking  Literature 25 

CnltinL;  Ice  on  Rockland  Lake 38 

])el)t  C.dlccting 19 

Declaration  of  Intentions 04 

Degeneracy  of  the  American  People 02 


PAOB 

Difference  in  Time  in  Canada 8(5 

Ditfcrence  in  Time  in  United  States  ....  85 

Domestic  Servants 71 

Dress  and  Clothing 49 

Drinking  Customs 3(J 

Drinking.     Water 3(J 

Drinks,  Refreshing .   38 

Educational  Institutions  of  America. ...  7-4 

Elections  in  America 76 

Exchange  and  E.\changc  OHices. 22 

Exemption  Laws  of  the  United  States  . .   83 

Express  1 55 

Express  Companies 511 

Extracts  from  liank-N'ole  Reporters.  ...   24 

Farmers  in  Winter  Time 58 

Fire  Engine  Establishment 53 

Fire  l-lngine,  Steam 55 

Fruit,  Prices  of 70 

Furnitnre  Manufaetnriiig 82 

Hoe  it  Co.'s  Printing  Machine 7 

Hotels  in  America 11 

Household  Affairs 07 

Housekeeping,  Expenses  of. 08 

Ice  Trade 38 

Indicator,  Time 86 

Intentions,  Declaration  of 04 

Interest,  Legal 28 

Laws,  Exemption,  of  tlie  Uniti'd  States.     83 

La  \vs.  Usury 28 

Leviatlniu  Printing  Macliine 7 

Locomotive,  The  American 43 

Linnlier  and  Lumbermen 51 

Meat,  Prices  of 70 

Meclumical  Bakeries 33 

Mercantile  Agencies 18 

Newsman,  The  Railroad 45 

New  York  Auction  Rooms 80 

Peter  Funk  Auction  Rooms 32 

Printing  Machine  of  R.  lloe  it  Co 7 

Professional  Men  in  America 71 

Protection  lo  Trade 17 

Psalmody  in  Churches 50 

Pushing  Trade  on  the  Cars 4(1 

Quaker  Settlement,  New  Lebanon 79 


l;f 


CONTENTS  OF  PART  IV. 


"J  UK 

Railroii".  (American)  Locomo;  '-e .;i 

Railroad  Cars 

Railroad  Conductor 4c 

Railroa^'i  ilefrcsliment  Stations 47 

Railroad  Sleeping  Cars 48 

Railroads  in  America 40 

Railroad  Travelling  Newsraon 45 

Rapids,  Rafts  running  the 51 

Refreshing  Drinks 38 

Refreshment  Stations  in  America 47 

Reporters,  Bank  Note 24 

Shakers,  The 79 

Sleeping  Cars  on  Railroads 48 

Sleighing  in  Winter  Time o7 

Sports  and  Amusements. 5U 

Steam  Fire  Engine 55 

Th  !  Shakers 7'J 

Time  Indicator 86 


Ti'ir  iu  l.UDpe  and  America gj 

'W.i'u  -'rtles 31 

'.(''■a'.i-i  w'th  Canada 32 

.ladeP.    '   ■•'on  Societies ig 

Trotting   ".i.Ue   es 59 

"  Two-Forty" co 

Usury  Laws  of  America 28 

Vegetables,  Prices  of 70 

Voting  by  Ballot ; 7fl 

Water  and  V'ater  Drinking 38 

Wayhide  Refreshment  Statiim 48 

Who  are  Yankees  7 35 

Wild  Cat  Banking 21 

Winter  Evenings 58 

Winter  Time  in  America 57 

Worthy  of  Credit 18 

Yankees,  Who  are  ? 35 


■.,  U 


I   ?1 


JiUnstrations. 


PAGE 

Amcricai  Locomotive 44 

American  "  Racker"  at  fully  "  Two-Forty"  CO 

American  Railroad  Car 42 

Hoe  &  Co.'s  Leviathan  Printing  Machine     6 
Ice-cuttiug  at  Rockland  Luke 39 


fAQI 

Running  the  Rapids  of  St.  I^wrence  ...  52 

Shaker  Costume 80 

Shakers  Dancing 81 

Stonm  Fire  Engine 55 

Time  ludicatm' 80 


.   85 


.  18 
.  69 
00 
28 
70 
76 
36 
48 
«5 
21 
58 
57 
18 
36 


PiOl 

ence  ...  52 

80 

81 

"i,') 

....  So 


THINGS    AS    THEY    ARE 


IIST     1859. 


Is  the  preceding  pnrts  wo  Imvo  endeavoured  to  present  some  of  the  physienl  features  of 
America,  and  with  the  engravings  illustrative  of  such,  trust,  that  to  some  extent  we  have 
(lone  60  successfully. 

The  articles  contained  in  the  following  pages  refer  to  the  social  habits,  commerce,  man- 
ners, customs,  ond,  in  fact,  to  the  cvery-day  life  of  the  Americans,  noticing,  at  the  same 
time,  a  few  of  the  more  remarkable  inventions  which  illustrate  the  prosperity,  comfort,  ond 
genius  cf  the  peojile. 

Some  of  the  sulijects  noticed,  have  already  been  treated  by  others  with  greater  ability 
than  we  lay  claim  to,  ond,  although  perhaps  known  to  many,  we  notice  them  here  ns  the 
record  of  our  own  observations,  to  render  the  work  as  complete  as  possible,  and  by  the  in- 
troduction of  articles  on  subjects  not  generally  noticed  by  writers  on  America,  we  trust, 
that,  taken  as  a  whole,  they  may  j)rove  worthy  of  perusal.  No  particular  arrangement 
has  been  studied  as  to  the  order  in  which  they  appear,  but  on  reference  to  the  index  pre- 
fixed, any  one  of  the  subjects  noticed  will  be  found  at  once. 


--' 1    '1   W' 


»l 


HOE  &  CO.'S  I.FA'IATIIAN  PRINTTN'G  MACHINE. 

One  of  the  greatcet  Mi,'lit«,  in  our  entimatiori,  for  the  strnngpr  who  has  never  seon  a 
printirii,'  iiincliiiit.'  throwiiii<  off  ulifots  nt  tho  riitu  of  'iooiiii  per  lioiir,  U  for  him  to  vi^it  a 
nmcliiric  nHHii  in  one  of  tlie  Daily  N(ws|)ii|).t  ollins,  wliim  tlicy  aiv  to  he  r<iiiiic1  woik- 
iiijr.  Then' nil'  u'''in'ially  cli-vntL'd  points  in  tiiy  iniicliinc  Mdnis  of  micii,  fi-iMn  wliioli  you 
can  coininaiid  an  exccllt'iit  view  of  tliis  womlcrfiil  inaininot)i  of  ('ni.'ini'iTinj^  »liiil,  Inisy  at 
work;  llirowiiij,'  off,  and  laying  down  of  itxelf  with  niatlifnialical  nit'i-ty,  tlie  sliccts  un  liicy 
conu'  from  olf  the  oyiindtr,  at  tlio  ralo  of  2"  oiio  cciiics  jier  liour.  On  tliin  niaoliinL'  tluri! 
are  ten  men  feeding  the  i-lieets  on,  wiiilst,  as  we  liave  wiid,  tlie  "  flyers"  lay  down  the 
ghectn,  ready  for  folding — the  machine  working  with  less  noise  than  Home  single  cylinder 
maehiiies  we  have  seen,  when  they  were  lal)ori  ^  away  at  1'2()()  to  2(i("»  per  liour. 

To  deseriiie  tiiis  inaeliine  so  as  to  convey  a  proper  idea  of  it  to  parlies  not  versed  in 
printing  maeiiinery,  is  not,  we  fear,  very  eauy,  and  after  all  it  must  he  seon  at  work  to  l)e 
appreeiated.  We  shall,  however,  as  far  as  possihle,  deserihe  its  const  ruction  and  operation, 
and,  with  tlie  engraving  wliich  we  give  in  another  page,  the  reader  may  have  some  idea  of 
it.  You  will,  therefdri',  try  to  conceive  before  you,  a  horizontal  eyliiuler,  of  ahout  four 
and  a  iialf  feet  in  diameter,  mounted  on  a  shaft,  with  appropriate  bearings;  about  one- 
fiiurtli  of  the  circumference  of  this  cylinder  constitutes  the  "bed"  of  the  jiress,  which  is 
uJapled  to  receive  the  "  foriTi"  of  types,  the  remainder  is  used  as  a  cylindrical  "  distribut- 
ing table."  On  this  (able  is  dislribuled  the  printing  ink,  by  means  of  rollers  passing  over 
it.  The  diameter  of  this  portion  of  the  cylinder  is  less  than  that  of  the  form  of  types,  in 
(irdcr  that  the  distributiuir  portion  of  it  may  Jiass  the  impression  cylinders  without  touch- 
ing. The  ink  is  contained  in  a  fountain,  placed  beneath  the  large  cylinder,  from  whieh 
it  is  taken  by  n  "duetor"  roller,  and  transferred,  by  a  vilirating  distributing  roller,  to  the 
cylindrical  distriluiting  table  before  alluded  to.  The  founlain  rtdler  receives  a  slow  and 
continuous  rolai'y  motion,  to  carry  up  the  ink  from  the  fountain. 

Tho  large  cyliiub'r  being  put  in  motion,  the  form  of  types  thereon  is,  in  succession,  car- 
ried to  ten  corresponding,  Imri/ontal,  impression  cylinders,  arranged  at  proper  distances 
around  it,  which  give  the  impression  to  fen  slieets,  introduced,  one  at  each  impression 
cylinder,  by  men  who  are  termed  "  feeders."  (See  our  engraving  for  the  position  they 
occupy.)     These  ten  men  "  feed"  the  machine  with  the  sheets  to  be  printed. 

For  each  impr<'ssion  cylinder  there  are  two  inking  rollers,  which  vibrate  on  the  distrib- 
uting surface  while  taking  n  supply  of  ink,  and  at  the  proper  time  pass  over  tlie  form, 
when  they  again  fall  to  the  iiistributing  surface.  Each  page  is  "locked  up"  upon  a 
detached  segment  of  the  large  cylinder,  called  by  the  compositors  a  "turtle,"  and  this  con- 
stitutes tho  '  bed"  and  "  chase."  The  rules  seen  on  newspaper  pages  between  the  columns, 
are  termed  "column  rules."  These  "column  rules"  run  parallel  with  the  shafts  of  the 
cylinder,  and  are  conswpientlj-  straight ;  while  the  "  head,"  that  is,  the  title  of  tho  j)aper, 
advertising,  and  dash  rules,  are  in  the  form  of  segments  of  a  circle.  A  cross-section  of 
tlie  column  rules  would  present  the  form  of  a  wedge,  with  the  small  end  pointing  to  the 
centre  of  theeylimler,  so  as  to  bind  the  types  near  the  top.  These  wedge-shaped  column 
rules  are  held  down  to  the  bed  or  "  turtle"  by  tongues,  projecting  at  intervals  along  their 
length,  and  sliding  in  rebated  grooves  cut  crosswise  in  the  face  of  tho  bed,  tho  space  in  the 
grooves,  l)etwcen  tho  c(dumn  rules,  lieing  filled  with  sliding  blocks  of  metal,  accurately 
fitted,  tho  outer  surface  level  with  the  surface  of  the  bed,  the  ends  next  the  cohmin  rules 
being  cut  away  underneath  to  receive  a  projection  on  the  sides  of  tho  tongues,  and  screws 
at  the  end  and  side  of  each  jingo  to  "  lock"  tliom  together,  the  types  arc  as  secure  on  this 
cylinder  as  they  can  be  on  the  old  flat  bed,  or,  in  other  words,  are  so  tightly  fi.\ed  on  to 
the  cylinder  with  which  they  revolve  ck  wiasw,  that  they  are  as  little  liable  to  shifting  from 
their  position,  as  if  they  formed  a  part  of  tho  cylinder  itself. 

The  stranger,  on  seeing  this  monster  of  printing  power,  yet  exquisite  in  execution,  at 
work,  is  at  once  almost  appalled,  as  ho  catches  the  first  glimpse  of  it  in  operation.  The 
great  whir  of  wheels  at  work — rollers  inking — men  feeding  on  with  clock-work  exact- 


LKVIATIIAN    PKINTINO   MACHINK. 


lill 


ne«« — tlio  pure  white  rIiccIii  bolii)^  nlpp«(l  Into  the  otnbrncpi  of  Iti  intiTiml  inaohlnory and 

lirfurc  you  oiin  count  one,  a  ulict't  \ui»  rocoivod  the  iinprcfHion  of  tlu)U!<un<l«  of  letter* 
and  nftorwnriU  unbosoini'd,  an  it  were,  nml  liiid  down  with  'nullioiniitioitl  cxnotncii^' 
all  toiji'tlipr,  riveting  tint  uttcntion  of  the  bclioldor  u;*  it  IHch  iilonjjf,  whilnt  In;  utand* 
trnnsfixt'd  nlmoat,  in  umo/onii'iit  find  dtdiKlit. 

J.ook  at  it  as  it  "  (?oos  a  head,"  throwing  oil  its  throo  liundrvd  to  four  hundred  Ah>i-u 
every  minute,  continuously  for  days  and  nights  in  the  large  cities  of  this  country,  and  in 
mighty  liondon  and  Manchester,  in  England.  What  is  it,  when  wo  think  of  it«  jierfdrni- 
ani'o  every  day  In  the  civilized  world,  carrying,  l>y  its  means — to  millions  of  hearts  nml 
homes,  in  the  mansion  as  well  as  the  cottage,  daily  intelligence — to  the  gay  as  well  a» 
to  the  mourner — a  giant  mullum  in  u  miniature  parvo — the  collected  essence  of  the  slates- 
iiiun,  pliilosopher,  merchant,  and  sehoolniaster,  in  all  ])artH  of  the  world,  in  one  t  Jhil  wlio 
can  calculate  its  powers?  We  pay  it  a  humhle  tribute,  if  we  say  it  is  a  machine  which  i* 
one  of  the  most  glorious  triumphs  of  nu)dern  meehnnieal  skill,  which  is  as  yet  the  crowiiiiii; 
glory  of  the  jirinting  profession  all  over  the  world  ami — of  the  "  fourth  estate"  of  Itrilain— 
a  machine  of  wliich  every  printer  ought  to  feel  proud,  and  tin^  him  with  ambition  to  l>f 
possessed  of — that  innchino  which  renders  still  more  wicred  the  jiower  it  reposes  in  the 
hands  of  tliose,  who,  by  wielding  it,  control  and  g\iide — on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic— ilu' 
destinies  of  the  world.  All  honor  to  the  noble  craft,  towering  al)Ove  all  other  profi'ssicm:!, 
which  wields  tlint  power.  All  honor  to  the  men  who  have  placed  such  a  machine  in  their 
hands.  If  Richard  M.  lloe  and  his  brothers  had  never  invented  another  machine  buttliHi 
one,  it  of  itself  would  entitle  their  names  to  bo  engraved  on  the  pages  of  history  as 
amongst  the  greatest  benefactors  of  their  race. 

The  fact  of  these  machines  having  free  scope  to  scatter  their  millions  of  sheets  weekly 
broadcast  over  the  world,  from  the  presses  of  I5ritain  and  America,  is  of  itself  a  powerful 
Btunding  rebuke  to  that  power  which  has  trampleil  upon  its  liberty  and  gagged  its  jtowcr, 
in  one  of  the  most  refined  cities  of  continental  Europe.  It  will  bo  a  glorious  day  fur 
France  when  she  is  once  more  at  liberty  to  erect  such  a  machine  as  that,  and  regain  tlie 
footing  it  was  about  to  j)lant  on  her  soil,  when  its  progress  was  arrested  by  a  <]uestioiialili> 
power.  Had  Louis  l'hilij)j)e  been  on  the  throne  of  Franco  to  day,  these  presses  would,  in 
all  probability,  have  been  sowing  there  also,  seeds,  the  fruits  of  which  umst  follow 
wherever  the  printing  press  has  free  liberty  to  work. 

Our  previous  conception  of  this  machine,  before  seeing  it  in  operation,  was,  that  from 
the  great  increase  of  printing  power  and  speed,  it  must  be  very  complicated  in  its  con- 
struction, after  seeing  the  old  presses  of  Applegarths  at  work,  with  some  of  the  sheets 
placed  in  at  the  ceiling,  wending  their  way  down  through  tapes  to  the  very  bed  of  the 
machine,  and  there  receiving  tlieir  impressions,  and  from  that,  traveling  up  another  set 
of  tapes  to  be  emitted  above,  and  there  taken  off  by  a  "  flyer,"  or  person  to  take  the 
sheets  off.  This  machine  of  lloe's,  in  construction,  is  totally  different,  and  exceedingly 
simple.  Instead  of  the  "  forms"  and  types  being  placed  upon  a  flat  bed,  and  made  to 
traverse  from  one  end  of  the  machine  to  the  other,  in  all  about  15  feet,  as  referred  to  above, 
they  revolve  round  along  with  the  cylinder,  and  the  machine,  as  a  whole,  presents  the 
appearance  of  a  single  cylinder  machine  with  ten  feeders.  The  reader  will  observe  in  our 
engraving,  at  each  end  of  the  machine,  the  sheets  in  the  oct  of  being  laid  down  by  the 
self-acting  "  flying,"  or  taking  off,  process. 

The  engraving  represents  a  press,  with  ten  impression  cylinders,  capable  of  printing  25,000 
impressions  per  hour.  Ten  persona  are  required  to  feed  on  the  sheets,  which  arc  thrown 
out  and  laid  in  heaps  by  self-acting  ilyers,  instead  of  a  man  to  take  off  for  every  one 
feeding, — in  that  process  alone,  saving  ten  men  in  taking  off  the  sheets.  Similar  machines, 
with  six  cylinders,  capable  of  printing  15,000  impressions  per  hour,  also  with  four  cylin- 
ders, capable  of  printing  10,000  impressions  per  hour,  are  made  by  Iloe  A  Co. 

We  may  mention,  that  the  principal  daily  papers  in  America,  are  printed  with  these 
machines.  Without  them,  the  publishers  could  no  more  print  their  papers,  and  supply 
their  thousands  of  impatient  readers,  many  miles  distont,  every  morning  before  breakfast, 


DKSCJKII'TION   OF   MKSHKS.    HOK'S  KHTAHI.IHIIMKNT. 


9 


iiiTy— nii,l 

of  IcttcM 

cxnotni'iii ; 

lit!    StniKU 
ll'<'<l    ulu'l'tlt 

ry,  and  in 

t«  iifrf,,ni|. 

lii'iirU  niicl 

in  Well  an 

llio  slate*. 

lint  Ullll 

n^  wliiiili  U 

frowning 

if  Itritaiii— 

tlnll    ^^,    I,,. 

oso!i  ill  the 
tlantiL'— till' 

profi'ssidiin, 

lini?  inthoir 

iiit'  liuttlmt 

liistory  as 


lliaii  tliry  ooiiM  lly  to  lln^  niooii.  (Iri'at  as  tii.-  AiiicrlraiiK  nvf  in  many  tilings,  in  notliiii(( 
art'  liny  "-o  Kiiiit,  v/r  tWwU.nn  in  lluir  jiiintin)^  inacliin.Ty,  ooiiiiiaifil  with  lliat  of  liritain. 
Tlu'miKl'iy  'riiiiinli'i'' T  <pf  Trinlin^;  lloiwc  Sijiiarc,  lia^liccii  olilii,'iii  loiiuiio  Itu'co  niirration 
of  Mi'sai'".  11"''.  ''•  I'foJiK'''.  iimlcr  the  woikiiiaii^lii|)  of  M,^<^f,v«.  Wiiilwortli,  of  Maniiu'ittiT, 
two  of  tluw  ati.tMjO  por  hour  nmrvfl*  for  tlic  Thiie«— whloh  Hi  in  huvc  modo  one  nlxo  for  the 
Man<lif"liT  Kxaininrr  und  Thiiih — wlilNt  iiiacliiriiM  havu  hi't'n  hliijipcd  from  hi  ri'  dirccl, 
and  t'llt'd  iii'hy  Aiiifrioaa  vorknifn,  in  tlic  (Hlalirirtliiiii'ntHof  tliu  lllustiati'<l  l.omlon  News. 
I.loyd'H  Weekly  NeWd,  iiiid  Mamhenter  (Juiirdiaii,  to  enublo  theiio  nowit|)Ui(fr«  to  print 
tluir  hn^e  impressions  in  time  for  ilelivery. 

One  U  apt  to  tliink,  what  tlie  eonseiiueneo  woidd  he,  now-a  duyB,  if  nny  potonfato  wn»  to 
follow  tlie  liiijoted  Kinj;  Jamen  the  SeeondV  example,  in  either  liritain  or  Amerlea,  and  de- 
cree to  Htop  the  workinj{  of  these  mijjhty  eivili/.ers  of  tln'  world.  Happily,  we  live  in  day* 
more  liheral — hut  only  lieeaiice,  in  a  great  measure,  such  niaehines  as  tln-se  inive  rendend 
IheiM  so.  Ai,'ain,  what  if  old  t'axton,  or  lien  Franklin,  eonld  look  up  and  see  a  ten-eyliu- 
der  nuiehiue  at  work,  would  they  lielieve  tlieir  own  eyesijrht!  Headers  in  I'jij^land  may 
see  the  lurj^e  maehlncs  at  work  ut  the  othceiS  in  Jiondon  and  Manehester,  a*  heforu  stated  ; 
and  in  America,  in  several  of  the  othees  of  the  New  York,  I'hiludelphia,  lioston,  Cin- 
einniiti,  Hallimore,  St.  I.onis,  and  New  Urleuns  daily  pa])ers.  There  tlo  y  form  one  of  the 
most  interestiuf^  siglits  in  tliese  cities. 

Ihivini,'  seen  this  wonderful  maehiiu'  workintf  in  Lonilon,  and  after  fleelnif  it  ai;ain  in 
operation  in  New  York,  eurio>ity  proiM|ited  us  to  visit  tlie  estaldisiunent  from  whence  this 
lA'viatlum  in  the  priiitiiif?  world,  and  the  world  of  mind,  drew  hreath ;  eonse<juently, 
we  found  our  way  to  Messrs.  U.  Hoe  A  Co.'s  works  in  (iold  street,  Now  York — such  an- 
other street  as  ft  person  gi'opes  his  way  throufjh  wiion  lie  wishes  to  reach  the  Times  ofiice, 
in  I'rlntinij-llouse  Scpiare,  London  ;  so  that  one  lieiil  on  sueli  an  exeursioii  must  not  lie  too 
ddioate  either  in  his  sense  of  smell,  or  sight;  and  must  not  turn  hack  because  lie  lias  not 
the  hroad  jiavementof  Regent  street  or  Uroadway,  to  walk  upon. 

Arrived  at  Messrs.  Hoe's  establishment,  wo  tiiid  ft  large  eounting-houso,  which,  with  i,ts 
spacious  and  comfortable  ajiidiances,  stands  out  in  strong  relief  to  Gold  street  outside,  just 
|iiisscd  tlirough.  On  expressing  our  desire  to  see  their  ostablishincnt,  and,  if  possible,  some 
of  their  iiiftchiiiery  at  work,  we  were  informed  tliat  they  would  have  jdeasure  in  showing 
us  around — as  llic>y  will  all  strangers,  and  pin''cularly  from  (Jreat  liritain ;  but  informed 
us  that  we  would  have  to  go  to  the  works  in  'oonie  street.  "NVe  thought  that  the  works 
we  saw  in  the  court-yard  behind,  were  the  woi ,  ;  but  wo  were  jiolitely  told,  these  were 
(inly  the  "jol)bing"  works,  and  where  tiie  printers  "furniture"  was  manufactured.  Re- 
ociving  ft  card  with  the  address,  we  soon  found  i  ■  way  to  the  works  in  JJroome  street. 
We  may  here  notice,  that  the  works  are  about  a  mile  olf ;  but  there  is  telegraphic  commu- 
nication between  the  two  establishments — rather  a  novelty  in  its  way,  in  a  private  manufac- 
turing establishment — so  that  any  strangi.'r  going  from  Gold  street  to  liroome-street  works, 
it  is  known  at  the  latter  works  ns  soon  ns  he  lias  left  the  counting-house  in  Gidd  street. 

The  works  oro  situated  on  Uroomo,  Sheriff,  and  Columbia  Btreets,  Before  entering  the 
works,  however,  we  had  to  go  to  the  oftieo,  where  we  were  furnished  with  a  ticket  of 
adniissioii — a  safeguard  perfectly  necessary,  when  one  recollects  what  was  said  of  a  certain 
Scotcli  machinist,  who  once  got  admittiince  into  the  printing  office  of  the  London  Times, 
and  l>rought  away  sucli  drawings — said  to  be  on  his  finger  nails,  and  his  meniorj'  together, 
as  enabled  him  to  produce  similar  machines  as  the  Times  was  printed  upon,  for  another 
celebrated  printing  establishment  in  Scotland.  With  the  variety  of  patterns  laying  about, 
in  Messrs  Hoes'  estaldisliment,  the  precaution  is  not  an  unnecessary  or  unreasonable  one. 

To  describe  all  wo  saw  ond  felt,  would  take  up  too  much  of  our  space.  We  may,  there- 
fore, briefly  state,  that  the  two  principal  articles  manufactured  here,  are,  hand  printing 
presses  and  steam  cylinder  printing  machines,  from  the  smallest  card  jobbing  press  to  the 
large  ten-cylinder  machine,  and  also  hand  and  circular  saws,  of  all  sizes. 

In  oddition,  however,  to  these,  they  also  make  lithographic  and  copperplate  presses, 
stereotype  planing  machiues,  vertical  stcara-engines,  liydrostatic  presses,  screw  presses. 


li 


10 


SAWS — KAILROAD-TICKET  PRINTING   PRESS. 


•  n 


ruling  mncliincs,  nrniing  presses  for  bookljinilcrs,  pnpor-cutting  mncliines,  letter-copyinff 
presses,  etc.  Tlie  two  great  depnrtiiients,  however,  are  the  Printing  Press  nnd  Saw 
ninnufnctiiring  departments. 

In  the  saw-making  department,  we  saw  the  "  toothing"  process,  by  wliieh  tlie  large 
teeth  are  cut  out  of  the  plates  of  steel  by  machinery,  as  easily  as  if  the  knife  was  cutting 
through  a  piece  of  cheese.  They  are  afterwards  taken  to  the  ground  floor,  where  we  saw  some 
twelve  or  fifteen  grindstones  at  work,  grinding  and  tempering  the  plates,  as  well  as  polish- 
ing the  surface. 

In  the  toothing-room,  the  saws,  whether  long  or  square,  are  all  rendered  true  by  care- 
ful hammering  and  the  use  of  the  level.  These  .•aws  are  made  in  great  quantities,  and  as 
large  as  six  feet  in  diameter  in  circular  saws;  and  the  long  saws  as  much  as  ten  feet  in 
length.  It  is  by  the  use  of  these  immense  saws  cutting  through  a  log  of  wood,  witli  the 
I  ircular  ones  flying  round  at  the  rate  of  1000  revolutions  a  minute,  that  the  trees  in  the 
vast  forests  of  America  are  cut  up,  and  constructed  into  "  sawn  lumber,"  fit  for  its  various 
uses  afterwards.  AVo  wondered,  to  the  heart  of  what  solitary  forest  those  we  observed 
making  would  ere  long  be  transported,  to  perform  their  daily  work,  regardless  of  winter's 
frost  or  summer's  scoi-ching  sun.  One  of  these  ten  feet  long  saws  will  cut  up  12,000  feet 
of  timber  in  one  day.  To  see  them,  however,  in  all  their  fearful  grandeur,  is  when  two 
and  twenty  of  them  are  fixed  in  one  frame,  about  one  inch  or  so  a])art,  working  \ip  and 
down  with  great  rapiility,  nnd  walking  through  a  log  of  '24  inches  in  diameter,  witii  all 
the  ea.se  in  the  world — reducing  the  mighty  "  monarch  of  the  forest"  into  twenty-four 
striplings  of  deal  boards  at  one  operation.  In  a  liunber  establishment  on  the  I'liver 
Ottawa,  Canada  AVesf,  wo  saw  this  done  at  a  rate,  in  which,  l>y  the  united  action  of  tlieg« 
twenty-two  saws  in  one  frame,  no  less  than  G35  feet  of  timber  was  cut  up  in  one  minute! 

In  another  part  of  the  saw-room  may  be  seen  the  beautiful  s'/'ooth  surluce  put  upon 
them  by  means  of  machinery,  altogether  making  one  feel  tlio  extent  of  what  that  timber 
trade  must  be,  when  one  establishment  alone  turns  out  such  quantifies  of  saws.  In  this 
articb'  of  large,  long  and  circular  saws,  we  understand  the  makers  of  Great  Britain 
liave  ^lO  chance  in  competing  with  the  American  makers,  such  as  Messrs.  lloes,  whilst  in 
small  hand-saws  again,  the  Kiiglish-madc  article  maintains  its  ground.  Whi'ii  Messrs. 
Hoes  first  started  saw  making,  tlicy  had  men  from  Shei.ield-— wlio  went  on  in  the  way 
they  had  been  accu^^()med  to  do — till  they  found  lit,  that  it  did  not  compete  successfully 
witii  Sheffield,  and  sc  continued  until  machinery  w,".s  brought  to  assist  them,  and  now,  us 
we  have  said,  the  English-made  article  in  large  saws  has  no  chance  with  the  American, 

It  is  in  the  construction  of  their  wonderful  steam-printing  machinery,  however,  which  is 
most  interesting,  and  here  in  another  department  will  be  seen  jirinting  machines  in  oil 
stages,  from  the  rough-cast  eylii.der,  or  malleable  iron,  or  brass  fittings,  to  the  com])letcly 
erected  maihine  ready  for  delivery.  Having  given  a  description  of  tiieir  latest  improve- 
ment and  gi'critost  achievement  in  this  department,  we  need  iiot  allude  to  printing  presses 
further  than  to  say,  that  in  one  of  their  newly-invented  card  printing  presses,  a  morvel  of 
ingenuity  is  there  presented.  This  little  machine  not  only  cuts  cards  for  itself,  but  prints 
them  at  the  rate  of  from  1,5,000  to  20,000  per  hi.'.'r!  We  actually  did  not  believe  it,  till 
we  saw  it  in  operaC  m.  It  not  only  does  that,  but  counts  them  off  in  <juanfities  of  20,  40, 
60  or  100,  or  any  quantity  in  fact,  and  prints  consecutive  numbers  on  tliem,  same  as  the 
paging  of  a  ledger,  up  as  higli  as  number  999,000.  These  are  valuable  machines,  where 
railroad  passenger-tickets,  or  such,  are  wanted.  One  of  the  great  difficulties  for  some 
time  was,  how  to  print  these  tickets  and  nuniber  tli-'in  at  the  same  time,  and  yet  every 
ticket  to  have  a  ditTcrent  number.  In  this  press  (railroad-ticket  printing  ^-css)  that  is 
accomplished,  with  the  cards  worked  on  to  this  little  automaton  mnohine  in  the  sha[)c 
of  a  roll  of  card-board.  It  thus  enters  at  one  end,  and  appears  next,  cut,  printed,  ciniiifed, 
and  every  one  numbered  difTerenfly.  What  ■..ill  machinery  be  doing  next  for  us!  Thii* 
even  beats  the  automaton  oven  and  baking  machine  described  elsewhere. 

We  had  r.lraost  forgot  to  say,  that  a  large  portion  of  the  works  arc  connected  with  maim 
facturing  from  Spanish  cedar  and  cherry  wood — the  type  cases,  and  the  other  wood  work 


HOTELS   IN  AMERICA. 


11 


etter-copying 
•C8S  nnd  Saw 

ich  the  large 
e  wns  ciiltiiig 
3  we  811  w  some 
veil  a?  polish- 
true  liy  oare- 
rititics,  and  as 
as  ton  feet  in 
■00(1,  with  the 
ic  trees  in  the 
for  its  various 
!  we  o\)servod 
OSS  of  winter's 
up  12,000  feet 
,  is  when  two 
wking  up  and 
noter,  with  all 
o  twenty-four 
on  the  River 
action  of  tlios" 
n  one  minute! 
pfiice  put  upon 
lat  that  timber 
fnws.     In  lliis 
Groat   Britain 
loes,  whilst  in 
"When  M 'ssrs. 
on  in  the  way 
L'te  sHceessfully 
m,  and  now,  as 
'  American, 
ifevor,  which  is 
iiaohincs  in  all 
the  eoniplotcly 
latest  improve- 
)rinting  presses 
OS,  a  marvel  of 
tself,  but  i^rinta 
believe  it,  till 
titles  of  20,  40, 
■m,  same  as  the 
laohines,  where 
;ultio3  for  sonic 
,  and  yet  every 
r  jn'css)  that  is 
10  in  the  shape 
rinted,  counted, 
;t  for  us !     Thi.'* 

!ted  with  manit- 
her  wood  work 


required  by  the  printing  profession.  In  fac,  the  Messrs.  Hoe  manufacture  every  thing 
for  a  printer,  exeepting  types  end  ink. 

Wo  take  pleasure  here  in  stating,  that  Messrs.  Hoc  employ  nothing  but  picked,  firat- 
class  workmen  in  every  department,  to  whom  they  pay  the  highest  wages  given  by  any 
in  similar  works.  Even  the  very  laborers  must  be  good  at  what  they  have  to  do,  and  each 
and  all  men  of  undoubted  steadiness,  and  respectability  of  character.  They  have  first- 
class  workmen  from  England,  Scotland,  France  and  Germany,  and  at  one  time  we  have 
heard,  they  had  actually  Turks  and  Armenians  working. 

When  the  works  arc  as  busy  as  they  can  be,  fully  five  hundred  men  are  employed.  At 
the  time  of  our  visit,  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  were  employed. 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA. 

Hotels,  in  America  are  generally  immense  blocks  of  buildings — sometimes  a  square 
brick  or  stone  block — resembling  a  warehouse  in  London  or  Manchester  (Eng.) ;  at  other 
times  rivalling,  in  exterior  splendor,  that  of  Buckingham  palace.  They  vary  in  size,  and 
are  fitted  up  to  accommodate  from  one  hundred  to  nearly  one  thousand  guests,  and  are 
conducted  upon  different  systems.  Some  are  exclusively  upon  the  American  plan,  others 
upon  the  European ;  others,  on  the  American  and  European  combined — so  that  guests 
may  please  themselves  which  to  adopt.  There  are  hotels  almost  exclusively  frequented  by 
Germans,  others  by  Frenchmen,  whilst  the  principal  hotels  are  all  patronized  by  Ameri- 
cans, British,  and  natives  of  all  parts  of  the  world. 

liegarding  the  liotel  conducted  on  the  American  y)lan,  we  may  explain  that  there  is  a 
large  hall,  used  exclusively  for  taking  meals.  All  the  guests  sit  at  the  same  table,  unless 
when  two  or  three  tables  are  necessary.  These  halls  range  from  one  hundred  to  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet  long,  by  about  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet  broad.  There  will  be 
seen,  say  a  magnificent  set-out  dinner-table  for  one  hundred  or  more  guests,  with  a  line  of 
table-napkins,  in  upright  fantastic  form,  stuck  into  every  tumbler,  which  range  along  each 
side  of  the  table  from  end  to  end.  The  meals — all  previously  prepared  and  brought  up— 
are  placed  on  side  tables,  and  there  delivered  to  the  white  or  colored  waiters,  each  one  of 
whom  has  four  or  six  guests  only  to  wait  upon. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  novel  sights  for  a  stranger  to  see  in  one  of  those  immense  dining-halls, 
a  whole  regiment  of  Sambos  waiting  for  the  signal  to  uncover  such  of  the  dishes  as  are 
placed  on  the  tables  before  the  guests.  After  all  the  company  are  seated,  say  twenty  to 
thirty  of  those  waiters  are  ranged,  one  half  on  each  side  of  the  table,  behind  the  guests, 
in  military  line.  At  a  given  signal,  each  one  reaches  over  his  arm  and  takes  hold  of  the 
hondle  of  a  dish.  That  is  the  first  movement.  There  they  all  hold  for  a  second  or  two, 
when,  at  another  signal,  they  all  at  the  same  moment  lift  the  cover,  all  as  if  flying  off  at 
one  whoop,  and  with  as  great  exactness  as  soldiers  are  expected  to  "  shoulder  arms."  This 
is  the  case  in  the  $2.00  or  $2.60  houses  in  tlie  large  cities.  In  the  smaller  or  cheaper 
houses,  the  same  formality  or  order  is  not  to  be  seen  in  that  respect,  nor  are  the  dining- 
halls,  of  course,  so  splendid.  In  almost  all  hotels,  there  are  no  carpets  in  the  dining- 
saloons,  which  rather  detracts  from  the  apparent  comfort  in  the  minds  of  those  who  have 
always  been  accustomed  to  dine  in  rooms  nicely  carpeted. 

In  this  largo  hall,  all  meals  are  takon  ;  breakfast,  dinner,  and  tea — or  supper,  os  it  is  called. 
The  hours  vory  in  difforent  hotels.  Generally,  breakfast  is  at  7  or  8,  a.m.  ;  dinner,  12  or  l,i>.  m.; 
tea,  or  supper,  at  5  to  T  p.  m.  Some  of  the  large  and  most  fashionable  liousos  have  second 
dinners,  set  out  at  5  or  (i,  p.  m.  The  meals,  one  and  all,  may  be  said  to  be  "  royal,"  in  the  fullest 
sense  of  that  word.  Even  in  hotels,  where  the  charge  is  only  f  1  per  day,  or  $3  or  ^-t  per 
week,  the  sot-out  is  not  to  he  despised.  For  the  curii  uf  in  such  matters,  we  may  state  what 
the  meals  consist  of,  at  a  house  of  that  description — which  will  be  found  quite  common  all 
over  the  States. 

For  breakfast,  excellent  tea,  coffee,  or  cocoa ;  beefsteaks,  mutton  chops,  ham,  fish,  pota- 


W 


ifl 


!    1 


.'SV 


12 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA. 


■H 

H 
I 

n 

•1 

i 

toes,  (roasted,  boiled  and  fried) ;  buck-wlicat  cokes,  Indian  corn  cnkes,  (like  pancakes,) 
Indian  corn  bread,  whcnten  and  brown  bread,  butter,  and  eggs;  the  latter,  by  the  way, 
broken  and  enijjtied  into  glasses,  and  supped  with  a  spoon. 

Dinner  is  regulated  bj-,  of  course,  what  is  in  season.  Wiiat  is  provided,  may  be  said  to 
contain  "  all  tlie  delicacies  of  the  season,"  and  even  a  few  which  are  unknown  at  the  hotel 
dinner  tables  in  Great  Britain. 

In  July  last,  we  found  at  a  $1  per  day  house,  in  a  northern  State,  the  following  bill  of 
fare : — 

Sour. — Maccaroni  and  vermicelli. 

Fisn. — Mackerel,  trout,  and  white  fish. 

Boiled  Dishes. — Ham,  tongue,  and  chickens. 

Roast  Dishes. — Beef  and  lamb. 

Veh ETA iii.es. — Potatoes,  (boiled  and  roasted,)  turnips,  green  peas,  cabbage,  beetroot,  let- 
tuce, onions,  French  beans,  squash,  pickles,  etc. 

Pasthy. — Apple  pie,  rhubarb  pie,  Indian  corn  pudding,  (like  ground  rice,)  wheaten 
bread  pudding,  floating  island,  sponge  cake,  cheese,  biscuit,  etc. 

Tea — or  supper,  as  it  is  called — consists  of  the  same  as  at  breakfast  time,  with  an  addition 
of  sponge  coke,  jellies,  jams  ond  pastry,  sufficient  for  the  sweetest  of  teeth. 

At  every  meal,  there  is  universally  set  down  a  tumbler  of  cold  water.  In  fact,  tliat 
accompanies  every  sort  of  meal  in  America. 

Considering  that  tho  foregoing  fare  is  provided  in  hotels  where  you  ore  boarded  and 
lodged  for  $1  per  day,  you  ask  yourself  the  question.  How  is  it  done,  and  where  in  (Jreat 
Britain  could  you  get  such  fare,  for  any  thing  like  double,  the  amount  of  money  ? 

In  the  $2  50  (or  lO.f.  stg.)  per  day  houses,  of  course  the  meals  are  more  sumptuous 
still,  there  Ijeing  magnificent  desserts  placed  on  the  table  after  dinner,  consisting  of  the 
most  tempting  of  home,  as  well  as  tropically  grown,  fruits. 

In  connection  with  the  meals  at  American  hotels,  we  confess  we  have  failed,  like  Mr.  W. 
Chambers,  to  see  much  of  that  fast  eating  attributed  to  Americans.  We  have  seen  quite 
as  much  of  that  in  England,  as  a^  any  hotel  in  America.  At  first-class  houses,  in  the  l.nrge 
cities,  we  hove  many  limes  considered  them  decidedly  slow  at  meat.  We  have  seen 
instances  of  some  finishing  their  meals  quickly — but  we  have  seen  that  excelled  many  a 
score  of  times,  in  "  coffee  rooms"  and  "  commercial  rooms"  of  hotels  in  Engh.nd,  where 
either  not  being  called  in  time — meals  not  ready  when  wanted  or  ordered — the  un  brtunate 
traveler  was  often  obliged  to  "  bolt"  them  at  a  rate  about  as  fast  as  the  approacMng  loco- 
motive he  was  anxious  to  be  in  time  for. 

As  a  general  rule,  people  here  do  not  sit  so  long  at  their  meals  os  they  do  a  the  tables 
in  the  hotels  in  (ircat  Britoin,  greatly  owing,  we  think,  because  the  drinking  customs  are 
not  indulged  in  so  much  here.  At  table,  there  is  not  so  much  ceremony  and  formality,  and 
dining  does  not  generally  occupy  so  lonf*  time — whilst  i\t  some  tables,  a  proportion  of  tlie 
guests  may  be  men  in  busiiicss,  who  allow  themselves  only  a  ceHain  time  for  meals,  and  as 
soon  as  done,  are  desirous  of  perusing  a  newsj)aper,  in  the  reading  room,  before  returning 
to  business. 

The  bedrooms  oi  all  hotels  almost,  in  America,  have  one  great  advantoge — they  ore  lofty 
and  clean,  as  i  general  rule ;  the  first-class  houses  scrupulously  clean.  Tlie  most  gorgeous 
apartments  of  lirst-closs  hotels — or,  as  we  may  call  them,  the  $2  or  $2.50  (8.«.  to  lO.f.)  per  day, 
houses — are  '.he  ladies'  parlors,  drawing-rooms,  ond  reception-rooms. 

Visitors,  on  calling,  are  received  in  the  reception-rooms,  which  are  little  drawing-rooms 
of  theniiclves. 

Tiie  Miblic  sitting-rooms  are  really  gorgeous  apartments,  and  stioh,  we  fancy,  os  mony  on 
the  British  side  of  the  Atlantic  have  little  idea  of  Let  the  stranger  enter  one  of  tiicse 
magnincent,  lofty  rooms,  even  although  he  has  been  accustomed  to  the  (ireot  Western  at 
Paddinglon,  the  Euston,  or  any  of  the  fashionable  hotels  in  St.  James  or  Albenmrlo  street, 
London,  (Eng.,)  or  Douglas's  in  Edinburgh,  he  will  bo  met  with  splendor  he  scarcely 
reckoned  on.     On  whatever  point  the  eye  rests,  it  is  only  to  be  dazzled  or  pleased.     If  tho 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA. 


13 


dining-lialls  were  banqueting-lmlls,  truly  these  are  elysiums  of  ease  and  grandeur.  Look 
at  the  walls,  and  they  are  touched  off  with  excellent  taste,  in  white  and  gold,  perhaps; 
the  cornices — the  richest  and  most  intricate  efforts  of  the  plasterer ;  the  windows — hung  with 
the  rarest  and  most  costly  draperies  of  Tournay  or  Bradford  ;  the  floors— covered  with  the 
softest  and  most  beautiful  velvet-pile  carpets  of  Bright,  of  Rochdale,  or  Crossley,  of  Halifax, 
(Eng.,)  which  have  found  their  way  here,  to  add  comfort  and  splendor  to  the  apartment; 
the  exquisitely-carved  rosewood  furniture — sofas  and  easy  chairs  of  all  imaginaMe  shapes, 
for  luxurious  ense  and  elegance— and  the  superb  gran  il  pianos,  of  America's  best  manufac- 
ture; whilst  the  splendor  of  the  mirrors,  and  the  gas-fittings,  and  chandeliers — by  tlieir 
intricate  workmanship  ond  beauty,  finish  off  the  gorgeous  apartment.  We  are  in  sober 
earnest  in  our  remarks,  as  all  will  know  who  have  seen  these  palatial  residences.  If  the 
Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom  should  visit  those  shores,  neither  Iler  Majesty  nor  guardians 
need  fear  the  want  of  queenly  accommodation,  even  in  the  every-day  life  of  a  first-class 
American  hotel. 

The  ladies'  drawing-room  is  oppropriated  for  single  ladies,  or  married  ladies  and  children, 
and  for  gentlemen  who  accompriny  their  wives,  or  sisters,  and  families. 

Single  gentlemen,  travelling  alone,  will  find  a  gentlemen's  parlor  for  sitting  in.  Such, 
however,  are  not  much  frequented  in  summer,  generally.  In  fine  weather,  the  gentlemen 
prefer  to  sit  about  the  doors,  in  die  cool  of  the  summer  evening,  or  in  the  reading-room, 
where  the  newspapers  are. 

Single  gentlemen  are  frequently  invited  into  the  ladies'  drawing-room  by  the  proper 
inmates  of  it,  and  sometimes  strangers  go  in  uninvited,  by  mistake.  In  such  cases,  full 
allowance  is  made  for  the  error,  and,  most  probably,  some  of  the  ladies  will  open  up  a  con- 
versation, and  thereby  make  the  stranger  feel  at  once  at  home. 

The  fastidious  Englishman — when  he  enters  a  hotel  on  the  American  plan  for  the  first 
time — may  turn  up  his  nose  at  some  things  which  he  sees,  simply  owing  to  the  difference  of 
system  adopted  here.  If  he  has  been  a  commercial  traveller,  for  instance,  who,  as  an  old 
stager  on  some  favorite  ground  in  Britain,  and  as  well  known  as  the  village  'dock  at  every 
crack  house  all  along  his  route — where  the  chambermaid  will  be  sure  to  put  him  into  the 
best  bedroom — where  the  boots  will  be  like  to  break  his  neck,  and  his  back,  too,  in  assisting 
on  his  arrival — while  the  oily  waiter,  with  his  crimson  countenance  in  white  choker  so 
clean,  stands  rubbing  his  hands,  with  a  towel  under  his  left  arm-pit,  and  the  sleek  and  well- 
lined  host  approaches  to  shake  the  arrival  by  the  fist — such  a  gentleman  will  find  a  mighty 
difference  in  an  American  hotel. 

First  of  all,  let  \\n  remind  him  that,  in  the  consideration  of  expenses,  there  is  a  great 
saving  here.  You  can  live  here  at  a  hotel  equal  in  magnificence  to  a  Mivart's  or  a  St. 
James's  hotel,  for  10«.  (stg.)  per  day,  and  no  fees  to  chamberniaids,  waiters,  boots,  or 
porters.  Your  meals  will  comprise  delicacies  with  which  you  never  have  been  favored, 
even  in  your  "  best  house  on  tiie  road  ;"  so  that  if  a  different  course  is  pursued  here,  different 
and  better  courses  are  laid  before  you.  But  you  may  wish  to  dine  by  yourself,  as  at  home. 
Well,  you  can  be  accommodated  at  the  hotel,  on  the  European  plan.  Only  remember,  that 
in  sitting  down  at  the  public  table  of  a  hotel  here,  on  the  American  plan,  you  will  meet 
with  the  company  of  the  most  accomplished  ladies  as  well  as  gentlemen,  the  former  being 
unknown  guests  at  your  "  commercial  room"  tables  in  old  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland. 
Here  j-ou  will  see  a  deference,  respect,  and  attention  paid  to  ladies,  exceeded  nowhere — not 
even  l)y  the  politest  people  said  to  be  in  the  world — the  I'arisians.  If  you  are  found  to  be 
a  well-bred  and  true  gentleman,  it  will  not  be  a  very  difficult  matter,  particularly  to  you, 
a  stranger  from  Britain,  to  get  introduced  in  the  drawing-room  to  the  best  of  its  society. 
It  is  true,  tiiat  at  the  public  dinner-table  you  will  miss  your  accustomed  "  president"  nt  the 
one  end,  and  your  "  vice"  at  the  other ;  you  will  miss  your  bottle  or  two  of  wine,  or  as 
much  as  j'ou  have  been  accustomed  to  "  put  away."  But  here  we  are  wrong.  You  may 
call  even  for  your  wine  or  .pirits,  and  get  any  thing  of  that  kind  supplied;  but  if  you  do, 
you  will  feel  "all  alone  in  your  glory,"  and  be  left  to  propose  and  respond  to  as  many 
toasts  as  is  usual,  from  "  the  Queen,  and  God  bless  her,"  down  to  "  absent  friends ;"  but  this 


1  .J, 


i  -41 


14 


HOTELS   IN  AMERICA. 


.  '!'  «■ 


i'^  ' 


M> 


bear  in  mind,  you  will  do  all  within  yourself— imagining  all  the  while  a  few  of  the  old 
"  bricks"  around  you.  But  the  fact  is,  you  will  forget  all  that  here.  The  company  by 
which  you  are  surrounded  at  dinner,  tho  magnificent  styles  of  the  dresses — the  merry 
faces — the  perfect  forest  of  table-napkins  which,  stuck  into  the  tumblers  along  each  side  of 
the  long  tables — which  might  groan  if  thoy  had  tiie  power — the  pctivity  of  the  ser- 
vants, the  wliole  scene  of  knife-and-fork  work,  from  one  end  of  the  table  to  the  other,  and 
the  rich  and  good  tilings  set  before  you,  will  all  combine  to  make  you  forget  the  com- 
forts even  of  the  "  Hen  and  Chickens,"  the  "  Ked  Lion,"  the  "  White  Horse,"  the  "  Stork," 
the  "  Buck's  Head,"  the  "  Guildliall,"  and  any  and  all  of  the  favorite  houses  you  have  left 
on  the  other  side  of  the  water. 

Finished  your  dinner,  for  example,  instead  of  a  bill  of  2».  6cl.  sterling  (62  cents)  for  din- 
ner— and,  to  say  the  least,  other  2.>i.  Gd.,  but  oftcner  5s.  ($1.25),  for  wine  alone,  making,  as 
you  well  know,  from  5«.  to  Vs.  fx/.  (stg.,)  and  sometimes  as  higli  as  10s.  to  14,<.  each,  when 
you  have  had  an  extra  "  heavy  go,"  for  dinner-bill  alone — here  you  have  had  all  you 
could  desire  in  eatables,  for  from  Is.  to  2.v.  (stg.),  depending  upon  the  house  you  stop  at. 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  we  would  refer  you  to  a  letter  in  the  London  Tunes  of 
July  10,  1858,  wherein  a  gentleman  complains  of  a  hotel  at  Brighton,  (not,  however,  the 
"Clarence,")  at  being  charged  in  a  dinner-bill,  as  follows; — Soup,  two  chops,  pease,  pota- 
toes, cheese  and  bread — only  (?)  7s.  sterling;  and  with  half  a  pint  of  sherry  wine,  ^x. ;  in 
all,  10.?.,  or  $2.50 — e.^:actly  the  ^n'cc  of  one  entire  day's  board  and  lodging  at  one  of  the  \\\> 
top  houses  in  New  York. 

If  you  should,  however,  think  some  of  the  company  rather  plebeian,  we  would  have  3-ou 
to  recollect,  that  at  the  dinner-table  here,  as  well  as  everywhere  else  in  Anioriea,  "  Jack 
is  as  good  as  his  master;"  and  if  you  happen  to  have  got  an  engagement  in  a  store,  you 
will  meet  your  employer  here  at  table,  and  he  will  meet  you  in  a  very  different  spirit,  and 
with  very  different  feelings,  from  what  some  "  old  governor,"  you  once  liud,  would  have  met 
you  at  the  dinner-table — if  he  had  ever  met  you  there  at  all. 

If  it  should  so  happen  that  you  have  not  got  such  a  nice  bod  room  as  you  would  like  at 
the  hotel,  all  you  have  to  do  is  to  give  the  clerk  the  hint,  in  a  quiet,  gentlemanly,  and 
affable  manner,  and  he  will  meet  you  in  the  same  way,  and  give  you,  most  likely,  the  first 
room  he  can  for  the  better.  The  clerks  at  hotels  here,  are  obliged,  as  they  are  generally  found 
to  be,  civil,  obliging,  gentlemanly  men  ;  bred,  most  likelj",  as  you  yourself  were,  otherwise 
they  could  not  occupy  the  post  of  book-keeper  a. id  cashier,  and  in  many  eases  speaking 
three  or  four  languages.  If,  however,  you  "  try  it  m\"  with  them,  in  the  style  of  "  born  to 
command,"  so  usual  in  hotels  in  J5ritain,  you  will  find  you  make  one  of  tiie  greatest  mis- 
takes you  are  apt  to  make  in  this  country,  for  want  of  not  knowing  better  how  to  go 
about  matters. 

Some  of  tliC  pri.'.c'pnl  hotel-  in  all  large  cities  in  America,  are  open  all  night;  in  fact, 
they  are  never  bimi,  fciiin  the  n'o;  ling  the  house  is  opened  by  the  tenant,  till  it  is  closed 
forever  by  him.  A  fiv.-h  ciork,  with  fresh  servants,  go  on  duty  at  night,  and  relieve  each 
otlier  witii  tl-e  sn.ie  r:a;'ilri-i* ,'  as  i}.<-  .-oldiers  relieve  e  eh  other  at  the  Horse  Guards. 

One  grcri,  ri'jvi.i»lii;je  of  iJie  Am.rii'un  hotel  is  lh:i',,  being  open  all  night,  ns  we  have 
said,  and  thui.  y m  n."  'vc,  f.i'  at  i'.»  ir  I'Vljck  in  th-/  j.iorning,  you  will  meet  with  tln!  same 
attention  and  )i'J!ip;L>?ss  a^.  if  y..u  had  arrived  at  twelve  at  noon;  and  in  some  of  the 
hotels,  where  t!'.  'O  is  »  h,ir  always  open,  you  can  lavc  meals  at  any  liour  of  the  night  or 
morning,  just  ;i8  prouri^L  .'  t:  ^  n;  or»  o'cl'.ri-  in  the  afternoon. 

On  your  arrival  nl,  "x  hof^.1  M;  America,  y<iu  will  not  bo  saluted  by  a  waiter  or  two  in 
white  cravat,  black  lo!',  P'tu,,  .te..  ".iid  with  an  immense  deal  of  bowing  and  humbug 
from  either  waiter  or  laildi^>I•■J.  Instead  of  that,  you  enter  the  hotel,  jierhaps  unseen  ;  go 
right  up  to  the  desk  at  the  office;  ask  for  the  visitors'  book,  (where  you  enter  your  name, 
and  where  you  are  from);  tell  the  clerk  you  liave  sutne  luggage,  (or  baggage  as  it  is  invari- 
ably called,)  when  he  will  summons  one  of  the  ])orti'rs  of  tiie  house  to  bring  it  from  the 
door,  if  there.  You  apply  for  a  bedroom,  the  elc  k  >.. .  ts  you  with  the  key  of  a  room  of 
u  certain  'lumber;  the  porter,  who  has  brought  .    ;  -r  baggage,  is  desired  to  ascend  with 


,1,   ^:; 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA, 


lo 


you  to  your  room,  and  there  you  will  find  it  all  ready  for  your  reception;  and  let  you  ar- 
rive whenever  you  will,  the  bedroom  you  are  sent  to  is  certain  to  be  in  that  state,  and 
none  of  the  hurry-scurryiuj;  which  is  to  be  seen  soraolimes  in  liotels  in  England  and  Scot- 
land, when  a  room  is  not  in  order  for  a  fresh  guest  to  enter  it.  Your  baggage  laid  down 
in  your  room,  it  will  be  better  for  you  to  peruse  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  house, 
whicli  you  will  frecjucntly  find  printed  on  a  placard  and  hung  up  in  your  room. 

Till:  key  whicli  you  got  from  the  clerk  is  intended  to  be  used  by  you  by  day  as  well  as 
by  nifiht.  That  is  to  say,  keep  your  door  always  locked  during  the  day,  and  when  not  in 
your  bedroom,  either  keep  the  key  in  your  pocket,  or  what  is  general,  return  it  to  the 
clerk  at  the  oflice,  wlio  will  hang  it  up;  and  whose  duty  it  is  to  receive  it  from,  and  de- 
liver it  to  you,  whenever  you  like. 

Any  complaint  you  may  have  to  make ;  any  thing  not  exactly  to  your  mind ;  any  cliange 
you  may  want;  stamps,  wafers,  etc. ;  inquiries  as  to  post-offiee,  or  any  thing  else  pertain- 
ing to  the  town  ;  any  wasliing  requiring  attending  to,  tliere  is  only  one  man  to  talk  to  about 
these  and  all  such  matters,  and  that  is,  the  clerk  or  book-keeper  in  the  oflice.  It  is  no  use 
talking  to  servants ;  they  will  pay  no  attention  to  you,  further,  tiian  tell  you  to  apply  at 
the  oflice.  Of  course,  at  any  time,  you  may  ring  the  bell-in  your  room,  and  the  clerk  will 
dispatch  a  porter  to  see  what  j-ou  want. 

One  of  the  most  important  assistants  about  a  hotel  hero,  is  the  clerk  or  book-keeper; 
he  is,  in  fact,  the  factotum  of  the  establisliment.and  wlio  is  to  be  found  in  close  attendance, 
as  we  liave  said,  at  the  desk  or  in  the  "  oflice"  of  the  hotel — the  latter  a  department  almost 
unknown  in  hotels  in  JJritain.  With  tlie  clerk  you  make  your  terms  for  bijurd  and  lodg- 
ing on  entering.  Whatever  terms  you  make,  it  will  be  so  mueii  per  day  or  per  week.  In 
many  hotels,  wlicre  the  charge  is  §2.00  per  day,  you  will  find,  by  making  a  bargain  per 
week;  it  may  not  cost  you  mucli  more  than  half  tlint  simi  per  day.  In  the  same  way  with 
houses  wliose  charge  is  $1.0i)  per  day,  you  may  board  and  lodge  for  $0.00  or  $4.00  per 
week  ;  and  whether  you  bargain  by  the  week  or  by  the  day,  the  bills  of  fare  are  the  same — 
your  patronage  is  csteenu^d  just  the  same  for  a  day,  as  for  a  week,  and  you  can  stay  as 
long  as  you  like,  or  go  when  you  like.  Only  ihere  is  this  lo  be  remembered,  that  you  had 
better  ascertain  tiie  hours  for  meals,  as,  if  you  are  not  tliere  at  meal-hour — and  lose  meals 
— tliere  is  no  reduction  made  in  tiie  rate  per  day,  it  being  all  the  same  whether  you  take 
meals  or  not. 

JJoardiiig  in  hotels,  as  -i  regi.lar  thing,  is  quite  commcn  by  young  men  in  situations,  and 
young  married  couples,  who  have  not  the  meni-  probably  to  furnish  and  keep  up  a  house 
as  tiiey  would  like,  or  who  do  not  wisli  to  have  its  cares  and  troubles.  Families,  however, 
wlio  liavo  any  idea  of  residing  permanently  in  a  town,  furnish  at  once,  if  they  have  the 
in''!ins.  We  have  met  many  young  men  in  situations — in  towns  in  the  States — who  being 
tiiimarried,  board  and  lodge  in  tlie  hotel,  and  do  so  very  respectably  and  comfortably,  for 
$i;5  or  $4  |)er  week,  and  feel  convinced  they  live  better,  and  are  more  comfortable  tlian  if 
in  |)rivate  lodgings. 

Workmen,  again,  with  and  witluiut  families,  who  are  strangers  in  a  town,  seek  out  a 
respectabhi  liotel,  where  they  find  it  very  convenient  and  economical,  until  they  get 
citiier  private  lodgings,  or  rent  a  house  of  tlieir  own.  We  have  met  with  several  work- 
men ill  the  nortliern  and  western  states,  who,  earning  their  $8  to  $10  per  week,  live 
regularly  at  tlie  hotel,  paying  $3  to  $4  per  week  for  board  and  lodging,  such  as  is  un- 
known to  the  wtirking  classes  in  Great  Britain,  who  have  the  same  amount  of  wages,  viz. : 
S'i.v.  to  lo.v.  ]ier  week. 

Half  an  lioiir  or  so  before  each  meal,  a  huge  gong  is  sounded  through  all  parts  of  the 
house,  wiili  noise  sufficient  to  waken  the  dead,  were  it  possible.  On  the  sound  of  the 
second  gong,  it  is  lo  iiitiiiiate  that  i!very  tiling  is  ready,  and  you  are  desired  to  take  your 
seat  at  table.  The  top,  or  head  end  of  the  tabic,  is  always  reserved  for  ladie.s,  and  gentle- 
men with  ladies,  seated  all  together.  The  single  gentlemen  take  the  first  seat  they  lay 
hands  on. 

American  hotels  are  owned  or  leased  by  sometimes  only  one  party,  and  iu  other  cases  by 


16 


HOTELS  IN  AMERICA. 


two  or  three  in  pnrtnership.  Sometiinos  a  mnn  is  n  partner  in  a  hotel,  and  a  mnnufnctiircr 
or  morchnnt  nt  tlie  Fnnie  time.  lie  will  invest  his  money  ns  a  speciilntion  in  a  hotel,  just 
as  soon  as  in  a  cotton  mill,  a  railroad,  or  a  bank.  Asjain,  there  is  one  man  in  the  States, 
who  is  lessee  of  no  less  than  live  of  the  largest  liouses,  in  difTerent  eities. 

The  conducting  of  a  hotel,  in  America,  is  reduced  to  a  system  as  nK^tliodical  and  perfect 
as  the  carrying  on  of  a  cotton  mill,  or  conducting  a  garrison,  and  hotels  here  are  just  as  un- 
like some  of  the  hotels  in  Britain,  as  a  country  draper's  shop  is  to  a  mammoth  sized 
warehouse,  in  Manchester  or  London. 

The  hotel  proprietor  is  generally  a  shrewd,  active,  gentlemanly  man  of  business,  -who 
works  more  wiili  his  head  than  his  hands. 

In  the  office.^  attaeh( d  to  siine  hotels  are  two  or  three  clerks  or  book-keepers,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  answer  all  parties  e.illing. 

When  about  to  leave  a  hotel,  give  all  yi^iir  instructions  to  the  elcrk  at  the  office.  If  you 
leave  word  any  where  else,  it  nia^'  'le  forgot.  If  you  leave  it  with  the  clerk,  it  is  almost 
certaiii  to  be  punctually  attended  to. 

Near  the  clerk's  office,  ther'.-  is  generally  n  washing  room,  where  you  can  wash  your 
hands,  etc.,  without  the  trouble  of  going  up  to  your  room  to  do  so. 

All  hotel  keepers  have  skeleton  keys  ti  the  bed-room  doors,  so  that  in  leaving  your  room 
loe'ced,  it  is  better  to  leave  all  your  baggage  locked  up.  Those  keys  arc  necessary  to 
enable  the  servants  to  clear  up  the  room  in  your  absence. 

llog.irding  the  hotels  upon  tlie  European  ]ilap,  we  may  observe  that  in  some  of  them 
there  is  a  "coffee  room,"  similar  to  tliat  drpiirtniont  of  a  Tiritish  hotel,  where  the  gue>t 
may  take  meals  at  a  table  by  himself;  or  agiiiii,  wliere  the  meals  are  served  up  in  the  pri- 
vate rooms  engaged  by  guests. 

We  may  here  remark  that  the  European  plan  of  hotel  keeping  is  gaining  ground  in  the 
large  eities,  amongst  the  first-class  houses. 

The  hotels  on  the  Euro])ean  and  American  combined,  are  conducted,  in  every  other 
respect,  same  as  an  exelusivelj-  American  hotel,  excepting  in  the  serving  of  meals.  It 
18  in  having  a  coffee  room — and  meals  su]>i)lied  at  separaie  tables  there,  or  in  jirivatc 
apar  I.  ents — in  what  the  difference  consists.  Frequenters  of  first  el  ass  hotels  in  Eni^lanil, 
will  hnd  themselves  suited  in  America  equally  as  well,  and,  we  suspect,  innnensely  cheaper 
than  at  hotels  in  UritJiin,  and  with  all  the  comforts  of  the  elite  of  the  houses  in  "  Bel- 
gravia"  or  "  Modern  Athens,"  or  in  the  "  Hotel  du  Louvre." 

Suites  of  private  apartments,  witli  bath  rooms,  and  every  modern  convenience,  can  be 
engaged,  fitted  up  in  regal  magnificence,  either  in  the  exclusively  European,  or  seirii- 
American  and  semi-European  plan,  with  the  best  attendances-carriages,  horses,  and  every 
thing  which  is  generally  attached  to  first-class  hou8e& 

By  an  ingenious  contrivance,  all  the  noise  of  ringing  of  bells  in  the  house  is  avoided.  An 
instrument  called  an  "  annunciator,"  is  placed  in  the  clerk's  office.  At  a  given  signal  from 
any  particular  room,  the  number  of  the  room  is  indicated  u[)on  the  dial-plate  of  the  instru- 
ment, by  one  stroke  of  a  call-bell,  wlien  a  servant  is  dispatched  to  the  room  to  ascertain 
what  is  wanted. 

L'onnected  with  every  hotel  tlun-e  are  numerous  bath-rooms,  and  a  barber's  shop.  Judging 
from  the  numbers  who  frequent  the  latter,  and  the  time  sjteiit  under  the  peruquier's  haiuls, 
and  in  the  washing-rooms  attached,  the  Americans  appear  to  be  very  particular  us  to  their 
cleanly  perso.;i'l  appearance  and  comfort. 

Parties  are  recommended  not  to  be  over-eoniiiiunieative  with  strangers  they  may  meet 
staying  at  hotels,  as  almost  all  hotels  are  infested  with  a  set  of  prowling  "  loafers"  and 
sharpers,  who  are  continually  on  the  look-out  after  strangers,  on  Avhom  to  practise  various 
descriptions  of  imposition  and  robbery.  One  may  be  officiouslj-  jiolitc  in  ofTeriTig  to  show 
you  the  "  lions"  of  the  city  or  town  ;  another  will  assume  to  be  a  perfect  stranger  like 
yourself,  in  visiting  such  ;  whilst  a  third  will  pretend  he  is  travelling  to  the  same  place 
you  arc  going  to,  anil  offers  to  take  you  to  the  /iraper  place  for  obtaining  a  ticket  to  your 
destination — whilst  he  i'  only  an  em|)loye  of  a  "  bogus"  or  swindliag  ticket-office,  after  all. 
Some  strangers,  who  consider  themselves  very  "  smart"  at  home,  have  found,  to  their  cost, 
smarter  fellow-companions  in  strangers  in  such  cities  as  New  York, 


WORTHY  OP  CREDIT — TRADE  PROTECTION. 


PROTECTION  TO  TRADE  AND  DEBT  COLLECTING. 


17 


A  coMMERiuL  traveller  acquaintanco  of  onrf,  once  was  desirous  of  opening  nn  necount 
with  a  very  good  and  safe  man,  but  such  was  the  nature  of  the  customer  he  had  to  meet, 
that  tlie  traveller  was  for  some  time  at  a  loss  how  to  approach  him,  as,  from  all  ho  had 
heard  of  him,  ho  was  one  of  those  purse-proud,  ignorant,  and  contomptihlo  men  who  are  to 
he  met  with  sometimes  l)ehind  a  retail  shop  or  store  counter,  by  travellers  "  on  the  road." 
There  was  only  one  way  to  make  the  attack,  as  he  was  determined  to  let  him  understand 
that  the  obligation  of  doing  business  between  individuals,  was  mutual,  so  he  resolved  to 
"  lake  the  bull  by  the  horns."  Walking  into  the  shop,  with  parcel  of  patterns  in  hand,  and 
an  utter  stranger,  although  not  unacquainted  with  the  peculiarities  of  the  man  he  had  to 
deal  Avith,  thus  addressed  him:  "1  have  called,  sir,  to  pay  you  one  of  the  highest  compli- 
ments which  one  man  can  pay  to  another,"  delivered  with  all  that  suavity  of  manner  and 
perfect  coolness  with  which  some  accomplished  travellers  are  largely  endowed.  The  cus- 
tomer was  taken  aback  from  so  unusual  a  salutation,  and  was  brought  to  inquire,  "  Indeed, 
sir !  In  what  respect  ?"  "Simply,  sir,"  said  the  traveller,  "  that  the  house  I  have  the  honour 
to  represent,  considers  you  worthy  of  credit."  Tiie  rcs\dt  was,  that  between  what  the  cus- 
tonior  considered  the  nrdaeity  of  the  traveller,  and  tli.it  he  felt  the  truth  of  the  compliment, 
it  led  to  business  between  the  two.  We  mention  this  anecdote  briefly,  to  illustriite  how 
difficult  it  is  to  do  business  with  some  men,  however  good  value  may  be  placed  before 
them,  but  more  jmrtieularly,  that  tlie  man  who,  although  at  one  time  in  the  hey-day  of 
prosperity — and  whose  position  is  one  of  undoubted  good  credit,  with  every  one  more 
an.\iou8  than  another  to  do  business  with  liim — may  not  always  remain  in  that  excellent 
position,  but  who,  a  few  years  afterwards,  may  afford  as  good  reasons  why  the  commer- 
cial traveller  should  be  as  desirous  of  avoiding  his  acquaintance  as  our  friend  was  of  mak- 
ing it,  and  hence  the  necessity  and  utility  of  one  of  those  "  institutions"  in  America,  called 
"  Commercial"  or  "  Mercantile  Agencies,"  connected  with  which,  is  that  of  Debt  Collecting. 

The  system  of  Trade  I'rotection  Societies,  as  carried  out  in  Oreat  Britain  is  in  its  infancy 
when  compared  with  the  system  in  operation  in  America.  Where  is  the  protection  society 
there,  for  example,  that  can  produce  in  its  office  a  record  of  the  commercial  standing  of 
every  man  in  business  from  Penzance  to  John  O'Groat's,  or  from  Ballycastle  to  Dundrum 
Bay.  It  is  true,  tliat  such  as  Messrs.  Perry  of  London  have  a  register  of  all  London  traders 
only,  and  may  procure  information,  perhaps,  regarding  men  at  a  distance ;  or  it  may  be 
tiiat  a  Trade  I'rotection  Association  in  Manchester  or  Leeds  can  give  information  about 
parties  in  those  districts  to  their  members  writing  to,  or  calling  at  their  offices,  but  if  infor- 
mation is  wanted  aliout  a  man  in  Wick,  (Orkney,)  Enniskillen,  (Ireland,)  or  Truro,  (Corn- 
wall,) or  other  more  out  of  the  way  places  than  these,  they  have  to  write  and  procure  the 
information,  and  ten  chances  to  one  if  they  nave  correspondents  there  from  whom  they  can 
get  any  information  at  all. 

The  mercantile  or  commercial  agencies  of  America  are  conducted  by  private  firms — 
whose  standing  can  be  easily  ascertained  by  parties  desirous  of  pmjiloying  thera — thus 
doing  away  with  the  objections  to  boards  of  directors  about  such  establishments.  They 
are  carried  on  ujion  an  immense  scale,  with  agents  and  correspondents  ramificating 
througiiout  the  whole  of  the  Union  and  Canada,  and  now  we  understand  they  are  extend- 
ing their  business  to  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  the  continent  of  Europe.  Their  register 
of  traders  extends  to  every  man  engaged  in  Ijusiness  in  every  town  and  county  in  all 
tiie  states  and  teriitories  of  America,  as  well  as  in  Canada.  Tliis  may  be  termed  their 
"Trade  Protection"  department.  In  this  department  sets  of  books  are  kept,  in  which  is 
entered  the  name,  trade,  and  address  of  every  man  who  is  in  business,  whether  that  is  in 
Ive\,  Orleans  or  Nova  Scotia,  in  California  or  Canada.  In  a  certain  folio  in  a  ledger,  every 
man's  name  is  entered,  followed  uyi  by  a  variety  of  particulars,  such  as  when  he  commenced 
btniness,  what  means  he  had,  what  was  his  moral  character  and  business  abilities,  his  mar- 
riage or  family  connections,  etc.,  etc.,  so  as  to  present  a  complete  history  of  every  trader 
from  the  date  he  stjirled  in  business.     Thus  far,  then,  every  man's  character  and  circuni- 


i  i 


L  i 


18 


MERCANTILE  AGENCY  SYSTEM. 


stftiices  are  "  posted  up"  Into  oiio  of  tlie  It'dgors  of  flic  firm.  At  the  end  of  every  n'w  months 
a  fresh  eutry  is  made  at  his  folio  in  the  ledger,  detniling  iiny  fresh  eireiimsliinces  which 
mny  have  arisen  t  .  »t  tlie  private  or  business  character  of  the  trader.  Thus,  for  exftiiii.l. 
if  ho  liegnn  ten  yo:ir:i  e.go,  there  is  an  entry  made  at  the  end  of  every  six  months,  showing 
all  the  circumstances  attending  his  career  down  to  the  present  day  ;  at  all  events,  so  far  na 
lias  been  possible  for  the  nierenntile  agency  to  get  to  know.  Thus,  then,  Mr.  John  Smith  mny 
liave  been  in  good  standing  when  he  started  business,  went  on  all  right,  and  made  money. 
At  the  end  of  the  first  year,  stood  reported  in  tlie  agciieies'  books ;  "  perfectly  trustworthy" 
at  the  end  of  the  second  year,  howi^ver,  the  report  stood  that  he  was  "  given  more  to  his 
rifle  and  dogs  than  to  industry ;"  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  report,  or  six  months  after  the  last, 
"seen  fiequcnting  drinking  saloons  too  often — caution  necessary  in  giving  credit;"  whilst 
after  other  two  reports,  or  at  the  end  of  other  twelve  months,  the  report  stands,  "  acooin- 
■['■'•Intion  paper  going  freely  between  him  and  another  house — credit  fast  on  the  decline;" 
at  the  end  of  the  next  six  months,  the  report  says,  "  sold  out  to  Mr.  A.  I?.,  who  has  re-soM 
->ut  to  Mr.  C  r  ."  evidcntlya  swindle,  thus  putting  a  very  fatal  report  upon  his  future  career. 
During  the  last  two  years  or  bo,  houses  who  have  been  desirous  of  knowing  soinethiii!;  of 
Mr.  Smith,  with  the  view  of  trying  to  do  business  with  liim,  or  others  who  have  been  dninjr 
business  with  him,  have  got  uneasy  as  to  reports  they  have  heard  respecting  him,  so  that 
Messrs.  Cotton,  Cloth  &  Co.,  or  Messrs.  Brandy,  Wine  <t  Co.,  and  many  others,  being  mem- 
bers of  the  agency,  send  to  inquire  what  report  it  has  as  to  Mr.  Sniitli's  character,  when 
they  ar  furnished  with  his  vli.'le  career,  as  embodied  in  those  reports.  When  these 
liouses  miike  inquiries  as  to  his  \  i,  ition,  that  fact  also  is  entered  in  his  folio  in  the  ledger, 
80  that  when  the  report  is  received  that  he  has  "  sold  out  to  Mr.  A.  B.,  and  who  has  re-sold 
out  again  to  Mr.  C.  D.,"  a  note  is  dispatched  by  messengers,  if  in  town,  or  telegraphed  to  a 
distance  to  the  houses,  who  had  mado  iii((iiiries  some  time  ])revions,  to  cull  at  the  agency, 
when  they  are  show:  die  information  just  received,  reganliiig  Mr.  Smith;  upon  receiving; 
which,  they  at  once  take  steps  to  recover.  In  the  course  of  men's  business  lives,  a  variety 
of  circumstances  transpire,  some  of  which  have  very  injurious  effects  upon  their  commer- 
cial standing.  All  these,  so  far  as  can  be  nseertaiiied,  are  reconled.  We  have  i;ivi'n  the 
foregoing  illustration  to  show  the  modus  operandi  of  tho  system,  wliieli  is  similar  in  some 
respects  to  the  Trade  Protection  Societies  in  Britain,  but  wc  think,  with  this  adilitioiml  ad- 
vantage, that,  as  we  have  .said  before,  whilst  a  society  located  at  Glasgow  or  Edinbiiri;h  has 
no  record  of  houses  at  Gahvay,  or  St.  Ives,  or  Clonnkilty,  or  Abergavenny,  they  are  obliged 
to  write  to  their  correspondents  in  those  totvns  if  they  have  anj-,  before  they  can  get  an- 
swers regarding  parties  there,  when  inquired  after.  IbTe,  however,  the  name  and  .stand- 
ing of  every  trader  is  kept  "  po.sted  up"  on  the  jtremises.  They  liave  no  occasion  to  write. 
A  member  calls,  and  gets  to  see  at  once  the  position  tho  man  holds  as  there  recorded,  which 
is  undoubtedly  in  advance,  and  superior,  in  our  opinion,  to  the  system  at  5  resent  in  exist- 
ence in  Great  Britain.  Again,  (he  firms  who  eonibict  these  agencies  have  no  interest  but 
to  give  faithful  representations  to  all  their  members  alii  The  records  in  their  ledgers  arc 
open  to  their  members,  respecting  their  customers,  wh'  -  ver  situated,  and  the  information 
there  recorded,  is  obtained  by  correspondents,  rcsidin.  I'ermanently  or  travelling,  going 
over  particular  sections  of  the  country.  Another  mean-^,  ii  wcver — and  as  far  as  it  goes, 
one  of  the  best  means,  of  knowing  the  "  paying"  position  men  are  in — is  in  the  vast  amount 
of  business  these  agencies  get  to  do,  in  the  way  of  collect'  '  debts.  This  brings  us  to  the 
other  department  of  their  busii;ess,  viz..  Debt  Collecting. 
England  and  Scotland  sometiii's  ago  annexed  this  brand 
trade  department,  for  the  use  of  their  mi  iiibers,  and  we 
cessfully,  often  recovering  debts,  when  1  I'nncipals  1 
application.     In  this  department  of  the  1  utile  an 

lected  for  the  general  public  as  well  aa  for  m-mbers,  wliich  dl  the  more  extends  their  facil- 
ities for  acquiring  business  inforioation,  ami  makes  the  d<  riartment  of  great  magnitude  in 
the  amount  of  business  transacted. 

In  such  an  extent  of  country  as  this     ,  it  w'       t  one  ■  bo  seen  the  great  advantages  which 


Trade  Protection  Societies  in 

r  inquiry,  or  protection  to 

have  worjvcd  it  very  sue- 

get  one  penny  by  direct 

lie  1.  uil  agencies,  debts  are  coi- 


DEBT  COLLECTING — BANKS  AND  BANKING. 


19 


such  ngoncies  present  to  merenntile  men,  soy  in  New  York  or  Pliilttdelpliia,  who  can  get 
their  aecounfa  coUectctl  fi)r  a  tritic  llir(iii<;li  tliis  nioiinsi,  nltluiugti  fifteen  hundred  or  two 
thousand  miles  distant,  tlieso  agoneies  having  correspondents  or  agents  every  wlierc,  and 
besides  tlicir  regular  correspondents,  they  have  intimate  conneetions  with  bonks— the 
officers  of  which  coniniunieate  freely  with  them— expecting  like  facilities  in  return,  when 
their  business  may  need  them.  They  have  also  correspondence  with  attorneys,  who  keep 
them  odviseJ  of  suits,  encumbrances  upon  tho  real  estate  which  parties  may  possess,  and 
other  informotion  derivable  from  tho  [jublic  records.  They  have  thus,  abundant  means  of 
"checking"  the  information  furnished  by  regular  eorrespondents — and  avoiding  injustice, 
which  might  be  Uono  by  misrepresentation,  if  entire  dependence  was  placed  upon 
rcjiorts  from  one  source — as  most  men,  however  good  and  reliable,  upon  tho  whole, 
have  their  own  interest  to  take  care  of.  Indeed,  such  information  must  always,  of  ne- 
cessity, bo  strictly  guarded,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  it  must  l)e  secret — one  merchant  writ- 
ing to  another  on  such  suljeets,  always  expecting  and  enjoining  secrecy — and  would 
think  himself  badly  used  if  his  injunction  was  disregarded. 

Little,  we  tliink,  do  some  of  the  small  Btore-keepers  consider  that  their  moral  and  busi- 
ness eliaracter  is  so  narrowly  watched,  so  car<'fully  recorded,  and  taken  such  good  care  of, 
in  a  regular  debtor  and  creditor  account  of  their  virtues  and  successes,  placed  ngoinst 
their  vices  and  misfortunes,  and  those  carefully  added  up  every  six  months,  and  the  balance 
then  struck  as  to  what  the  report  should  be  in  the  books  of  the  commercial  or  mircantilo 
agencies.  But  so  it  is.  As  an  institution,  these  agencies  may  be  objected  to  by  some;  but, 
taking  any  little  disadvantages  they  may  appear  to  present,  we  think,  on  the  whole,  that 
in  tho  hands  of  respectable  men,  tlu'y  are  calculated  to  assist  very  materially  every  man  iu 
avoiding — what  every  man  is  anxious  to  avoid — making  a  bad  debt ;  or  if,  after  goods  are 
sold  to  a  doubtful  customer,  they  prove  of  value  in  assisting  in  the  recovery  of  the  money, 
or  getting  security  for  the  debt. 

Tliere  is  no  doul)t  but  tiiat  the  system  is  an  inquisitorial  one  in  some  respects,  but  not 
more  so  than  is  in  operation  by  some  London  and  Manchester  houses,  who  keep  such  regis- 
ters of  all  their  customers,  and  the  amount  they  are  worthy  of  credit  for,  and  who,  by 
means  of  their  travellers  covering  the  ground,  and  their  own  private  "  bailiiY" — as  a  depart- 
ment of  the  counting  house — who  is  retained  to  look  after  all  long-winded  customers,  and 
who  holds  himself  in  readiness  to  be  despatched  at  any  moment  of  night  or  day,  with  the 
peremptory  orders  in  his  pocket  of — cash — sKcuRixy — or  bankuuitcy,  to  lire  red  hot  into  the 
unfortunate  customer  who  has  a  screw  or  two  loose,  or  even  fancied  to  be  loose.  The  sys- 
tem of  commercial  agencies  is  only  tluit,  carried  out  for  the  whole  business  community, 
what  many  firms  do  on  their  own  account. 

5Ieml)crs  pay  a  certain  amount  yearly,  and  arc  furnished  with  replies  to  any  inquiries 
they  may  make  resj)eeting  the  cirennistanees  and  character  of  traders.  Some  of  these 
establishments  have  branch  oHiees  in  tlio  princi|)al  cities  all  over  the  States  and  Canada. 
One  of  them,  the  oldest  and  largest,  (H.  Douglass  &  Co.,)  having  as  many  as  19  ofiices  in 
dilVerent  parts,  and  emiiloying  in  the  aggregate  nearly  400  clerks — over  130  being  em- 
ployed at  the  chief  ofliee  in  New  York  alone. 


BANKS  AND  BANKING. 

I\  America  there  is  no  "  IJank  of  America,"  as  one  institution — similar  to  the  old  lady  in 
Treadneedle  street,  London — who,  in  a  fit  of  the  fidgets,  or  an  affection  of  spasms,  occa- 
sionally spreads  her  effects  through  the  veins  of  the  commercial  liody  tliroughoiit  tho 
whole  world,  crnm])ing  up  and  levelling,  in  one  day,  all  the  paper-houses  and  castles  in  the 
air  of  the  most  wiile-a-wake  speculator,  or  who,  some  other  day — when  she  feels  inclined 
to  be  liberal — from  the  fact  of  having  more  gold  in  her  coffers  than  she  knows  what  to  do 
with — will  open  her  purse,  as  well  ns  her  heart,  and  discount  more  freely  at  a  low  rate, 
affording  relief  to  the  distressed  broker  with  settling-day  not  far  off,  and  iu  fact  to  every 


i'p- 


n 


20 


BANKS  IN  AMERICA. 


one — cvfin  from  Rotliscliild,  who  rnny  linvo  been  n('(»()tiiitinj5  n  Umn  for  soiiii-  "  foreign 
power,"  who  is  not  powerful  <'iioiif;li  to  iniiko  endn  meet — down  to  tlie  poorest  wiirkliien 
ont  of  pinployiiK'tit,  who  when  life,  netivity,  "'"1  oontidcnoi'  liiit*  eiimtmfed  fnirn  tlie 
old  lady  referred  to,  is  iiffiiiii  in  the  receipt  of  weekly  wiijfeK,  In  l':ii;,'liind  the  Hyuteni  cen- 
tres in  one,  iilike  in  liankin!,',  iis  well  as  in  f;overninetit. 

In  Anierieiv  it  is  in  Imnkiiii^  ns  in  ftovern!nent,tlioroii(;h  re])uliliean,  all  npon  one  footini,'. 
In  souie  of  the  Western  States,  all  can  issue  notes,  from  tho  host  and  wealthiest  joint  stoek 
concern,  who  affords  to  its  eustonn  rs  the  neeurity  of  the  StJite,  down  tr>  the  speeiiliitivc 
"Wild-Cat"  linnker,  who  does  not  tronhle  himself  about  anyliody's  heeurity  and  siil'ety  iiut 
his  own,  nnd  who,  in  tho  Issue  of  tho  notes  of  /lis  hank,  or,  as  they  are  termed,  "  Sliln- 
plrtsters,"  trusts  to  a  hmfj-eared  iiuhlii^  takins;  them  iis  fast  ns  those  of  any  oihcr  hank. 

To  give  any  thing  like  an  aile(junte  idea  as  to  the  haiikinj?  system,  in  Aiiiii'iea,  nnd  the 
different  methods  on  which  it  is  conducted  in  different  States,  woul<l  nquire  u  volume,  no 
we  can  only  merely  glance  nt  si/ino  of  its  features,  at  |)resent. 

Any  mail,  or  body  of  men  can  open,  and  carry  on  a  bank,  and  issue  their  own  notes, 
tho  law  ro<piiring,  that  to  be  a  le<;itimate  bpiikinu'  institution,  all'onling  tlie  irreati'st  pos?'.- 
Lie  security,  it  shoidd  deposit,  in  the  hands  of  the  comptroller  of  the  State  in  which  it  is, 
government  stocks  to  the  value  of  its  issue. 

Forexamjile — n  bank  is  started  with  ^,'i(io,000,  (€1(mi,(i<ii>,)  ami  out  of  that  eajiital,  in 
issue  of  notes  to  the  extent  of  $100,000  is  wanted.  The  jiroprietors  go  and  |(un'liase  Sta  c 
Btocks  to  the  value  of  the  JilOO,000  nnd  take  these  to  tho  comptroller  of  the  bankinj, 
de[)nrtment  of  the  State,  who,  having  received  these  State  stocks,  countersigns  the 
bank  notes,  (or  "  liank  bills,"  as  they  are  called,)  for  those  parlies  for  that  aiininnt 
of  stocks  which  they  have  pledged,  or  dc])ositcd  witli  him.  The  safety  to  the  public, 
who  take  these  notes,  consistsin  having  tho  notes  seenred  in  the  manner  stated.  The  piililic 
holding  sucli  notes  in  the  event  of  such  a  bank  suspending  jiaymeni,  ha\c  recourse  n|Min 
the  comptroller,  who  "  winds  up"  the  concern,  and  pays  tho  note-liolders,  the  amount  of 
the  notes,  suliject  to  a  deducticm  for  expenses  incurred  in  winding  up.  In  such  eases,  the 
note-holders  have  to  wait  some  time,  before  the  matters  of  such  concerns  are  settled,  and 
hope  for  as  near  100  cents  to  the  dollar,  as  possible. 

No  such  bank  can  issue  more  than  the  (juantity  they  liave  given  pledges  for  liecause 
every  note  bears  on  its  face,  the  signature  of  the  comptroller,  and  he  will  n  .t  sign  his 
name  for  more  than  he  has  received  value  for. 

Banks,  whose  Baf<:ty  to  the  public  are  thus  secured,  have  on  the  face  of  their  :■"•""  <lin 
words  printed — "  Skccred  by  tue  pledge  of  puduc  stocks,"  nnd  in  addition  to  having  thesig- 
nntu)  ■'s  of  the  president  nnd  cashier  of  the  bank,  the  note  is  stamped  thus  in  oval  foni', 
geiici.'  'y,  "Countersigned  nnd  Registered  in  the  Bank  Deparlmc'ut."  Then  follows  tlie 
signature  of  the  comptroller,  specifying,  also,  of  what  State.  Thus  far,  then,  us  one 
sample — as  to  the  issue  of  legitimate  ])a))er,  or  bank  bills,  or  notes. 

Depositors  have  no  recourse,  as  in  IJritain,  upon  the  shareholders  of  any  joint  stock  liank. 
They  have  to  take  their  proportion  of  a  dividend  out  of  tho  estate  of  such — ns  in  any  other 
ordinary  suspension  or  bankruptcy.  This  was  illustrated  in  the  case  of  the  Ohio  Life  and 
Trust  Company  of  Cincinmiti,  which  was  a  banking  institution,  and,  ])revious  to  its  snspen- 
Hon  in  Oetolier,  1H;>1,  enjoyed  the  greatest  amount  of  public  confidence,  and  was  looked 
upon  as  safe  a  concern  as  th(>  15ank  of  England  itself.  Those  who  had  deposited  their  fumls 
there,  had  no  recourse  against  the  individual  members  or  shareholders  of  that  coin|>any. 
It  may  be  remembered,  that  it  was  the  very  first  to  succunil)  to  the  pressure,  of  either  mis- 
management or  some  other  cause,  and  t/ic  concern  which  sounded  the  first  keynote  of  dis- 
trust, suffering,  and  want  of  confidence  which  has  spread  all  over  the  world,  nnd  which, 
even  now,  is  far  from  having  recovered  from  it. 

An  immense  amount  of  banking  is  carried  on  by  men  who  issue  no  n(rtes,  and  wlio  as- 
sume the  title  of  banker,  and  who  are  just  as  much  enfitlc'l  to  it,  and  as  worthy  of  it  as 
Glyn,  Mills  &  Co.,  or  Coutts  &  Co.,  of  London,  who,  of  course,  as  is  well  k.iown,  issue  no 
notes  of  their  own. 


ii'kiiii'n 
lorn  till) 
li'lil  Pen- 


WILD-CAT  BANKING. 


21 


Siifh  mon  cnrry  on  tlioir  bufliicHfi — niul  most  oxti'iinivcly— on  niniilur  f.rlncii)lon  tt>  the 
uloivsiiid  Lomlon  baiikc  is,  ami  arc  to  lie  found  in  all  thf  ohicf  I'ilits  ami  towns  in  tho 
Statc'K.  In  cities  or  towns  wli.ii-  tlici'e  is  no  imnk  constitntcd  ns  we  liavo  i-xjilaint'd,  and 
will)  issues  its  own  notes,  the  trading  eoniiiuinity  are  ni'eissltated  to  keep  tlieir  money 
in  the  hands  of  jnivate  bankers,  and  depend  ujion  Iheni  for  discount ing  bills  and  rceuiv- 
inf(  temporary  assistanee  at  any  parlieular  time.  With  bunking,  tiiey  ooniieottiie"  exchange" 
business,  a  bruneli  of  business  little  known,  eomparalively  speaking,  by  the  great  nuiss  of 
the  petple  in  Britain,  arising,  no  doubt,  from  the  fael  that  the  matter  of  exehange,  or 
rather,  tln'  di(V.'reiie<'  in  tlie  value  of  money  in  bank  notes  is  not  all'eeted  by  dill'erences  in 
loealily  so  luueh  in  (ireat  Hrltain  as  is  the  ease  in  America.  This  leads  us  into  Iho  matter 
of  exchange,  wlilch  wc  will  notice  by  itself.  Itefore  we  dismiss  the  iimiter  of  banks  of 
issue,  we  will  refer  to  the  system  of  WildCat  Hanking  as  it  is  called. 


Wj 


(pin 


hi 


WILD-CAT  BANKING. 


that  the  banki 


has  thus  been 


'10)110  lias  tlitis  been  connected 
with  the  untamed  of  the  feline  species;  certain  it  is,  however,  tliat  tlie  signification  is 
well  understood,  anil  a  "  wildcat"  bank  note,  if  suspected,  is  looked  at  and  liandled  as  a 
man  woidd  handle  a  hot  poker,  and  if  he  should  haw  been  unfortunate  enough  to  burn  his 
fingers  by  the  operation,  he  very  often  suffers  in  silence,  till  he  puts  it  into  the  liands  of 
some  one  else  wlio  is  not  aware  of  its  <ju(ilili/,  and  who,  in  travelling,  may  ]>ay  it  away 
quite  innocently  1000  miles  oil'  in  two  days  afterwards,  its  a]>pearance  being  hailed,  ])er- 
hnps,  as  a  small  god-send,  by  some  one  who  has  not  seen  the  "  colour"  of  money  for  some 
time.  In  this  way  "  wildcat"  l)ank  notes  get  into  circulation,  and  continue,  sometimes  for 
long  periods,  absent  from  home.  Thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of 
those  notes  arc  in  circulation  ;  over  the  Western  States  more  particularly,  They  have 
cost  the  "  wild-cat"  oidy  the  paper,  engraving,  and  his  business-like  signature  to  them, 
with  the  "j)romise  to  pay,"  on  demaTul,  too,  but  forgetting  to  add,  even  by  way  of  notn 
bene,  if  he  is  aide  and  willing.  His  game  sometimes  is,  after  he  has  got  out  as  many  as  he 
cures  about  having  out,  or  can  get  out,  perhaps  some  friend  raises  a  "  hue  and  cry"  as  to 
the  stability  of  his  bank,  and  he,  poor  unfurl unate(';),  what  can  he  do  but  decline  business 
— "collapse,"  "  burst  u]),"  or  p>il  a  printed  placnrd  on  his  shutters,  "  (Jone  to  Kansas,"  if 
not  for  change  of  air,  certaiidy  for  change  of  scene,  for  future  operations. 

It  hai)pens,  however,  sometimes,  that  such  "  wild-cat"  concerns  go  on  for  years,  and  make 
a  sort  of  legitimate  banking  business  out  of  it,  so  long  as  it  answers  their  purpose. 

As  an  assistance  for  the  detection  of  wild-cat,  and  all  spurious  or  "  broken  bank"  notes, 
see  our  notice  headed  "  Bank  Note  Reporters." 

As  illustrative  of  something  akin  to  this  description  of  banking,  and  having  reference  to 
State  Stock  Hanks,  (or  banks  having  their  notes  secured  by  the  deposit  of  State  stocks  as 
already  explained,)  we  give  the  following  quotation  from  the  St.  Louis  Evcniufi  Ncic»,  of 
Sd  September,  as  showing  that  even  that  description  of  bank  bills  arc  tampered  with,  ond 
circulated  in  a  manner  never  intended  by  the  law. 

Active  iiieaaiircs  are  taking  to  organize  iiljrooil  of  slock  l)anks  in  llio  State  of  Iowa,  under  tlie  general  bank- 
ing law  recently  aiioptuil  in  that  State.  Of  course,  St.  l.ouis  and  Chicago  will  he  exiiected  to  lake  all  that 
comes  of  that  fresh  Hood  of  inedceinahle  money,  and  turn  It  into  gold  and  e.\cliange.  The  Israelites  that 
were  compelled  hy  their  Kgyplian  lask-masters  to  make  l)rick3  wilhout  straw,  were  not  harder  worked  than 
are  these  two  western  cities  to  support  llie  foreign  speculators  in  State  bonds,  bj  converting  their  reams  of 
"lampblack  and  rags''  into  actual  cash. 

When  will  the  people  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  rouse  up  to  the  clear  comprehe:  islon  of  the  swindle  that  is 
practised  upon  them  by  the  stock  banks  of  the  West  ?  Those  banks  never  redeem  their  notes  in  gold  or  sil- 
ver, except  when  they  are  "wound  up"  by  the  comptroller.  They  never  furnia.i  exehange  at  the  points 
where  it  is  wanted,  and  where  their  lying  promises  to  |)ay  are  gathered,  in  the  couue  of  trade.  The  .system 
of  stock  banking,  wilhout  the  Clearing  House  feature,' is  an  enormous  fraud,  unc  a  self-perpetuating  evil, 
that  will  exhaust  the  West  of  its  gold,  and  end  in  a  vast  expansion  of  paper  money,  u..d  a  ruinous  revulsion 
before  many  years. 

Just  consider  the  operation  of  these  banks  a  moment:  a  set  of  speculators— most  probably  having  their 
abode  in  Wall  street,  New  York— to  obtain  if.W.OOl)  of  State  bonds.  With  this  start  they  organize  a  bank, 
say  on  Kaccoon  Creek,  Wisconsin.  They  deposit  the  bonds  with  the  State  comptroller,  who  issues  them  a 
batch  of  bank  notes  thereon.  These  notes  are  sent  to  St.  Louis  and  sold,  as  any  like  bundles  of  paper 
uiiglit  be,  at  1  per  cent  discount.    Our  brokera,  bankers  and  merchaots  give  countenance  to  this  kind  of 


[ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.>.    4SS0 

(716)872-4303 


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22 


EXCHANGE  BUSINESS — DIFFERENCES  OF  EXCHANGE. 


money.  They  all  sny  "  It's  gooil,  perfectly  secure,  etc.,  and  we  must  take  It,  else  we  will  injure  the  trade  of 
the  city."     It  Is  sold  by  the  makers  and  Issuers  of  It  at  1  per  cent  discount  for  .Missouri  paper. 

The  owners,  through  their  !>t.  I.ouis  agents,  present  these  .Missouri  notes  to  the  banks  and  demand  the 
specie.  It  is  paid,  and  innnediatcly  shipped  to  New  York,  and  invested  in  another  batch  of  State  bonds, 
which  State  bonds  are  made  the  basis  of  another  new  bank  on  Wililcnt  Creek,  Iowa  ;  anil  the  notes  of  this 
new  "  wildcat"  are  in  like  manner  sent  to  Ct.  Louis  and  sold  fur  .Mis.iourl  paper,  whereby  more  specie  Is 
drawn  from  the  Missouri  banks,  and  sent  away  to  organize  more  such  banks. 

Thus  does  the  swindling  proceeil,  and  multiply  itself  without  check  or  limit.  The  country  is  fliled  with 
wortldess  bank  bills  that  arc  never  redeemed.  Tlie  specie  is  drawn  from  Missouri  banks  and  shipped  to 
New  York  to  buy  bonds  ;  and  for  every  dollar  so  lost  we  get  a  paper  dollar  in  return.     And,  intelligent  (f) 

f)eople,  inlluential  bankers  see  this  living  outrage  on  honest  labour  and  legitimate  banking  going  on,  and  stand 
leedless,  as  if  paralyzed  before  the  evil. 

The  only  safely,  the  only  permanent  relief,  will  be  found  In  putting  a  check  on  the  expansion  of  an  irre- 
deemable paper  currency  in  the  Mississip]ii  Valley.  Let  every  bank  note  that  circulates  be  forced  to  recog- 
nize tlie  specie  basis  in  St.  Louis  and  in  Chicago.  Then,  If  ainerchant  In  St.  Louis  wants  eastern  exchange, 
and  has  |5,(l(lfl  or  $10,(^0  in  Illinois  or  Wisconsin  currency,  lie  may  go  to  the  Clearingllouse  of  such  money, 
and  get  the  gold  or  the  exchange.  He  will  not  be  compelieil,  .is  now,  to  sell  his  currency,  lose  a  part  of  it 
by  discouiit,  get  Missouri  notes  in  return,  and  then  demand  and  obtain  gold  from  the  Missouri  bank.s. 

Altliough  Great  Britain  cannot  boast  of  "  wildcat"  liankorsin  name,  it  must  be  confessed 
that  tlie  events  of  tlie  late  conimereial  panic,  has  developed  the  fact  that  "  wildcats"  are 
to  be  found  even  among  the  hanking  fraternity  of  wealthy  England,  cautious  Scotlanil, 
and  impetuous  Ireland  ;  a  fraternity,  by  the  way,  which  is  popularly  believed  to  exist 
somewhere  in  the  region  of  the  seventh  lieaven  of  honour,  morality,  and  infallibility,  but 
ns  recent  events  have  proved,  its  members  are  only  luorttil  after  all,  and  who  are  a^  liable 
to  err,  morally  as  well  as  criminally,  as  the  young  and  rising  merchant,  whose  bills  they 
maj'  be  desirous  of  discounting,  so  long  ns  it  answers  the  purpose  of  manager  or  directors, 
until  he  is  cast  off,  and  launched  suddenly  into  the  slaughter-houso  of  some  accountant,  in 
whom  the  banker  may  be  specially  interested,  or  otherwise  into  the  court  of  bniikru|)tcy. 
The  doings,  however,  of  such  wildcat  banking  establishments,  have  not  the  same  facilities 
in  Britain  and  Ireland,  ns  they  have  in  some  districts  of  America,  in  so  fnr  ns  the  issue  of 
notes  is  concerned,  whilst  the  unlimited  liability  of  sharelioldership  secures  for  the  note- 
holder, at  some  time  or  other,  20.i.  in  the  £,  or  10t»  cents  to  the  ?. 

Upon  the  whole,  therefore,  it  is  only  just  to  sny,  thnt  whilst  the  banking  system  of 
America  is  ns  we  have  endeavoured  to  give  samples  of,  it  can  boast  of  men  in  the  profession 
of  ns  high  standing,  not,  jterhaps,  in  means,  but  in  integrity  of  purpose,  and  commer<'ial 
financing  abilities  ns  what  Great  Britain  can  do,  nnd  her  tirst-clnss  bankers  in  such  as  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  and  elsewhere,  inherit  the  confidence  of  the  public  as  much  ns  any 
joint  stock  bank,  or  even  the  Bank  of  England  itself,  does  in  England,  Scotland,  or  Ire- 
land. 


EXCHANGE    AND    EXCHANGE    OFFICES. 

This  branch  of  the  banking  business  is  supposed  to  be  n  very  speculative,  nnd  sometimes 
a  very  money-making  one,  that  depending  upon  the  nnture  of  the  e.\cliange  business  done, 
and  the  qualifications  of  the  operator.  Some  bnnkers  purchase  the  notes  of  "  broken 
banks,"  or  banks  which  have  suspended — and  the  nfTairs  of  which  are  still  unsettled.  They 
pay  so  much  per  dollar  upon  the  bills  or  notes  of  such — and  take  their  chance  of  getting 
more  than  thay  pay  for  them.  Tlicir  knowledge  of  the  position  of  all  banks  which  are 
being  "  wound  up,"  nnd  what  prospect  there  is  as  to  a  dividend,  enables  them  to  speculate 
accordingly — pretty  safely — and  obtain  a  good  margin.  Again,  sometimes  a  panic  is  raised 
about  the  stability  of  some  one  or  more  banks  in  certain  districts ;  the  public  who  have  the 
notes  of  such  banks,  getting  to  hear  of  it,  become  frightened,  and  go  to  these  exchange- 
bankers  or  brokers,  who  offer  what  they  like  for  them;  the  said  banker,  in  some  cases, 
knowing  perfectly  well  that  the  bank  is  all  right,  and  thus  pockets  perhaps  i!,")  per  cent, 
by  the  transaction.  Such  reports  as  to  the  standing  of  perfectly  good  banks,  are  sometimes 
got  up  by  interested  parties,  to  the  great  profit  of  the  brokers,  who  buy  up  the  notes  from 
6  to  26  per  cent,  discount,  ns  the  case  may  be. 

The  whimsicalities  of  banking,  and  confidence  in  certain  bank-notes,  wns  curiously  illus- 
trated last  July,  when  the  brokers  took  into  their  heads  to  "  throw  out"  the  notes  of  niMirly 
all  the  banks  of  the  Stale  of  Wisconsin,  whilst,  at  the  same  time,  it  was  followed  by  on  an- 
uouncement  from  the  railroad  companies  there,  that  the  notes  of  these  very  banks  would 


THE  BANK  NOTES  OF  AMERICA. 


28 


be  taken  nt  par,  or  full  value.     If  there  was  no  "  dodge"  somewhere  in  that,  it  certainly 
looked  like  it.     So  far,  therefore,  as  re{,'ards  broken  banks,  and  buying  notes  under  value. 

The  legitimate  exchange  businefs,  however,  consists  more  in  the  exchanging  of  the  bank- 
notes of  one  State  for  tliose  of  another  State,  or  paying  their  value  in  gold  or  silver.  Thus, 
for  e-xample,  if  a  .£1  Scotch  bank  note  is  taken  to  London,  (Eng.,)  no  London  banker  will 
take  it  as  wortli  20,«  stg.,  if  he  takes  it  at  all.  To  get  it  converted  into  silver  it  must 
be  taken  to  some  silversmith  or  jeweller,  who  is  in  the  habit  of  exchanging  money  of 
that  sort,  or  to  a  "  bullion  broker,"  whose  business  is  that  of  exchanging  the  money 
of  any  foreign  country  for  that  of  England,  or  vice  versa.  He  is  the  English  "exchange 
banker  or  broker."  On  going  to  him  with  a  Scotch  one  pound-note,  he  would  give  only 
l!),v.,  or  IDs.  and  tirf.  for  it;  thus  charging  Crf.  or  l.i,  for  "  exchange."  Such  is  the  prin- 
ciple here,  only  that,  sometimes,  the  notes  of  one  State  are  more  valuable  1000  miles  from 
the  place  where  issued,  than  the  notes  of  those  you  wish  to  exchange  them  for,  as  we  will 
endeavour  to  explain.  Tluis,  for  example,  the  notes  of  a  first-class  New  York  bank  are 
more  valuable  in  Cliieago,  than  the  notes  of  a  Chicago  bank  are  there,  because  the  bankers 
and  merchants  in  Chicago  can  send,  say  a  $5  New  York  note,  to  New  York,  and  get  credit 
for  !|!5  in  full ;  but  if  tluy  were  to  send  a  $5  Chicago  bank  note,  tlie  parties  in  New  York 
receiving  it  would  deduct,  perhaps,  1^  per  cent.,  or  equal  to  1^  cents,  off  that  note,  as 
Ciiicago  notes  in  New  York  arc  not  worth  so  much  there,  as  New  York  notes  are,  although 
the  i;hicago  note  is  good  enough,  and  worth  ,$5  in  full  in  the  State  where  issued.  The 
difference,  therefore,  between  the  value  of  a  ?5  Chicago  note  in  Chicago,  and  in  New 
Vork,  is  \\  per  cent.,  or  7^  cents,  on  a  $5  note.  That  difference  is  called  the  "  difference 
of  exchange,"  or,  that  Chicago  notes  in  the  New  York  Morket  are  1-J  per  cent,  below  par,  or 
full  standard  value.  Tlius,  a  $5  Chicago  note  is  worth  only  $  1.92^ — (four  dollars  and 
ninety-two  and  a  half  cents)  in  New  York. 

As  a  general  rule,  we  think  we  may  say,  that  after  a  note  of  any  State  almost,  except- 
ing New  York  and  the  New  England  States,  travels  out  of  the  State  where  it  was  issued, 
it  loses  in  value  the  furtiier  it  travels  from  home,  as  it  were,  (in  the  same  way  ns  the  Scotch 
pound  note  does,  when  it  goes  to  I^ondon,)  and  is  subject  to  a  deduction  to  a  small  extent, 
if  you  wish  to  convert  it  into  gold  or  silver.  As  we  have  said,  this  applies  to  almost  all  the 
notes  of  banks  issued  in  every  State,  excepting  those  stated  ;  from  the  fact  of  New  York 
being  the  centre  where  money  is  due,  and  having  to  be  paid  there,  it  is  cheaper  to  pay 
with  New  York  notes  than  any  other,  as  we  have  already  stated. 

In  travelling,  therefore — if  you  are  a  stranger — see  that  you  are  carrying  no  notes  of  one 
State  into  another  State  with  you.  Tiie  best  money  for  you  to  take  is  gold — in  1,  2|,  3,  5, 
10,  and  20  dollar  pieces.     They  will  go  anywhere  for  full  value. 

All  exchange  oftiees  are  not  always  what  they  profess  to  be.  In  many  places  they  par- 
take of  the  character  of  gambling-houses,  and  such  like.  Respectable  exchange  offices, 
who  can  be  trusted  with  business  safely,  are  in  every  city  and  town,  and  are  easily 
found  out. 

At  many  places,  the  sign  of  "  Exdiange"  is  put  up,  when  it  means  a  pawnbroker's  shop, 
a  drinking  saloon,  or  where  farm  produce  is  bartered  for  dry  goods,  groceries,  etc.,  so  that 
this  is  one  of  the  mony  things  wiiich  takes  time  for  a  stranger  to  thoroughly  understand 
and  to  discriminate  between  the  different  kinds  of  "Exchange"  places  of  business  there 
are,  and  pick  out  the  "  wheat  from  the  chaff. " 

THE  BANK  NOTES  OF  AMERICA. 

The  bank  notes— or  bank  bills,  as  they  are  eaUed— both  of  tlie  United  States  and  Cant.  Ja, 
are  different,  in  many  respects,  to  those  of  Great  Britain.  They  have  all  one  greot  and 
good  feature  about  them,  viz.,  they  are  all  one  size,  and  neither  like  the  dumpy  £1 
note  of  Scotland,  the  broad  sheet  "f  Ireland,  nor  yet  like  the  "  promise  to  pay"  of  Mr, 
Matthew  Marshall,  of  tiie  Bank  of  England.  In  one  respect,  however,  they  are  like  the  £1 
notes  of  Scotland  and  Ireland— they  are  used  till  they  become  quite  as  filthy,  greasy,  dirty, 


r 


J 


24 


BANK  NOTES  AND  REPORTERS. 


ragged-looking  remnants  of  belter  days.  Like  the  Scotch  and  Irish  banks,  we  presume, 
the  American  banks  tliink  it  too  much  of  a  good  ttiing  to  follow  the  example  of  the 
Bank  of  England,  who,  every  time  its  notes  come  back  to  it,  are  never  sent  out  again, 
although  they  were  issued  only  the  day  before.  They  are  not  so  prodigal  with  their 
paper,  in  that  respect,  as  the  "  old  lady  of  Tlireadneedle  street"  is ;  besides,  it  might 
be  sometimes  rather  inconvenient  to  be  issuing  fresh  batches  of  notes,  seeing  that,  for  the 
most  part,  they  end  in  amount  where  Bank  of  England  notes  begin,  viz.,  £5,  or  $20,  and 
not  only  so,  but  the  well-thumbed,  "  all  tattered  and  torn"  dollar  note  begets  confidence  in 
its  very  rags  and  length  of  service,  and  thus  it  goes,  from  hand  to  hand,  till  its  flimsy  form 
evaporates  somewhere,  or  finds  its  way  back,  perchance,  to  be  "  paid  on  demand,"  if  it  is 
in  a  condition  capable  of  being  read. 

The  American  bank  note  is  about  3  inches  deep,  and  7  inches  long,  exquisitely  engraved, 
with  all  the  minuteness  of  the  engraver's  art,  and  signed  and  decorated  with  all  the  para- 
phernalia attendant  on  such  representatives  of  jiublic  confidence  ond  wealtli. 

They  are  issued  from  $1  upwards,  running  2,  3,  and  5,  and  from  that  to  lO's,  rising 
6  each  time.  From  $10,  they  rise  to  20  and  50,  by  lO's,  and  from  that  to  $100,  and  from 
that,  by  lOO's,  on  to  $500,  ond  from  that  to  $1000. 

They  are  made,  generally,  of  thin,  greyish-white  coloured  poper,  with  sometimes  sundry 
glaring-coloured  stamps,  etc.,  upon  them.  None  of  them,  when  new,  which  we  have  seen, 
have  the  appearance  of  a  new,  snow-white  Bank  of  England  note,  but  resemble  in  appear- 
ance the  Scotch  bank  notes,  when  new,  but  the  paper  not  half  so  thick  or  tough  as  tiicy 
are.  Tellers,  in  British  and  Irish  banks,  may  judge  of  what  the  counting  and  sorting  of 
notes,  value  4«.  each,  must  be,  and  the  number  of  banks  about  2000.  We  can  fancy  noth- 
ing that  could  possibly  ruffle  the  temper  of  some  of  the  methodical  gentlemen  in  the  Bank 
of  England,  or  the  fast-looking  gentlemen  in  some  of  the  London  private  banks,  so  much 
B8  having  only  a  couple  of  thousand  pounds'  worth,  of  a  miscellaneous  lot  of  American  bank 
notes,  to  sort  and  pay  out.  If  tl  ey  thought  the  paying  o'lt  of  their  bran-new  5  pounders 
a  bore,  we  fancy  they  would  perfectly  revere  the  sight  of  them,  ever  afterwards.  After 
all,  however,  as  one  gets  accustomed  to  even  the  $1  notes,  they  are  preferable  for  carrying, 
compared  to  a  lot  of  gold  or  silver,  in  the  pocket. 

As  a  means  of  distinguishing  good  notes  from  bad  ones,  publications  called  "  Bank  Note 
Reporters"  are  used,  a  few  particulars  regarding  which  we  annex. 


BANK-NOTE  REPORTERS. 

Amongst  the  literature  of  America,  a  perfect  host  of  publications,  all  under  one  title,  is 
Issued,  which,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  is  almost  unknown,  and,  we  may  also  add,  perfectly 
unnecessary  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  The  publications  we  refer  to  are  hiniill  news- 
paper-looking periodicals,  termed  "  Bank-Note  Reporters,"  or,  in  a  few  cases,  "  Bunk-Note 
Lists."  They  are  issued,  generally,  of  about  32  pages  of  the  imperial  size,  closely  printed 
with  very  small  type,  and  some  giving  wood-cut  engravings  of  all  the  known  coins  in  cir- 
culation throughout  the  world,  and  their  relative  value. 

In  every  place  of  business, — whether  it  be  at  the  office  of  the  largest  hotel,  the  largest 
wholesale  or  rotoil  store,  down  to  the  old  woman  who  retails  out  3  cents'  worth  of  sugar- 
candy — the  bank-note  reporter  is  t-j  be  seen  hung  up  at  hand — in  cities,  towns,  villages, 
and  even  in  a  solitary  shanty  in  the  woods,  so  be  that  any  thing  is  sold  there. 

Bank-note  reporters  arc  issued  by  the  exchange  bonkers  or  brokers,  and  contain 
lists  of  every  bank  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  profess  to  give  their  read- 
ers 0  correct  idea  of  the  position  ond  standing  of  every  bonk,  as  well  as  all  who 
have  failed,  been  closed,  or  ore  at  a  low  discount,  and  how  much  below  par  their 
notes  are,  if  any — whether  they  are  "  shin-j)lasters,"  or  "  counterfeits,"  or  "  imitations" — 
what  is  the  correct  current  value  of  "  broken  banks,"  and  all  "  uncurrent  money,"  and,  in 
foot,  every  porticulor  by  which  you  con  tell  a  good  note  from  a  bad  one,  when  it  is  pre- 
sented, whether  it  be  a  |1 ,    '  n  ^500  note,  or  bill 


CURIOSITIES  OF  BANKING  LITERATURE. 


26 


Tliese  public'iUions  are  a  puMic  necessity,  and  the  business  of  the  country  could  not  1>.' 
carried  on  safely  without  them.  Were  tliey  to  <^,>  out  of  existence  to-morrow,  tlie  whole 
country  would,  most  likely,  he  flooded  with  coiniterfeits  and  imitations  of  the  notes  of 
banks  in  existence,  as  well  as  the  notes  of  banks  which  had  no  existence,  except  on  paper. 

In  nil  the  cities,  these  reporters  are  issued  in  hirjjre  quantities,  and  as  every  exchani,'e 
broker  liiis  one  set  of  corr.'si.ondeiits  in  other  lari,'e  cities,  he  f,'ets  the  value  of  stocks  cor- 
rected by  tliese  correspondents  in  their  various  localities,  and  thus  presents,  probably,  in  the 
"  Reporter"  the  prices  of  stocks  in  each  of  the  lending  cities,  in  addition  to  his  quota- 
tions respect  in;,'  the  character,  and  value  of  all  bank-notes,  in  the  city  wliere  he  pub- 
lishes his  reporter. 

The  reporters  are  jiulilishcd  daily,  tri-wcekly,  semi-weekly,  and  weekly,  so  as  to  suit  all 
classes  of  purchasers — the  old  woman  alluiled  to,  probably,  beiuj.;  content  to  carry  on  her 
business  liy  iriltini?  "  ])osted  up"  weekly,  at  a  cost  of  4  or  5  cents— whilst  the  larger 
operators  wish  to  be  "posted"  daily,  on  the  same  subject. 

It  will  at  once  be  seen  how  necessary  it  is,  that  such  publications  should  be  conducted 
liy  men  of  undoubted  intecrrity,  and  who  ouijht  to  have  no  interest,  other  than  in  ren- 
dering; their  publications  as  trustworthy  as  the  (pu>tations  of  stocks  is  considered  to  be  in  a 
London  or  any  other  tirst-idass  newspaper.  We  have  no  doubt  some  of  them  are  con- 
ducted by  men  of  hii,'h  moral  jirinciple,  who  state  the  exact  stanilini^  of  every  bankini; 
concern  in  tlii'  whole  country,  as  they  believe  it  to  be,  and  that  their  ojiinions  and  (piota- 
tions  may  be  perfectly  correct.  Whilst  we  admit  tliat  freely,  we  have  every  reason  to  be- 
lieve, that  bank-note  rejiorters  are  issued,  in  some  instances,  from  very  different  motives, 
and  wlio  do  not  slate  the  facts  as  to  the  jiosition  of  all  banks,  truthfully  and  fearlessly.  In 
some  cases  it  is  well  known,  that  unless  a  lianking  concern,  will  /ir  and  brihe  the  publish- 
ers of  certain  bank-note  reporters,  they  will  (piote  the  said  banks  lower  than  they  ought 
to  do,  and  liy  such  nu'ans  create  a  faiiia  or  prejudice  against  them,  no  dmibt  to  some 
extent  injurious  to  the  banks  tlius  assailed,  by  this  species  of  black-mail,  which  is 
levelle<l  against  them.  Tiiat  is  in  the  case  of  perfectly  good  banks.  On  the  other  hand, 
again,  there  is  no  do\ibt,  that  that  class  of  reporter  publishers  are  guilty  of  quoting 
"wildcat"  banks  at  jirices  they  are  not  entitled  to,  and  by  other  means  ]>nffing  the  notes 
of  such  into  eiivulation,  on  receiving  a  handsome  douceur  for  their  trouble.  Such  bank- 
note rejiorters  are,  of  course,  any  thing  but  reliable  ;  the  onlj'  difficulty  is,  how  you  arc  to 
tell  one  from  another — sei'ing  tliat  they  are  all  pidilished  by  exchange  brokers,  who  call 
themselves  baiikei's.  As  we  said  before,  there  is  no  doubt,  whatever,  that  there  are  respecta- 
able  ones  amongst  them — those  guilty  of  such  practices  as  alluded  to  being,  we  believe,  the 
exception — yet  it  is  only  by  a  long  roidence  in  the  town  where  they  are  published  that 
you  will  be  emibled  to  discriminate  between  the  real  and  the  doubtful  of  tliese  safe-guards 
of  thepuldic  pocket.  The  circulation  of  some  of  the  most  respectable  of  them,  averages, 
it  is  said,  1(1(1,0110  copies  each  publication. 

Presuming  you  want  to  know  if  a  bank  is  good,  you  have  only  to  refer  to  the  ali)liabe(i- 
oal  list  of  nil  banks  published  in  the  reporter— and  if  you  do  not  find  it  amongst  that  list, 
yon  may  eoneliide  it  is  bad — or  you  may  find  it  amongst  the  list  of  "  IJroken  Banks." 
The  banks  in  every  State  are  alphabetically  arranged  by  themselves,  so  that  there  is  no 
ditlieidty  in  finding  out  the  name  of  the  bank  yon  want.  Any  one  who  has  to  do  Avith 
money,  and  tiie  receiving  of  it — in  notes,  to  him — a  bank-note  reporter  is  indispensable. 
Tliey  abound  in  all  large  cities. 


CURIOSITIES   OF   BAXKING   LITERATURE. 

As  we  have  no  doubt  tliere  are  ninny  who  are  not  aware  of  the  existence  of  a  few  curi- 
osities ill  banking  literature,  which  are  to  be  found  in  America,  we  think  we  will  be  con- 
ferring, perhaps,  some  information,  as  well  ns  amusement,  if  we  give  a  few  extracts  from 
one  of  the  "  !?nnk-N'ole  Ueporlcrs,"'  before  alluded  to.  These  public  informants  present  a 
few  features,  we  think,  quite  unknown  by  many  of  even  the  banking  population  of  Great 


26 


EXTRACTS  FROM  BANK-NOTE   REPORTERS. 


Britain,  as  well  as  by  llie  great  mass  of  the  people  there,  consequently,  we  annex  a  few  ex- 
tracts from  one,  as  exiiibiting  illustrations  of  "  WiUl-Cat"  banking,  and  tl»e  amount  of  in- 
genuity thore  must  be  at  work  in  the  lithographing  and  engraving  world,  to  produce  the 
ho»t«  of  counterfeit  or  Kigus  notes  there  are  in  existence. 

The  first  sample  we  will  present,  is  a  piece  of  advice  tendered  to  the  Carroll  County 
Rank,  N.  11.,  to  see  that  its  notes  are  better  printed  in  future.  Fancy  one  of  the  small 
})ublications  of  I/indon  talking  to  the  IJank  uf  Scotland,  perhaps,  in  the  following  strain  ! 

"  We  would  call  the  attention  of  the  Legislature  of  Xew  Hampshire  to  the  miserably  en- 
graved issues  of  the  Carroll  County  Hank,  Sandwioli.  We  have  seen  sfvi'ral  of  tlicir  is- 
sues, and  took  particular  notice  of  tiieui.  Tiie  bank  ought  to  l)e  indiitt'd  for  getting  out 
such  aliominably  engraved  notes,  as  the  temptation  to  counterfeit  tiieni  will  be  almost  ir- 
resistible." 

It  is  (juite  evident  that  the  Bank-Note  Reixirter  has  the  public  welfare  at  heart  in  its 
magnanimous  advice,  as  quoted. 

The  ne.\t  intimation  is  of  a  very  gratifying  nature,  when  it  saj-s,  with  regard  to  the  State 
Bank  of  Indiana,  that  "  it  is  now  denionstmted  that  the  State  of  Indiana  will  realize  about 
$2,(100,(100  clear  profit,  through  its  connection  with  this  liank  and  tiie  Sinking  Fund." 

Talking  of  a  certain  bank  in  Litchfield,  (the  name  of  whicli  we  do  not  give,)  the  Re- 
porter is  again  solicitous  after  the  safety  of  the  public,  in  talking  very  much  os  if  it  was 
hunting  up  a  "  wild  eat,"  when  it  says : — 

"  Tills  institution  has  been  under  investigation  for  some  time,  and,  to  (jiioto  from  a  Cmi- 
nectieut  jouriuil,  it  is  a  "  xort  of  u  fa.U  and  looxe"  (tfrniKiemcnt,  irliich  irnx  "  tif  no  iixc  to  nvy 
one.  hut  the  owner ;"  and  like  a  certain  horse  navigator,  wiio,  once  upon  a  time,  took  a  ride 
on  a  Jersey  road,  and  gave  tiie  steed  too  mucii  headway)  tiie  bank,  like  the  horse,  was  too 
much  to  manage,  and  went  its  way  accordingly." 

We  next  find  an  explanation  of  marks  and  letters  which  a  inserted  after  the  names  of 
particular  banks.    Tliusitsays: — 

"  The  figures  on  the  line  witii  tiie  bank  expresses  the  dixeounl  on  its  notes. 
"  Tiie  descriptions  under  eacli  bank  are  >>(  coiiiiter/i'its  or  alti'falio)i.<i  on  tlie  bank. 
"  Tiie  letter  (F)  on  tlie  line  with  the  bank  shows  it  to  be  a  free  tuiiik,  with  notes  secured 
by  a  dej)osit." 

Where  the  ictter  (S)  occurs,  it  is  understood  to  mean  that  that  particular  bank  is  organ- 
ized under  ii;'.'  "  Safety  Fund  Bank  Ijxw,"  but,  strange  although  it  may  appear,  says: — 
"  These  banks  have  no  security  deposited  for  the  redemption  of  their  notes." 

Otlier  explanations  follow,  for  exanqde,  showing  the  caution  exhibited  for  the  welfare 
of  the  public,  yet  not  forgetting  number  one,  in  the  last  sentence; — 

"  The  letter  (D)  means  that  we  consider  the  bank  Jouliffiil. 

"  A  dash  ( — ),  that  it  is  unsaleable. 

"An  index  (ZWh  tl>"t  we  know  too  little  of  the  bank  to  quote  it. 

"  A  star  (*),  that  the  quotation  is  not  reliable — douiitful  whether  we  buy  at  all." 

We  nov/  give  a  few  samples  of  how  the  counterfeitu  are  noticed  and  described. 

Taking  the  case  of  the  "  Farmers'  Bank,  Orwell,  Vermont,"  it  would  appear  that  the 
genius  of  the  counterfeiters  had  lieen  directed  to  impose  upon  the  simple  farmers  in  that 
State,  of  lovely  scenery,  in  the  following  manner  : — 

$1,  vignette,  farmer,  sheaf  of  grain,  rake,  etc. ;  female,  shield,  and  figure  1  on  riglit  end. 

$2,  vignette,  farmer  feeding  hogs — altered  from  Farmers'  Bank,  Wiekford,  R.  1. 

$2,  s])urious — vignette,  cattle  under  tree. 

$2,  figure  2  in  the  centre — female  and  eagle  on  the  left — three  females  on  the  right 

$1!,  altered  from  broken  Farmers'  Bank,  Wiekford,  II.  I. 

|l;i,  vignette,  men,  boy,  horses,  shee]),  house,  etc. — female  feeding  chickens  on  right  lower 
corner. 

$5  and  $10,  vignette,  man  lying  on  the  ground,  sheaf,  rake,  etc. — head  on  lower  left 
corner,  female  on  lower  right — Orwell  is  spelled  "Orwidds." 

On  the  notes  of  the  Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Bank,  in  Burlington,  Vt.,  again,  the  follow- 
ing counterfeits  are  thus  described : — 


ciei 


cart 


And 


and 
H 


COUNTERFEITS,   AND  IMITATIONS  OF  BANK  NOTES. 


27 


$3,  |6,  $10,  $20,  cpurious — Washington  on  onch  end. 
$5,  letter  B — vignette  figure  5— tn»n  and  liorses  on  each  side. 
^,  vignette,  a  feniale  caressing  an  eagle. 
|5,  $10,  $20,  $50,  and  $loo,  altered. 
$10,  vignette,  a  female,  eheaf  of  wheat,  cattle,  etc. 

$20,  vignette  female  witli  a  Bpinniug-whoel— an  Indian  on  the  right  end— female  and 
eagle  on  the  left  end. 

$50,  vignette,  figure  of  Hope— on  the  right  end  a  stag— on  the  left,  a  female  figure,  with 
one  foot  on  a  globe.  o      > 

$100,  Lafayette  and  Washington  on  the  ends. 

It  will  thus  be  seen,  that  notwithstanding  the  ingenuity  displayed  in  trying  to  dazzle 
the  farmers  and  mechanics  of  Orwell  and  Turlington  with  the  illustrations  alluded  to,  the 
shiirp  eye  of  the  "reporter"  ia  upon  them.  Not  content  with  trying  their  hand  at  'such 
out-of-the-woy  places  as  quoted,  some  more  daring  spirits  come  into  New  York  State,  and 
crossing  over  from  New  York  to  Brooklyn- as  it  might  be  crossing  from  the  city  of  Lon- 
don to  the  Uorough— there  they  make  a  dead  set  on  the  notes  of  the  veritable  "  Mechanics' 
Bank,  Brooklyn,"  which  has  got  its  genuine  notes  secured  by  deposit  of  State  stocks. 

The  imitations  on  its  notes  are  thus  given ; — 

$2,  spurious— vignette,  ship  under  sail,  female  on  right, 

$3,  vignette,  blacksmith  on  right  corner  at  work. 

$3,  vignette,  eagle  and  shield,  Washington  with  3  on  each  side. 

$5,  agricultural  implements,  with  female  seated  on  a  rock  on  the  left  of  vignette. 

$5,  altered — vignette,  horse-slioeing. 

$5,  altered — vignette,  sailor  at  a  wheel. 

Not  daunted  ot  that  attempt,  onothcr  is  actually  made  upon  the  "New  York  State 
Bank"  itself,  of  which  the  celebrated  Rufus  U.  King  is  president.     Thus: — 

5<3,  vignette,  State  Arms,  portrait  between  signatures. 

^5,  Indian  on  right  end, 

$5,  spurious — vignette,  four  females  supporting  a  "5." 

$5,  spurious — vignette,  images  swinging  in  a  wreath. 

$5,  Massachusetts'  coat  of  arms  on  the  right  side,  "  New"  in  New  York  is  spelt  "  Now." 

^10,  $20,  $50,  altered — vignette,  female,  eagle,  ship. 

We  could  fill  a  good-sized  volume  with  such  descriptions,  and  as  our  last,  we  will  give 
another,  as  showing  that  even  in  Iler  Majesty's  dominions,  a  leaf  or  two  is  desired  out  of 
the  books  of  issue,  and  taken  without  the  liberty  of  the  best  banks  in  Canada. 

Whether  the  counterfeits  are  of  American  or  Canadian  manufacture,  we  are  not  suffi- 
ciently "  posted"  to  say. 

Who  would  have  thought  of  the  good  old-fashioned,  cautious  Scotch  banker,  Mr.  David- 
son, being  attempted  to  be  imposed  upon  in  this  manner,  with  such  imitations  as  the  follow- 
ing, on  the  "  Bank  of  Montreal."    Thus  we  quote : — 

Genuine  notes  of  this  bank,  it  is  said,  are  in  circulation,  with  counterfeit  signature.  Be 
careful. 

$5,  steamer  on  upper  right  corner;  cattleonleft;  5in  centre;  an  eagle  between  signatures. 

$5,  Toronto  Branch,  letter  A,  pay  Baker;  the  word  "value"  to  left  of  "Toronto,"  in 
genuine  it  is  over  "  Toronto ;"  in  counterfeit,  nose  of  small  dog  comes  near  "  T"  in  "  To- 
ronto," in  genuine  it  is  an  eighth  of  an  inch  from  the  "  T." 

$5,  Montreal  Bank — pay  cash  or  bearer;  others  pay  L.  Carlle,  in  Quebec,  April  2, 1819, 
and  pay  W.  Radenhaun. 

$5,  altered — vignette,  farmer  reclining  on  5  ;  others  V  in  circle  at  bottom. 

$10,  lithograph — they  are  numbered  lOjOi?. 

$10,  altered  from  $1. 

$10,  parliament  is  spelled  parliment, 

$10,  photograph  on  the  Petersborough  Branch. 

We  fancy  we  see  a  genuine  smile  come  over  the  grave  face  of  the  manager,  when  he  saw 
the  "  nose  of  small  dog"  coming  into  too  close  proximity  with  one  of  his  head  agencies, 
and  the  other  dodges  to  deceive  him  and  his  "  cute"  tellers. 

Having  thus  given  a  few  samples  of  the  counterfeit  notes  in  circulation,  we  will  now  con- 


28  BROKEN  HANKS — USUUY  LAWS. 

cliidc  our  cxtrncis  of  tlioso  gc  na  of  bniiking  litcratuiT,  with  nii  illiistvntion  or  two  of  how 
tho  clmnictor  or  deiitli  of  boiiio  of  the  "  institulions"  nre  thus  so  nillilcssly  roconlfd,  with- 
out iho  loast  rogiird  for  tho  foelings  of  tho  living,  or  the  friends  of  dejuirtod  heroes  of 
banking  renown. 
Thus  a  few  of  the  Canada  banks  is  recorded : — 

City  ok  Hamilton,  (sliinplaster,)  Hamilton no  mle. 

Col.o.NlAt.  IJank  ok  CUAniAM,  U.  I' — 

Co.M.MEiniAL  J  Sank,  Ih'oi'kvillo closed. 

CoMMKIlCIAI,    IJaNK,   l''lU't    l']|'io cliisill. 

Mkciianic-s'  JSank,  iMontroal fraud. 

ItlKitciiANTs'  Bank,  Toronto fraud. 

National  Iiank,  Montreal fraud 

NiACiAllA    SlSl'KNSlOX    IJlllDUK    t'o fuihd. 

Ottawa  15axk,  Ottawa J'nihd. 

People's  Bank  ok  Toronto cluxcd. 

Crossing  the  St.  Ijiwrence,  we  tind  in  tlie  United  StatfS,  tlie  following,  out  of  hundreds, 
a»  showing  there  that  "  shinplasters"  won't  go  down  at  ony  price,  no  more  than  lliey  will 
in  Canada : — 

Commonwealth   Bank closed. 

CoMMKiici AL  Bank closed 

Etna  Iiwn  Flunack,  (sliinplaster,) no  sale. 

Atlantic  Bank,  May's  Landing closed. 

Atlantic  Bank,  Cape  May,  (".  II closed. 

]{ank  ok  Amkkk'a,  ("ape  May closed. 

Bank  ok  Cai'e  May  Co.,  Cape  Island,  Cape  Jlay  Co — 

That  the  counterfeits  on  some  banks  are  numerous,  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that 
on  the  "  State  Bank  of  Ohio,"  alone,  we  couut  no  less  than  SIJ  different  descriptions  of  coun- 
terfeit notes  on  it. 

When  a  new  bank  is  started,  it  is  laconically  announced,  for  example,  thus: — 

'•  The  Manufacturers'  ]5ank,  at  Elizabethport,  N.  J.,  has  just  connueneed  business,  with 
N.  P.  Saris,  as  president,  ami  James  Wilson,  as  cashier." 

"The  directors  of  the  Fayette  County  Bank,  at  Uniontown,  Pa.,  mot  and  organized  on 
Monday  last.  Alfred  Patterson,  Esq.,  was  elected  president  of  the  bank,  and  William 
Wilson,  Esq.,  cashier." 

We  advise  all  who  have  5  cents  to  invest,  to  get  a  "bank-note  reporter."  It  may  not  be 
long  before  it  proves  its  worth,  to  be  equal  to  its  weight  in  gold. 


THE    USURY    LAWS. 


As  one  of  the  peculiarities  connected  with  American  finance,  we  append  a  list,  showing 
the  rates  per  cent.,  which  can  be  legally  claimed  for  the  loan  of  money  in  the  respective 
States,  and  the  penalties  incurred  for  exacting  more  than  is  legal. 

It  will  bo  seen  that  the  "crime"  of  usury  has  a  wide  margin,  ranging,  in  most  cases, 
from  0  to  10  per  cent.  In  the  State  of  Minnesota,  we  believe  it  is  15  per  cent.  The 
penalties,  however,  attached  to  charging  a  higher  rate  of  interest,  act  as  a  dead  letter,  it 
being  well  known,  to  use  a  common  saying  in  this  countrj-,  "  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  whip 
the  devil  round  the  post,"  or,  in  other  words,  evade  the  law,  by  various  modes.  Nothing 
is  easier,  by  those  who  are  so  disposed. 

It  is  now  four  years  ago  (5th  Aug.,  1854)  since  the  usury  laws  of  England  were  repealed, 
and  from  the  tone  of  some  influential  journalists  in  America,  we  shall  be  surprised,  if  such 
absurd  and  powerless  laws  should  be  much  longer  deferred  in  being  repealed  there  olso. 

States.   ■  Legal  Interest,        Penalties  for  Oiarglng  more  than  Legal  Rates. 

Maine. 

New  Hampshire. 

Vermont. 


0  per  cent. 
6    "     " 
6    "     " 


Loss  of  excess,  and  interest,  and  law  costs. 
Loss  of  3  times  excess  of  interest. 
Loss  of  excess  of  interest. 


USURY   LAWS— COMMERCIAL  COLLEGES. 


29 


Penaltieii  for  Charging  more  than  Legul  Bates. 

LosH  of  ;i  tinii'M  liie  whole  interest  and  law  costs. 

I.o.s.i  of  excess  of  interest. 

Loss  of  all  interest. 

Forfeitnre  of  eoiiinict,  and,  in  criminal  action,  fine  not  cxcced- 

inj?  ;i;l,iiuu  i,>^:iWMi;.),um\im^risunincnt  not  cxccediuii  sij: 

('(iiitract  void,  and  prinoipic  and  interest  forfeited. 

K.xcess  of  interest  only  forfeited. 

I'rineipal  and  interest  forfeited. 

Loss  of  excess  of  interest. 

Usurious  contracts  void. 

I'rineipal  and  interest  forfeited;  and,  if  usury  is  paid,  double 

the  amount  of  principal  and  interest. 
Loss  of  interest. 
Los.s  of  interest. 
Loss  of  interest. 
Loss  of  interest. 
Lo.s.s  of  interest. 

ID  per  cent,  allowed  on  contract,  and  loss  of  interest  if  ex- 
ceeding this. 

Loss  of  live  times  the  interest. 

lo  per  cent,  allowed  ou  contracts,  forfeiture  of  excess  of  in- 
terest. 

Loss  of  interest. 

Loss  of  interest. 

Same  as  Fowa. 

Same  as  Iowa. 

Same  as  Iowa. 

Same  as  Iowa. 

Liable  to  an  indicttnont  for  misdemeanour.    Forfeiture  of  usu- 
rious interest,  and  lined. 

VI  per  cent,  allowed  on  contracts.     Forfeiture  of  all  con- 
tracts. 

Loss  of  interest. 

No  penalty. 

The  Territories  are  not  subject  to  any  usury  laws. 

The  State  of  Pennsylvania  has  been  the  lirst  to  pronounce  in  favour  of  free  trade  in  money  mat- 
ters in  this  respect. 

Some  European  readers  may  be  reminded,  that  the  difference  of  rates  in  the  States,  is  owing  to 
the  fact  that  each  State  frames  its  own  laws,  and  what  may  bo  justice  according  to  law,  in  one 
State,  may  not  be  considered  so  in  some  of  the  other  States  \i\  the  Union. 

In  Canaila  the  lej;al  interest  has  been  at  ti>e  rate  of  0  per  cent,  but  by  a  law,  passed  last 
session,  imlividuals  may  exact  any  rate  of  interest  whicli  may  be  agreed  upon  between 
them.  Banks,  liowovcr,  are  prohibited  from  exacting  a  liigbcr  rate  of  discount  than  "r 
per  cent.,  and  are  prohibited  from  paying  interest  upon  deposits. 


States. 
Mnssachusctls. 
Rhode  Island. 
Connecticut. 
New  York. 

I^gal  Interest. 

0  per  cent. 

II    "     " 

n    "    " 

'T           4t            tt 

New  Jersey. 

Pennsylvania. 

Delaware. 

Maryland. 

Vir;;inia. 

North  Carolina. 

0 
li 
<; 
11 
(i 

(1 

t( 
«4 

«t 
(1 

It 

11 
11 

South  Carolina. 

Georgia. 

Alabama. 

Arkansas. 

Florida. 

Illinois. 

7 

7 
8 
fi 
(> 
0 

11 

(1 

II 
tl 
II 
It 

It 

Indiana. 
Iowa. 

f. 
0 

.. 

(t 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana. 

Michigan. 

Mississippi. 

.Missouri. 

Ohio. 

Tennessee. 

0 
8 
7 
C 
0 
0 
(! 

11 
11 

11 

tt 
tl 
tt 

11 
11 

Texas. 

8 

t 

" 

Wisconsin. 
Calitbrnia. 

12 

li 

Ik 

CO^^I^IERCIAL  COLLEGES. 

As  wo  bnvo  stated  elsewhere,  tlie  commercial  education  of  the  Americans  is  in  genonl 
far  more  varied  and  more  generally  useful  than  that  enjoyed  by  young  men  in  commercial 
circles  in  Great  Britain.  The  education  there  terminates  too  frequently  with  a  boy  obtain- 
ing at  school  a  slight  knowledge  of  book-keeping  and  accounts,  so  that  by  the  time  he  goes 
abroad  intotlie  world,  he  knows  about  as  much  respecting  such  matters,  as  if  he  had  never 
lieard  of  a  day-book,  bill-book,  or  ledger. 

Until  some  years  ago,  the  same  state  of  things  existed  in  America,  until  institu- 
tions of  an  exehisivcly  commereial  clmrnctei  were  established,  called  "  Commercial  Col- 
leges." Sneh  establishments  are  carried  on  by  teachers  on  their  own  account,  in  a  great 
many  of  the  large  cities  in  the  United  States,  but  not  in  Canada,  so  far  as  we  are  aware. 

Si'.eli  an  institution  generally  consists  of  one  or  more  immense  large  rooms  or  lialls,  hung 
round  with  blackboards,  diagrams,  and  superb  specimens  of  caligraphy,  and  filled  with 
a  largo  supply  of  tables  and  chairs. 

Students  attend  there,  varying  from  15  to  nearly  CO  years  of  ago.  Tiio  students  sit 
apart  from  each  other,  so  that  one  student  is  not  aware  as  to  the  state  of  proficiency  of 
the  one  nearest  to  him.     Scholars  of  all  ages  arc  to  be  seen  listening  to  the  teacher  from 


30 


COMMERCIAL  COLLEQES— AUCTION  ROOMS. 


the  black-board — working  out  tlieir  acooiintH — or,  pcrlmps,  trying  to  iniprovo  their 
haiiilwriting.  lu  this  wny,  the  iniin  of  110  yenrH  of  u^u,  who  fiinlif  hi:!  coiniiierciul  edu- 
cation ill  sumn  i'vti|u'ct«  deticit'tit,  irs  Uiuglit  in  such  u  way  ax  not  to  diN|ihiy  hi»  igiiurunco  of 
sucli  tiiiittei'it  to  the  yoiin^^  lad  of  15  or  111.  Tiiu  coiinto  of  instruction  is  so  nrruii|i(ed,  that 
students  can  enter  and  coninience  their  studirs  at  an}'  time,  and  receive  from  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  teacher  the  advantages  of  a  class,  all  coinniencing  at  one  time.  There  is  nu 
special  attendance  insisted  upon,  but  the  system  is  so  worked,  that  every  student — young 
and  old — at  once  feels  it  to  be  liis  interest  to  attend  regularly  and  work  dil\;ently,  as,  until 
ho  reaches  a  given  point  of  perfection,  he  is  refused  the  diploma  of  eftieieney,  which  is 
given  only  to  those  who  attain  tlie  standard  fixed  u|>on  by  the  projirietor  of  the  college, 
the  particulars  of  which  every  student  is  made  aware  of. 

We  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  one  of  these  institutions  in  full  operation  at  Cincinnati 
(where  they  are  carried  on  most  eHicienlly),  and  were  very  much  pleased  with  the  method 
])ur9ued,  and  forcibly  impre:ised  with  the  value  which  such  an  eilucation  must  prove, 
in  advancing  young  men  in  eoinmereial  positions  aftrrwards,  as  well  as  enabling  them 
to  take  situations  in  a  coiinting-iiousc  or  office  of  whatever  description.  They  are  taught 
not  only  the  every-day  ofloirs  of  how  to  keep  books  by  single  and  double  entry,  nuiko 
out  accounts,  calculate  interest,  draw  bills,  understand  comniii'sion  business — and  the  whole 
by  a  regular  system  of  books  throughout — but  the  information  conveyed  extends  to  insu- 
rance, railroad  business,  shipping,  manufacturing,  and  banking  operations.  On  ]>articular 
days  each  week,  lectures  are  delivered  to  the  whole  school  c?i  maxie,  by  one  of  the  pro- 
fessors, on  certain  commercial  subjects.  Wc  had  the  pleasure  of  attending  one  of  these 
lectures  (by  Mr.  H.  M.  IJartlelt,  of  Cincinnati,;  and  were  highly  gratified  by  the  lucid  ex]iluim- 
tions  he  gave  of  banking  operations — how  conducted — the  nature  of  such  as  the  deposit 
ledger,  discount-ledger,  and  the  various  other  books  used  in  banks,  and  the  relation  each 
assistant  has  to  particular  books — all  conveyed  in  such  language  that  the  dullest  student 
could  comprehend  it. 

The  system,  altogether,  of  commercial  colleges,  is  on  excellent  one,  and  must  tend  greot- 
ly  to  the  advancement  of  the  students  who  attend  them.  So  much  are  thej'  now  in  use, 
and  so  highly  valued,  that  one  of  the  best  credentials  a  young  man  can  produce  ipf  liis  com 
niercial  ability,  is  to  present  his  diploma  from  u  Wfllknown  comiiiereial  college.  The 
requirements  at  some  colleges  are  greater  limn  others,  and  hence  the  dill'erenee  in  the 
accomplishments  of  their  members,  as  well  as  in  the  standing  of  different  colleges. 

The  periods  to  which  the  course  of  instruction  extends,  def)eiids  entirely  upon  the  stu- 
dent himself.  Home  will  finish  in  8  or  ID  weeks — others,  again,  will  take  double  that 
length  of  time;  and  in  neither  case  do  tluy  get  their  diploma  till  they  have  reached  the 
standard  of  proficiency  fixed  upon. 

In  the  western  cities,  many  who  attend  such  colleges  ai'e  the  sons  of  farmers,  who,  not 
having  had  the  advantages  of  acciuiriiig  information  on  such  matters  ut  the  public  schools, 
repair  to  these  colleges  to  complete  their  commercial  education,  so  as  to  fit  them  for  com- 
nieueing  in  their  first  situation  ;  others,  again,  as  we  have  said,  much  older  in  years,  attend 
thetc  colleges,  to  j)erfect  themselves  in  branehcsthey  found  themselves  deficient  in. 

One  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  colleges  referred  to,  is,  in  summer  weather,  to  find  every 
student,  with  scarcely  an  e.\cei)tion,  studying  without  coat  or  jacket — one  and  all  being 
in  their  shirt  sleeves — on  account  of  the  great  heat. 


AUCTION    ROOMS  AND   AUCTIONEERS. 

TuE  auction  rooms  in  America — such  as  in  New  York,  for  example — are  carried  on  in  n 
style,  and  an  amount  of  bond  fide  business  transacted  in  them,  which  strangers  to  this  coup- 
try  have  little  idea  of. 

Goods  are  exported  from  Britain  and  the  continent  of  Europe  to  be  sold  in  the  miction 
room,  and  afeo  imported  by  many  houses  here,  who  take  advantage  of  it  as  their 
regular  ond  only  means  of  disposing  of  their  imports,  whilst  others  again,  who  have  over- 


TRADE  SALES— AN  AUCTION  ROOM   IN  NEW  YORK.  8i 

Imported,  or  witli  a  bail  prospect  before  tliem,  or  a  lot  of  old  otook  on  Imiul,  throw  them 
into  the  auction  room  to  bo  sohl  for  what  they  will  brinj?,  durinj^  the  tvrnw  of  tlic  "  Spriiij;" 
and  "  Full"  seosons'  trade.  Tiie  best  wholewile  an.l  retail  houaes  in  New  York,  and  in  all 
parts,  buy  nt  these!  sal.'w.  There  arc  auction  rooms  for  dry  (,'oods,  others  for  books  and 
stationery,  others  for  hardware,  and  so  on.  Each  auction  room  is  tilled  with  merchants  or 
storekeepers  interested  in  the  respective  classes  of  goods  to  be  sold.  Thus,  ot  u  "  Trade 
Sale,"  as  it  is  called,  of  books,  for  example,  you  will  tind  l)ooks  sent  there  by  publishers  in 
London.  ISoston,  I'hilad.'lphia,  and  New  York.  The  catah.giies  specify  whose  books  titcy 
are,  state  puiilishing  price,  ami  how  many  copies  there  are  of  each  particular  book. 
At  a  book  trade  sale,  all  the  leadinij  booksellers  in  the  coinitry  are  drawn  toj,'ether,  and 
there  men  meet  who  have  not  seen  each  other  for  f.  niontlis  or  more,  and  sometimes  uc- 
quaintaneeships  are  renewed  or  formed  for  mutual  pleasure  and  udvaiitage. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  extent  of  business  done  at  these  sales,  we  may  mention,  that  nt 
the  trade  sale  in  September  last,  in  New  York,  books  were  sold  to  the  amount  of  no  less 
than  about  HOo.diio,  or  £8(),0iMt,  stg.,  out  of  M5  invoices.  The  largest  amount  sent  in  l)y 
one  house  being  ijcjo.iuM),  or  £IOOo  stg.  The  sale  occupied  11  days,  from  8,  a.  m,,  to  10, 
r.  M.,  showing  an  average  amount  of  about  £7272  worth  of  books  sold  every  day  The 
catalogue  of  all  the  works  sent  in  for  sale  is  ready,  and  in  the  hands  of  the  trade,  about  a 
nu)nth  previously.  The  largest  numlicr  of  copies  of  any  one  book  sold,  was  4tJU0  copies. 
At  that  sale  an  olfcr  was  made  and  refused  for  2()0,0(X)  copies  of  a  particular  spelling-book, 
at  one-eiglith  of  a  cent  less  than  the  regular  price. 

Immense  (juantities  of  stationery  are  also  sold  at  these  sales. 

In  no  other  congregation  of  individuals  will  be  found  such  a  heterogeneous  mass  of  men 
from  all  parts  of  America,  and  belonging  to  all  countries  as  is  to  be  seen  in  the  auction 
room.  It  has  been  often  said  that  no  jdace  e(juals  New  York  for  its  numerous  specimens 
of  such.  If  that  be  true,  we  should  say  that  no  opportunity  for  seeing  sucli,  is  equal  to  that, 
when  all  are  collected  together  in  a  dry  goods  auction  sale-room,  and  all  bent  on  the  same 
olijeet.  About  1 1  o'clock  in  the  forenoon,  any  day  during  the  season  of  a  fall  or  summer  trade, 
you  will  tind  an  auction  room  in  "  full  blast,"  with  the  cry  of  the  nervous  auctioneer  as  he 
chatters  on  the  everlasting  ditty  of  buy,  buy,  buy — up,  up,  up,  U]i — in  one  incessant  stream, 
until  he  is  al>out  gasping  out  his  last  breath.  Around  him,  with  memorandum- book  in  left, 
and  pencil  in  right-hand,  checking  oft'  the  lots  as  they  "  go"  and  are  "  gone,"  you  will  find 
the  New  Y<)rk  wholesale  storekeeper  alongside  of  those  from  all  ])arts,  extending  from 
INIontreal,  in  Canada,  to  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  or  from  Massachusetts  in  the  east,  to  Mis- 
souri and  Chicago  in  the  west — aye,  even  as  far  as  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  There,  all 
jutted  against  each  other,  you  will  find  the  business-like  Englishman  alongside  of  the  high- 
blooded  Mexican  trader,  the  cautious  Scotchmen  making  a  bid  afier  the  volatile  French- 
man; the  qiuet  down-east  Yankee  alongside  of  the  phlegmatic  Oerman ;  tlie  quick-tem- 
pered French  Canadian  beside  the  little  wide-awake  Jew,  whilst  Pat,  honest  fellow,  assists 
to  put  away  the  lots  as  they  are  knocked  down.  There,  between  the  cupidity  of  some, 
jealousy  or  ignorance  of  others,  the  auctioneer  rests  his  hopes  to  realize  a  good  price  for 
liis  employer,  the  importer.  There,  day  after  day,  the  same  scene  is  to  be  seen ;  the  same 
play  being  i>erformed,  and  during  the  process,  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  goods  changing 
hands  and  getting  s]ircad  all  over  this  mighty  continent. 

Tlie  great  factotum  of  the  auction  room,  however,  is  the  auctioneer.  Upon  him  all  eyes 
are  fastened.  There  he  mounts  the  counter,  encircled  amid  a  bower  of  silks,  satins,  la- 
ces, and  ribbons,  all  hanging  around  him,  suspended  from  the  iron  rods  ai)ove,  on  which 
the  goods  are  placed  as  they  are  knocked  down.  There  he  stands,  with  pencil  and  book  in 
hand — in  sldrt  sleeves — without  collar  and  handkerchief,  so  as  to  have  free  scope  for  his 
vj)enl  powers,  in  his  everlasting  prattle. 

You  need  not  suppose  that  he  is  gifted  with  much  eloquence,  or  that  he  is  a  fit  represent- 
ntion.of  the  departed  (ieorge  Robins,  of  Covent  Garden  renown,  in  his  descriptive  powers; 
or  expect  to  hear  that  eternal  "  going,"  '-once,"  "  twice,"  "  thrice,"  and  waiting  for  a  bid, 
in  order  to  assist  off  the  goods  under  review,  and  ending  up  with  "going,"  and  "gone." 


82 


TUK  AT'CTIOXKKU — TUADK   WITH   CANAHA. 


Howovpr  j^cnt  llir  volnliility  of  tlic  Aiuprlpiin  nuctionpcr,  It  U  not  «prnt  on niiy  kiicIi  stiper- 

flirttici*,  or  ii|iim  I'iilirr  iirimiiiriitiilioii  or  pnii-i'  of  tlir  iirtlrli-*  Hiilitnittril,  tmt  <'oiitiiii'<l  to  oim 
t'VcrliiHtiii;;,  lii'ciitliiii'.',  ;,'iis|iiiif;  ilitty  on  tliiit  iiliiiii,'lily  Miljict — doi.i.aih  iiikI  <  tnth — mid 
wit!»  only  one  Bolllomiy — atiil  tlmt,  one  iiii'owuit,  i>*'iitlilii|;,  Hoiirin^  up  iiml  ilowii  cry 
from  K  tint  to  floiilili'  liii-'s,  of  up,  up,  up,  up,  up.  up — luul  liuy,  Imiv,  I'uy,  liuy,  liuy,  liuy. 
Tluit  is  his  Alplui  unci  OuuLfii — uttiTrd  with  nil  tlu' ilicliuimtory  powers  of  ii  J>(ini>H 
tlii-nos — down  to  tlu^  (iuk't«'r»t  wliUpor,  u*  Im  H  iilioiit  to  stop,  out  of  lirnitli,  to  tako 
in  nuotlicr  supply  of  idr,  to  till  lii-i  exhiiu-trd  lunu'" — wlion  Iio  I'tartH  afri'i^li  iii;iiiti,  with  all 
]\U  usual  viifour,  till  lie  knocks  down  out'  iiiili'li',  and  conuiicnci's  on  aiiollirr  in  llii>  saniu 
broatli.  lie  has  no  tiiuf  to  dcKcant  u|iou  tlir  ipialitics  of  the  hlai-k  ^'ros,  huni;  up  lid'oro 
you.  Ho  passes  no  opinion  as  to  its  luiufj  either  i.;ooil,  had,  or  inditlerent;  whether  the 
moire  anticpie  there,  has  a  cotton  hack  or  a  silk  one ;  there  it  is;  jud^e  for  yourself;  hid 
if  you  like,  or  ho  sihnt,  it  is  all  tlu'  simio  to  him:  his  course  is  onward  with  \ih 
cvorlaMintf  cry  of  huy,  buy,  hiiy,  huy — ainl  up,  up,  u|),  and  upwards  with  ihe  price, 
when  ho  fancies  he  has  got  even  the  sixteenth  part  of  it  move  of  the  head  towards  a  hid. 
The  New  York  auctioui'cr  is  one  of  those  uni(|Ue  charaetersoidy  to  lie  met  w  ilh  in  this  coun- 
try, and  a  j)hase  of  husiness  may  he  seen  hy  I  lie  htruii;;er,  in  a  New  York  aiution  room, 
never  Been  before.  Th':  same  renuirks  ai)ply  to  auction  rooens  in  I'hiladelphia  and  such 
cities. 

Talk  of  your  crack  nuclioneers,  either  at  tlh' Mart.  I>iilpenliiini  and  Storrs,  and  all  such 
well-known  places  of  resort!  The  British  aui-tionoer-if  he  wishes  to  increase  his  vocal 
powers,  in  voluhility— must  come  to  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and  u'o  under  trainiiii; 
in  a  wh(dcsale  dry  ;;oods  auction  room.  We  will  warrant  he  will  return,  only  to  make 
Charles  Matthews  jealous,  as  a  rival,  in  "  Patter  versus  Clatter."  In  the  "  Peter  Funk"  retail 
auction  room  in  New  York,  aiiaiu,  the  same  iii-hhk  homo  is  to  he  soon  and  hcanl,  in  shirt 
sleeves,  lonj^  tlowinn  heard,  with  his  clear,  rinu'ini?  voice,  tryinj?  to  pet  uj>  the  steam 
before  his  foiifrhrs,  and  between  them,  by  their  iiioi'k  auction  dodi;es,  tryini;  to  decoy  .such 
OS  you  into  their  triip — there,  to  Iihvo  an  opportunity  of  "  selling'"  yourself,  alonjj  with 
a  watch  of  best  ]?irmint;ham  pfold-plated  make,  for  oiifhloon  carat  ifold.  The  man  who 
tfoos  there  without  any  tliiiij;  vnluul'le  ahoiil  him,  and  wiln  a  sharp  look-out,  may  even  be 
amused  with  that  specimen  of  an  auctioneer,  and  aiU'tioii  room.  Such  places  exist  in  all 
large  towns  in  Great  Hritaiii,  wlure  "Peter  I'link"  frequently  |»erfonns  withoonsidorable 
profit.  Hero,  liowever,  he  ap])ears  to  us  to  be  more  ailvaueed  in  his  oilucntion,  and  with 
vocal  powers  which  would  ai  once  take  the  breath  forever  from  his  friend  in  tlie  Poultry 
of  London,  or  Trongatc  of  Glasgow. 


THE  TRADE  AVITII   CANADA   FKOM  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

That  the  trade  from  the  Ignited  States  to  Canada  is  rapidly  increasiuir,  whilst  that  from 
Great  Britflin  is  on  the  decline,  nuiy  be  seen  from  the  follow  int:  abstract  from  tables  which 
we  give,  drawn  up  by  the  Canadian  irovernment  on  the  subject,  which  shows  the  extent  and 
progress  of  the  trade  between  Camilla  and  the  I'nitcd  States. 

In  isr)."?  the  total  imports  into  Canada  from  uH  sources  amounted  to ?31, 981,436 

Of  wiiicli  was  imported — 
From  (Jrcat  Britain,  *ls,4S9,120;  from  United  State.s,*ll,Ts2,l  14. 

The  balance  of  imports  were  taken  from  other  foreiL^n  ports. 
In  IH.H  the  total  imports  into  Canada  amoiiiited  to 40,.'i20,.j24 

Of  which  was  imported — 
From  Great  Britain,  *22,0(;:i,r)2,T  ;  from  United  States,  $l.j,333,090. 

Balance  of  imjxirls  were  from  foreign  ports.                                                                 , 
In  18').")  the  total  imports  into  Canada  amounted  to 30,030,108 

Of  which  was  imported — 
From  Great  Britain,  ^l:;,:!u:!,4r,0 ;  from  T'liited  Slates,  i«2O,S2S,07C. 

Balance  of  imports  were  from  foreign  ports. 
For  the  year  past,  ending  Dec.  31,  ls')(j,  the  total  value  of  imports  into  Canada  was..   43, 584,384 

Of  which  was  unporled— 
From  Great  Britain,  .tls,212,032  ;  from  United  States,  i*22,704,r>0'i. 

From  this  statement  it  will  he  seen  that  a  steady  increase  in  the  imports  from  the  United 
States  has  continued  as  far  back  as  l>r)3. 


TFIADF,   WITH   CAVAOA.    HAKKRTKS. 


88 


For  «jip  ypnr  Ur,n  the  tnlul  nmoiiiit  of  imports  from  Orc-nt  Ilritain  nmoiiiitpd  lo  *1«  mil  \>>n 

tor  tho  yiMir  lh:,(i •  •  _   iH'...i.y(,,,3 

Showiiin  a  fiillitid  "I"  ''<'"w/i  Mt;  hm pirioiU  nbovo  mentioned  of "TTfllTss 

Ki'fcrriMK  to  tin-  importu  for  l-s.'.a  from  tlio  Unitotl  Stuton,  tliey  uniount  to  11  7s.)  11,1 

For  ti>o  your  is^o ;' '.::::'.'.::::  -;7ui;^os 

HIiowiiiK  on  iniTPHHO  between  tliPHu  tw<i  perioiln,  in  fiivoiir  of  United  Htnton,  of l(i,iejL7)t)4 

TliiiM  it  will  l),.«erM  llmt  while  (lie  iniportnllon  of  u Ii  from  (Jieat  Ilritain  into  Cuim.lu 'l.ug 

eon^snleiabl.v  (liiiiiiiislied,  Hi,'  traile  jVnin  llie  I'liitetl  Stales  has  inereused  enornioii^lv. 
The  export-.  (Vom  I'anaiht  idso  keep  puco  with  tho  imports,  as  will  bo  seen  by  the  following;— 

In  l^'.'l  the  total  expoiis  aiiioiinled  to .,..  u,ii  ..nn 

Of  Whie' - •■■" .i>..:..:..     ,..,•■;.••■.■•.•.•,•.•! • .l.NUlelUU 

K(  . 

t)f  wliieli  WHS  expi 
Todreat  jlritain,  lo,|i;7,7i| ;  to  tho  United  Stnten,  17,»70,7:i2. 

Thus,  ill  lour  yeai-t,  llicic  was  a  ilei  reuse  i)f  exports  to  Ureut  Ilritain  of. ,  . .       OOri.OfiO 
While  our  exports  to  (he  I'liilecl  States  have  increased 0  OH!  ;i7 

The  following  exhibKs  (he  value  of  imports  ul  one  port  olono,  viz.,  Montrcol,  for  the  past  four 
years  :—  ' 

ISM ifl,-!,.-.'.'*!,!.-,!!    I    IH,'-,.'', ijip  »,-,()  044 

i8''-i 17,' ■■t.ni.'s  I  is.-,(i ; ; ; ;.  i.i|i.i.i',r)y(j 

The  f(i|lowiii;r  are  a  few  of  the  leiulinn  articles  imported  into  Canada  from  the  United  Stutcg 
duriiifr  the  past  year:   - 


111  I  ^'I't  nil-  iiiiai  t'x|Hins  aiiioiiiiieM  id *>;l  SOI  1100 

t)f  which  were  sent  to  (iicat  Itritaiii,  1  l,li;.'i,lol  ;  and  to  tho  t'liiled  States,'H,',i;ii),;;so!    "  '       ' 

For  the  past  \ear,  \<.i\,  the  (cital  ex|iorl.s  from  Canada  amounted  to '       '    a"  017  Olfl 

t)f  which  WHS  expoiled    -  '       ' 


I'aper |47,724 

Taper  llangiiiLj iiii,17'J 

ranisols  and  Umbrellas M.'jss 

Silks 41,li:!(l 

Straw  (ioods lM:i,ii7^ 

Spirits  of  TuipeiMiiie r.."i,0SS 

ArticlcH  not  eiiumeralcd ."iO.'i.pll 

Cotleo 'J'JI.s.-,!! 

Cinars 7ri,710 

Molasses 4l!ll,;il2 

Wines  and  Spirits Mo.i'e.iO 

Siittar,  all  kinds \fi'"t,'":'l 

Dried  Fruits 14n,7r,o 

l'iiiient<i,  .Mlsjiiceand  Pepjier Wl,'.\'li) 

Cassia  and  Tea l,lii'i^,'.i.'i:! 

Tobacco r)0;l,fls4 

Hrn s L'o.dsH 

Candles 4(1,000 

Carpets 23,903 


Clocks  and  Watches t.ll.n.'iB 

Clothes,  ready  made 10.'i,;i'24 

Coiiihs  and  Hriishes .'10,2'JO 

(^ollini  .Mannhictmes (171,111(1 

Drujjs  and  .Medicines 'Jl."),liHO 

Fancy  (joods 1411, S70 

(ilass i!3,fl20 

(ilassware lOS.aOO 

Hals  and  (Japs,  not  fur ii30,448 

India  Rubber y8,(!S4 

Iron  and  Hardware l,4ol,<j48 

Jewelry  and  Plate K(i,4;i8 

Leather  Hoots  and  Shoes 8.')!t,y48 

Leather (Kl.liHO 

Do.     Tanned 2(14, Mlia 

Machinery  844, (ioo 

Musical  Instrumenls 141,il(ll 

Oil 81,120 

Oilcloth G7,!il2 


MECHANICAL  BAKERIES. 

Sl'cii  ia  the  title  ijiven  to  wliolesnle  bread  manufactories,  whore  the  greater  portion  of 
the  work  is  ])erformed  by  machiiiery.  As  a  most  decided  improvement  upon  the  okl  system 
of  men  baking  with  their  bands,  and  tramping  the  dough  witii  tlieir  bare  feet — not,  per- 
haps, at  all  limes  so  clean  as  they  ought  to  be — has  induced  us  to  notice  one  of  those 
esfablisbmenta  whicli  wo  saw  in  o]>oration  whilst  at  Cincinnati.  We  may  observe  that 
Mechanical  Bakepos  arc  established  in  several  of  the  large  cities,  and,  although  they  may 
not  in  some  cases,  as  yet,  liave  succeeded  jn  turning  out  such  groat  quantities  of  bread  as 
their  projectors  anticipated,  j'ct,  wo  feel  satisfied,  they  will  extend,  not  only  in  increase  of 
business  of  those  already  stnrtetl,  but  that  every  largo  city  will,  in  the  course  of  time,  have 


84 


BAKING  BY  STEAM — TUE  AUTOJfATON  OVEN. 


tliem  in  operiition,  from  whiuli  the  public  will  be  siipiilieil  with  pure,  wholesome,  ond  un- 
adulterated bread,  imide  of  the  best  iimterials.  and  in  the  most  unexeejjtionalile  manner. 

Tlic  establishment  at  C'ineinnuti  we  may  take  to  be  a  model  one  of  its  kind.  It  was 
started  last  July  by,  we  believe,  a  company  of  four  gentlemen,  vi<. :  two  shrewd  Amcrieans, 
with  two  "canny"  Scotchmen  for  i>artners,  one  of  the  latter  beini;  the  practical  monager. 
They  have  erected  a  iiandsome,  scjuarc-built,  brick  building,  more  like  a  Manchester  warc- 
liouse  man  a  baking  establishment.  The  ground  floor  is  chiefly  Uiken  up  with  the  i-ales 
department,  where  bread  is  kept  in  large  "  bins"  and  drawers,  and  sold  retail  as  well  as 
wholesale.  Jp  stairs  there  are  three  floors.  On  the  highest  floor  is  where  the  stock  of 
flour  and  other  ingredients  for  mixing  are  kept.  After  the  ingredients  are  all  mixed,  they 
ore  emi)tied  into  the  baking,  or,  rather,  kneadiiig-macliine,  which,  revolving  slowly,  with 
its  internal  simjde  machinery,  kneads  the  bread  most  completely.  Tiiis  machine  is 
capable  of  kneading  ten  barrels  of  flour  in  twenty  minutes.  After  it  is  thus  made  into 
dough,  ready  for  being  baked  into  loaves,  it  is  allowed  to  fall  out  at  an  opening  at  the 
bottom  of  tiie  machine,  in  ijuantities  as  wanted,  into  troughs,  and  from  there  taken  to  tlio 
floor  below,  whore  the  dough  is  cut  into  (juantities  of  two  or  four  jiounds  each,  weighed 
off,  and  formed  into  the  shape  of  loaves,  as  wanted.  During  the  whole  of  this  process,  the 
dough  is  only  handled  by  the  bakers  when  giving  tiie  snuill  pieces  a  roll  round  and  placing 
them  in  the  louf-pans,  ready  for  the  oven.  Thus  far,  then,  a  gri;at  suving  of  lalwur  is  effected, 
and  the  dough  not  once  touched  by  hands  or  feet  in  the  whole  proce  -s  of  kneading,  and 
only  touched  when  shaping  it  into  loaves,  as  we  have  stated. 

In  the  oven  department  there  is  not  so  great  a  saving  of  labour  to  be  effected  com]iara- 
tively  with  the  kneading  process,  from  the  fact  of  there  not  being  much  labour  required 
about  ovens,  further  than  merely  putting  in  and  drawing  out  the  "  batch,"  when  read}-. 
But  that  even,  in  the  .Mechanical  Bakery,  is  done  by  macliinery.  After  the  bread  is  moulded 
into  shape,  and  put  into  pans,  they  are  placed  on  iron  trays,  each  containing  about  tliirty 
loaves.  The  tray  is  then  placed  on  a  carriage  in  front  of  the  oven  door,  when,  at  a  given 
signal,  the  door  is  drawn  up,  the  tray,  with  its  load,  is  carried  into  the  inside  of  the  oven  on 
tlio  carriage,  and  the  door  falls  down  gently — the  whole  done  us  if  by  magic.  Keganling 
the  oven — which  is  correctly  named  the  Automaton  Oven — \vc  a])])end  the  following  de- 
scription of  it  and  its  working,  as  supplied  to  us  by  tiie  superintendent  of  the  establishment; 

"The  oven  is  upright,  it  has  its  foundation  and  heating  furnacs  in  the  basement,  and  its 
doors  in  tlie  first  and  second  stories.  Tlie  dougli  is  put  into,  and  tlie  bread  discharged  from 
them  on  both  these  floors  when  in  full  operation.  The  baking-cars,  loaded  on  the  first 
floor,  ascend  throiigh  the  oven,  and  discharge  the  baked  bread  on  the  second  floor,  and  the 
cars  loaded  on  the  second  floor,  descend  and  discharge  on  the  first  floor.  Tiie  oven  contirins 
twenty-six  cars,  thirteen  of  which  are  ascending  and  thirteen  descending  at  the  same  time. 
Each  car  posses  through  tiie  oven  in  tliirty  minutes,  when  baking  common  sized  loaves  j 
but  the  speed  is  regulated  by  the  »17a'.  of  tlie  loaf  and  the  time  recpiired  for  baking. 

The  capacity  of  one  "baking  car"  is  sixty  loaves,  weighing  aliout  a  pound  and  a  half 
each.  The  temperature  of  the  oven  is  uniform,  and  is  maintained  at  any  degree  of  heat 
necessary,  by  danijiers.  Thermometers  in  the  oven  indicate  the  temperature  to  tiie  attend- 
ants.    The  loaves  are  all  baked  precisely  alike,  and  never  eitlier  liurned  or  under-done. 

The  tem])erature  for  baking  in  the  automatic  oven  is  more  than  two  hundred  degrees 
higher  than  can  be  used  in  tlie  common  baker's  oven,  without  iiurning  tlie  l)read  to  a  cin- 
der ;  bccau.se  the  hot  air  in  a  chatiiber  witiiout  draft  is  strong  and  penetrating,  and  not  raw 
and  scorching  like  the  heat  in  an  ordinary  oven,  where  the  fire  is  in  tlie  oven  itself,  and 
acts  directly  on  the  bread  while  baking,  besides  exjiosing  it  to  the  impurities  of  dust, 
smoke,  etc.  The  oven  being  ujiright,  with  the  ear  loads  of  bread  in  it,  one  above  another, 
and  having  no  draft  tlirough  it,  all  the  alcoliolic  va])or  arising  from  the  fermented  dough 
is  condensed  on  and  absorbed  by  the  cold  dough,  whereby  the  bread  is  improved  in  flavor, 
and  its  nourishing  properties  sensibly  increased. 

The  machinery  which  produces  tlie  automatic  movements  of  the  cars,  is  placed  on  the 
back  of  the  oven,  and  may  be  seen  best  on  the  second  flooi*." 


I 


MECHANICAL  BAKERIES.  WHO  ARE  YANKEES. 


85 


Altogether  it  ia  a  most  mysterious-looking  operation,  and  from  the  fact  of  no  one  handling 
or  assisting  the  bread  into  the  oven,  or  out  of  it,  opening  and  sliutting  the  oven  doors,  and 
travelling  of  the  carriages— all  moving  as  if  by  clock-work,  and  yet  doing  that  perfectly 
by  machinery  which  is  not  always  done  so  by  human  hands— we  think  it  well  deserves  tho 
name  of  the  "  Automaton  Oven." 

■\Viien  in  "  full  blast,"  the  bakery  can  bake  no  less  than  250  barrels  of  flour  per  day  into 
bretd.  At  our  visit,  the  establinhnient  had  just  newly  started,  but,  even  then,  was  doing 
a  large  business,  their  bread  being  sold  in  sliops  in  different  parts  of  tiie  city. 

AVith  highly  eomiiiendal)le  straightforwardness,  the  company  invito  the  public  to  call  and 
Bee  the  whole  operation — the  quality  of  flour,  which  is  tho  best — and  all  other  ingredients, 
8o  that  they  may  have  every  confidence  in  wiiat  is  supplied.  One  part  of  the  arranj^enicnt, 
we  understood,  was  not  complete  when  we  were  there,  viz. :  that  of  cutting  and  weighing 
off  the  (juantity  of  dough  for  each  loaf  It  was  then  done  by  hand  and  a  pair  of  scales, 
but  wc  understand  that  it  will  bo,  (if  not  by  this  time,;  cut  off  and  weighed  by  machinery 
also,  so  that  matheuiatioal  precision  in  weight  will  be  ol  tained,  and  greater  speed  in  pre- 
paring the  dough  for  the  puns. 

Every  description  of  bread  is  made,  from  "crackers"  to  large  loaves. 

An  inspection  of  ihe  rules  of  the  establishuicnt,  as  to  chewing  tobacco,  drinking,  and 
cleanliness,  show  that  the  proprietors  are  up  to,  if  not  a  little  a-head  of,  tiio  times. 

We  observe  that  their  price  for  a  28  oz.  loaf  is  5  cents,  or  about  2^(7.  (stg.),  for  6Wj,  for 
which  only  they  deal. 

WHO  ARE  YANKEES? 

Many,  we  think,  use  tho  word  Yankee,  without  knowing  its  exact  meaning,  whilst  others 
np|)ly  it  with  reference  to  the  whole  Ataericau  people,  when  they  designate  them,  "  Yan- 
kees." 

According  to  tho  last  American  authority,  Webster,  the  meaning  of  the  word  Yankee 
stancls  thus :  "  A  corrupt  pronunciation  of  tho  word  Emjlkh  by  the  native  Indians  of  Ame- 
rica." 

From  tho  fact  that  tho  Kuglisli  first  Ian  led  iu  New  England,  the  word  Yankee  thus  be- 
came appiioal)le  to  them,  and  it  still  retains,  to  this  day,  its  significance  as  a  tei'm  applica- 
ble to  all  wlio  belong  to  tlie  New  England  States,  and  to  them  only.  To  apply  the  name 
of  Yankee  to  all  Americans,  wherever  situated,  is  an  error.  Just  as  well  nuiy  the  High- 
Iniuler  of  Scotland,  bo  considered  a  "  cockn<'y,"or  a  "  John  Bull,"  as  to  su|)poso  an  inhabit- 
ant of  the  Northern  Strifes  of  America,  to  i)o  a  "Yankee."  It  is  the  New  Englanders, 
alone,  who  are  considered  Yankees — although  the  term,  altogether,  is  one  of  a  convention- 
al nature,  and  very  often  applied  to  any  thing  supj)osed  to  be  of  very  speculative,  doubt- 
ful, or  dodging  character. 


36  WATER  AND  WATER  DRINKING — DRINKING  CUSTOMS. 


WATER  AND  WATER  DRINKING. 

We  have  never,  as  yet,  mot  in  this  country  with  nr  instJince,  such  ns  wc  once  met  with 
in  Manchester,  (Eiig.,)  where  tlie  cliihlren  of  a  family  had  never  tasted  water  from  tiie 
liiue  they  were  born,  always  being  supplied  with  "  beer,"  when  thirsty— a  practice,  we 
fear,  far  too  common  in  families  in  the  manufacturing  districts. 

From  all  wc  have  seen  at  public,  as  well  ns  private  tables  here,  pure  water  seems  to  bo 
almost  tlie  only  beverage— first  thing  in  the  morning  and  the  last  at  night,  and,  alto- 
gether, are  inclined  to  believe  the  Americans  to  be  the  greatest  water-drinkers  in  the 
worhl. 

At  breakfast,  a  tumbler  of  water  is  placed  alongside  of  your  cup  and  saucer — at  dinner 
time,  it  is  there — at  tea,  or  supper,  again  it  appears.  Many  we  have  seen  at  the  tables  of 
the  large  hotels  who  take  neither  tea  nor  coffee— but  water  only — along  with  their  eatables. 
These  are,  of  course,  exceptions — still  we  have  been  surprised  to  meet  with  so  many  who 
do  so.     Some,  again,  take  cold  water  and  milk,  mixed,  instead  of  either  tea  or  colfee. 

Whether  it  is  the  nature  of  tlio  climate,  the  heat  of  suimner,  and  consequent  perspira- 
tion, we  know  not ;  but  the  consumption  of  water  for  drinking  purposes,  is  certainly  enor- 
mous. In  a  counting-house,  it  would  be  thought  as  great  a  want  to  have  no  pens  and  ink 
to  write  with,  as  to  have  no  cistern  full  of  water,  and  a  tumbler,  in  a  handy  corner  for  tlie 
day's  consumption.     Workshops  are  similarly  8up|)lied. 

The  qtuility  of  the  water  consumed  differs  in  different  localities.  In  New  York,  no  bet- 
ter water  could  bo  desired  than  is  obtained  from  the  reservoir  at  the  Cruton 
works.  In  other  cities,  on  the  sea-board,  it  is  olso  generally  good,  and  all  spring  water. 
Proceeding  West,  to  the  Ohio  district,  it  is  also  good  in  many  parts.  At  Cincinnati,  liow- 
evcr,  for  instance,  the  water  used  there  is  that  from  the  Ohio  Uiver,  and  is  frefjuently  almost 
unfit  to  drink — unfiltered  ;  but  when  filtered,  and  cooled  with  ice,  is  very  good.  Passing 
farther  West  to  the  Mississippi,  again,  there  the  water  is  of  very  doubtful  quality,  as 
well  as  purity.  So  much  is  that  the  ease,  that  strangers  are  advised  to  be  carefid  in  par- 
taking of  it.  So  powerful  is  it,  in  its  effects,  that  we  question  if  the  most  staunch  tee-to- 
taller  would  not,  for  health's  sake,  be  inclined  to  partake  of  the  light  "  lager  beer"  of  the 
Germans,  than  run  the  risk  of  (piaffing  out  of  the  "Father  of  Waters."  All  up  and  down 
the  Mississippi  it  is  the  same.  Of  course,  where  spring  wells  are  stationed  in  towns,  the 
water  is,  in  general,  excellent ;  and  tlisre  is  scarcely  a  farmer,  or  resident  in  the  country, 
but  who  has  a  spring  well  at  his  door,  and  who  can  easily  supplj'  himself  with  jnire  atjiin. 

The  tax  for  water,  is,  generally,  paid  by  the  landlord,  and  included  in  his  estimate  of 
rent. 

The  consumption  of  water,  in  summer,  for  watering  the  streets,  either  to  lay  the  dust, 
or  cool  the  ground  in  front  of  the  liouses,  is  also  very  groat;  and  n  system  of  watering 
in  that  respect — by  moans  of  hose,  attached  to  the  mains — is  carried  out,  to  an  extent  un- 
known in  Britain.     For  hour.smcn  are  employed  every  day,  ot  different  intervals,  to  keep 

continuous  stream  of  water  playing  upon  the  ground  in  front  of  houses  and  stores,  for  the 
pur])ose  stated.  That  is  in  addition  to  water-carts,  perambulating  the  streets,  watering 
them  as  I'ley  go  along. 

In  some  cities,  certain  hou's  are  fixed  iflor  wliioh  no  water  is  allowed  to  be  used  in 
the  manner  described. 

DRINKING    CUSTO.MS. 

In  the  above  I'omnrks,  wo  have  en<lea  vourod  to  make  clear,  that  the  greatest  drinking  cus- 
tom in  America,  is  in  the  eoiisuiiiption  of  cold  water.  It  must  not  be  supposed,  howevor, 
that  no  malt  or  spirituous  li(pior8  arc  consumed.  .\s  a  whole,  we  should  say,  that  although 
a  large  amount  of  both  must  tie  consumed  in  this  country,  both  from  what  is  manufactured 
and  what  is  imported,  still  the  average  o.onsumption  jicr  man  is  a  trifle  compared  with  the 


1110 


pill 


I 


THE  DRINKING  CUSTOMS  OF  AMEIUCA. 


87 


avernge  amount  consumed,  in  either  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland.  The  drinking  cus- 
toms, for  tiie  most  part,  are  confined  to  drinking  whilst  standing  nt  tho  burs  of  the  hotels 
and  drinking-saloona — Brother  Jonathan  performing  that  operation  decidedly  fast.  As  a 
general  rule,  there  is  none  of  that  sitting  down  to  brandy  and  water,  or  "punch"  and 
pipes,  on  an  afternoon  after  dinner,  or  in  tlie  evening,  wiiich  is  to  be  ^.  en  in  the  snuggeries 
in  London,  nor  yet  those  joUitieations  over  whisky-toddy,  wliieh  are  too  common  in  Scot- 
land, or  over  tiie  grog  or  "  potheen"  in  Ireland.  Nothing  of  the  sort.  After  dinner,  Jona- 
than goes  off  to  have  a  smoke  aiul  a  read  of  the  newspaper,  and  thence  to  business,  with- 
out, as  a  general  rule,  tasting  one  drop  of  liquor.  He  has  neitlier  the  time  nor  the  inclina- 
tion for  it. 

After  business  hours  at  night,  there  is  not  that  amount  of  frequenting  "  howfs"  or  pet- 
houses,  which  is  common,  amongst  young  men  in  business,  in  the  large  cities  and  towns  in 
Great  Briaitn.  They  live,  most  probably,  a  good  way  off,  and  are  glad  to  get  home  as 
soon  as  possible.  If  they  board  at  a  hotel,  they  prefer  the  billiard-room  to  the  drinking- 
saloon.  As  we  have  said  before,  the  Americans  prefer  to  drink  at  the  bar,  standing.  They 
order  what  they  want,  swallow  it  at  one  breath,  and  off  they  g\ 

The  greatest  cause  which  we  can  assign  for  the  undoubted  temperance  of  the  Ameri- 
can people,  as  a  whole,  consists  in  the  detestation  with  which  they  look  upon  drunkenness 
as  a  vice,  and  tho  care  they  exercise  against  indulging  in  it,  from  prudential  motives. 

Employers  are  more  particular,  probably,  about  the  sober  habits  and  steady  conduct  of 
an  assistant  than  any  other  qualification — for  wliat  they  term  his  being  a  "  reliable  man." 
If  there  is  one  thing  more  than  another,  -which  will  make  them  doubt  a  man's  capability 
to  serve  theni  faithfully,  it  is  his  inebriety  of  character,  well  knowing  as  they  do,  with 
drink  being  so  cheap  here,  that  if  a  man  gets  to  use  it  frequently,  and  begins  to  like  it,  he 
is  going  fast  on  the  high  road  to  destruction. 

Brought  up  with  such  ideas  and  habits  themselves,  and  taught  to  look  at  the  drinking 
customs  with  something  like  fear  and  trembling,  and  knowing  how  much  a  man's  value 
consists  in  his  being  a  strictly  sober  man,  they  are  particularly  careful  in  the  selection  and 
conduct  of  the  assistants  they  employ,  to  see  that  they  are  of  sober  habits,  and  that  they 
remain  so.  Men  lose  situations  here,  fi-om  no  other  cause  than  being  known  to  frequent 
the  bar,  or  a  drinking-saloon,  too  often,  although  they  may  be  steady  enough  at  their  busi- 
ness. 

There  is  no  doubt,  after  nil,  tliat  there  is,  probably,  far  too  much  drink  consumed  in  this 
country,  |iarticularly  in  sea-port  cities,  where  sea-faring  men  come  in  contact  with  the 
coiniuercial  classes,  and  also  about  the  drinkiug-saloons  of  tho  hotels,  when  salesmen  or 
merchants  meet  their  country  customers  there. 

As  we  tiave  said  elsewhere,  lager  beer,  a  light  description  of  home-brewed  beer,  is  the 
great  beverage  of  the  German  population,  and  there  is  not  a  town  or  village  but  what  has 
its  "  lager  beer  saloon."  Tho  Germans  sit  down  at  tables,  and  converse  and  smoke  over 
their  beer,  consuming  often  large  quantities  before  they  rise.  It  is,  however,  compara- 
tively speaking,  harmless,  when  conqiared  with  the  villanous  "  fire  water,"  which  is  dis- 
tilled, in  the  shape  of  whisky,  from  Indian  corn,  rye,  etc.,  and  sold  at  a  mere  trifle  per 
pint.     AVIiolosale  price,  ;55  cents  (or  Is.  (V/.  stg.)  per  gallon. 

Drink  is  not  sold  at  the  bar  at  so  much  per  measure — but  the  bottle  is  placed  for  you 
to  lielp  yourself— into  a  tumbler — unless  you  wish  any  of  the  flincy  drinks,  such  as  "  gin 
sling,"  "  brandy  smash,"  "  whisky  skin,"  etc.,  etc.  In  that  case,  they  arc  mixed  up 
ready  for  you,  and  charged  accordingly. 

As  connected  with  the  use  of  non-intoxicating  liquors  by  the  American  people,  we  may 
mention  as  a  fact — differing  so  much  as  it  does  from  the  customs  in  Great  Britain, 
where  beer,  ale,  "  stout,"  or  wine  form  almost  indispensable  adjuncts  of  the  dinner- 
table — that,  in  America,  nothing  of  that  sort  is  ever  to  be  seen,  almost,  at  the  dinner  tables 
in  private  houses — but  tea  or  colFee  (generally  tea)  takes  the  place  of  malt  or  spirituous 


38 


REFRESIIIXG   DRINKS — THE   ICE  TRADE. 


liqnors ;  and  a  cup  of  tea  is  liamleJ  round  the  table  to  each  guest,  just  as  he  would  be  as- 
Bisted  to  a  glass  of  nlo  or  wine.  To  the  stranger,  from  Britain,  this  seems  somewliat  pecu- 
liar, yet,  after  all,  it  or  water  is  the  more  rational  beverage,and  certainly  not  likely  to 
lead  to  such  consequences  as  follow  sometimes  from  the  ajipearance  of  the  "  bottle,"  on 
the  family  table. 

REFKESIIING  DRINKS  IN  HOT   WEATHER. 

The  stranger,  in  passing  through  any  of  the  large  cities  in  the  United  States,  will  find  tho 
•tores  of  the  chemists  crowded  with  parties,  who,  thirsty  from  lieat  and  perspiration,  fly  to 
Buch  places  to  quaff  the  deliciously  cool  beverages  wliich  are  there  sup])lied,  at  from  3  to 
6  cents  per  glass.  These  consist  of  a  mixture  of  soda  \v;i  r  and  a  variety  of  native  wines 
or  unintoxicating  cordials,  either  of  which,  mixed  with  f^oda  water,  makes  a  cool,  efferves- 
cing, and  refreshing  drink.  It  is  surprising  to  see  the  number  of  ladies  and  gentlemen,  and, 
in  fact,  all  classes,  who  stand  round  tiie  handsome  marble  fountains  wliich  are  fitted  u|)  in 
such  places,  getting  a  tumbler  thus  filled  up,  drinking  the  contents  at  once,  paying  their  3 
or  5  cents,  and  departing.  The  consumption  of  such  beverages  is  enormous,  one  lad  in 
each  chemist's  store  attending  to  the  fountain  alone. 

The  soda  water  is  kept  in  large  vessels  underneath  the  counter,  from  whicli  it  is  led  up 
to  the  fountain  and  there  supplied  through  a  silver  tap  into  the  tumbler  containing  the 
cordial  to  be  mixed  with  it  ^ 

THE  ICE  TRADE. 

One  of  the  many  things  which  strikes  the  stranger  from  Great  Britain,  on  his  visiting 
this  country  for  the  first  time,  is  the  traffic  which  is  carried  on  during  the  summer  months 
in  the  article  of  ice — one  as  necessary  in  summer,  as  the  fuel  for  fire  is  in  winter. 

The  trade  is  carried  on  by  private  individuals  as  well  as  by  public  companies.  In  every 
city  and  town,  without  exception,  you  will  see  the  ice  cart  perambulating  the  streets  in  a 
similar  manner  to  what  the  eonl  carts  do  whilst  dispensing  that  article  in  small  (quantities 
to  the  poorer  classes  in  the  cities  and  towns  of  Britain. 

In  the  cities  of  the  seaboard,  the  ice  trade  is  carried  on  "  wholesale,  retail,  and  for  ex- 
portation." Some  are  engaged  in  the  "  shipping  business"  exclusively,  sending  ship-loads 
of  it  to  the  West  Indies  and  other  tropical  climates,  where  it  is,  no  doubt,  duly  appreciated. 

In  the  cities,  the  carts  go  round  with  immense  blocks,  about  12  to  20  inches  tiiick,  and 
about  from  22  to  27  inches  in  length  and  breadth.  The  carts  have  canvas  covers  over 
them  to  protect  the  ice  from  the  sun  as  far  as  possible,  but  still  it  continues  gradually  to 
vanish,  notwithstanding.  It  is  beautifully  clear,  and  on  a  scorching  hot  day  makes  one  al- 
most feel  cool  to  look  at  it. 

Every  morning,  the  men  in  charj;e  of  its  delivery,  visit  their  customers  as  regularly  as 
the  baker  does  with  bread,  and,  carrying  up  a  loaf  of  ice,  deposits  it  at  the  outside  of  the 
door.  The  difficulty  of  handling  the  ice  is  got  over  by  the  use  of  a  huge  pair  of  calipers, 
which  stick  into  the  block  on  each  side,  and  thus,  lifted  by  a  chain  attached  to  them,  it  is 
carried  up  or  down  stairs.  Thus  deposited  at  the  door  of  the  customer,  it  is  left  there  at 
his  risk,  and  if  he  docs  not  look  after  it  soon,  may  shortly  afterwards  find  that  it  has  gone  into 
its  original  element,  and  run  off.  We  may  safely  say,  there  is  not  a  private  family  almost, 
not  a  counting-house,  store,  bank,  or  any  place  of  bueiness  whatever,  but  what  has  its  de- 
livery of  ice  every  morning,  and  put  into  the  small  cistern  of  water,  which  is  placed  in  a 
cool  corner  of  the  premises,  to  supply  the  inmates  for  the  day.  The  common  supply  for 
counting-houses  and  families  is  a  piece  about  20  inches  S(juare,  for  which  they  pay  10  cents 
(or  6(/.).  Only  those  who  know  what  a  hot  summer  day  is,  in  such  as  New  York,  can  fully 
appreciate  the  luxury  of  a  tumbler  of  iced  water.  In  the  drinking  saloons  it  is  used  in 
every  sort  of  liquor,  both  malt  and  spirituous. 

In  winter  it  is  cut  out  in  large  squares  from  the  frozen  rivers  and  lakes,  preserved,  well 


cov 
atic 


Tl 
viz., 
thoi 
usee' 
the 
or  i( 
cont 
cov< 
heat 
Som 


CUTTING  OUT  THE  ICE — ICE-HOUSE  AT  ROCKLAND  LAKE. 


89 


covered  up  in  ice  houses,  on  the  banks  of  rivers  generally,  for  the  convenience  of  transport- 
ation to  the  large  cities  t)y  water. 


The  nliove  engraving  represents  a  scene  in  winter  at  one  of  the  largest  company's  depots, 
viz.,  Rockland  Lake,  which  is  situated  about  one  mile  distant  from  the  River  Hudson,  al- 
though in  a  part  of  the  country  250  feet  above  the  level  of  that  river.  Tlie  instruments 
used  in  cutting  out  the  ice,  are  termed  ice  planes,  or  cutters,  and  ice  jiloughs,  with  which 
tiie  fields  of  ice  are  marked  off  and  cut  into  squares,  and  from  there  stored  in  large  "  liarns," 
or  ice-houses,  one  of  which  will  be  seen  in  the  above  view.  Some  of  those  store-houses 
contain  as  much  as  60,000  tons,  where  the  blocks  are  built  up  in  regular  order,  and 
covered  over  with  long  grass,  snw-dust,  shavings,  etc.,  to  preserve  it  from  the  external 
heat  of  summer.  The  ice-house  represented  above  was  built  to  contain  20,000  tons. 
Some  idea  of  this  trade  may  be  formed,  when  we  state  thatobout  $10,000,000  is  employed 


40 


CONSUMPTIOX  OF   ICE — RAILROADS  IN  AMERICA. 


in  it,  in  difTorcnt  iwirts  of  (lio  States.     Itoiti  returns  published  as  to  tlie  consumption,  wo 
find  tlint  in  one  j'enr  it  was  estinmtcd  as  follows: — 


Boston tons .  fin,nno 

New  York non, ) 

riiiladelpliiii A 'Jimi.ouC 

naitiinore 4.'.,000 


Charleston tons.  ir),0()0 

Mobile l'),000 

New  Orleans 4ii,000 

St.  Louis '.'.^iMio 


Washiugton aO,000;Cincinnati ^5,0(10 

From  Roekland  Lake,  the  city  of  New  York  derives  its  chief  supply  of  ice. 
It  is  estimated  that  40  men,  with  VI  horses,  can  cut  and  stow  away  about  400  tons  in 
one  day. 

RAILROADS  IN  AMERICA. 

The  British  traveller,  on  going  over  the  railroads  in  America,  is  apt  to  find  more  fault 
with  the  construction  of  the  "plant,"  or  road  itself,  than  he  is  with  the  "rolling  stoi'k," 
such  as  cars,  etc.  lie  will  miss  all  the  well-made  fences  along  the  lines,  that  firm  ballast- 
ing of  the  roud,  those  solid  stone  or  brick  built  station-houses,  with  locked  gates — at  which 
you  can  neither  get  out  nor  in  till  you  are  allowed  ingress  or  egress — the  array  of  porters 
in  suits  of  olive  green  corduroy,  and  guards  in  suits  of  bottle-green  cloth,  with  dironome- 
ter  and  whistle  slung  over  their  shoulders.  There  is  little  of  that  to  be  seen  in  America. 
For  the  most  part,  the  wliole  train  dashes  along  through  fields,  over  cross  roads,  through 
forests  and  swamps,  with  all  the  freedom  and  independence  characteristic  of  the  country. 
If  an  unfortunate  cow  should  happen  to  be  taking  an  airing  along  the  line,  the  "cow- 
catcher" lifts  her  off  her  logs  before  she  knows  where  she  is,  and  tossc-  her  into  some  soft 
ditch,  perhaps,  at  the  road  side,  with  such  a  lesson  as  she  will  not  forget  in  a  hurry,  if  she 
happens  to  have  the  power  of  recollection  left  within  her  at  all !  Any  one  "  on  the  tramp" 
along  "  the  track"  is  warned  of  the  approach  of  the  train  l)y  the  loud-sounding  bell,  which 
he  will  be  very  deaf,  indeed,  if  he  does  not  hear,  letting  alone  the  great,  hoarse,  unearthly 
cry  from  the  locomotive,  to  get  out  of  the  way. 

The  stranger  is  aj)!  to  find  fault,  more  particularly,  in  there  being  only  one  "track"  or 
line  of  rails,  on  many  of  the  lines — and  few  of  them  being,  as  we  have  said,  so  firmly  made 
or  ballasted  as  the  lines  in  Great  Britain.  In  some  lines  this  is  very  a))parcnt,  and  not 
only  in  the  laying  of  the  rails,  but  in  the  construction  of  very  temporary  looking  -wooden 
bridges — the  bad  policy  of  building  which  has  been  found  out  by  this  time.  In  such  lines 
as  the  Grand  Trunk  of  Canada  and  the  Great  Central  of  Pennsylvania,  (from  rhiladel])hia 
to  Pittsburg,)  or  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad,  the  case  is  different — such  lines  more 
resembling,  in  substantiality,  British  made  railroads. 

There  is  only  one  way,  we  think,  of  accounting  for  this  difTercnee  in  the  solidify  of  the 
roads  of  'he  two  countries.  If  not  mistaken,  there  is  a  difTercnee  of  no  less  than  £;i(i,()(iii  in 
the  construction  of  every  mile  of  railroad  in  the  United  Slates,  compared  with  that  in  Britain ; 
that  is  to  say,  that  the  average  cost  of  every  mile  of  road  (ISr)!))  in  the  United  State,  was 
about  ''•■;,460,  whereas  every  mile  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  averages  the  sum  of  .£;i5,400 

($177,1 ),  making,  as  we  have  stated,  about  £,SO,00O  per  mile  of  difVerenoe  in  the  cost  of  the 

railroads  of  the  two  countries.  No  doubt  the  single  lines  of  road  constructed  here,  together 
with  the  free  grants  of  land,  ought  not  to  have  cost  any  thing  like  what  the  doiible  lines  of 
rail  in  Britain  cost,  still  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  American  roads  have  cost  a  trifle  in 
comparison  to  those  there,  and  hence,  we  think,  the  reason  why  American  railroads  arc 
not  80  substantially  built  ns  they  would  have  been,  had  the  same  ])roporfionate  amount  of 
money  been  spent  upon  them  as  on  those  in  Britain.  The  lands  in  Great  Britain,  through 
■which  the  lines  pass,  were  n  heavy  item  of  exj^ense  in  the  construction  of  railroads,  but  that, 
again,  is  in  some  measure  counterbalanced  by  the  high  rates  paid  for  labour  and  the  extra 
cost  of  much  of  the  material  in  America,  compared  with  what  such  was  procured  at  in 
Britain. 

To  cover  the  extent  of  territory  they  have  done,  we  do  not  see  how  the  Americans  could 


COST  OP  BRITISH  AND  AMERICAN  RAILROADS. 


41 


or 

lido 
not 
It'll 
lie:* 
iliiii 
iiutrc 

tl.o 

III  in 

liii ; 

WHS 
,10(1 

ftlie 
itluT 

IK'S  of 

tlo  ill 
U  lire 
lit  of 
rovii^li 
t  ilint, 

OXtVil 

ul  in 


CO' 


uUl 


have  (lone  otiicrwise.  Tlioy  wore  detorniined  to  open  xip  their  country,  to  give  their  peo- 
ple in  distant  parts  the  henofit  of  railroad  locomotion,  and  if  it  was  not  to  he  had  in  ho 
Bubstaiitiiil  a  manner  as  in  Cireat  Britain,  they  appeared  to  nialte  tlic  most  of  tiieir  capital— 
whether  it  was  horrowod  or  not. 

Tlie  constrnction  of  many  of  their  hridgos  seems  to  he  the  greatest  error  thoy  have  made; 
but  experience  is  now  showing  them,  that  the  sooner  they  replace  all  wjodcn  ones  with 
iron  or  stone,  the  sooner  will  tlieir  lines  pay  better  dividends,  and  nffjrd  more  public 
confidence. 

In  IS.'iS,  they  had  then  in  progress  of  completion,  no  less  than  12,681  miles  of  railroad,  in 
addition  to  which  they  had  13,200  miles  actually  in  operation,  the  latter  being  close  upon 
ns  many  miles  as  was  in  operation  over  all  Europe  at  that  time — which  was  11,M2  miles. 

Since  then,  we  find  that,  at  the  commencement  of  1858,  they  had  in  operation,  no  less 
than  TWEXTV-six  thousand  two  nuxnnED  axd  tf.s  miu;s  of  railroad,  the  average  cost  of 
which  per  mile,  is  estimated  about  $35,000  (£7,000),  and  that  the  total  cost  of  tlie  2(>,210 
miles  opened  was  $',119,990,510,  or  £183,998,103,  or  say,  in  round  numbers,  £184,000,000 
sterling. 

Had  they  constructed  their  lines  on  the  same  expensive  scale  as  those  of  fireat  Britain, 
it  would  have  taken  the  sum  of  about  £918,523,800  stg. — a  sum,  we  presume,  not  likely 
to  have  been  raised  for  the  construetion  of  railways,  alone,  in  America. 

The  conclusion,  therefore,  seems  to  us  to  be,  that  had  the  Americans  not  built  their  roads 
ns  thej-  have  done,  thousands  of  miles  of  country  now  opened  up,  and  thousands  of  acres 
now  under  cultivation,  and  yielding  crops,  would  have  been  still  dreary  prairies  or  forests, 
with  a  poor  probability  of  the  country  advancing  as  it  has  done. 

Taking,  therefore,  every  thing  into  account — how  they  had  money  to  raise — the  distance 
they  had  to  bring  much  of  their  iron  (in  bringing  it  from  Great  Britain) — the  liigli  price  of 
their  labour — and  the  immense  territory  they  have  covered  with  the  iron  net  work — it  is 
onlj'  another  proof  of  that  indomitable,  thorough  going  "  go-ahead"  character  of  the  people, 
in  accomplishing  what  thoy  have  done,  and,  considering  all  these  things,  will  assist  us  to 
account,  whj'  it  is  that  their  roads  are  not  so  well  built  as  those  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland. 

According  to  the  American  Railroad  Journal,  wo  find  that  "the  total  receipts  of  the 
roads  will  probably  reach,  $120,000,000  (or  £24,000,000  sterling,)  and  that  the  nkt  receipts 
will  probably  roach,  at  least,  5  per  cent  on  their  entire  cost." 

One  fact  connected  with  railway  travelling,  in  America,  is  that  you  may  travel  over 
some  thousands  of  miles,  and  never  pass  through  a  solitarj'  tunnel,  the  whole  of  the  roads 
being  chiefly  laid  in  the  valleys  of  hilly  parts  of  the  country. 

Amongst  other  officers  connected  with  railways  may  be  mentioned 

The  Mauler  of  Transportation,  who  is  intrusted  with  procuring  and  accommodating  the 
trade  and  travel  of  the  line  with  the  rates  of  fares,  the  getting  up  of  time  tables,  the  running 
arrangements,  and  other  details  connected  with  the  proper  working  of  the  lino. 

The  Master  of  Muehinery,  who  has  the  full  superintendence  and  control  of  all  matters 
relating  to  purchasing,  building,  rcjiairing  of  the  locomotives  and  cars,  and  general  rolling 
plant  of  the  line. 

Tlic  Master  of  the  Road,  who  has  the  general  charge  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  metals, 
sleepers,  bridges,  tunnels,  and,  in  fact,  all  the  buildings  on  the  line — providing  water — and 
other  duties  essentially  necessary  for  the  efficient  working  of  the  road. 

Having  thus  noticed  the  plant,  construction,  and  management  of  the  line,  we  will  now 
notice  a  little  of  the  "  rolling  stock,"  and  its  management.  First,  then,  we  will  notice  the 
railroad  carriages. 

RAILWAY  CARS. 

The  "carriages"  of  Great  Britain  are  styled  "cars"  in  America.  Here  they  are  dif- 
ferently constructed.  Instead  of  the  small  compartments  for  C  first-class,  or  8  or  10 
second-class  passengers,  as  in  Britain,  the  whole  car  inside  is  an  open  space,  as  a  saloon- 


42 


THE  AMERICAN  RAILROAD  PASSENGER  CARS. 


carriage.  Up  the  centre  there  ig  a  pnnsiigo.  The  seiita  are  nrrnnged  on  ench  side  of  the  pns- 
mge,  and  fitted  up  hnndsoniely  with  eriiiison  pliisli  velvet  scats  nnd  Imeks  for  'i  piiBoengers 
in  eaeli  scat.  By  nn  ingenious  contrivance,  tiic  backs  of  tiie  scots  arc  made  to  turn  right 
over  tlie  scat,  thus  2  passengers  can  sit  witli  tlicir  faces  o|)posite  to  other  2,  wliicli  is  very 
handy  when  4  of  a  party  wisli  to  talk  together,  or  have  a  gome  at  cardH,  elicss,  etc.,  etc. 
The  wliole  interior  fittings  of  tlic  cars  are  good,  with  mirrors  at  eacli  end.  In  tlic  corner 
of  all  carriages  there  is  a  private  retiring  soloon,  with  water-closets,  etc.  On  some  lines 
there  is  one  for  ladies  and  another  for  gentlemen,  in  each  car.  Kach  car  conveys  from  50 
to  60  passengers.     Almost  all  the  cars  open  at  the  ends,  wliere  there  is  a  platform  extend- 


i 


THE  AMERICAN  RAILROAD  PASSEXGER  CAR. 

Ing  out  about  2  feet ;  thus  the  platform  of  one  carriage  joins  that  of  another,  and  with  the 
doors  at  both  end;"  of  the  car,  opening  like  the  door  of  a  room,  a  passage  is  thus  formed 
from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the  entire  train. 

Along  the  ceiling  of  each  car,  there  i?  a  rope,  which  is  attached  throughout  the  whole 
train,  so  that  the  conductor,  or  any  passenger,  in  any  part  of  the  train  can  stand  up  and — 
by  pnl'  -g  this  rope — ring  a  bell  which  is  placed  at  the  side  of  the  engine  driver,  and  thus 
stop  the  train,  if  necessary.  By  this  means,  serious  accidents  are  avoided,  and  passengers 
experience  a  feeling  of  safetj',  by  having  such  meons  within  their  reach.  This  is  rather  an 
improvement,  it  must  be  allowed,  on  the  boasted  efficiency  of  some  of  the  English  rail- 
roads, the  trains  of  which  have  been  known,  sometimes,  to  catch  fire,  and  liavo  the  whole 
train  flying  along  in  a  blaze,  and  passengers  burned  before  the  engine  driver  could  be  com- 
municated with.  Wo  allude  more  particularly  to  on  occurrence  of  that  nature  which  oc- 
curred on  the  Great  "Western  (of  England)  Railroad,  some  time  ago. 

There  is  only  one  class  of  cars  in  the  United  Slates  for  all  classes,  excejiting  emigrants. 
Emigrant  cars  are  just  like  the  3d-class  carriages  in  Britain,  only  that  they  are  arranged 
in  the  same  style  inside,  as  Ist-class  cars  liere. 

The  cars  are  much  longer — saj'  about  half  a  length  longer  than  the  average  length  of 
carriages  in  Britain — or  about  the  same  length  as  some  of  the  long  carriages  on  the  Glas- 
gow and  Greenock,  or  London  and  South-eastern  lines  of  railroads  there.  The  body  of 
the  car  rests  upon  swivels  attaelied  to  a  sort  of  truck,  or  carriage  of  4  wheals — (2  at  each 
side).  One  of  those  trucks  are  under  each  end  of  the  carriage;  tlicre  is  thus  a  free  space 
of  about  30  feet  between  the  fore  and  after  wheels  of  the  ears.  The  ear  thus  placed  on 
these  trucks,  and  upon  swivels,  as  stated,  enables  them  to  be  rim  over  curves  with  much 
greater  ease  ond  safety  tlian  if  constructed  on  the  British  plan.  In  fact,  we  do  not 
think  thot  the  British  railrouJ  carriage  could  travel,  with  safety,  so  fast  in  tliis  country 
as.what  the  American  car  does,  simply  owing  to  the  construction  of  the  road,  and  the 
build  of  the  car,  with  wheels  so  close  to  each  other,  and  body  having  no  room  to  "  play," 
or  swing  round  a  little,  in  turning  a  curve.  On  the  other  liand,  again,  we  fancy,  that  n 
car,  built  on  the  American  model,  would  travel  infinitely  more  easy,  and  much  more  safe- 


ir 

ati 

gq 

ro 
inl 

fiJ 
is 


CARS  OP  AMERICA  AND  ENGLAND— THE  LOCOMOTIVE. 


43 


ly,  when  going  round  some  of  those  bcnmiful  slmrp  curves  which  occur  here  and  there  on 
Homo  Rritisli  lines,  or  in  "  going  over  tlie  stones"  on  such  as  the  line  from  Penniston  to  Shef. 
field,  or  from  IMshopstoke  to  Snlisbury  (Eng.). 

The  external  iippenrance  of  the  enrs  arc  exceedingly  ploin— and,  on  entering  for  the  first 
time,  one  is  not  prepared  to  find  them  so  handsomely  fitted  up  as  they  are. 

For  our  part  we  prefer  these  siiloon-carringes,  so  well  ond  comfortably  fitted  up,  to  even 
some  of  the  first-clnss  carriages  in  Britain,  with  their  comportments  of  six  each,  where,  ten 
chonees  to  one,  if  you  can  get  a  seat,  withotit  being  half  suffocated  with  heat  from 
windows  being  closed,  or  with  tobacco  smoke,  from,  perhaps,  2  or  3  cigars  blazing  away 
beside  you.  Whereas,  to  compare  the  best  2d-claP8  carriages  in  Great  Britain  with  the 
cars  in  this  country,  is  out  of  the  question— setting  aside  altogether,  the  intolerable  nui- 
sance which  the  non-smoking  public  in  England  feel,  in  being  compelled  to  travel,  as  it 
might  be,  in  a  small,  eromped-up  smoking  saloon,  with,  sometimes,  the  smokers  not  over 
civil  or  agreeable,  even  when  females  are  present  For  ourselves,  we  would  rather  pre- 
fer some  of  the  emigrant  ears  here  to  such  2d-cla8s  carriages  as  are  to  be  found,  for  in- 
stance, on  the  London  and  South-Western  Railroad,  between  Portsmouth  ond  Soutlmmp- 
ton,  where  on  ordinary  sized  man  cannot  sit  upright  with  his  hat  on,  far  less  stand  up  iii 
one.  Such  cramped-up  dog-kennels  as  these,  and  some  of  the  old  2d-clas3  carriages  on  the 
London  and  North-Western,  and  other  lines,  are  unknown  in  this  country.  The  only  fault 
the  cars  hero  have,  is  in  the  winter  season  when  the  stoves,  which  are  then  placed  in 
them,  ore  over-heated,  sometimes,  making  them  uncomfortable  in  thot  respect,  o  fault, 
however,  wliich  docs  not  rest  with  the  construction  of  the  cor,  so  much  as  in  the  misman- 
agement, or  over-licoting  of  the  stove,  in  the  some  manner  in  which  the  Americans  over- 
heat their  houses  in  winter,  rendering  them  unconrfortobly  hot  for  British  visitors. 

VV'hilst  travelling  on  the  cars  here,  strangers  ore  cautioned  to  keep  their  arms  ond  heads 
inside  the  cars,  as,  possibly,  when  exposing  them  outside,  the  train  may  pass  a  bridge,  or 
pile  of  wood,  where  there  is  no  room  to  allow  for  passing  such  with  safety  with  any  part 
of  the  bodj-  thus  exposed.  Standing  on  the  platform  outside,  between  the  cars,  is  also  for- 
bidden, as,  in  that  cose,  the  company  will  not  bo  responsible  for  ony  accident  which  may 
happen  when  parties  are  standing  there, 

TEE  LOCOMOTIVE. 


The  railwoy  engine  is,  of  course,  similarly  constructed  to  those  of  Great  Britain,  as  a 
locomotive  must  be  pretty  much  the  same  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  engines  of 
America  are  choracterizcd  by  great  expense  being  put  on  e.^ternol  painting  and  decoration 
of  the  body  and  finishing  of  the  outward  working  ports.  A  large  amount  of  bright  pol- 
ished iron,  steel,  and  brass-work  is  to  be  seen  about  all  American-made  engines,  as  can  be 
seen  in  strong  contrast  on  the  Great  Western  Railwoy  of  Conodo,  for  exomple,  where  some 
Newcastle  or  Manchester-mode  engines  ore  running.  Tlieir  dirty,  dork-green  hue  forms 
ony  thing  but  a  pleasing  contrast  to  the  bright  polished  work  of  tlie  American  engine. 
The  most  prominent  feotures  in  appearance,  however,  is  in  the  chimney  adopted  in  this 
country,  which  is  certoinly  more  useful  than  ornomentol,  ond  yet,  it  is  obout  as  hond^ome 
as  the  plain  straight  up-and-down  chimney  pots  on  the  engines  of  the  Caledonian  Roilwoy 
(Scotlond).  The  peculiar  form  of  the  American  chimney  is  necessarj',  on  account  of  burn- 
ing wood,  ond  the  quantity  of  sparks  which  fly  up  the  inner  funnel,  but  which  ore  caught 
at  the  top,  by  what  is  colled  the  "  spark  arrester,"  which  forms  o  part  of  the  outside  fun- 
nel, seen  to  view.  So  that,  after  all,  there  is  utility  if  there  is  not  ornoment  in  the  said  un- 
goinly-looking  funnel  referred  to.  A  bell  is  attached  to  oil  engines,  which  is  rung  by  a 
rope  in  the  hand  of  the  driver  as  he  starts,  or  is  about  to  stop,  or  when  passing  over  cross- 
ings of  roads. 

As  an  improvement  upon  the  "  spectacles"  of  the  British  railroad  engine  for  the  protec- 
tion of  driver  and  stoker  from  the  wind  and  weather,  the  covering  of  the  American  engine 
is  most  decidedly  superior,  protecting  on  all  sides,  as  well  as  from  obove,  the  driver  and 


f   1 

i 


u 


THE  AMERICAN  RAILROAD   LOCOMOTIVE. 


Kloker,  nnd  rendering  them  nearly  os  conifortnble  as  If  inside  a  car  nltoj^otlier,  and  yet  with 
light  and  room  enough  to  perform  their  duty  properly. 

Tlie  "  eowcatchor"  at  the  front — whioh  takes  tlie  place  of  the  "life-guard"  of  the  Rritlsh 
engine — is  a  very  formidable-looking  offair,  and  carries  in  its  trlangled  slmpo  and  huge 
iron  LarB,  any  thing  but  an  idea  of  its  benevolent  intentions  of  saving  the  lives  of  all  the 


u 


H 

C 
?^ 

o 
o 

o 


o 
5 

o 


I— t 


sundry  animals  which  come  in  its  way.  Yet  eo  it  is  found,  that  where  a  cow,  sheep,  or 
OS,  for  instance,  would  be  certain  almost  to  be  killed  in  coming  in  direct  contact  against 
the  perpendicular  front  of  the  engine,  when  flying  along  the  rails — the  cow-catcher,  on  the 
other  hand,  catches  them  so  that  they  are  lifted  at  once  off  their  feet,  and  rolled  off  on  to 
either  the  one  side  or  the  other  of  the  line,  thus  giving  them  a  greater  chance  of  escaping 
with  life  than  otherwise.  Sometimes  animals  are  thus  caught  up  and  thrown  on  one  side 
without  any  serious  injury,  although,  at  other  times,  they  are  killed  on  the  spot  before 


It  I 

asl 


THE  CONDUCTOR  AND  NEWSMAN. 


46 


they  nro  thrown  off  the  cow-cntclifr.  Such  nn  orticle  \»  moro  necessary  In  Amerlcn,  whor« 
the  linos  arc  not  protected  by  fences  as  they  ore  in  Britoin,  and  consequently  much  more 
subject  to  catllo  straying  about  on  them. 

THE  RAILROAD  CONDUCTOR. 

In  attendance  upon  each  troln,  there  Is  a  driver,  stoker,  one  conductor,  two  or  three 
brakesmen,  and  an  attendant  in  the  shape  of  waiter — who  acts  also  as  travelling  newsman, 
bookseller,  and  dealer  in  Yankee  notions. 

The  conductor  on  an  American  railroad  is  a  smart,  gentlemanly  looking  person  gen- 
erally, and  were  it  not  for  a  very  small  badge  which  ho  wears  cither  on  his  cap  or  coat 
breast,  you  could  not  tell  him  from  any  ordinary  gentleman  traveller,  lie  is — as  he  requires 
to  bo — a  sharp,  shrewd  man  of  business,  with  the  eye  of  an  eagle,  excellent  powers  of  dis- 
cvimiiintion  as  regards  the  various  forms  human  nature  takes,  when  passing  under  his  re- 
view— tlioroughly  "  posted  up"  as  to  all  the  "  wild  cat,"  "  broken  bank,"  and  "  uncurrent" 
notes  in  circulation — who  can  tell  a  counterfeit  25  cent  piece  by  feeling,  without 
troubling  himself  to  look  at  it — and  who,  withal,  is  particularly  attentive  to  ladies,  in  pro- 
viding them  with  seats  in  cars — where  mostly  ladies,  or  ladies  accompanied  by  gentlemen 
are — and  who,  upon  the  whole,  is  civil,  obliging,  and  attentive,  with  a  sharp  look-out  after 
tickets,  and  those  who  have  none. 

On  a  summer's  morning,  you  will  find  him  enter  the  car,  as  he  gives  the  word  "nil 
aboard,"  dressed  as  if  newly  out  of  a  band-box,  in  a  suit  of  white,  or  unbleached  linen, 
from  head  to  foot,  hat  and  boots  included.  For  a  rollicking  bit  of  fun,  ho  will  enter  the 
carriage,  giving  some  well-known  passenger  a  "  dig  in  the  ribs,"  as  ho  sings  out  his  morn- 
ing salutation  of  "  IIow  are  you,  old  feller!"  at  the  same  time  saying  to  the  passenger,  "  I 
cal'date  you  didn't  see  the  calf  we  ketchcd  upon  the  eow-ketcher."  On  the  passenger  pro- 
fessing his  ignorance  as  to  such  an  event  having  happened,  but,  being  very  desirous  of  get- 
ting "posted"  on  the  suliject,  is  eager  for  all  the  information  he  can  got — the  conductor, 
in  return,  still  bent  on  a  bit  of  fun  to  start  the  day's  business  with,  then  relates  in  his  own 
peculiar  fashion — which  it  is  hopeless  for  us  to  describe,  and  more  particularly  regarding 
oil  the  incidents  connected  with  the  catching  of  the  animal  referred  to,  and  the  variations, 
exclamations,  emendations,  and  oduiiions  with  which  ho  garnished  up  his  wonderful  story — 
sutlice  to  say  that  the  story  was  well  told,  and  ended  by  the  conductor  completely  "  gell- 
ing" his  eager  listener,  wlien  he  told  him,  witli  a  rich  leer  in  the  one  eye,  that  the  animal 
was  on  board,  and  he  (the  passenger)  was  the  calf.  With  that,  the  conductor  would  bolt 
to  the  other  end  of  the  car,  leaving  the  whole  company  in  a  roar  of  laughter  at  the 
unfortunate  wight  who  was  so  eager  to  hear  something  of  the  marvellous,  which  Brother 
Jonathan  is  always  ready  to  supply,  when  he  can  meet  with  a  proper  customer  who  will 
take  it  in. 

There  is  another  character  "  on  board"  the  car,  however,  it  would  almost  be  unpardon- 
able to  omit  noticing,  namely,  the  attendant  newsman. 


cep,  or 
against 

on  the 
■  on  to 
icaping 
ne  side 

before 


THE  RAILROAD  NEWSMAN  AND  BOOKSELLER. 

In  America,  there  are  almost  no  book-stalls  connected  with  the  railroad  stations,  as  in 
Great  Britain,  where  newspapers,  periodicals,  books,  etc.,  are  sold  in  such  vast  quantities. 
It  must  not  bo  imagined,  however,  that  the  railroad  traveller  is  neglected,  in  that  respect, 
as  will  be  found  by  experience  on  the  lines,  here. 

Started  on  your  journey,  you  have  not  gone  far  before  you  are  visited  by  the  attendant 
newsman  alluded  to,  "  Morning  paper,  sirl"  "  morning  paper,  sir!"  and  thus  he  goes  from 
one  end  of  the  train  to  the  other,  selling  the  morning  paper  for,  perhaps,  3  cents— being 
one  cent  above  publisher's  price — but  cheap  enough  withal.  After  he  thinks  you  have 
had  time  to  "  read,  mark  well,  and  inwardly  digest"  all  the  3  cents'  worth,  he  visits  you 
again,  dispensing  this  time  gratuitous  literature,  by  handing  to  all  and  sundry  a  bill  of 


40 


THE  UAILROAD  NKWSMAX — "  PUSHING  THK  TKADE." 


•ome  "  heavier"  nrticlc  In  tli«  lltornry  iimrkot — "  Lifn  ami  Tlmoii  of  llii({h  Millrr,"  ju»t  out, 
({'iviti),;  piu'liuulars  rt'pirdiii^  tlint  puliliciitlnii — tlin  nrt:at  miln  It  Iiiik  liiid — uml  if  you  wiitli 
to  eoii»i(K'r  yi)iii'!«'lf  u  well  "  |>i)hIci1-u|i"  niuii  <>ii  kucIi  iiiattfru,  you  ouf^lit  to  liuy  ii  copy  at 
thi!  ])rlooof — tlx!  uliniKlily  ilolliir.  Vou  Irnvf  ju»t  tiniitlu'd  ri'iulinj^  tin-  |ii'iw|ii'ctiH,  wlini  ho 
ri'tuni!*  nnd  jiiokH  up  nil  tin'  prospcofuncs,  ns  he  ciiiiiiot  nIVord  to  liavc  tlniii  cither  wiiMod, 
or  to  j(ivc  you  one  j^riiti:*.  You  wait  to  Hfc  "  wimt  iifxt,"  whou  next  liu  upj)i'iirK  willi  iiii 
uriiiful  of  liooks  iiioi'iy  liound,  one  of  which  lio  Imndj*  to  ovcry  pimconf^iT.  It  in,  "  I,lfu  iiiiil 
Film's  of  llui^li  Milli'r."  Ho  tlnm  piifitrs  tlirou);li  tlir  car,  aiul  linvin^;  i,'ivcn  you  an  oppor- 
tunity of  pcruHin;^  iiro!<pc(;tU8  and  work  alw),  \w  \vui\*  a  lillic  till  you  have  licguu  to  ncan 
tho  pnf^es  ovor,  and  when  you  ore  nicely  at  work  perusing  bouio  lnterestln>{  otory  con- 
nected with  the  life  of  that  excellent  upecitncn  of  Scotlantl'i!  Hclfniade  men,  the  attcnclant 
in  at  your  clliow,  nnd  at  your  ear  also,  making  tho  polite  reniurk,  "  Only  one  dollar,  »ir;" 
If  you  hcHitftte — "tho  greatest  book  out,  sir."  Still  you  ore  douldful — "No  nuin  but 
thinks  of  having  tlint  book,  sir;"  nnd,  nt  Inst,  between  tho  elofiuence  of  the  author  nnd 
snlesnian  of  tho  book,  you  nrc  milium  one  dollar,  but  nn  addition  to  your  lilirar^  of  one 
volume.  Thus  you  watch  the  tact  and  j)err<cverancc  without  many  wordu,  with  which  the 
newsman  goes  along,  selling  all  he  can  of  those  he  had  left  with  tho  passengers. 

He  now  disaj)])cars.  IJy-aiid-by  his  next  vi-it  is  in  another  character.  IJy  this  time,  he 
supposes  you  are  getting  thirsty — wo  will  not  suppose,  for  a  moment,  on  account  of  the 
nuitter  being  rather  dry,  that  he  had,  a  fi'W  minuliss  before,  sold  you;  but,  at  ail  events, 
he  appears  now  with  a  tin  enn  full  of  iced  water,  which  he  dispenses  in  a  tumbler  to  every 
thirsty  person,  gratis — handling  both  artii'les  with  smne  nici'ty — as  the  train  tli4'S  along. 
Thus  he  supplies  all  who  wish  to  drink.  Having  eonij)leted  his  journey  ia  this  line  of 
business,  ho  shortly  nppenra  ngnin,  londed  with  another  stipply  of  books.  This  time,  it  is 
a  "  Railroad  (luido."  Ho  leaves  a  copy  of  that  also  as  before,  and  proceeds  on.  After  you 
have  perused  it,  you,  proliably,  are  inclined  to  be  posted  n[)  as  to  the  time  of  tho  railroail, 
RS  well  as  the  time  of  ilay,  ond  feel  disposed  to  invest  'J6  cents  for  that — well-invested 
money  od  the  newsman  may  tell  j'ou — "  rave,  many  a  trnin,  sir."  Si  on  he  passes,  )iicking 
up  those  cojiics  not  wanted,  and  picking  up  the  ipiarter  dollars  where  they  are  to  be  met 
with. 

In  this  way  does  this  attcinlant  pass  and  repass,  delivering,  selling,  and  taking  up  eopie.H 
of  books  of  all  sorts — magazines,  illustrated  newspapers,  etc. — so  that,  between  i-eading 
what  you  may  have  bouglit,  and  glancing  over  all  those  which  are  thrown  in  temptation's 
way,  the  time  on  a  railroad,  in  America,  pa.sses  away  very  fast,  even  although  you  should 
bo  travelling  witliout  any  ne((uaintanee  to  converse  with.  After  n  Inpse  of  an  hour  or  so, 
and  after  he  has  exhausted  his  varii'ty  <if  good  things  for  the  mind,  our  industrious  friend 
now  appears  with  something  opproaching  to  "  lolly  pops"  in  aj)penrnnee,  but  intended  ns 
food  for  the  body.  This  is  the  veritnblc  "  pop  corn,"  oil  done  iip  in  j)aper  bags,  at  "  only 
6  cents  njiiece." 

You  have,  probably,  never  tasteil  pop  corn,  j-ou  see  every  body  else  investing,  am', 
so  goes  another  twentieth  jiart  of  the  said  almighty  dollar,  for  a  bag  of  pop  corn.  Frjni 
its  starchy  white  look  and  appearance  to  some  nice  confectionary,  yi>u  expect  to  get  a 
sweet  mouthful.  However,  you  will  be  disappointed,  whether  agreeubly  or  not,  we  do 
not  say,  as  tlint  is  a  matter  of  taste.  All  we  can  say  is,  that  wo  like  it  well  enough,  and  thnt 
it  nppcnrs  to  be  a  groat  favourite,  from  the  qunntities  you  will  see  eonsumed  on  cars,  stcnni- 
boats,  in  thentros,  etc.  It  is  thi'  Indiiin  ('orn,  subjected  to  heat,  by  some  process,  nnd  blown 
up  into  a  light  eonfectionary-lookin;;  article,  sprinkled  over  with  salt,  nnd  a  very  healthy 
nnd,  we  dare  say,  nourishing  article,  for  those  Avlio  like  it. 

Having  left  you  to  finish  your  stock  of  "pop  corn,"  the  faithful  nttondant  is  at  your 
service  once  more,  and  if  you  were  disappointed  at  his  last  visit,  by  not  getting  some 
"lolly  pops,"  ns  you  expected,  you  will  now  have  an  opportunity  of  investing  nnothor 
quarter  of  a  dollar  on  some  genuine  "candy"  of  Mr.  Somebody's  excellent  mnnufac- 
turc.  Tliore  is  no  mistake  this  time,  so  you  are  inclined  to  speculnte  once  more.  But 
25  cents'  worth  of  candy,  what  are  you  going  to  do  with  uU  that?    If  you  ore  at  a 


THE  NEWSMAN — KAILROAD  REFUKSIIMKNT  STATIONS. 


47 


loM,  tli<'  attfiiiliint  will  nt  onoo  ^Ivo  you  a  proof  of  hla  kliuliiPM,  niul  nffonl  you  an 

opixiHuiilty  to  cx.Tclrt.*  youM,  liy  miuif.'Miiii^  tliiit  It  will  no  .l.nil.t  iiiror.l  you  plciiiiir.'  to 
(livid.'  it,  with  tin  "lltllti  tlciirn"  ill  lilt'  H.iii  t)..rori'  oi  liiliiiid  you,  uad  it'  tli.r.'  nr.'  iii>iio 
•c'tually  Ko  il(Mr  lit  liiiiid,  lii>  will  Hnd  koihc  in  tli.'  triiin  who  will  ht'coino  tli«>  Kmti'ful  r«- 
clpli-ntH  ol'  your  liciH'VokMit  klmhicss.  TIiuh  iipiM'ul.d  to,  you  nmy  lif  Ird  to  li.i  ncmrouH; 
or,  If  la  Moll-Ill  liiiiiioiir  tlnit  diiy,  In  tlmt  iTHprct,  you  ImkIii  to  look  iil  ImiIIi  M.lrn  of  yoiit 
(jimrtcr  dolliif,  Ik  loff  you  cxi'lianj,'.'  it  fm-  the  jHickit  of  niii.ly,  done  u|i  mo  Invillux  n*  It  U 
111  wliiti'  iind  gold  piip.r.  Till'  "pop  oorii,"  liowi^vir,  liy  tliis  tiiiio,  urm«  tlio  nci'c^^ity  of 
tometliiii;/  to  iilluy  tin-  tlili'4  which  It  crontoil ;  no  you  Ix'^ln  to  lu'ultntc,  and,  at  lii«l,  iiiako 
up  your  iiiind  you  will  imt  upend  '25  coiitH  on  candy  then— It'i  too  niiicli.  To  mt  it  all, 
perhaps,  woiilil  turn  tlio  I'ipiililiriiini  of  your  xtomach,  and,  whilst  in  that  mood,  lidwcon 
hesitation  and  want,  the  ttttcndaiit — faithful  man — putu  an  end  to  your  noliloipiy  by  tho 
inforiiiation  that  "  Wall,  1  ({ucss  you  can  have  a  diiiieV  worth."  That  will  do — a  hiiri^ain 
ii)  .-lnie!{,  and  you  hand  out  your  10  cents,  and  he  f^ivi'syim  a  portion  of  a  paekii!.'! ,  vuliiu 
one  diiiu'.  Thus  cni^iiifcd,  tluTefore,  lietwceii  iiUiiyiiig  your  thirst  with  tlu^  candy,  and  cn- 
joyiiiif  your  iiivcstniciits  in  literature,  you  whirl  aloiii,'  till  you  coino  to  a  station  where  the 
iron  horse  takes  in  fuel  and  water.  "  All  alioard"  again,  iiiul  you  are  once  more  niedilating 
upon  some  of  the  ln'iiutiesof  nature,  which  you  are  passing  rapidly,  when  iiiiother  attendant 
npiK'iirs,  with  a  great  huiidlo  of  nowspapers  under  liU  arm.  At  the  last  stopping  place, 
tho  faithful  attendant,  who  liaJ  no  eedulously  attended  to  your  nicni.il  und  material 
wants — with  profit  to  himself  and  to  you — has  disap|ieared  from  off  the  stage — of  the  car.at 
all  events — iiikI  you  sei'  no  more  of  him.  His  ])lace  Is  taken  hy  another,  who  has  come  up 
thu  line,  perhaps  lo  or  50  miles,  with  an  up  train,  with  tho  evening  juipcr  of  the  next 
large  town  or  city  you  are  a|)proaching.  "  Important  new*  hy  telegraph  ;"  "  News  l>y  fho 
ocean  telegraph;"  "To-day's  London  news."  You  are  now  hit  lion  e,  perhaps,  and  in  your 
eagerness  to  know  what  the  news  is,  you  inquire  "  What  Is  it?"  when  you  are  brought  to 
your  senses  by  th<!  doUar-aiid-cciit  laconic  reply,  "3  cents,  sir."  You  had  forgot;  the 
newsman,  however,  had  not ;  so  you  hand  out  3  cents,  and  havi^  it  all  before  you. 
Itetweeii  your  morning  paper,  your  evening  paper,  your  one  dollar  volume,  your  llail- 
roud  (iuide,  your  pop  corn,  and  your  candy,  and  sundry  drinks  of  water,  you  have  been 
pretty  well  occajjicd  during  the  journey,  and  we  arc  bound  to  think  that  you  have  not 
Wearied  any  more  witli  travelling  only  at  the  rate  of  2(1  miles  per  hour,  than  you  would 
have  done  if  you  had  lieen  on  the  tireat  Western  Express,  railing  it  at  the  punctual  time  of 
Ct)  miles  nn  hour,  with  "  liell  Fire  Jack"  as  driver,  from  London  to  Bristol. 

The  iiewsiuan  on  tiie  railroad  car  is  a  character  perfectly  unique,  and  on'y  to  be  met 
with  on  au  American  railroad,  or  steamboat  soiiietimei). 


RAILROAD  REFRESHMENT  STATIONS. 

The  great  distinguishing  diflferencc  between  the  refreshment  soloon  nt  tho  railway  sta- 
tions here  and  in  Britain  is,  that  those  in  Britain  nre,  for  the  most  part,  occupied  with 
bars,  for  the  sale  of  liipiors  of  all  kinds,  and  wretched  tea  and  coffee,  or  soup — with  the 
latter  so  scalding  hot,  however,  that  you  have  neither  time  nor  patience  to  wait  till  it  is 
cool  enough  to  enjoy  it.  In  America  it  is  just  the  reverse.  The  bar,  where  intoxicating 
liipiors  are  sold,  is  scarcely  to  be  seen  at  some  stations.  It  forms  a  very  secondary  place  in 
the  estallishmcnt.  The  refreshment  saloon  proprietor  finds  it  necessary  to  supply  the  best, 
most  wholesoiiio,  and  substantial  victuals  for  travellers,  whilst  the  railroad  companies 
allow  their  p.issengers  time  to  enjoy  them.  People  in  this  country  have  no  idea  of  travelling 
3(1(1  or  4(10  miles,  on  an  idd  fusty  biscuit,  or  spunge  cake,  and  keei)ing  up  tiio  "  inner  man" 
with  brandy  and  water,  or  pale  ale — things  all  very  well  in  their  proper  place,  but  not  to 
travel  upon  for  from  12  to  24  hours. 

Di.NNKU. — III  your  journey  along  the  line,  we  omitted  to  convoy  you  to  the  dining  saloon. 
When,  tlierefore,  tho  bell  on  the  engine  has  rung  its  la.^t  stroke  of  stoppage,  you  jump  off 
the  oar,  and  arc  informed — "  20  minutes  here  for  dinner."    You  are  now,  probably,  landed 


48 


A  WAY-SIDE  KEFRESHMENT  SALOOX — SLEEPING  CARS. 


it 


at  a  station  not  far  from  a  dense  forest,  or  in  the  midst  of  a  deep  valley,  ■with  a  range  of 
mountains,  perhaps,  on  every  side,  with  nothing  to  be  heard  but  the  "  iron  liorse"  snorting 
till  ho  comes  to  a  stand-still,  and  the  sound  from  his  nostril  reverberating  through  the  val- 
ley, and  re-echoed  again  and  again.  You  feel  disposed  to  disappointment  in  being  landed 
at  such  a  primitive-looking  station,  which  j)rcsents,  from  all  you  see  around  you,  externally, 
such  scanty  means  of  providing  a  good  dinner,  for  you,  who  have  tasted  notliing  very  aub- 
Bt-antial,  probably,  from  5  to  6,  a.  m.,  and  now  it  is  12.30  or  1,  v.  m.  Besides,  there  is  not 
the  magnificent  refreshment  saloon  as  in  England,  like  the  Midland  at  Derby,  or  Carlisle — 
with  its  ecclesiastical  looking  ceiling,  and  its  baronial  lire-place.  If  you  liavc  not 
that,  you  have,  in  just  such  a  station  as  that  of  Stafford,  or  at  Bristol,  a  wooden 
refreshment-room,  well  stocked  inside.  You  now  enter  tlio  dining-room — take  your  seat — 
and  we  will  guarantee  you  will  get  a  most  sumptuous  dinner,  tliere  and  then,  for  60  cents, 
(or  2s.  stg.,)  and  have  time  to  take  it  in  comfort,  com]iared  with  the  '•  bolting"  necessary  i.t 
some  of  the  refreshment  stations  in  Great  Britain,  where  you  have  to  pay  (12^  cents  (or  2s. 
6(1  stg.).  At  this  country  way-side  station,  lliey  nre  all  i)re])ared  for  your  coming,  every 
thing  is  ready  to  the  minute  the  train  is  due.  Host  of  the  dishes  are  cut  up,  all  ready,  and, 
between  soup,  delicious  trout  from  the  mountain  streams  at  liaml,  fann-yard  poultry,  nmt- 
ton,  beef,  pork,  vegetables,  and  pies  and  t.irts  innumerable,  witli,  for  dessert — in  summer  sea- 
son— water-melons,  musk-melons,  hueklebeiries,  and  several  fruits  we  cannot  name,  to- 
gether with  pure  iced-water — we  can  vouch  you  have  finished,  most  satisfactorily,  20  min- 
utes' good  hard  work  in  the  use  of  knife  and  fork.  You  now  retire,  we  will  be  bound  to 
say,  agreeably  disappointed  witli  the  refreshment-saloon,  even  at  a  way-.-ide  station  in  the 
United  States  of  America.  At  some  stations,  I  lie  charge  is  only  25  cent.-',  and  a  very  good 
dinner  is  got.  All  the  passengers,  sit  down  at  an  immense  long  table.  There  are  no 
2d-clas8  refreshment-room  stations — all  are  1 -t-class,  but  at  2d-class  English  prices.  Tlie 
conductor,  driver,  and  all  the  attendants  of  the  train,  join  at  the  universal  table  ;  but  none 
of  ♦hem  until  they  have  washed  themselves  in  the  washroom  adjoining  the  dining-saloon. 

BaiE.\KVAsr. — Travellers  who  start  very  eiirly  in  the  morning,  or  who  may  have  been 
travelling  all  night,  will  hail  the  arrival  at  the  breakfast  station,  with  its  jilenty  of  good 
cheer,  in  hot  coffee,  tea,  toast,  potatoes,  ham  and  eggs,  beef  steaks,  mutton  chops,  bread  and 
butter,  eggs,  (boiled,  poached,  and  fried,)  etc.,  etc.,  etc.,  with  a  tumbler  of  iced-water. 
Charge  foi-  such  varies  from  25  to  50  cents,  depending  upon  localities,  and  set  out.  Time 
all  wed,  20  minutes. 

Tea  ou  Sn-i-Eii. — Generally  about  6  o'clock — unless  near  destination  of  chief  terminus 

the  train  will  stop  for  tea  or  supper,  nllowing  20  minutes.  The  fare  presented  is  similar  to 
breakfast,  with  the  addition  of  pies,  tarts,  etc.,  with  all  kinds  of  |)reservcs.  Charge,  25  to 
50  cents.  Of  course  there  are  no  fees  to  waiters.  At  all  the  refreshment-saloons  on  the  rail- 
roads here,  the  attendance  is  most  efficient,  with  damsels  which  rival,  in  every  respect,  the 
far-famed  waitresses  at  such  as  Wolverton,  Stafford,  Peterborough,  or  Swindon  stations,  in 
England, 

SLEEPING  CARS  ON  RAILWAYS. 

Amongst  the  many  improvements  introduced  in  connection  with  comfortable  locomotion, 
none  of  so  important  a  character  for  travellers  by  night  trains  has  ever  been  introduced  as 
that  of  the  sleeping  berths  fitted  up  for  passengers  in  some  of  the  railroads  in  Canada  and 
the  United  States. 

On  the  (irand  Trunk  Railroad  in  Canada,  the  sleeping  ears  are  the  most  comfortable  of 
any  we  have  seen  ;  almost  in  every  respect  like  the  berths  of  a  first-class  cabin  in  a  steamer 

— all  enclosed,  with  the  conveniences  and  comforts  of  a  good  be<l,  washstand,  etc. so  that 

travellers  going  between  Montreal  and  Toronto  during  night,  can  go  to  bed  and  rise  in  the 
morning  at  their  destination  much  more  refreshed  than  if  they  had  sat  up  all  iiii;ht.  This 
luxury  can  be  enjoyed  by  paying  f  1  extra.  On  several  lines  in  the  United  States  cars  are 
fitted  up  similarly,  but  not  qui'e  so  comjiletely  nor  so  comfortable  as  those  in  Canada,  al- 
though a  great  improvement  so  far.     Between  Cleveland  and  Cincinnati,  for  instance,  each 


CHURCHES  OF  AMERICA— ATTENDANCE  AT  CHURCH. 


49 


car  is  fitted  up  for  66  bertlis,  for  which  the  extra  charge  is  60  cents  eacli.  Altogetlier,  it  ia 
ft  move  in  tlie  right  direction,  nnd,  we  should  suppose,  might  bo  adopted  with  advantage 
on  the  long  line  runs  of  such  as  the  Great  Northern  and  London  and  North-Western,  be- 
tween London  and  Edicburgh,  the  night  trains  of  which,  for  comfortable  accommodation, 
are  nothing  to  compare  with  the  cars  alluded  to  in  this  country.  On  the  Pennsylvania 
Central  Road,  there  are  high-backed  sofa  seats,  which  one  can  repose  upon  very  comfort- 
ably, at  no  extra  charge. 

t 

THE  CHURCHES  OF  AMERICA. 

The  elegance  of  the  churches  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  is  well  known  to  every 
American  traveller.  AVhilst  tliero  cannot  be,  of  course,  such  venerable  edifices  to  be  seen 
as  the  fine  old  cathedrals  of  such  as  Salisbury,  York,  London,  and  Westminster,  (Eng.,)  or 
Glasgow  and  Elgin,  (Scot.,)  yet  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying,  that  in  modern  churches, 
those  of  Canada  or  the  States  will  compare  favourably  with  any  in  Great  Britain  or  Ire- 
land, either  in  artistic  excellence  in  architectural  design,  as  well  as  substantiality.  Wo 
know  of  few  towns  in  Great  Britain,  which,  in  comparison  with  its  size,  can  show  such  a 
turn  out  of  elegant  places  of  worship  as  is  to  be  seen,  for  example,  in  the  city  of  Toronto. 
In  one  or  two  other  towns,  such  as  Montreal,  the  Catholics  excel  in  the  external  beauty 
as  well  as  size  of  their  cathedrals,  although  internally  they  are  nothing  to  boast  of,  some 
of  them  oven  betraying,  in  our  opinion,  very  bad  taste.  The  English  Episcopalian  cathe- 
dral and  churches,  as  well  as  those  of  the  Congrogationalist  and  other  bodies  again,  both 
e.vternally  and  internally,  show  generally  excellent  taste,  combined  with  great  comfort. 

The  Presbyterian  cluirches,  both  English  and  Scotch,  olsc  present  some  very  handsome 
edifices,  excelling,  as  a  general  rule,  we  think,  the  buildings  which  the  Scotch  Free  Church 
Presbyterians  have  been  erecting  lately  in  many  of  the  Scotch  towns,  most  of  which,  for- 
tunately, make  no  pretensions  to  architectural  beauty  of  design.  For  the  same  amount  of 
money  which  many  of  these  churches  have  cost,  if  the  Americans  had  had  to  build  them, 
tliey  would  in  all  probability  have  erected  neat  and  tastefully-designed  churches  entirely 
of  wood,  and  by  painting  theni  white,  with  green  round  the  windows  and  doors,  and  with 
tlii'ir  bright  green  Venetian  blinds,  would  have  presented,  as  they  do  in  countrj'  districts 
here,  churches  and  chapels,  that,  however  small,  at  once  commend  themselves  for  their  ele- 
gance and  neatness. 

In  the  large  cities  on  the  seaboard,  such  .  ,  New  York,  in  the  lavish  expenditure  of 
money  which  must  have  been  spent  on  the  magnificent  edifices  there,  we  should  t'xy,  that 
the  Americans  have  good  reasons  to  be  church- proud.  (See  New  York,  for  engravings  of 
euch.) 

THE  ATTENDANCE   AT  CHURCH. 

On  visiting  the  churches  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  the  stranger  wni  find  them 
well  filled,  generally  speaking.  In  summer  time,  the  ladies  are  to  be  seen  going  dressed 
in  the  most  expensive  muslins  and  laces,  with  bare  arms,  perhaps,  under  elegant  mantillas  of 
the  most  zephyr  thinness,  displaying  easily  the  shape  of  the  figure,  be  it  handsome  or 
otherwise.  In  the  autunm  or  "  fall,"  tlie  most  gorgeous  silks,  brocades,  and  velvets  are 
worn.  This  being  the  age  of  "  hoops,"  of  course  the  ladies  assume  larger  dimensions  than 
usual ;  the  use  of  that  article  in  tliis  country  being  carried  to  as  great  excess  as  we  think  it 
possible  to  be  done. 

As  ft  general  rule,  the  congregations  of  all  places  of  worship  are  exceedingly  well  dressed, 
nnd  present,  in  summer  time,  some  features  rather  different  from  those  in  Britain.  In  the 
Bumnier  time,  ladies  take  ."iins  with  them  to  church — the  value  of  that  article  ranging  from 
a  5-cent  dried  palm-leaf,  to  every  sort  and  design  of  the  most  costly  Chinese  and  French 
manufacture.  During  the  service,  the  fans  are  kept  in  almost  constant  motion  in  cooling 
their  possessors,  much,  wo  should  suppose,  to  the  annoyance  of  the  speaker,  seeing  these 
waving  back  and  forward  before  his  eyes,  at  rates  varying  from  5  to  50  miles  per  hour. 
The  gentlemen  go  in  suits,  some  of  black,  some  white,  some  drab,  and  some  brown,  just  n= 


50 


DRESS  AT  CHUKCU — CHURCH   PSALMODY. 


it  suits  their  taste,  convenience,  or  comfort.  JIany  witli  wliole  suits  of  wliitc  linen,  and 
being  newly  washed  and  "  got  up,"  with  pure  white  phirt-fronts,  turn-down  collars,  and 
small  ribbon  for  nock-tie,  look  unconiiiionly  well,  neat,  and  cloan-looking,  and,  in  the 
hot  weather,  the  most  comfortable  dress  of  all.  As  we  have  sat  broiling  under  our  black 
coat,  vest,  and  trowsers — all  woollen — we  have  many  times  envied  those  gentlemen  in 
■white  and  fine  linen.  In  the  matter  of  hats,  too,  the  big  black  chinmey  pot  is  thrown  aside 
by  many,  and  the  light  straw  or  felt  hat  adopted  in  its  place,  so  tiiat,  dressed  up  as  now 
described,  with  a  pair  of  thin  patent  leather  boots  or  shoes,  fit  for  a  ball,  it  will  be  seen, 
that  the  American  gentleman  dresses  so  as  to  be  as  easy,  light,  and  comfortable  as  lie 
can.  Little  boys  arc  similarly  dressed  as  the  gentlemen ;  and  girls — women  in  miniature — 
they  must  follow  the  fashion  allotted  to  tliem,  and  are  dressed  and  screwed  up  like  so  n>any 
big  dolls,  but  certainly  with  the  most  exquisite  neatness  and  taste,  and  some  of  them  at  no 
small  cost.  In  the  winter  months  it  is  just  the  very  reverse  of  all  this.  Nothing  can  bo 
too  thick,  almost,  from  the  sole  of  the  foot  to  the  crown  of  the  head,  for  ladies,  gentleman, 
and  children. 

The  Avorking  classes  turn  out  to  church  exceedingly  well  dressed,  and  if  it  was  difficult 
to  tell,  at  one  time,  the  difTerence  between  a  Manchester  or  Glasgow  factory-girl  from  the 
daugliter  of  a  mill-owner,  on  Sunday,  it  is  pretty  much  the  case  now  in  America — Sally 
of  the  hotel  or  the  private  residence,  as  well  as  the  well-paid  workman's  wife,  being  de- 
sirous of  showing  off  as  well  as  those  of  the  "  upper  ten" — not  forgetting  their  fan,  either, 
when  thcj-  go  out. 

CHURCH  PSALMODY. 

On  entering  almost  any  church,  chapel,  or  meeting-house  of  any  denomination  what- 
ever, the  stranger  must  at  once  be  struck  with  the  most  excellent  psalmody  which  he  hears 
in  the  places  of  worship.  Generally  speaking,  there  is  as  great  a  difference  between  the 
psalmody  and  music  in  American  churches,  wiien  compared  with  that  heard  in  England, 
as  there  is  between  the  sing-song,  drawling,  unmusical  notes  to  be  heard  in  some  of  the 
churches  in  country  parishes  in  Scotland,  wlien  compared  with  the  music  in  such  as  St. 
Bride's,  in  l'"leet  street,  or  Rev.  Dr.  Binnie's,  in  Kish-strect  Hill,  London. 

The  reason  appears  to  us  to  arise  from  the  study  which  tiic  Americans,  as  a  people,  give 
to  the  art,  connnencing  with  them  when  very  young  at  the  piano  or  melodeon,  and  hav- 
ing tluis  early  learnt  it,  become  to  like  it,  and  carry  it  into  their  religious  services. 

In  the  choirs  of  jjlaces  of  worship,  as  is  well  known,  tlie  wives  and  daughters  of  the  most 
respectable  families  at^sist,  and  scarcely  is  there  a  choir,  we  should  say,  but  what  can  boast 
of  its  prima  donna,  belonging  to  the  upper  classes,  amongst  its  volunteer  assistants.  Struck, 
eometiines,  with  sonic  particular  tenor,  towering  above  all  the  others,  we  have  found, 
upon  inquirj',  the  voice  to  be  that  of  the  lady  of  Mr.  A.,  the  importer,  or  hearing  an  ex- 
cellent bass  voice,  were  told  it  was  Mr.  B.,  the  manufacturer.  In  some  of  the  churches  in 
the  large  cities  is  this  particularly  the  case,  the  singing  bfing  such  as  we  fancy  could  not 
fail  to  arrest  the  attention,  and  jilease  the  man  who  does  not  know  even  one  note  from  an- 
other. In  some  congregations,  the  hynm  books  have  nmsical  notes  printed  in;  others, 
ogain,  have  music  books  with  airs  only — consequently,  a  large  trade  is  done  in  supplying 
congregations  with  sacred  music  books,  or  witii  hymn  books  set  to  music. 

We  do  not  find,  however,  that  tiie  congregations,  as  a  body,  let  their  voices  be  heard, 
any  more  than  they  are  heard  in  many  churches  in  Britain.  They  apjiear  to  allow 
the  choir  and  the  organ  to  do  the  work,  and  in  many  chureiies  they  are  mere  listeners. 
As  an  exception  to  this,  may  be  named  such  as  Rev.  Mr.  Beecher's  church,  in  Brooklyn,  New 
York.  Tiiere  the  whole  congregation  appear  to  sing  with  heartj'  good  will — in  itself,  a 
treat  to  hear. 

Every  place  of  worshiji  has  a  nmsical  instrument  of  some  kind,  generally  an  organ,  or 
melodeon.  Even  the  small  congregation,  in  the  hirge  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church  of  St. 
Andrew,  at  Clifton,  (Canada  West,)  appears  to  iiavc  been  inoculated  in  favour  of  a  musical 
instrument,  for  without  waiting,  we  presume,  for  authority  from  headquarters,  (being  a 


LUMBER  AND  LUMBERMEN. 


61 


Scotch  established  churcli)  they  have  asserted  the  right  in  their  adopted  land— and  being 
in  close  proximity  to  the  "  land  of  liberty"-to  introduce  a  melodeon  to  assist  their  psal- 
mody, and  with  good  effect  in  singing  the  good  old-fashioned  psalms  and  paraphrases  of 
tlie  "  authorized  version." 

A  controversy  is  now  going  on  in  the  church  meetings,  in  Canada,  upon  tlie  subject  of 
introducing  instrumental  music  into  churches,  similar  to  thut  wliich  is  going  on  in  Scot- 
land, amongst  the  members  of  the  United  Presbyterian  body  there. 


LUMBER  AND  LUMBERMEN. 

The  term  "lumber,"  is  meant  to  represent  all  kinds  of  timber,  whether  in  logs,  deals, 
spars,  shingles,  or  any  other  description  of  cut  or  uncut  timber.  "  Lumbermen"  as  those 
who  are  employed  in  cutting  down  the  timber,  preparing  it  for,  and  making  it  into  rafts, 
and  "rafting"  or  sailing  those  rafts  down  the  rivers  to  a  port.  Thus  a  raft  is  "run"  or 
"  rafted"  down  a  river,  when  it  is  being  taken  to  market  to  be  sold.  The  term  raftsmen 
is,  therefore,  synonymous  with  lumbermen,  wlien  conveying  tlie  lumber  along  the  rivers. 

The  lumbermen  of  Canada  are  chiefly  Frencli  Canadians,  and,  in  many  respects,  they 
lead  a  solitary,  exposed,  and  hard-working  life. 

In  the  sunnner  season  these  men  are  engaged  by  large  "lumber  houses,"  owncrf=  of  im- 
mense tracts  of  forest  lands  and  swamps.  Tliey  are  sent  hundreds  of  miles  up  the 
country,  to  certain  stations  in_  the  interior;  along  with  them  they  take  a  supply  of  pork, 
flour,  and  liiscuit,  and  warm  clotliing,  sufficient  to  last  over  the  Avinter  season,  ar.d  until 
the  river  navigation  opens.  When  winter  sets  in,  they  are  engaged  "cliopping,"  or 
felling  down  the  trees,  and  preparing  them  into  logs.  Some  do  nothing  but  chop ;  otiicrs, 
again,  attend  to  the  "  logging,"  tluit  is,  yoking  tlie  bullocks  and  attending  to  them  in 
drawing  the  logs  out  of  the  forest,  to  the  nearest  outlet  of  the  river,  or  point,  where  they 
are  prepared  into  rafts.  Anotlier  is  employed  as  cook  for  the  party,  who  remains  at  home 
all  day,  preparing  llie  food,  and,  perhaps,  exercising  liimself  in  tlie  use  of  the  rifle,  in  bring- 
ing in  some  game  so  as  to  furnish  an  extra  savory  disli  now  and  then.  Tliej-  live  in  wooden 
"  slianties,"  or  log-houses,  whieli,  by  plastering  or  tlie  use  of  bark,  are  rendered  as  warm  as 
any  stone  house.  There,  during  the  dreary  montlis  of  winter,  with  snow  and  ice  on  every 
side,  and  a  dense  forest  around  tlieiii  for  many  miles,  do  these  hardy  men  exist,  enlivening 
their  evenings  by  games  at  cards,  or  probably  reading  the  latest  newspaper,  if  one,  by  any 
chance,  should  come  in  their  way.  Tlie  winter  time,  when  every  tiling  is  frozen  hard 
nrounil  theiii,  is  freijuently  a  more  comfortable  time  for  them  than  at  other  seasons,  when 
in  swamps  they  are  obliged  to  stand  in  water  and  chop  or  log.  In  winter  they  wear  suits 
of  the  heavy  Canadian  cloth,  alluded  to  elsewhere,  with  long  boots,  of  a  very  heavy  and 
substantial  make.  In  Canada  alone,  it  is  estimated  there  are  upwards  of  30,000  lumbermen 
regularly  employed,  chiefly  in  the  Ottawa,  and  far  north-west  districts.  Tliey  are  engaged 
for  the  season,  perhaps.  They  go  to  work,  live  in  tlie  bush,  as  described,  during  the 
winter,  and,  after  they  have  got  all  their  logs  made  into  rafts,  tliey  are  prepared  to  "run" 
them  when  the  ice  disappears.  The  running  of  rafts  is,  sometimes,  a  very  dangerous  opera- 
tion, particularly  on  such  as  the  Rivers  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence,  where  there  are  so  many 
rapids;  however,  by  the  use  of  long  oars,  at  each  end  of  the  raft — eoch  oar  acting  as  a 
helm  to  steer  with — and  experience,  the  practised  lumberman  gets  along  without  much  dan- 
ger, excepting  where  ho  gets  into  a  wide  expanse  of  the  river  where  the  small  lakes  arc 
fcn-med,  and  a  storm  coming  on,  he  runs  the  risk  of  the  raft  being  blown  in  different 
directions,  and  thus  "  wrecking"  the  raft,  sometimes,  beyond  hope  of  recovery,  and  with 
loss  of  life  often.  On  such  a  lake  as  St.  Peter's,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  this  sometimes 
the  case. 

We  here  give  an  engraving  of  rafts  "  rnnn'ng"  the  rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  Cedars, 
Canada  East,  JiG  miles  S.  W.  from  Montreal,  which  will  give  an  idea  of  one  of  the  most 
dangerous  and  exciting  scenes  during  the  voyage  of  a  raft,  on  its  way  to  market 


; 


1 1. 


52 


RAFTS  OF  LUMBER  RUNNING  THE   RAPIDS. 


In  gome  districts,  the  rafts  are  divided,  and  made  to  descend  the  "  slides" — where  there 
are  no  rapids,  or  other  means  of  conveying  them  past  locks  or  falls. 


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On  the  rafts  are  erected  temporary  houses,  or  huts,  and  with  a  cooking  stove,  barrels  of 
flour,  pork,  etc,  Tlius  they  may  be  seen,  making  their  way  for  hundreds  of  miles  down  the 
rivers  to  various  porta  on  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  but  particularly  to  Quebec,  the  greatest 
lumber  shipping  port  in  America.  The  lumbermen  are  engaged  for  so  much  per  season, 
with  victuals.  When  tliey  arrive  at  Quebec  with  the  rafts — tl>o  proceeds  of  their  winter's 
work — they  arc  then  paid  the  amount  due  them,  and  are  ready  to  engage  for  tlie  next  sea- 
son. Sometimes  the  lumbermen  are  very  troublesome,  in  breaking  engagements  with  their 
emploj'ers,  and  hiring  themselves  to  others  when  they  get  up  the  country.     Employers 


fu) 

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.  i 


THE  LUMBER  TRADE— FIRE-ENGINE   ESTABLISHMENT.  o!-} 

comrlain  of  this,  wl.ilst  the  men,  on  the  other  Imnd,  complain  of  bad  treatment,  or  the 
terms  of  the  engagement  not  being  acted  up  to.  An  attempt  was  made  to  establish  a 
registry  of  linnbcrmeu  in  the  Ottawa  district,  with  the  view  of  checking  tlio  evil  alluded 
to,  but  nothing  of  a  legislative  character  has  yet  been  done,  to  render  any  such  measures 
legally  binding.  The  rafts  on  the  Delaware,  may  be  seen  in  similar  manner,  floating  down 
to  I'hiladelphia,  which  is  the  market  for  its  lumber.  All  the  large  cities  on  the  seaboard 
are  more  or  less  lumber  markets,  and  by  the  cheapness  of  this  article,  are  the  people  kept 
in  a  supply  of  firewood,  (the  only  fuel  in  most  places,)  as  well  as  material  for  building, 
fitting  up,  and  furnishing  houses,  in  doing  which,  the  United  States  and  Canada  certainly 
do  "  lick  all  creation." 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  trade  done  at  Quebec,  in  the  single  article  of 
lumber,  of  Canadian  growth,  we  annex  the  following  statement:— 

AnAVgtraot  of  the  Number  of  Piecea  of  all  Lunxber  (nquare  Umber  excepted)  meaaured  in  Quebeo 

during  the  season,  of  1856. 

1,518  masts  an<l  bowsprits  ,  1,(508  spars  ;  61,496  oars ;  2,639  cords  of  lathwood;  1,379,178  ,-tandard  nine 
deals  ;  o.)j!,4(l-2  si undiinl  spruce  deals;  838,585  standard  pine  and  spruce  deals,  unculled  ;  IS5,8S2  pine  planlf 
and  boanis  culled  ;  l,i,110  pine  plank  and  boards,  counted  ;  7S,4iy  spruce  plank  and  boards,  culled  •  14  Us5 
spruce  plank  and  boards,  counted ;  1,3:J9,I5S2  standard  staves ;  940,184  West  India  staves.  ' 

The  tot.il  exiiorts  of  timber  of  all  kinds  from  Canada,  in  the  year  ISoO,  amounted  in  value  to  |10,01C  S83- 
and  the  value  of  ships  built  in  (Juebec  and  sold  out  of  the  country  amounted  to  $1,213,070:  luakiuK  a  total 
of  wcod  goods  exported  of  $11,138,959.  ■»■  .      i       .  b 

The  receipts  by  the  Canadian  government,  were  as  follows : — 

DurluR  the  year  1850  the  gross  receipts  were— 

On  account  of  Timber  Licenses $214,012  90 

Do.  Government  Slides 32,788  90 

T^   ,     .,        V  .  246,801  80 

Deducting  charges  of  management,  Timber  Licenses 23,035  70 

Do.  do.  do.  Government  Slides 1,895  09 

34,931  89 

Leaving  a  net  of $211,870  41 


FIRE-ENGINE  ESTABLISHMENT. 

Who  lias  not  heard  of  this  "  Institution" — one  so  hallowed  in  the  recollection  of  every 
American,  from  15  to  100  years  of  age?  As  to  the  regular  paid  firemen  of  Great 
Britain,  the  British  public  care  no  more  about  them,  than  tlicy  do  about  their  chimney- 
swoop?,  or  street-scavengers.  They  are  all  men  who  are  paid  for  doing  their  work,  and 
are  expected  to  do  it  well.  If  they  do  not  do  it  so,  some  one  else  will  be  got,  wlio  will  do 
it  right,  and  so  there  is  an  end  of  it.  Not  so  in  America.  The  fire-engine  of  the  Ameri- 
can is  associalod  with  his  first  breath  of  life,  perhaps  the  toy  of  his  childhood,  till  it 
reaches  into  manhood  with  him — growing  with  his  growth — his  first  thought  in  the  morn- 
ing, and,  too  often,  his  last  thought  and  action  at  night.  Grown  out  of  a  voluntary  act, 
wlien  towns  wore  not  able  to  support  fire-enginos,  and  pay  mon  specially  for  looking  af- 
ter them,  the  institution  of  the  fire-engine,  and  firemen  companies,  have  become  a  power, 
alas!  however,  like  all  human  greatness,  destined  to  reach  the  summit  of  its  greatness,  and 
■wane  gradually  till  it  disappears,  at  last,  altogether  from  sight,  or  memory.  To  express  an 
opinion  against  this  institution  at  one  time  was  tantamount  to  blasphemy — and  to  doubt  their 
efficiency,  as  a  body,  was  downright  infidelity.  It  may  be  asked  by  some,  who  and  w^hat 
are  these  firemen  there  is  so  much  said  and  written  about  ?  They  are  simply  a  body  of 
men,  generally  young  men  and  lads,  who,  in  a  particular  district  of  a  city,  form  themselvea 
into  a  firemen's  company,  with  the  laudable  desire  of  assisting  in  putting  out  fires,  and 
saving  the  property  at  such  as  much  as  possible.  The  corporation  furnishes  them  with  an 
engine,  engine-house,  hose,  hooks,  ladders,  etc.,  etc.  They  pay  for  the  decoration  and 
furnishing  of  their  engine  themselves.  They  are  very  particular  about  having  their  en- 
gine to  beat  every  other  engine  already  in  existence,  or  which  ever  may  come  into  exist- 
ence. It  shall  bo  more  expensively  painted  and  decorated.  Its  fittings  of  brass,  copper, 
and  silver-gilt,  shall  shine  so  as  to  dim  the  lustre  of  all  others  within  eye-sight  on  a  parade 


64 


THE  firemen's   "KUN  OUT." 


day.  Its  power  shnll  he  such  n»  to  throw  a  jet  of  wntcr  higher  than  tlie  higliest  yet  at- 
tained, and  curry  on  its  front,  ns  a  tnarlv  of  its  gallantry  and  strength,  n  pair  of  the  horns 
of  an  ox. 

With  all  these  he.Tutios  and  qualifications,  it  must  combine  in  it,  all  the  ease,  lightness, 
and  grace  of  a  fairy  chariot,  and  none  of  the  clumpy  rod  and  black  painted  wheels  of 
an  engine  of  Tilley's,  or  Merroweather's,  of  London.  No ;  the  '•  Nonpareil"  fire-en- 
gine of  the  100th  district  "Nonpareil  Company,"  with  the  "Knickerbocker  Hook  and 
Ladder  Company,"  with  liose,  and  hose-carriage,  is  a  paragon,  to  match  which  the  world 
is  challenged.  AVlien  the  awful  sound  of  a  conflagration  is  heard  tolling,  mournfullj',  it 
may  be,  over  the  city,  with  the  news  of  the  "  devouring  element"  being  at  work  some- 
where, it  is  then  that  the  philanthropic  fireman  is  to  be  seen  in  all  his  excitement  and 
glorj- — then,  that  his  bowels  of  compassion  to  save  life  as  well  as  property,  urges  him  to 
the  scene — it  is  then,  that  the  "Nonpareil'  engine,  with  the  "Knickerbocker"  hook  and 
hidder,  and  hose,  close  behin<l,  are  expected  to  bo  at  the  fire  first  of  all.  Yonder  you  seo 
it  coming  scampering  down  the  hill,  in  full  flight  with  its  20  human  horses  in  the  traces, 
with  red  jackets  and  helmets,  nearly  cap-a-pie,  rushing  along,  and  clearing  the  streets  as 
they  go,  witii  captain  in  front,  and  as  he  runs,  sliouting  out  his  orders  tiirough  his  sil- 
ver-gilt trumpet.  There  they  are  in  full  cry,  when  behind  them,  another  company  with 
engine  No.  1,  wheels  round  the  corner,  and,  in  its  attempting  to  pass  the  renowned  "Nonpa- 
reil," gets  jammed  up  against  the  first  lamp  post,  and  maimed  for  doing  any  more  good  or 
harm,  for  tlie  remainder  of  that  day  or  night.  The  "Nonpareil"  still  Imlds  on  its  trium- 
phant career,  although  it  may  have  broken  o  leg  or  two  of  its  members,  in  its  encounter 
with  No.  1.  It  arrives  within  half  a  gun  shot  of  the  scene  of  action,  when  another  com- 
panj-.  No.  2,  drives  up,  before  tlie  redoubtable  "  Nonpareil,"  and  jiitching  into  it,  smashes 
its  slender  body,  and  all  "the  fi.xings,"  into  smithereens,  till  at  last  No.  2,  and  a  few  others 
arrive  at  the  fire,  and  find  it — a  false  alarm,  after  all.  What  is  the  meaning  of  all  this  ? 
will  be  asked.  Only — that  the  firemen  of  one  company  had  sounded  the  alarm  of  fire, 
and  wanting  a  run  for  themselves,  thought  they  would  show  how  soon  they  could  be  at  a 
particular  spot,  in  advance  of  all  their  neighbours,  and  thus  take  the  "shine"  out  of  them. 

In  solier  earnest,  however,  the  foregoing  is  no  exaggeration  of  a  scene  in  going  to  an  ac- 
tual or  reputed  fire.  Tlie  scenes  of  rivalry  which  the  system  has  engendered,  the  fights 
at  fires,  the  loafers  and.  scoundrels  of  all  sorts  which  have  lately  got  connected  with  fire 
companies — whose  only  object  is  to  get  up  fires  for  the  sake  of  plunder — has  led  to  the 
doom,  as  we  believe,  of  the  existence  of  volunteer  companies  in  connection  witii  fire-en- 
gines and  fire-brigades.  Public  opinion,  backed  by  the  insurance  companies,  have  now 
found  out  a  remedy  for  reducing  the  number  of  fires,  and  also  the  amount  of  destruc- 
tion of  property  which  follow  them.  That  remedy  is  the  establishing  the  steam  fire-en- 
gine, and  a  regular  paid  staff  of  firemen. 

The  public  in  all  the  large  cities  almost,  seem  alive  to  the  importance  of  adopting  the 
new  system,  and  appear  to  give  it  their  hearty  support,  against  the  deadly  o()position  of 
the  volunteer  fire  companies,  who  cannot  but  see  tiiat  the  day  of  their  services  is  fixed 
— that  tlieir  pet  fire-engines  may  be  put  in  glass  cases  as  relics  of  the  past,  as  soon  as  they 
like.  Instead  of  a  run  out  with  their  engine,  and  breaking  sundry  legs  and  arms — or 
turning  out  of  bed  now  and  then  to  actual  fires,  they  will  be  able  to  spend  their  evenings 
more  pleasantly  and  profitably  in  the  magnificent  saloons  and  reading-rooms  of  their  mer- 
cantile libraries,  and  sleep  sound  at  night  withotit  giving  themselves  any  trouble  whoso 
property  is  on  fire,  as  the  iron  horse,  will,  ere  long,  clear  all  before  him,  and  soon  drown 
out  the  biggest  fire  which  has  over  liappeneil,  in  a  lOiith  part  of  the  time  it  would  take 
60  volunteer  fire-engines,  however  neat  and  trim  tiiey  may  be. 


/ 


THE  STEAM  FIRE-ENGINE. 


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THE  STEAM  FIRE-ENGINE — EXPRESS. 


THE   STEAM  FIRE-ENGINE. 


55 


One  of  the  grcntpst  invciilions  of  modern  times,  na  connected  with  saving  property  from 
destruction  nnd  tlieft  at  fires,  nnd  for  raising  tlie  dividends  of  fire  insurance  companies, 
is  that  of  the  application  of  steam  to  tlie  fire-engine. 

In  cities  ■wiicre  tliese  engines  are  in  use,  the  dividends  of  the  fire  insurance  componies 
have  risen  about  0  per  cent ;  people  sleep  sound  in  bed  nt  night,  foeling  confidence  in  the 
power  of  the  fire  (steam)  engine — putting  all  fires  out  quickly,  and  in  doing  so,  respecting 
property — with  very  few  fires  taking  place  now,  compared  with  what  occurred  formerly. 
These  are  some  of  the  results  of  the  steam  fire-engine  being  established.  To  Cincinnati 
belongs  the  honour  of  first  setting  the  worthy  example  in  this  respect,  and  to  one  man 
there,  viz.,  Miles  (ireenwood,  of  the  Eagle  Foundry,  belongs  tlio  credit,  more  than  to  any 
other  man,  for  carrying  it  out,  although  frequently  at  the  risk  of  health  and  life. 

When  at  ('incinnati,  we  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing  these  engines  at  work,  at  fires, 
and  most  admirably  did  they  answer  the  purpose. 

First  of  all,  it  must  be  understood,  that,  as  in  the  London  brigades,  men  are  at  the  fire- 
engine  stations  constantly,  night  and  day.  They  have,  moreover,  towers  nt  each,  from  the 
top  of  which  a  watch  is  kept  oil  over  the  city,  so  that  when  a  fire  breaks  out,  it  is  seen  ot 
once.  For  each  engine  there  are  4  powerful  horses  kept  ready  harnessed.  Each  ciiLine  is 
kept  filled  witli  water  and  fuel,  and  all  ready  to  fire  up.  No  sooner  is  the  olarin  jf  fire 
given,  than  one  man  puts  a  match  to  the  fuel,  when  it  is  burning  in  a  minute — the 
horses  are  yoked,  and  in  two  minutes  are  on  their  way  to  the  scene  of  the  fire.  The 
burning  fuel  in  the  engine  is  getting  up  the  steam,  nnd  before  six  minutes  has  elapsed,  steam 
is  up  to  the  required  pressure,  so  that,  nn  arriving  nt  the  fire,  it  is  ready  to  work  the  en- 
gine, and  throw  the  water  through  thj  hose.  If  the  steam  is  up  before  the  destin'vtion  is 
reached,  it  propels  the  engine  forward,  making  it  light  work  for  the  horses.  At  night,  it 
is  a  novel  sight  to  see  the  liorses  and  steam-engine  together,  careering  along  the  street, 
pnorting  up  the  steam  and  smoke  as  they  gallop  along,  and  making  the  fire-sparks  fly  from 
their  heels.  Tliero  is  something  positively  grand  and  exciting  in  such  a  sight,  and  one  can- 
not help,  in  this  matter,  admiring  the  go-ahead  character  of  the  people,  in  a  most  practi- 
cal direction. 

When  they  arrive  at  the  scene  of  the  fire,  the  horses  are  unyoked,  and  the  firemen  con- 
nect the  main  hose  of  the  engine,  with  the  water-plugs — these  conveying  the  water  into 
the  fire-engine — and  from  there,  it  is  pumped  against  the  fire,  There  the  engines  stand 
quietly  working  away,  as  easily  as  possible,  with  the  stoker  behind  adding  fuel,  and  an 
engineer  in  front  looking  after  the  machinery. 

The  power  of  throwing  water  through  these  engines  is  almost  beyond  belief. 

Since  their  successful  establishment  in  Cincinnati,  almost  all  the  large  cities  have  been 
supplied  with  them. 

It  is  supposed,  because  the  steam  fire-engine  cannot  eat,  drink,  nnd  bribe,  that  it  has  not 
made  much  greater  headway  in  some  cities ;  however,  its  advantogcs  are  compelling  its 
adoption,  and,  ere  long,  we  should  suppose,  its  use  will  be  universal  in  all  lorge  towns. 

The  steam  fire-engine  is  made,  also,  for  2  horses,  and,  on  some  occasions,  steam  has  been 
got  up  in  4  minutes,  45  seconds. 

EXPRESS. 

That's  the  word  in  America!  It  is  applied  to  every  moving  thing,  animate  and  inani- 
tjKite — to  movements  of  the  steomship,  the  locomotive,  the  body,  as  well  as  the  mind.  Every 
thing  and  every  body  is  alive,  and  goes  by  express.  The  people  live  and  think  by  express, 
■  as  many  of  them  acknowledge.  From  the  forwarding  a  box  of  goods  to  their  conclusions 
on  the  theory  of  human  progression,  all  is  express  work.  If  you  want  to  send  a  parcel 
300  miles  per  "  goods  train,"  and  expect  it  delivered  in  16  or  18  hours,  as  in  England,  you 
must  send  it  here  per  "  express  freight."    In  that  case,  however,  you  may  be  glad  if  you 


66 


EXPRESS  PEOPLE  AND   EXPKESS  COMPANIES. 


M  ! 


hove  It  delivered  that  distniice  ofT  in  M)  lioum  If  you  wish  to  go  180  miles  in  3  to  4 
hours,  08  in  England,  simply  per  "  express,"  you  must  hero  go  by  the  "  lightning  express," 
and  you  need  not  fret  your  existenee  uwiiy  because  you  are  from  7  to  0  hours  on  the  road. 
If,  however,  they  cannot  go  by  mil  quite  so  faHt  as  they  do  in  Hritain,  with  the  or- 
dinary goods  trains  or  expresses,  they  make  uj)  for  it  other  waj's,  Although  some  "  down 
casters"  are  said  to  take  a  long  time  to  "  ealeulate"  what  tliey  are  revolving  in  their  mind, 
the  nervous  New  Yorker,  and  even  the  grey  and  drab  I'hiliideliihian  will  think  and  act  M 
to  1  compared  with  many.  They  are  the  living  types  of  "  exjiress''  pe(>])le.  They  drive 
by  express,  they  walk  by  express  when  the  steam  is  up,  they  count  their  bills  by  express, 
drink  by  express,  and,  according  to  the  opinion  of  the  Hon.  M.  1*.  for  Dundee  (Scot.),  they 
eat  and  spit  by  express.  Wo  saj'  they  drink  iiy  express;  f(>r  whoever  saw  an  American 
sit  down  and  spend  lialf  an  liour  or  more  over  his  pint  of  beer  or  gill  of  wiiisky  ?  No, 
tlmt  is  decidedly  too  slow.  He  stands  at  the  bar  of  the  saloon,  and  after  the  "  cock  tail," 
or  "gin  sling,"  or  brandy  and  water  is  placed  before  him,  the  bottom  of  the  tumbler  is 
reaeheu  at  one  oj>eration.  There  is  no  sitting  and  "  fuddling"  over  the  drink,  as  a  general 
rule.    Down  it  goes  ot  o  mouthful,  and  off  lie  starts  to  some  thing  or  somewhere  else. 

We  have  met  many  intelligent  men,  who  deplore  that  fast  working  of  the  brain  which 
is  80  prevalent.  t)iie  C"  equence  is,  such  people  do  not  live  to  enjoy  the  robust  health 
they  might  otherwise  do.  (.)ur  remarks  apply,  of  course,  more  particularly  to  men  engaged 
in  all  sorts  of  business  in  the  large  cities.  Some  farmers,  and  many  who  live  in  the  coun- 
try, may  be  seen,  actually,  one  would  suppose,  trying  how  long  a  time  llu'y  would  take  to  do 
nothing;  whilst  others,  again,  who  have  made  n  small  independency,  are  satisfii'd  to  let  the 
world  wag  as  it  likes — they  purpose  enjoying  it,  and  its  comforts  and  blessings,  by  taking 
thirgs  cat-y.  In  tiie  rural  districts  as  good  specimens  in  that  respect  are  to  be  seen  as  iu 
Farmer  Giles,  of  Devonshire  or  Buckingham  (Kng.).  "  Express  eompaiiies,"  however,  form 
a  ditferent  feature  of  American  commercial  life,  and  which  we  may  here  notice. 


EXPRESS    COMPANIES. 


The  great  carriers — such  ns  Pickford,  Chaplin  &  Home,  and  Carver  it  Co.,  of  England 
—assume  the  title  of  "  Express  Companies"  in  America — who  send  all  their  goods  by  "  cx- 
]>res8,"  as  it  is  called. 

The  heavy  good  3,  to  a  great  extent,  are  consigned  to  the  railway  companies,  who  for- 
ward them  JKT  "express  freight"  cars,  which  are  proverbially  slow  iu  tlitir  sjioed,  com- 
paratively— so  much  so,  that  unless  for  very  heavy  articles,  the  great  bulk  of  the  goods 
Bent  over  the  country  are  consigned  to  the  care  of  express  companies. 

Some  of  these  companies — in  the  large  cities — partake  of  the  character  of  the  "  parcels 
delivery  company"  of  London,  not  extending  their  operations  out  of  the  city.  Whereas 
the  larger  express  companies  extend  their  business,  by  agencies,  over  the  entire  United 
States  to  California,  as  well  as  throughout  all  Canada. 

With  every  express  train,  they  have  either  half  of  a  car,  or  an  entire  car,  devoted  to 
the  goods  they  are  conveying.  They  send  a  special  messenger  with  each.  At  the 
other  end  of  the  same  car,  is  generally  the  U.  S.  Mail,  under  charge  of  the  mail  guard. 
In  the  express  companies'  portion  of  the  car,  the  messenger  who  has  charge  of  the 
packages,  delivers  them  out  at  their  respective  stations,  and  receives  others  to  forward 
onward.  A  large  and  strong  wooden  box,  and  sometimes  an  iron  safe,  travels  along 
with  him,  in  which  is  deposited  all  letters,  small  and  valuable  packages,  money-parcels, 
etc. 

They  undertake  the  delivery  of  monej'  and  goods  in  any  portion  of  America  nearly.     If 
you  wish  to  send  $100  in  money,  to  a  man  at  Chicago,  for  example,  you  put  it  in  an  en- . 
velope — give  into  the  express  office — and  they  undertake  to  deliver  the  package,  although 
in  their  receipt,  they  do  not  acknowledge  to  have  received  that  amount,  but  merely  o  par- 
cel, "  said  to  contain  such."    There  are  three  or  four  companies  who  obsorb  the  greater 


EXI'KESS  COMPANIES— WINTER  TIME. 


U( 


p«  rtlon  of  the  trade,  nnd  one  can  ecorcoly  cro.llt  the  mngnitude  of  their  operations.  Oreat 
fl8  sueh  a  concern,  hh  IMoltfor.l  .t  (■(..'»  is,  in  Iti-itiiin,  it  netimljy  bcconie*  a  iecondriile  car- 
ryin^  eoncern,  wiion  ei>iii|.iired  witli  the  cliief  exprei**  ciirrjinK  company  licre.  One  of 
these  express  companies,  last  October,  opened,  by  contract,  tiie  «reat  I'acitic  overlund  route 
from  tlie  Mississippi  to  the  I'acitic  Ocean,  joining  St.  Louis  (Missouri)  witli  San  iM-aiieisco 
(California),  an  overland  jcmrney  of  25  days,  with  relays  of  horses  at  every  few  milos, 
and  forcing?  a  passage  through  the  Uocky  Mountains,  carrying  mails,  treasure,  goods, 
and  jiassengers,  not,  however,  without  danger  from  the  troublesome  Indians  on  tlie 
route.  Next  „o  laying  the  ocean  telegraph,  it  is  the  greatest  achievement  which  has 
been  accom|)lished  for  nuuiy  years.  It  is  more  than  probable,  tiatall  that  lino  of  road, 
■will  bo  Bhortly  "  located,"  wherever  found  suitable  for  settlement. 

In  every  arrival,  for  example,  from  California,  thousands  of  dollars  in  specie,  notes,  etc., 
are  consigned  to  tlieir  care  by  merchants  and  bankers  there,  for  delivery  to  parties  in  New 
York  and  other  cities  in  the  eaiit,  and  which  is  received  and  paid  over  with  the  greatest 
regularity.  Tlieso  companies,  therefore,  engross  a  very  largo  amount  of  business,  which 
tlie  railroad  companies  would  have  to  attend  to ;  but,  with  the  express  company,  the  rail- 
road eoniiiany  has  only  one  account  to  keep,  instead  of  thousands.  In  the  delivery  of  goods 
several  hundreds  of  miles  off  not  being  so  expeditious  as  that  experienced  in  Great  Britain, 
the  cause  is  attriliutal)le  to  the  transit  over  the  railroads,  and  not  to  the  express  companies, 
as  their  arrangements  for  expediting  the  forwarding  of  goods,  so  far  as  they  are  concerned, 
ore  most  systematic  and  extensive. 

WINTER  IN  AMERICA. 

RKsmENTS  in  Great  Britain  are,  we  think,  too  apt  to  foncy  thot  the  people  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  with  the  thernometer  at  2U  below  zero  sometimes,  must  dress  some- 
thing after  the  fashion  of  Laplanders,  never  be  away  from  the  fireside,  and  such  as  are  to 
be  pitied  in  a  country,  with  notliing  but  fields  of  snow  and  rocks  of  ice  on  evei'y  side. 
To  the  poor  man,  who  has  not  a  sufficienc j  of  warm  clothing,  fuel,  and  food,  there  is  no 
doubt  but  that  he  feels  acutely  tlie  winter  in  all  its  severity;  and  more  so  than  he-does  in 
Britain.  The  man,  however,  who  can  wrap  himself  well  up  when  he  goes  out,  oiid  has 
food  and  fuel  enough  to  keep  him  worm  in  doors,  the  winter  presents  to  him  even  greater 
attractions  than  any  other  time  of  the  year. 


■i: 


SLEIGH  DRIVING. 

TiiKN  that  well-known  gentleman,  "  Paterfamilias,"  the  merchant,  rigs  out  liis  sleigh  or 
"  cutter,"  as  it  is  called,  which  has  been  idle  for  9  months,  gets  on  the  harness,  with  all  the 
paraphernalia  of  bells,  etc.,  on  his  favourite  "tit,"  yokes  him,  and  with  wife  and  children 
all  seated  eozily  in  tlieir  furs — ivibes  of  buffalo  skins — nnd  "  dreadnoughts,"  stort  off  for  a 
drive,  with  the  sun  shining  from  a  cloudless  sky  over  their  heads.  The  bracing  air  tells 
upon  man  and  beast,  and  what  with  that,  the  rattling  of  bells,  and  every  one  driving  as 
if  on  the  road  to  the  Derby,  the  scene  on  the  public  streets  is  exciting  beyond  supposition. 
There  goes  Paterfamilias  bowling  along,  with  a  keen  north  wind  blowing  in  his  face,  when 
up  comes  behind  him,  rattling  along  with  another  lot  of  bells — and  in  a  twinkling,  passing 
within  an  inch  of  his  horse's  nose — a  pretty  little  sleigh  drawn  by  a  couple  of  bay  spank- 
ing beauties,  driven  i)y,  perhaps,  another  in  human  form,  with  a  lady  companion  at 
her  side.  Old  paterfamilias — fond  as  he  is  here  of  a  bit  of  fast  horse  flesh — has  too  lieavy  a 
cargo  on  board,  so  that  he  has  no  clionce  with  the  fair  damsels,  whose  occasional  pitching 
up  and  down,  and  skilful  use  of  the  whip  and  ribbands,  go  ringing,  rattling,  and  bounding 
along,  the  "  observed  of  all  observers."  By-and-by,  up  comes  another  pair  of  Morgan 
greys,  slashing  along,  making  the  snow  fly  from  their  heels,  also  driven  by  a  lady,  who, 
with  a  gentleman  at  lier  left  side,  are  now  bent  upon  disputing  the  right  of  road— at  all 
events,  as  regards  speed — with  the  two  lady  friends  and  the  bays  before  them.    Now  they 


w 


WINTEIt  TIME   IN  AMERICA. 


ur>>  abroait  of  cnch  othvr.  Tlio  huract  aiit]cr«tan(l  wlint  i»  to  be  up,  ko,  without  many 
Words  from  tlu-lr  fair  tlrlvorn,  <  ff  they  sot  to  tcit  tlioir  powi-m  at  "  2.40"  work — ririf^ini;  oiid 
joliit)^ — with  tiic  '2  littln  iiiiyit  ftti'|>|>iii((  out  to  ilouhli'iiiiick  time,  with  ii  fair  und  Diiunru 
giHnl  Eii),'liiih  «tt'p,  \vliil«t  the  ffffyr*  fjo  tiiuiidrriii^  aion^,  rollin^f  nliout  in  triio  "  ruckor" 
Bt.yl»>,  with  tlicir  liii,'  Morgan  headn  nodding  up  uiid  ilowii  iih  thry  go.  Tiicn^  ix  n  "  cloor 
•tago  and  no  favour'  then.  At  it  tlicy  go.  There  tlio  hulies  Rlt,  willi  a  rt>in  tirndy  held 
In  eaeii  luuid ;  thoy  get  exeltod,  tlie  iiorsei  are  at  it  fidl  Hwing,  and  thun  they 
Itiiwl  iilong  till  tlie  Morgans  prove  rallier  strong  un<l  lon^  in  tlie  liiuljit  for  tlie  l)ayn,  and, 
afl"rarno>it  exeiting  contest,  tliey  pass  tlirir  gallant  and  pretty  competitors,  and  wltli 
a  merry  and  graeefid  lift  of  the  whip  iiandle,  by  way  of  salute,  tlio  lady  drivers  part  com- 
pany, till  some  otlur  (larty  drives  u]i  to  them  with  whom  they  may  renew  the  race. 

In  all  the  cxeelJent  l)roa<l  streets  with  which  America  abounds,  lady  drivers,  gent  drivers, 
•leighg  with  1  horse  and  iileighs  with  10  horses,  arc  to  bo  seen;  and  what  with  haUooing, 
ihduting,  ringing  of  bells,  cracking  of  whips,  snowballing  as  they  go,  and,  perhaps,  an  u|)- 
iet  now  and  then,  by  way  of  a  change,  who  will  say  that  such  people  are  to  bo  j)itied  in 
■winter  time.  If  thoy  do  not  indulge  in  Hcotia's  "  roaring  game,"  they  have,  we  are  bound 
to  think,  all  the  excitement  of  it. 

After  the  drive,  what  with  th((  excitement  and  oxygen  they  have  imbibed  from  the  pure 
air,  they  return  home  for  the  day,  with  a  famous  appetite  for  dinner,  oud  in  excellent  trim 
for  the  reunion  at  friend  Jones's  in  the  evening. 


WINTER  EVENINGS. 


II 


In  the  winter  evenings,  more  particularly  close  after  New  Years'  Day,  balls  and  par- 
ties, of  one  sort  and  another,  follow  in  ijuick  succession.  Then  the  dry  goods  importer  is 
careless  about  the  solitary  cose  which  has  got  out  by  the  last  steamer,  although  it  »houUi 
not  be  opened  for  a  week  at  least ;  the  agent  for  the  go-ahead  manufacturing  company, 
whose  headquarters  are  at  New  Englaiiil,  cannot  mend  the  trade,  there  being  no  buyers, 
BO  he  is  at  ease  with  himself  and  the  world  in  general;  the  bank  teller  is  not  harasited 
and  jiestered  with  such  lots  of  "  sbiii]ilasters'  and  "  uncurrent,"  or  "  broken  bank"  bills  be- 
ing thrust  across  the  counter  to  him  ;  the  e.vchange  broker  can  Bcnrcely  get  a  nibble  of  a 
shave,  however  small — each  and  all  making  short  work  of  their  busincfs  for  the  day;  and 
as  for  the  captain  of  the  river  or  lake  steamer,  he  has  been  laid  up  for  a  month,  and  will 
be  for  oth;^r  2,  months,  so  that  all  parties  are  then  inclined — hoving  little  else  to  do — to  go 
hunting  up  old  friends  and  mak'.ng  new  ones,  giving  and  accepting  invitations  to  the  nu- 
merous and  pleasant  little  family  meetings,  which  form  .so  largo  and  so  jdoasant  ]iortion8 
01  the  winter  evenings  in  American  society,  where  the  piano,  the  melodeon,  the  guitar,  or 
the  violin  lend  their  assistance  in  one  roon),  whilst  the  chessboard,  or  a  game  at  penny 
whist,  or  "  eukre"  is  being  plaj'ed  in  another,  and  thus,  in  a  round  of  evenings  spent  mer- 
rilj-  and  happily,  do  the  people  pass  the  evenings  inside  the  house,  whilst  the  starry  heavens 
above  proclaim  a  dry  and  rarified  atmosphere,  unknown  almost  in  Great  Britain. 

If  the  winter  is  thus  a  scene  of  gayety  and  mirth  in  the  large  cities,  it  is  doubly  import- 
ant to  the  farmer  and  the  country  store-keepers. 

AVhcn  the  country  is  covered  with  snow,  then  the  farmer  loads  his  sleigh,  and  drives 
over  fields  and  roads  in  as  straight  a  lino  as  he  can,  the  whole  country  affording  him  a  road 
in  any  direction  where  cleared.  Thus  laden  with  poultry,  and  all  sorts  of  farm  jiroduce, 
he  reaches  the  nearest  town,  and  converts  these  into  cash,  or  barters  them  for  articles  of 
domestic  use,  with  which  he  returns  home  loaded.  By  this  means,  the  whole  country  is 
opened  up,  every  one  finding  a  highway  for  himself.  The  trade  of  the  country  towns  is 
naturally  very  much  increased,  and  then  the  heart  of  the  country  store-keeper  is  light 
when  he  is  doing  the  best  part  of  the  whole  year's  trade.  In  some  of  the  more  northerly 
portions  of  Canada  the  winters  are  very  long,  but  all  the  time  the  farmers  are  not  idle,  as 
may  be  supposed,  but  busy  in  burijing  brushwood,  and  other  work  they  had  partly  pre- 


Tli 


of 


WINTER  TIME— AMl'SEMKNTS  AND  SI'UUTS. 


GO 


pnpc.l  diirinn  tho  «uinm..r  moiill.^  As  tl.o  wuatl.or  .looroniei  In  noverity,  nn.l  spritiK  be- 
gins to  (-iKMi  11...  lli,.ii  I!,.-  fan.icT  ^^■tH  liix ,1  ii,t„  tlui  Bi-<»iiri.l,  a»  whiii  a*  it  l«  pirpuml, 

•ii.l  althoiiKli  (l.ut  limy  1r.  far  ..ii  in  tl.e  yoar,  .....ii|mre.l  with  tli..  socl-time  of  CitqI  Hritain! 
yet  till)  nceil  \h  broii^Iit  forward  with  extraor.litmry  ra|.i.lily.  nri«lii(?  from  ilu.  muistiiro  tiie 
gromid  ImH  r.-colvid,  niwl  tiio  great  heat  ol  tho  sun,  wliich  then  tnobl««  the  fanner  to  turn 
hlr*  attorition  to  othiT  thin({i«. 

Tho  farm  |.m.hic«  bron(,'lit  into  towns  in  wlntor,  In  the  sliapo  of  poultry,  etc..  nre  all 
fro7.on  an  hanl  an  ic(.  itnolf,  and  in  that  oonditioti  thoy  ki-op  a  loii^  time  ijuito  fr.'sli.  ho  that 
lar(^.>  ciuaiititi.'s  of  kucIi  urp  l.ronnlit  in  thai  ^atc.  an<l  kopt  in  ie«  for  months.  When  aljout 
to  1.0  used,  all  that  is  ncccsi-ary  is  to  place  them  in  cold  water,  which  ut  onco  reduces  them 
to  u  proper  temperature  for  eookiiii^, 

Winter  time  in  Anurien,  ihcreforo,  U  looked  forward  to. by  almost  every  one,  with  very 
dilTeront  feelint;s  from  what  many  in  (ireat  Uritain  are  apt  to  suppose. 

In  Ihu  months  (.f  November  and  December,  (generally,  tliere  is  little  of  that  raw.  damp, 
cold,  tnu),')^y  weother,  so  much  experienced  in  all  parts  of  fJrcat  Uritain  and  Ireland.  In- 
stead (.f  that,  tho  Bun  beaiiiH  forth  in  all  his  splendour,  with,  perhaps,  a  cold  but  dry  and 
pure  atmosphere,  then  termed  tho  Indian  summer  part  of  tho  year,  a  time  more  enjoyed 
tlian  any  other  by  atrangeru  from  (Ireat  Uritain. 

AMUSEMENTS  AND  SPORTS. 


Ik  horse  racing  can  boast  of  being  one  of  Englond's  greatest  national  sports,  that  of  trot- 
ting matehes  with  horses  in  harness,  may  be  said  to  bo  one  of  tho  great  sports  of  America. 
There  is,  however,  no  great  day  as  a  "  Derby  day"  of  such  interest  as  that  day  is  with 
Eiiglisliinen,  when  it  sets  aside  the. more  itnportant  duties  of  business,  and  even  parliament 
itself.  True,  the  Americans  have  a  greater  holiday,  because  more  universal,  viz.,  the  cele- 
bration of  Independence  day  (4th  July),  but  that  is  of  o  totaly  different  character,  being 
one  of  jubilee  and  rejoieing. 

Lust  yeor,  tho  t\irf  appeared  to  be  making  a  little  more  headway,  and  tho  steom  is  to  be 
tried  to  bo  got  up  to  a  jK.int  in  future,  when  the  "  fashion  course"  of  New  York  is  expect- 
ed, some  day,  to  rivol  that  of  Doncaster,  Epsom,  or  Goodwood.  A  popular  expressed  wish 
seems  to  be  that  some  English  blood  horses  should  be  brought  over  to  try  their  metal  on 
Anu'rican  soil,  in  return  for  the  importation  into  England  of  "  Prioress,"  and  her  com- 
patriots, on  the  English  fields  of  horse  racing.  If  the  Americans  cannot  boast  of  such 
roces  09  those  of  England,  their  trotting  matches,  and  trotting  horses,  are,  in  our  opinion 
far  abend  of  any  thing  of  that  kind  in  Great  Britain. 

To  give  tho  British  reader  an  idea  of  how  a  horse  is  yoked,  equipped,  and  driven  in  a 
trotting  match,  we  give  an  illustration  of  one  in  full  swing  at  fully  "  two  forty." 

The  maehine  drawn,  is  built  very  light,  yet  as  strong  as  there  is  occasion  for,  •with  seftt 
only  Buttieient  for  the  driver.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  horse  is  attired  in  a  very  light 
suit  of  harness,  ■which,  with  the  maehine,  or  "  buggy,"  presents  a  very  slim  oppearance. 
Those  horses,  generally,  have  a  peculiar  gait,  called  "  racking,"  hence  they  are  called 
"  rackers,"  or  "  pacing  horses."  The  "  racking,"  or  trotting  motion  of  the  horse,  is  not  the 
throwing  of  the  body  and  legs  of  tho  animal  straightforward,  but  a  sort  of  rolling  about 
motion,  and,  when  going  slowly,  partakes  of  the  appearance  of  a  fast  walk  and  a  Blow  trot 
combined.  It  is  a  peculiar  motion,  ond  not  a  handsome  action  of  the  horse,  according  to 
our  ideas.  On  the  eaddle,  however,  we  are  told  that  the  motion  is  particularly  easy  for 
the  rider,  and  that  many  lady  equestrians  prefer  a  good  "  pacer,"  or  "  racker,"  to  any  oUier 
Bort  of  horse,  on  that  account. 

It  is  tl'.e  ambition  of  many  who  keep  horses,  to  be  able  to  boast  of  how  few  minutei 
thoy  -will  take  to  trot  one  mile.  Those  who  can  trot  1  mile  in  2  minutes  and  40  seconds 
are  considered  up  to  the  mark  as  "  fast"  horses.  From  this  lias  arisen  the  common  remark 
of  "  2.40,"  when  applied  to  any  thing  wliich  is  done  fast.    Thus  they  have  2.40  men,  2.40 


TROTTING  MATCHES — BILLIARDS  AND  CHESS. 


61 


o 


D 
Eh 

as 


OS 


women,  2.40  steamboats,  2.40  workmen,  same  as  there  are  2.40  horses,  and  if  we  can  be 
lieve  one  common  idea  in  England,  it  is  tlmt  all  America,  every  thing  in  it,  and  which  is 
done  in  it,  is  2.40. 

These  trotting  matches,  generally,  consist  of  matches  of  one,  two,  or  four  horses,  and  are  just 
as  exciting  to  tiie  Amerioan,  as  a  horse  race,  when  ridden  by  jockies,  is  to  an  Englishman. 
The  time  for  trotting  is  sometimos  2.^1,  and  2.32  for  1  mile. 

Tlio  breed  of  horses  considered  the  best  trotters,  are  called  the  Morgan  breed,  with  big, 
unseemly  heads;  and  are  large-boned,  and  long-limbed  horses.  They  trot  along  at  a  fear- 
ful pace,  and  as  they  pass,  you  are  apt  to  expect  to  see  the  whole  machine  fly  into  a  thou- 
sand pieces;  but  no,  it  whirls  along  over  the  ground,  as  if  it  was  a  feather  at  the  tail  of 
the  horse,  the  driver  seeming  to  sit  on  nothing.  To  our  ideas  of  driving  the  driver 
will  be  seen  holding  his  arms  very  %r  out,  and  much  further  than  English  drivers,  we 
think,  are  accustomed  to  do,  but  we  understand  it  is  for  the  purpose  of  giving  them  as 
much  "  purcliaso,"  or  power  over  the  horse — some  of  the  J'organ  horses  being  very  "hard 
in  the  mouth,"  and  strong  in  the  head  to  guide — when  they  get  excited  in  the  game  they 
are  playing.  As  drivers,  we  should  be  inclined  to  say,  the  Americans,  as  a  people,  have 
no  superior,  if  any  equal,  in  the  world.  When  little  boys,  and  able  to  hold  the  reins,  they 
will  be  seen  s;  .ick  in  between  the  knees  of  the  parent,  and  driving  along  with  great  ex- 
pertness,  until  they  will  be  met  with  alone,  or,  perhaps,  two  together  in  a  buggj-,  and  try- 
ing the  metal  of  their  horse  at  "  two  fiirty"  work,  with  all  the  relish  and  skill  of  men,  and 
thus,  in  time,  become  excellent  hands  at  handling  the  reins. 

Many  ladies  drive  regularly,  and  in  Cleveland,  and  some  of  the  western  cities,  we  saw 
some  excellent  "  whips"  amongst  them. 

AVe  may  here  remark,  that  in  some  cities  of  America,  horse  exercise  is  a  good  deal  adopt- 
ed by  ladies,  and  in  one  p;.rt  of  the  country  a  lady  teacher  advertises  as  engaged  in  giving 
lessons,  with  many  excellent  reasons  why  it  shoidd  be  more  practised  by  ladies  than  it  is. 
Criekei  is  not  engaged  so  much  in  as  in  England,  but  "base-ball"  and  "  quoits"  are  very 
much  played. 

The  great  pastimes — as  games  or  amusements — however,  are  in-doors,  and  those  are  the  sci- 
entific games  of  billiards  :inil  cliess,  but  more  particularly  the  former. 

Large  as  some  of  tiie  billiard  rooms  in  London  are,  they  are  only  a  few  in  number  com- 
paratively, which  are  fitted  up  in  that  style  of  magnificence  which  characterize  the  bil- 
liard rooms  of  such  as  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Cincinnati,  and  Buffalo.  In  these  cities, 
the  numl)er  of  billiard  tallies  is  almost  incredible.  At  night,  the  lager  beer  saloons  of  the 
Germans  are  filled  by  men  playing — and  few  there  are  but  what  has  its  billiard  table 
-even  the  very  meanest-looking  pl-iees  have  one.  It  is  the  great  game  with  the  German 
people,  and  hence  its  great  enjoyment  with  them.  In  billiard  rooms  in  Cincinnati  we  have 
co\inled  Iti,  18,  and  20  tables  in  one  establishment,  whilst  the  billiard  rooms  of  the  cele- 
brated piayer— ^L  riielan,  in  New  York— are  fitted  up  with  30  magnificent  tables,  all  of 
the  manufacture  of  O'Connor  »fe  Collinder,  the  largest  billiard  table  makers  in  America. 
Mr.  riielan's  rooms  night  after  night,  are  thronged  with  gentlemen  enjoying  this  game. 
Markers  and  attendants  wait  on  each  table,  and  altogether  it  appears  an  exceedingly  well- 
conducted  establishment.  In  America,  the  playing  of  billiards  is  rendered  more  respecta- 
ble tlian  it  is  in  England.  If  it  is  right  for  billiards  to  be  played  in  hotels  and  club-houses, 
and  there  conducted  respectably— the  game  has  extended  itself  amongst  the  people,  and 
forms  one  of'h"  greatest  enjoyments  of  city  lifeafter  business  hours— and  from  all  we  could 
see  and  hear  of  it,  throughout  the  country,  it  is  cona;;eted  as  one  of  the  respectable  and 
healthy  recreations  of  the  people— but,  of  course,  like  every  thing  else,  liable  to  abuse. 
There  ia  not  a  young  man  scarcely  to  be  met  with,  but  who  understands  the  game,  and  who 
can  play  at  billiards.  The  apir  tinents  of  billiard  rooms  are  generally  large  rooms  or  halls 
—well  ventilated  and  comfortably  fitted  up,  both  for  the  looker  on  and  the  player. 

In  the  autumn,  or  "  fall,"  must  bo  mentioned  the  "target  excursions,"  as  they  may  be 
termed— although  an  amusement  of  a  decidedly  practical  character.  From  about  the  com- 
mencement of  October,  up  till  the  end  of  November,  never  a  day  passes  almost  but  what 


62 


DEGENERACY  OF  THE  AMERICAN  PEOPLE. 


a  email  regiment  of  the  employees  of  some  large  manufacturing  or  commercial  establish- 
ment will  be  seen  parading  through  the  streets  in  military  uniform,  on  their  way  to  some 
part  of  the  suburbs — preceded  by  an  excellent  brass  band,  with  invariably  a  coloured 
attendant  carrying  the  target  in  the  rear,  and  the  invited  guests  carrying  the  gold  or  silver 
articles  as  prizes,  which  are  to  be  shot  for — those  going  nearest  the  bull's  eye  obtaining 
prizes  respectively  for  their  skill.  Parties  of  this  sort,  are  to  be  seen  numbering  from  fifty 
to  hundreds,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  establishment  or  association.  In  general,  they 
nre  all  neatly  dressed  in  uniform,  and  with  their  muskets — with  fixed  bayonets,  shoulder 
high,  present  a  decidedly  military  appearance.  Previjus,  however,  to  their  going  out  on 
such  excursions,  they  are  regularly  drilled  in  the  use  of  fire-arms  by  a  military  official,  and 
the  target  excursion  may  be  said  to  be  the  review  day — when  each  is  called  upon  to  attest 
his  proficiency  in  the  art  of  handling  a  musket,  and  in  being  a  good  marksman.  They 
start  off  in  the  morning  and  spend  the  day  in  this  manner,  dine  at  some  appointed  house, 
where  dinner  has  been  prepared  for  them,  and  return  home  in  the  evening. 

In  this  way  are  the  great  majority  of  the  male  population  proficient,  to  a. certain  extent, 
in  the  art  of  war — so  that  in  case  of  emergency,  an  immense  force  of  citizen  soldiery  can 
bp  cilculated  upon. 

THE  DEGENERACY  OF  THE  AArERICAN  TEOPLE. 


Amongst  ti<e  many  popular  errors  entertained  in  Great  Britain  respecting  America  and 
the  Americr.n  people,  we  find  we  must  include  that  which  has  been  promulgated  in  certain 
quarters,  as  to  the  decay  or  degeneracy  of  tlu-  Americans,  in  thvir  physical  strength  and 
condition  as  a  people.  We  confess  that  until  we  had  visited  the  country,  we  were  some- 
what of  a  similar  opinion.  From  what  we  Imve  seen  of  the  people,  however,  over  a  wide 
extent  of  couhtry,  we  are  led  io  a  different  conclusion. 

We  think  the  error  has  crept  into  British  minds  from  the  fact,  that  almost  the  only  op- 
portunity they  have  of  judging  of  the  American  people,  is  from  wliat  they  see  of  them  in 
the  samples  of  Americans  who  visit  Great  Britain — as  merchants,  bankers,  dry  goods  or 
hordware  storekeepers — as  buyers  or  sellers.  Tliere  is  no  other  opportunity  of  judging  of 
them  otherwise,  excepting  by  coming  over  and  travelling  through  different  districts  of  the 
country.  To  take,  therefore,  the  sample  of  Americans  from  the  close,  confined  counting- 
houses  of  New  York  or  Boston,  as  fair  samples  of  a  whole  people,  covering  such  a  conti- 
nent ns  this,  is,  we  think,  hasty  and  erroneous.  As  well,  in  our  opinion,  may  we  take  the 
peop..  of  such  as  Hampshire,  in  the  south  of  England,  and  declare  that  they  are  fair  sam- 
ples of  the  British  people — when  the  size  of  their  heads  and  breadth  between  their  shoul- 
(i-,i  ■*  hns  only  to  be  compared  with  those  of  the  natives  of  Aberdeenshire,  (Scotland,)  or  as 
a  whole,  «ith  the  stalwart  Highlanders  of  Scotland,  or  the  natives  of  Cumberland,  (Eng.) 
to  see  the  d'fFerence, 

Just  as  well,  also,  may  we  say  that  the  hard- worked  entry-desk  clerk  in  a  dry-goods 
warehouse  in  Woo.\  street,  or  a  banker's  clerk  in  Lombard  street,  London,  with  their 
bleached  faces  a.>a  slender  forms,  are  fair  samples  of,  and  the  very  personification  of  John 
Bull  himself. 

We  cannot  take,  therefore,  the  commenial  classes  of  the  New  England  States  or  New  York, 
and  say  that  they  are  fair  samples  of  the  American  people — whilst  it  is  well  known  that 
the  tall,  big-boned  native  of  Kentucky  exhibits  as  great  a  difference  from  such,  as  tiiere  is 
in  the  cases  we  have  cited  as  regards  the  British.  If  we  are  to  take  tiie  descendants  of  Eu- 
ropeans as  comprising  the  population  of  America — and  we  cannot  do  otherwise,  as  we  are 
not  treating  of  the  aborigines  of  America — we  ask,  do  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  the 
children  of  Germans,  who  form  so  large  a  portion  of  the  population  of  America,  look  like 
a  people  ;  unning  to  decay  V  Or,  again,  do  the  hardy  sons  of  Scotland,  scattered  all  ■  ver 
America  and  Canada,  bear  out  the  truth  of  such  a  conclusion  ?  We  are  aware  that  there 
are  local  causes — such  as  fever  and  ague — and  that  the  extreme  b.eat  and  cold  has  an  ener- 
vating eflfect  for  a  time  on  the  constitution ;  but  with  proper  care,  and  avoiding  the  causes 


DEGENERACY  OF  THE  AMERICAN  PEOPLE. 


63 


of  such  local  diseases,  the  constitution  of  the  European  stands  as  healthy  now,  under  the 
purer  atmosphere  of  America,  than  ever  it  did  amid,  we  think,  the  still  more  trying  cli- 
mate of  Great  Britain,  when  taken  as  a  whole. 

We  may  be  met  with  the  remark,  that  the  Americnn  people  do  not  look  so  fresh  and 
healthy-looking,  and  so  fat  as  those  who  enjoy  the  roast  beef  of  old  England,  with  their 
"  stout"  and  beer  after  dinner  to  their  hearts'  content. 

All  we  can  say  is,  that  both  in  Canada,  and  the  northern  and  western  States  of  Ameri- 
ca, we  have  found  as  fresh  and  healthy-looking,  and  as  strong  men  as  ever  we  met  in  Bri- 
tain.    We  will  admit,  however,  that  the  rosy  colour  on  the  cheek  is  not  to  be  seen  to  such 
an  extent  in  America  as  in  the  country  districts  of  Gn.at  Britain  or  Ireland,  nor  that  the 
people,  as  a  whole,  are  so  fat  and  stout-looking.     But  In  reality,  that  does  not  matter  so 
much  of  itself.     Wliat  is  wanted  to  constitute  health  and  strength,  is  not  by  eating  enor- 
mously, and  drinking  porter,  and  being  fat.     What  is  wanted  in  a  people  is  bone  and  mus- 
cle, and  we  feel  convinced  that  more  muscle  and  real  strength,  and  health,  also,  is  to  be 
found  in  the  wiry  frames  of  the  moderately  fat — or  even  in  the  thin  timbers  of  an  active 
ond  healthy  constitution — than  in  the  extraordinary  fat  individual,  as  we  presume  it  will 
be  admitted,  that  fat  forms  a  verj'  small  part  in  constituting  the  strength  or  enduring  quali- 
ties of  any  animal,  but  rather  an  impediment  to  healthy  action.     If  proof  is  needed  of  our 
remarks,  we  refer  no  further  than  to  the  agility  and  strength,  and  health  of  the  North 
American  Indian  hunters,  who,  to  look  at  them  closely,  show  none  of  that  superabundant 
fat,  or  size,  we  are  apt  to  give  them  credit  for,  and  yet  we  will  be  bound  to  say,  that  for 
enduring  fatigue — half  shattered  as  their  constitutions  have  been  during  many  years  with 
the  whisky  of  the  white  man — they  will  equal  any  average  samples  of  British  strength. 
We  may  here  observe,  that  having  had  an  opportunity  of  meeting  with  about  40  repre- 
sentatives, or  chiefs  of  tribes  of  North  American  Indians,  last  summer,  on  their  way  from 
Washington  to  their  territories  beyond  Minnesota,  we  remarked,  particularly,  th;  small 
but  nimble  foot  and  leg  of  these  men,  some  of  them  over  CO  years  of  age,  but  moving 
along  with  oil  the  agility  of  men  of  20  or  SO  years  of  age.    They  were,  one  and  all,  liter- 
ally skin,  muscle  and  bone,  and  in  that  respect,  rather  upset  our  previous  notions  of  what 
we  expected  to  find  amongst  them. 

The  great  mistake,  we  think,  seems  to  be,  that  Americans  are  looked  upon  as  weak  in 
constitution  and  strength,  simply  because  they  are  not  so  blown  up,  and  of  such  portly  di- 
mensions as  John  Bull  and  his  associates  are  represented  to  be.  But  if  expertness,  or 
agility  and  strength,  are  the  essentials  required,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  as 
great  an  amount  of  these  qualities  will  be  found  throughout  America,  as  o  whole,  as  in 
any  part,  either  of  Great  Britain,  or  probably,  in  the  world. 

Looking  at  the  matter  in  the  aggregate,  therefore,  we  think  that  the  very  fact  of  what 
has  been  done  in  the  country — the  immense  strides  it  has  made,  with  comparatively  little 
money  at  conminnd — the  extensive  tracts  of  forest  converted  into  fields  of  waving  grain, 
or  posture— the  enormous  cities  they  have  reared — the  roads  they  have  made — and  in  com- 
paratively so  short  tt  period,  speaks  volumes  for  the  physical  energy  of  the  people. 

It  may  be  that  the  brains  of  commercial  men  in  America,  are  overworked,  perhaos 
more  than  they  are  in  London,  for  instance — although  we  doubt  it— and  that  they  su 
physically,  in  consequence ;  but  it  is  folly,  we  think,  therefore,  to  say,  that  the  whole  peo- 
ple of  America  are  degenerating,  simply  because  a  few  merchants  in  their  hurry  to  get 
rich,  fritter  away  body  as  well  as  mind  in  tlie  operotion. 

Whoever  sees  on  American  thoroughly  alive  at  his  business,  and  having  manual  labour 
to  perform,  whether  that  is  packing  a  bale  of  goods,  chopping  down  a  tree,  swinging  a 
tilt  hammer  overhead,  or,  obove  all,  going  to  a  fire,  or  working  a  fire-engine,  will  see  nei- 
ther the  wont  of  will,  nor  want  of  power  to  do  it.  If  ho  can  invent  a  machine  to  do  it 
&ir  him,  he  will  do  so  fast  enough,  and  quite  right,  too,  to  make  machinery  work  as  much 
as  possible  for  him. 

As  connected  with  this  subject  in  some  degree,  we  would  refer  to  the  excellent  practice 
kept  up  by  many  of  the  Scotch  portion  of  the  population  in  keeping  up  their  national 


64 


BECLARATION  OF   INTENTIONS. 


games  -wherever  practicable,  and  whoever  witnessed  the  Scottish  games  held  in  Jones's 
wood,  New  York,  lust  September,  will  suy,  they  never  saw  the  "  caber  tossed"  or  the 
'•  Highland  fling"  danced,  or  the  "  putting  of  the  stone,"  executed  with  greater  agility  or 
strength  on  the  sides  of  Kinloch  Runnoch,  or  even  IJraemar. 

It  may  be  that  in  out-door  sports  the  Americans  would  be  all  the  better,  if  they  had 
even  more  holidays  than  they  have,  whore  games  and  gymnastic  exercises  were  encour- 
aged and  indulged  in,  bo  as  to  improve  their  physical  strength.  In  that  respect,  however, 
we  believe  they  are  quite  olive  to  the  importance  of  such. 


DECLARATION  OF  INTENTIONS. 

The  emigrant  who  arrives  in  the  United  States  with  the  view  of  becoming  a  permanent 
settler,  and  who  wishes  to  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of  native-born  citizens,  must  go  through 
the  form  of  what  is  called  the  "  Declaration  of  Intentions,"  as  well  as  be  a  resident  in  the 
country  for  5  years.  The  law  requires  such,  before  a  vote  at  elections  is  extended  to  for- 
eigners— and  also  to  entitle  them  to  bequeath  real  estate  property.  The  intention  to  be- 
come a  citizen  must  be  notified  at  least  2  years  before  the  naturalizittiou  papers. are  ob- 
tained, or,  in  fact,  before  the  applicant  becomes  a  naturalized  citizen. 

Tlie  declaration  of  such  intentions  can  be  made  before  ony  state  court,  being  n  court  cf 
record,  and  having  a  seal  and  clerk,  and  common  law  jurisdiction  ;  before  a  circuit  court, 
or  district  court  of  the  United  States ;  or  before  a  clerk  of  either  of  these  courts. 

In  New  York,  the  office  for  declaration  of  intentions  is  situated  i..  the  City  Ilall,  at  the 
public  park.  On  going  there,  the  emigrant  will  see  a  board  up  with  "  Naturalizaticn  Of- 
fice" painted  upon  it.  On  entering  the  office,  and  stating  that  he  wislies  to  declare  hi^  inten- 
tions, he  is  asked  where  he  comes  from,  his  name,  age,  etc.  All  such  particulars  are  en- 
tered in  a  book,  which  states  that  on  a  particular  day  he  has  declared  his  intentions  of  be- 
coming a  citizen  of  the  United  States.  That  book,  with  such  declaration,  is  handed  to  the 
applicant  to  sign.  Tiiat  being  done,  the  clerk  makes  out  a  document,  of  whicii  we  give  a 
copy,  so  that  parties  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  may  be  aware  of  the  terms  upon 
which  they  are  to  expect  the  privilege  they  ask  for. 

The  document  referred  to  reads  thus : — 

(Copy.) 
STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

In  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  for  the  City  and  County  of  Xew  York: 

I,  A.  R,  do  declare  on  oath,  that  it  is  bona  Jide  my  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of  fho 
United  States,  and  do  renounce  forever  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any  foreign  prince, 
potentate,  state,  or  sovereignty  whatever,  particularly  to  the  Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  of  whom  I  am  a  subject. 

Sworn  this day  of month,  185 — . 

[Signed,]     A.  B. 

Signed  by  C,  D.,  clerk,  in  the  clerk's  office.  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  for  the  city  and 
county  of  New  York. 

I  certify  that  the  foregoing  is  a  true  copy  of  an  ori^nal  Declaration  of  Intention  remain- 
ing of  record  in  my  office. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  subscribed  my  name  and  affixed  the  seal  of  saiil 
court,  this day  of month,  185 — . 

Signed  hero  by    C.  D.,  Clerk  aforesaid. 

Previous  to  obtaining  the  above  document,  the  applicant  has  to  pay  the  fee  of  25  cents. 
After  the  five  years  lias  elapsed  from  the  day  of  the  applicont's  arrival  in  the  country 


'^JiBfttPW  I  ..W1P— ^awwp^^*' 


DECLARATION  OP  INTENTIONS. 


65 


and  presuming  lie  has  dcclnred  his  intentions  in  due  form  as  stated,  he  must  prove  by  the 
oath  of  two  citizens  of  the  United  States,  that  he  has  l)eoii  resident  for  five  years,  and  one 
year  within  tlie  State  where  the  court  is  held,  before  he  gets  his  naturalization  papers. 
We  quote  the  following  as  what  appears  to  be  the  law  on  the  subject  :— 

"  If  he  have  been  a  minor,  and  shall  have  resided  in  the  United  States  for  three  years 
next  before  attainins^  his  majority,  he  may^  be  admitted  without  such  declaration,  on  prov- 
ing by  two  witnesses  that  he  lias  resided  live  years  in  the  United  States,  three  as  a  niinor 
and  two  since  he  became  of  age,  making  the  declaration  of  his  intention  at  the  time  of  his 
admission,  and  declaring  on  oath,  and  proving  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court,  that  for 
three  years  next  preceding  it  has  been  his  bona  fide  intention  to  become  a  citizen. 

"The  alien's  country  must,  at  the  time  of  his  admission,  be  at  peace  with  the  United 
States. 

"  If  an  alien  die  after  having  made  his  declaration  of  intention,  and  before  his  admission, 
his  widow  and  children  are  citizens. 

"Tiic  minor  children  of  any  one  duly  naturalized,  if  dwelling  in  the  United  States,  are 
citizens. 

"  A  foreign  married  woman  cannot  hold  property  in  her  own  name,  unless  she  be  natural- 
ized, though  she  may  after  naturalization  hold  it  separate  and  distinct  from  her  husband." 

The  fee  for  obtaining  the  "  naturalization  papers"  is  50  cents,  75  cents,  or  $1  (2s.  3s.  or  4s.) 
according  tv  ihe  style  of  the  getting  up  of  the  document  and  ornamental  printing  of  said 
papers. 

Whotever  may  have  been  the  reason  which  led  to  the  adoption  of  such  a  law,  before  » 
foreigner  could  hold  a  legal  title  to  real  estate,  we  should  suppose  that  the  sooner  it  is 
•wijuJ  from  off  the  statute  book  of  the  United  States  the  better,  as,  so  long  as  it  exists  as 
it  is,  it  presents  no  additional  inducement  for  settlers  to  become  purchasers  of  real  estate 
in  the  country,  whilst  they  are  not  placed  on  a  footing  of  equality  with  other  purchasers, 
simply  because  they  happen  not  to  have  been  5  years  in  the  country. 

We  have  no  doubt  this  law  will  be  repealed  ere  long.  In  fact,  the  subject  is  beginning 
to  1)0  "  ventilated,"  from  nn  article  we  observed  in  the  New  York  Daily  Times  of  18tli  Sep- 
tember last,  in  which  the  editor  says: — 

"  The  statutes  in  question  are  not  required  by  any  considerations  of  public  utility,  and 
are  founded  upon  the  obsolete  maxims  of  a  by-gone  age.  Why  should  it  be  necessary  that 
an  alii'u  sliould  tile  with  the  Secretary  of  State  a  declaration  of  his  intention  to  l)e  natu- 
rali/ed,  before  he  can  be  authorized  to  take  and  hold  real  estate?  Until  such  declaration 
is  tiled,  he  cannot  take  title  to  veal  propertj',  either  by  purchase  or  by  will.  Any  devise 
to  such  alien  is  void,  and  the  property  passes  to  the  heirs-at-law.  Now  all  such  provisions 
are  eiitiruly  uncalled  for.  Tiiey  cause  trouble,  and,  in  some  cases,  defeat  the  intentions  of 
testators.  'Tlie  general  policy  of  our  law  is  to  make  the  acquisition  of  property  open  and 
full.  If  there  is  danger  to  our  institutions  from  foreigners  p.'nongst  us,  that  danger  is  cer- 
tainly lessened,  and  not  increased,  by  their  becoming  interested  in  the  soil.  We  trust  the 
legislature,  at  its  next  session,  may  find  time  to  consider  this  subject." 


< 
; ) 

.n 


66  AMERICAN  HOUSES,   AND  MODES  OF  LIVING. 


AMERICAN  HOUSES. 

The  interior  of  the  houses  in  the  United  States  resemble,  in  many  respects,  the  neat, 
clean,  and  tidy  appearance  of  a  well-regulated  English  house. 

The  houses  or  the  upper  classes  are  furnished  in  a  style  of  great  magnificence,  particu- 
larly as  regards  furniture — it  being  univerpally  much  cheopor  here  than  in  Great  Britain. 

All  the  rooms  are,  generally  speaking,  very  lofty,  and  airy.  Tiio  dining-room  of 
tlie  Americans  is  generally  on  the  basement  floor  of  the  house,  on  a  level  with  the 
kitchen.  When  the  meals  are  announced  as  all  ready  and  on  the  table,  the  family  retire 
down  stairs  to  the  dining-room — generally  a  plainly  furnished  apartment,  comjiarcd  with 
the  other  rooms  up-stairs.  After  meals  they  retire  at  once  iip-stairs,  and  use  the  sitting- 
room,  parlour,  or  drawing-room  and  library,  as  they  feel  inclined.  It  is  the  same  after 
every  meal.  In  very  small  houses,  even,  the  inmates  take  tlioir  meals,  generally,  on  the 
ground-floor  also,  and  sit  in  a  room  up-stairs.  By  this  n.cans,  all  waiting  until  tallica  ore 
"  covered,"  "  set,"  or  "  removed,"  is  avoided,  besides  being  much  more  convenient  for  ser- 
vants, in  having  no  meals  and  dishes  to  carry  up  and  down  stairs. 

The  meals  generally  consist  very  much  of  the  same  dishes  and  viands  as  in  Great  Britain, 
with  a  few  variations  in  the  orticle  of  fisli,  and  additions  in  vegetables  and  bread,  unknown 
in  Great  Britain,  for  example : — 

At  breakfast  and  supper  the  Indian  corn  forms  an  excellent  and  favourite  bread,  like 
sponge  cake  in  appearance,  is  very  substantial,  and  allowed  to  be  nutritious.  It  is  also 
baked  into  "  pancakes" — called  "  Indian  corn  cakes" — which,  with  the  "  Buckwheat  cakes" 
baked  in  the  same  manner,  are  evidently  enjoyed,  from  the  enormous  consumption  there  is 
of  them,  at  all  breakfast  and  tea-tables,  as  they  are  served  up,  jdate  after  plate,  j)iping  hot 
They  are  used  along  with  butter  and  gjlden  syrup,  and  are  baked  as  light  os  possible.  A 
breakfast  or  tea-table  here,  is  considered  quite  as  incomplete  without  its  buckwheat,  or  In- 
dian corn  cakes,  as  a  Scotch  tea-table  would  be,  without  its  jams,  jellies,  or  marmalade. 

There  are  only  three  meals  a  day — breakfast,  about  7  to  8,  a.  m.  ;  dinner,  12,  to  1,  r.  m.  ; 
and  tea,  (or  supper,  as  it  is  called,)  from  6  to  7,  r.  m.  See  our  notice  of  hotels  in  America, 
for  an  idea  what  breakfast  and  supper  consist  of,  which  is  a  fair  sample  of  an  American 
table  generallj'. 

As  we  have  stated  elsewhere,  the  almost  invariable  beverage  appears  to  be  cold  water, 
with  the  addition  of  tea  or  coff'ee  being  supplied  at  dinner,  in  the  great  majority  of  private 
houses. 

From  the  abundance  of  various  descriptions  of  fruits,  tlie  desserts,  at  the  humblest  dinner- 
tables,  are  such  as  arc  unknown  in  Great  Britain,  excepting  at  the  dinner-tables  of  the 
wealthy  classes.  Even  at  the  tables  of  the  working  classes  here,  we  have  seen  magnificent 
apples,  peaches,  grapes,  watermelons,  muskmelons,  etc.,  which  are  had  most  seasons,  com- 
paratively speaking,  for  nothing ;  whilst  the  cranberries,  whortleberries,  pumpkins,  bram- 
bleberries,  ',  ■  .ckberries,  currants,  citrons,  etc.,  afford  excellent  material,  and  assist  to  make 
up  the  inmiense  variety  of  pies  which  are  to  be  seen  on  every  dinner  and  supper-table. 

We  may  here  remark,  that,  in  other  respects,  the  tables  of  the  working  classes,  as  a  gen- 
eral rule,  are  furnished  in  a  manner  enjoyed  only  by  the  very  best  paid  workmen  in  Great 
Britain. 

In  the  country  towns,  almost ; "'  "'..ieses  own  the  houses  they  reside  in,  it  being  the  ambi- 
tion of  every  working-man  even,  to  have  a  house  he  can  literally  call  his  own,  and  where, 
with  a  piece  of  ground  attached,  he  can  raise  his  own  vegetables,  fruits,  and  flowors.  For 
th.it  reason,  one  does  not  hear  rctits  spoken  about,  so  mueh  in  America  as  in  Great  Britain. 

The  houses,  for  the  most  port,  excepting  in  the  largo  cities,  ore  built  of  wood,  and  al- 
though to  a  stranger,  accustomed  to  see  the  substantial  stone  houses  in  Scotland,  or  brick 
houses  in  England,  the  wooden  houses  may  not  appear  bo  comfortable,  yet  they  can  be 
made  equally  as  comfortable  as  any  stone  house. 

The  almost  universal  fuel  in  America,  is  wood.     Parties  supply  wood  as  they  do  coals, 


AMERICAN  HOUSES,   AND  HOUSEHOLD  AFFAIRS. 


67 


neat, 


lllT        ^  T  ^' '"  '"^^  """*  "P-^"'  '•''l"'""^  "^  ""*"  '°  "'^"P  '^  "P  -t°  the  proper 
length  for  use  in  the  almost  universal  fire-place-the  stove-^hich  articl!  acts  the  parTof 

a  kitchen-range  88  well,  in  very  compact  form,  as  with  it  you  can  bake,  boil,  roast,  and 

8tew,  all  at  one  time.  Stoves  are  made  all  sizes  and  sold  with  cooking-dishes.  otc,  complete 

In  some  of  the  large  cities  on  the  seaboard,  such  as  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  coal  is 
used  to  a  large  extent,  and  is  increasing  every  year  in  consumption.  It  is  of  a  very  hard 
brittle  nature,  and  comes  chiefly  from  Pennsylvania.  There  is  no  smoke  from  this  dcscrip' 
tion  of  coal,  nor  almost  any  from  the  wood  uaed-so  that  it  is  one  of  the  things  which 
strikes  the  stranger,  on  visiting  American  cities,  to  find  the  atmosphere  of  all  as  clear  and 
pure  as  if  tliere  were  not  a  fire  burning  in  a  single  house.  Rather  a  difference  this,  from 
the  murky  atmosphere  of  such  as  Sheffield,  Birmingham,  London,  Manchester,  and  Glas- 
gow, witli  an  additional  supply  of  "  oiacks,"  which  now  and  then  ornament  the  faces,  or 
shirt  fronts  of  the  people,  as  they  walk  along  the  streets ! 

We  may  mention,  that  in  New  York,  the  Scotch  system  of  building  houses  in  floors,  or 
"flats,"  with  one  and  sometimes  two  families  living  on  each  floor,  is  carried  out  to  a  small 
extent.  Such  "  lands"  are  filled,  for  the  most  part,  with  Germans  and  Irish— the  Scotch 
people  appearing  to  prefer  the  small,  "  self-contoined"  house,  where  they  can  procure  them. 
The  pressure  of  the  times,  during  the  last  18  months,  has  compelled  many  to  divide  their 
houses,  by  sub-letting  the  upper  portion  of  them,  either  furnished  or  unfurnished.  In  this 
way,  there  are  hundreds  of.  cases  in  New  York,  where  one  house  contains  two  families, 
which  was  tenanted  by  only  one  family  previous  to  the  panic  of  1857. 

Regarding  the  performance  of  household  duties,  wo  find  that  amongst  the  families  of  the 
mercantile  classes  the  daughters  of  a  family  are  brought  up  to  understand  what  household 
work  is,  and  also  liow  to  do  it ;  in  fact  they  are  necessitated  to  do  it,  as  that "  greatest 
plague  in  life,"  a  servant,  here,  is  not  always  the  speedy,  cleanly,  and  bidable  gentlewoman 
to  be  found  in  England  or  Scotland.  There  is  so  much  ignorance  and  unbecoming  habits 
on  the  part  of  the  vast  proportion  of  imported  servants,  that  families  are  obliged  to  be  able 
to  assist  themselves  when  left  in  the  lurch  by  any  sudden  whim  of  temper  or  taste  on  the 
part  of  their  "  help." 

We  find  that  the  American  ladies  ore  not  only  good,  but  quick  workers,  throwing  all 
that  nervous  energy  of  character  they  are  possessed  of  into  their  work,  to  get  done  with  it 
as  speedily  ns  possible;  so  that  whether  it  be  at  sweeping  out  a  room,  squaring  up  a  bed- 
room, or  cooking  a  meal,  we  have  found  them  "  smart"  at  their  work.  It  is  not  in  the 
nature  of  an  American  lady,  no  more  than  it  is  in  an  American  gentleman,  to  do  any  thing 
slow.  No  doubt,  Arricrican  ladies  can  take  their  ease,  and  enjoy  a  rest  on  a  sofa,  or  on  one 
of  their  easy  rocking  chairs — particularly  on  a  hot  day,  with  the  mercury  100°  in  the 
shade — as  well  as  any  other  lady.  Again,  in  the  matter  of  early  rising,  the  American 
ladies,  in  our  opinion,  put  many  British  Indies  completely  to  the  blush,  in  that  respect 
What  would  some  of  our  English  or  Scotch  ladies  think  of  getting  up  at  4  or  5,  a.  m.,  in 
the  summer  season,  and  going  to  market  then  ?  This  is  necessary  both  in  Ciinada  and  the 
United  States,  as,  if  delayed  much  longer,  there  would  be  no  butcher's  meat  to  be  had  long 
after  these  hours.  As  we  h.ave  said,  in  the  families  of  merchants,  manufacturers,  etc.,  the 
daughters  are  taught  to  work  in  good  earnest,  and  some  of  the  little  girls  of  8  and  10  years 
old  will  be  found  quite  as  smart  as  the  boys  of  those  years  are  generally  acknowledged 
to  be. 

Ladies  who  board  at  hotels  are,  perhaps,  the  only  exception  to  what  we  have  stated. 
The  lady  who  is  a  permanent  boarder  at  a  hotel  has,  of  course,  nothing  to  do  with  the  cares 
and  work  of  housekeeping,  but,  ten  chances  to  one,  if  even  she  does  not  know  how  things 
ought  to  be  done,  although  she  is  not  obliged  to  do  them. 

All  families  try  to  do  with  as  few  servants  as  possible,  preferring,  in  many  cases,  to  do 
without  extra  assistance,  rather  than  pay  high  wages  for  very  indifferent  and  troublesome 

"help." 

We  may  here  mention  that  many  American  ladies  are  to  be  found  engaged  in  business, 
Buch  as  the  medical  and  literary  professions,  more  particularly  in  connection  with  the 


68 


EXPENSES  OF  UOUSEKEEPING. 


provincial  newspaper  press,  as  woll  as  writing  fi>r  iniiga/.iiit's,  piTiodieals,  etc.,  whilst  the 
daughters  in  most  respectable  families  are  to  be  dnJ  engaged  at  particular  ileacriptionB 
of  work  at  homo,  for  stores,  so  as  to  enable  them  to  be  all  tlie  more  inile|)endent  of  assist- 
ance from  their  parents  in  paying  for  the  su|)erior  style  and  excellence  of  the  dresses  they 
■wear.  American  ladies  will  and  do  dress  well,  and,  to  enable  them  to  do  so,  work  hard 
rather  than  appear  in  any  tiling  approaching  to  "  shabby  genteel." 


EXPENSES  OF  IIOUSEKEEPIXG. 

Regarding  the  cost  of  living  or  housekeeping,  it  much  depends  upon  the  locality  and  the 
knowledge  of  individuals  what  the  expenses  are. 

In  country  districts,  where  parlies  raise  their  own  butter,  milk,  eggs,  pork,  wheat,  vege- 
tables, fruits,  etc.,  of  course  the  expenses  are  infinitely  lower  than  in  tlie  large  cities. 

Taking  New  York  as  the  most  expensive  standard,  we  may  safely  affirm  that,  taking  every 
thing  into  consideration,  living  is  not  more  expensive  than  it  is  in  London  (Eng.). 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  chief  items  of  expenditure  for  housekeeping  in  New  York,  we  an- 
nex tlie  following  particulars: — 

Kests. — A  lialf  house  and  use  of  kitchen,  from  £15  to  .£40 — all  depending  upon  situation, 
size,  and  style  of  house,  etc.  Houses  may  be  got  even  lower,  and,  of  course,  higher.  The 
way  to  find  out  such,  is  for  the  stranger  to  consult  the  columns  of  the  jirincipal  daily  news- 
papers in  all  large  cities,  where  he  is  almost  certain  to  find  houses,  or  portions  of  houses, 
advertised,  which  may  suit,  or  he  may  advertise  for  the  deseription  of  house  he  wants, 

We  annex  particulars  of  some  houses  of  different  sizes  we  saw  advertised  to  let  in  New 
York,  which  will  give  an  idea  of  the  rents,  acconunodation,  etc.,  there  in  December  last. 


I)AUT  OF  A  HOUSE  IN  BUOOKI,YN,  ONLY  FIVK 
iniiiules'  walk  from  the  ferry  ;  house  new,  three 
story,  lirst-cliisa,  anil  coal  if  i(HH) ;  pleasant  and  healthy 
nel),'hhourhoci(l.  Kent,  to  a  respectable  family  without 
chililren,  JO  (:Mn.  stg.)  a  month. 

rpo  LElV-lJNFUKNISllEUrTO^  FAAIII.Y  OF 
A.  two  respectable  persons,  the  third  floor  of  the 
private  dwelling.  West  Twenty-ninth  street,  consisting 
of  three  tine  rooms,  with  large  pantries,  gas,  bath,  and 
C'roton  water  attached.     Moiitlily  rent  jl'J  (£!i  stg.). 

TO  I,ET,  WITH  AIJ,  TIIK  MOI>EUN  IMI'ROVE- 
ments,  West  Thirty-sixth  street,  five  rooms  on 
the  second  floor.  Kent  i  12  (£i  stg.)  per  month.  One 
family  in  the  house. 

IN  imOOKLVN,  THKEE  MINUTES'  WALK  FKOM 
South  or  Wall  street  ferry,  a  front  parlour,  be<l- 
room,  and  pantry,  second  floor,  comfor'ably  furnisiied 
foi'  two  persons.  I'rice  ♦'.'DO  (.£40  stg.)  per  annum, 
gas  and  fires  included,  attendance,  etc. 

UNFUKNISIIi:n,  AT  WEST  FIFTEENTH  STKEET, 
kitchen  and  three  rooms,  with  all  conveniences 
for  housekeeping;  hot  and  cold  water,  and  gas  through- 
out, and  bath.     Kent  $20  (£4  stg.)  per  month. 

TO  LET  TO  A  SMAI.I.  FAMILY,  IMMEDIATE 
iiossession,  the  second  liocir,  with  attic  bedroom, 
n  liiiiluc,  Walker  street,  near  Broadway.  Kent  iSm 
(£li0  8lg.). 


A    LOWEK   PART  OF  A  HOUSE  TO  LET,  TO  A 

Ix.  respeclable  family;  si.\  rooms,  nwirble  mantels, 
chandeliers,  gas,  bath,  range,  hot  and  enbl  water; 
rent  t'M  (t'(i  4».  stg.)  per  month.  A  sm-.i  family  in 
the  upper  part. 

AN  ELEOANT  FAMILY  CUI'OLA  COTTAOE  TO 
let,  furnished,  in  \Viliiamsl>urg,  Mrooklyn  ;  8|>len- 
ilid  chandeliers,  liathroom,  balcony,  piazza,  carriage- 
house  ;  location  In  a  most  beautiful  aveiuie;  stages, 
etc.     Kent  ♦•'ioo  (£100  stg.)  per  ainmm. 

'■piIE  FOIK  STOKY  BASEMENT  IIKRK  4lorsE', 

A  West  Twenty-second  street,  pleasantly  situated, 
and  replete  with  modern  improvements.  Kent,  to  a 
good  tenant,  ♦O.'nl  (£l.'iO  stg.). 

V  THKEE  .STOKY  ENOLISH  BASEMENTTlOlfsi;; 
fitted  with  all  the  modern  conveniences.     Kent 
!(7oo  per  annum. 

AVEItY  CO.MFOKTAHLK  IIKill  FKONT  BASE- 
nienl,  occupleil  the  last  twenty  years  as  a  doc- 
tor's oflice,  unfurnished,  for  iflO  per  month.  The 
house  flrst-class,  ipiiel,  and  respectable. 

BOAKI).  — A  PLEASANT  HOME  CAN  'BE"^I.% 
cured  for  the  winter  in  a  Hrst-class  house  near 
Broadway,  in  a  central  location,  (ientlemen's  rooms, 
with  board,  from  |.')  to  ♦«  CA'w.  to  30«.  stg.),  with  fire  ; 
also  a  sittiiig-rooiu  for  gentlemen.  A  line  parlour,  with 
bedrooms,  on  second  fh-or  front,  for  |<)  to  IT  (*l«.  to 
;i'M.  stg.).    Dinner  at  (i  o'clock.     Reference  reciuired. 


llniiflps  are  rented  by  the  month,  three  months,  or  longer  if  desired.  When  rented  by  the 
Working  classes  the  rent  is  paid,  very  generally,  monthly,  in  advance. 

(Jas  is  burned  in  the  houses  of  the  wraltliier  classes  only.  A  liquid,  called  "burning 
fluid,"  is  used  most  extensively.  It  is  somewiiat  similar  to  camphene,  and  gives  a  liijht 
equal  to  2  good  candles,  for  about  25  cents  (or  Is.  stg.)  per  week. 

Conl,  where  used  for  fuel,  is  about  iH.v.  stg.  per  ton — burns  clean,  with  little  waste, 
Wood,  however,  is  the  principal  fuel  used  in  most  places — is  sold  at  so  much  per  "cord.' 
The  expense  is  considerably  greater  tlian  for  coal. 


HOUSEKEEPING,   BT^EAD,   ETC. 


69 


, 


Til  eatables  we  will  first  notice  tlie  grea„  "  staflF  of  life,"  viz. :  Uuead,  etc. 

The  princiiial  kind  of  bread  ustd  in  tiie  cities  is  \lieaten,  and  tlie  same  grain  forms  the 
larger  jwrtion  of  that  consumed  throughout  the  northern  St.-.t-.s  and  Canada.  Hye  and 
Indian  corn  is  used  to  a  considerable  extent,  but  oatmeal  is  confined  to  portions  of  Canada, 
and  some  of  the  New  England  States. 

Every  good  housewife  bokes  her  own  bread,  cakes,  pies,  etc.,  and  the  former  is  raised 
■with  yeast  obtained  in  various  ways.  "  Salt  risings,"  "  Iiop  yeast,"  and  "  yeast  cakes,"  are 
used  in  the  country,  and  tiieso  with  brewers'  yeast  in  cities.  The  cooking  stoves  are  well 
adapted  for  baking. 

It  takes  usually  some  time  for  some  emigrants  to  relish  corn-bread,  and  this  is  also  the 
case  with  rye. 

Bread  made  of  half  rye  and  half  corn-meal,  is  both  sweet  and  nutricious,  but  the  methods 
of  making  all  thefe  are  best  learned  from  some  good  cook,  and  the  American  women  are 
always  willing  and  ready  to  teach  a  stranger  the  mysteries  of  the  kitchen,  if  properly  re- 
quested to  do  so.  Every  American  cookery  book  lias  a  lorge  number  of  tliese  receipts,  but 
a  little  practical  knowledge  is  always  essential. 

We  find  the  following  remarks  published  on  the  subject  of  Iiulian  Corn  Meal,  ond  Indian 
Corn  Bread: 

"A  bushel  of  Indian  corn  contains  more  nutriment  than  a  buslii'l  of  wheat.  Indian  corn  should 
never  be  ground  tuio.  Fine  meal  may  be  eaten  when  liesh  grouiul,  but  it  will  not  keep  sweet. 
The  liroken  oil  globules  become  rancid  iiml  bitter. 

"  t'oru  cukes,  nmde  of  nieul  and  water,  with  a  little  salt,  mixed  into  a  stiff  dough,  very 
thoroughly,  and  baked  on  a  hoard  before  a  hot  tire,  or  in  a  hot  oven,  or  in  little  cakes  on  a  grid.- 
dle,  till  entirely  done,  are  very  sweet,  wholesome  bread. 

"  Corn  and  wheat  bread  is  w"holesoine  and  nutricious,  and  casilv  made — if  you  know  how.  Stir 
two  teacupfuls  of  white  meal  in  a  jiint  of  hot  water  for  each  loaf;  free  it  of  lumps,  and  let  it 
stand  twenty-four  hours,  lioil  two  or  three  potatoes,  peel  and  slice,  and  miish  in  a  pint  of  water, 
which  thicken  with  Hour  until  it  is  still'  batter,  and  then  add  luili'a  tcacupful  of  bilkers'  yeast. 
You  will  use  about  one-third  iis  much  meal,  sealiled  as  above,  as  you  do  of  flour;  knead  the  meal 
aiul  yeast,  and  sponge,  and  add  a  little  ilt  with  the  Hour  all  together,  and  work  it  well,  and 
mould  in  pans  to  rise  miiderately,  and  then  biike,  at  lirst,  in  a  hot  oven.  This  brciul  will  be 
moist,  and  more  nutricious,  and  more  healthy  tlian  if  it  were  all  Hour. 

"Uuckwheat  cakes  are  improved  Ijy  adding  corn  meal,  prepared  in  the  same  way,  in  about  the 
same  pro|)ortlon  as  fur  bread.  A  little  wheat  Hour  may  oe  added  to  advantage.  lion't  let  your 
batter  over-rise  and  sour,  and  never  use  .salcratus  if  it  does. 

"Corn  ...eal  pudding  nuiy  bo  made  of  yellow  meal,  stirred  into  .scalded  skimmed  milk,  till  as 
thick  as  gruel,  and,  when  cool,  add  ginger,  cinnamon,  nutmeg,  salt,  and  sweetening  to  suit  the 
taste,  anil  a  little  tine-cut  suet,  and  some  raisins,  or  dried  peaches, o.-  a  ♦ine-cut  a|iple.  It  should 
bake  an  hour  or  more,  according  to  size.  You  who  do  not  be'.ioie  any  I'ling  made  of  corn  meal 
can  be  good,  will  please  try  this  recipe  for  a  pudding." 

Bakers  ore  ntniierotw  in  tlie  cities;  but  it  is  poor  econ-imy  to  purchase  hat  kind  of  bread, 
for  home-made  is  much  liealthier  and  cheaper.  The  use  of  alum  and  other  drugs  is  as  well 
understood  in  America  as  in  Britain,  although  bread,  generally,  is  made  from  the  best 
flour. 

No  people  consume  so  many  cakes,  pies,  tarts,  preserves,  etc.,  as  the  Americans, 
and  their  tables  are  always  set  with  an  abundance  of  these.  This  is  probably  owing  to  the 
ease  with  which  the  materials  are  procured,  and  the  skill  of  the  women  in  baking,  with  the 
facility  of  cooking  afforded  by  their  stoves.  An  industrious  woman  may,  with  ease,  sci;  ft 
good  table  at  small  expense. 

Large  quantities  of  "  salcratus,"  or  bicarbonate  of  soda,  is  used  in  baking  bread  and  pas- 
try. 

A  description  of  pic-nic  biscuit,  called  "  crackers,"  are  very  extensively  used,  and  are 
sold  for  from  0  to  8  cents  per  lb.  (lid.  to  id,  stg.).  We  have  failed  to  meet  with  the  "Aber- 
nethy"  or  "  Wine"  biscuits,  so  well  known  in  Scotland. 

Wheat  flour  is  about  4^  cents  (2i(/.)  per  lb. 

Indian  corn  meal  is  about  3  cents  (lid.)  per  lb. 

As  regards  animal  food,  we  will  first  notice  the  article  of 

Bkek.— The  price  of  beef  per  lb.  depends  upon  the  "cut"  ond  quantity  bought,  and  also 
if  purchased  at  one  of  the  large  public  markets. 


70 


MEAT,    POULTKY,   VEGETABLES  AND  FRUIT. 


il 


RoftstiiiK  piocps,  per  lb 12  a  Itlctg. 

Chuck  niiiit,  per  lb 8  </  12 

Socoiul-ciit  chuck,  per  lb G  a  U) 

Portur-huuiiu  stcuk,  per  lb 15  a  18 


Sirloin  Htciik,  per  lb 12  rt  IRcts 

Itiiiiip  Mteiik,  per  lb ti  d  12 

Coined,  per  lb 4  a  11 


JlrTTON  is,  goncrnlly  cpeaklng,  more  nkln  to  wlmt  may  be  purclinaed  in  Lcndunhall  Mar- 
ket, excepting,  probably,  very  choice  "  south  down," 
It  in  sold  as  follows: — 


Hind  quarters,  per  lb 8  a  IScts. 

Fore (puirters,  per  lb 4a   8 

Chops,  per  lb 10  rt  14 

Lambs,  quarter 75  a  |1,50 


Lnmbs,  per  lb 11  a  IScts. 

Vkal  sells,  hind  quarters,  per  lb. .  ID  a  I'Ji 

"  fore  ipiurters,  per  lb.. .  5  i;    H 

"         cutlets,  per  lb 14  a  It! 


Poultry  and  Oa.«e. — Immense  quantities  of  excellent  poultry  is  sold,  altho\igh  it  i.«  not 
80  fat  and  good  as  is  sometimes  desirable.  The  prices  are,  however,  much  lower  than  in 
Britoin.     We  quo.:-  as  follows — for 


Fowls,  per  pair 75c.  a  $1 . 

Fowls,  Buck's  County,  per  pair,  if  1.00  a  1, 

Chickens,  roastiufj,  per  puir. . .  1.00  a  1, 

Chickens,  Snring,  per  pair. . . .  50  a  1, 

Spring  Ducks,  per  puir 75  a  1. 

Spring  Geese,  each 1.25  a  1, 

Turkeys,  per  lb 15  a 

Western  poultry,  per  lb 11  a 

Pigeons,  wild,  per  doz 1.25  a  2, 


Wets. 


00 
25 
75 
20 
15 
25 


Pigeons,  squab,  per  doz $2.25  a  ."i.OOcts. 

Woodcock,  per  iloz 4.00  a  4.5U 

Woodcock,  |)er  pair 75  a     87i 

Snipe,  Curlew,  and  Merlin,  per 

doz 2.50  a  8.00 

Snipe,  Dowlclier,  per  doz 1.00  a  1.50 

Snipe,  Ox-eyes,  per  doz 37  a     50 

Plover,  per"  doz 2.50  a  3.00 

Partridge,  per  pair 1.00  a  1.25 


Fisn. — The  price  of  fish  varies  very  considerably  with  the  supply,  so  it  would  be  of  no 
practical  utility  to  give  quotations.  Wo  may  say  that  trout,  cod-fish,  pickeril,  mackerel, 
halibut,  eels,  flounders,  salmon,  and  even  frogs,  can  be  bought  quite  as  cheap  as  in  England. 

Veoetadi.es. — The  price  of  vegetables  varies  considerably  some  seasons,  and  also  the  man- 
ner in  wliich  they  are  bought.  Many  housekeepers  purchase  potatoes,  for  example,  per 
barrel,  and  save  considerably  by  so  doing. 


Potatoes,  new,  per  bbl 

Potatoes,  new,  per  bushel 

Potatoes,  new,  lialf-pock 

Sweet  potatoes,  per  lialf  peck. . 

Green  corn,  per  loO  ears 

Green  corn,  per  doz . .'. 

Turnips,  new,  Russian,  per  bu. 
Turnips,  new,  per  doz.  bunches. 

Turnips,  new,  per  bunch 

Carrots,  new,  per  doz.  bunches. 

Carrots,  new,  per  bunch 

Beets,  new,  per  doz.  bunches. . 

Beets,  new,  ])er  bunch 

Onions,  per  doz.  strings 

Onions,  per  string 

Onions,  new,  per  half  peck. . . . 

Green  Peppers,  per  doz 

Okra,  per  loo 

Okra,  per  doz 

Cabbage,  new,  per  doz 

The  melons,  in  the  list  of  vegetables,  form  a  very  cheap  and  most  delicious  article  for 
desert  in  summer. 

FhriT. — The  variety  of  fruit  is  very  great,  and  in  good  seasons  is  exceedingly  moderate 
in  price.  Last  season  fruit  was  very  dear,  in  consequence  of  the  small  supply.  The  fol- 
lowinf^  were  the  prices  then. 


$1.50rt2.75cts 

ty'i'i 

.00 

15  a 

18 

25  a 

37 

37  a 

C-'i 

5  a 

10 

t)2+(t 

— 

(i2*a 

75 

Oa 

8 

37  a 

50 

4a 

5 

37  a 

50 

4a 

5 

75  a 

— 

Oa 

8 

18  rt 

25 

12  a 

18 

31a 

37 

5  a 

6 

87  a 

87 

Cabbage,  new,  per  head 

Tomatoes,  per  bushel  basket. 

Tomatoes,  per  (piart 

Heans,  per  peck 

Jiima  lieaus,  ])er  bushel 

Lima  Beans,  per  half  peck. , . 

Cucumbers,  jier  doz 

Parsley,  per  bunch 

Mint,  per  bunch 

Leeks,  per  bunch 

(Jarlie,  per  bunch 

Garlic,  |)er  doz 

Kgg  Plants,  each 

Salad,  i)er  doz.  heads 

Saliul,  per  head 

Squashes,  jier  bushel 

Squiishes,  each 

\\  atcrnielons,  each 

Mushmclons,  each 


4a 

9cts 

30  a 

40 

3rt 

— 

25  a 

37* 

C,->  a 

75 

12  rt 

— 

(!a 

y 

2  a 

3 

la 

— 

6a 

— 

—  a 

10 

—  (I 

1.00 

6  a 

— 

18  rt 

37 

2tt 

4 

81a 

87 

la 

2 

Crt 

87 

la 

6 

Peaches,  per  basket $1.00  a  4.00cts. 

Peaches,  per  quart 

Plums,  per  quart 

Citrons,  each 

(-  'pes,  hot-house,  per  lb 

Blackberries,  New  hochelle,  per 
basket 15  a     18 

The  foregoing  aro  all  native  ^rowtli. 


8a 

31 

10  a 

31 

6a 

8 

50  a 

62* 

Blackberries,  Lawton,  box —  a     80 

Blackberries,  common,  per  qt..  15  a     18 

Whortleberries,  per  ouurt 12  a     15 

Apples,  new,  per  half  peck IS  a     50 

Pears,  new,  per  basket $1.00  a  6.00 

Pears,  new,  per  half  peck 12  a  1.25 


DOMESTIC  SEKVANTS— I'HOFE.S.SIONAL  MEN. 


71 


Octs. 
40 

37» 
75 

9 
3 


37 
4 

37 
2 

87 
6 


30 
13 
15 
50 
6.00 
1.25 


FoRKioN  Fruits  hcH  as  foUowa : — 

Lemons,  per  box IJiS.UO  a  n..''iO(;t». 

Lt'inoiiH,  wv  (loz I'.'i't     37i 

I'iiic  Appli's,  per  doz ;;.">  a  L.IO 

Pine  Apples,  t'licli 3  a     15 

Coucoiiiiuls,  per  loo 2.00  a  3.'.'5 

Coucoaniils,  per  iloz Jil  «     CO 

Fit{»,  per  box Ma    — 

Figs,  per  lb lij  a     — 


Dates,  per  lb 10  a    — cts. 

Hiiisiiis,  i)er  lb li)  a     12 

Uii'  (ins,  bunch,  per  box 2.00  a  2.50 

Cnmints,  per  lb lo  «     12 

Preserved  (Jiuger,  per  jur,  uboiit 

Olbs 1,00  a     — 

flreen  (Jinijer,  per  lb 25  «     — 

Oranges  (fliivunu;  per  doz 024  «■  *1.00 


Cheese,  new,  per  lb 6  a  11 

Eggs,  seven  tor 12  «  — 

Eggs,  fifteen  for 25  a  — 

Eggs,  »ixt\--lbiir  for <ll.(")  a  — 

Honey,  pure  northern,  per  bottle.       oO  a  75 


D.MiiY  PiioiiucE,  EtiGs,  etc.,  sella  qs  follows 

Butter,  Stiito,  by  the  tub,  per  lb.  IH  a  21ct8. 

Uutter,  State,  jjcr  lb 2 5  <«  25 

Hotter,  Oninge  Co.,  ])er  lb 20  a  23 

Hotter,  Orange  Co.,  by  the  pail, 

per  lb 10  a  — 

Butter,  Ohio,  per  lb 10a22 

Milk. — SkinimeJ  milk  is  seldom  used  by  nny  one.  Although  n  considerable  quantify  of 
milk  is  sold,  known  us  distillery  milk — (obtained  from  cows  fed  upon  distillery  slops) — the 
very  finest  milk  is  retailed  through  the  cities,  in  carts,  at  0  cents  (3(/.)  per  quart. 

SuoAK,  lump,  10  to  12  cents  (5(/,  to  C(/.)  per  lb.     Brown,  6  to  9  cents  (3(/.  to  A^d.)  per  lb. 

CoKKKK,  rousted  and  ground,  from  9  to  18  cents,  {\\d.\o  OJ.)  stg.  per  lb. 

Tea. — There  being  no  duty  on  tea  us  in  Brituin,  excellent  tea  can  be  bought  for  60  cents 
(2s.  stg.)  per  lb.,  nlthough  it  is  sold  lower  and  higher  than  that. 

The  foregoing  prices  quoted,  are  the  retail  prices.    For  every  cent  reckon  one-halfpenny. 

The  wages  jmid  for  all  descriptions  of  servants  are  very  high,  it  being  one  of  the  great 
characteristics  of  the  country,  that  every  description  of  labour  is  well  paid,  and  even  the 
humble  wnsherwoman  shares  in  the  receipt  of  good  pay,  conipured  with  what  is  paid  to 
such  in  Britain.  In  New  York,  such  women  receive  75  cts.  to  $1  (3,1.  to  4s.  stg.)  per  day, 
■with  meals,  for  10  hours'  work.  (Jiving  out  clothes  to  be  washed  costs,  on  the  average,  50 
cents,  (2«.  stg.)  per  dozen,  and  if  ironed  or  got  up,  75  cents  to  $1,  (3s.  to  4s.  stg.)  per  dozen. 

Domestic  servants  arc  paid  good  wages,  and  although  really  good  servnnts  are  scarce, 
very  ordinary  "  helps"  nro  pnid  from  £12  to  £20  per  annum.  Servants  in  America,  for  the 
most  part,  are  either  Irish  or  German,  and  we  can  assure  ladies  at  home,  that  the  "  greatest 
plagues  in  lif'i"  are  as  abundant  in  America  as  anywhere,  us  on  arrival  here,  girls  who  would 
be  very  civil  and  thankful  to  get  £4  per  annum  in  Ireland,  wil  be  found  not  over 
clever,  tidy,  or  truefuble,  when  receiving  $00  to  $75  (£12  or  £15)  per  nnnuni.  After  Irish 
girls  have  been  in  the  country  for  some  time,  they  improve  considernbly — their  ideas  of 
themsi'lves,  and  the  wages  they  ought  to  receive,  expanding  likewise. 

Servants  are  cnn)loyed  dill'ercntly,  in  some  respects,  from  what  they  are  in  Great  Britain  ; 
for  cxami)le,  in  first-class  houses  no  laundresses  are  kept.  The  table  and  bed  linen  is  washed 
by  the  cook,  on  a  particular  day,  and  the  body  clothes  are  washed  by  the  maid  of  all  work 
and  liouseraaiJ  on  another  day,  of  the  same,  or  following  week. 


PROFESSIONAL  MEN  IN  AMERICA. 

Is  the  course  of  our  travels  through  the  United  States  and  Canada,  we  were  led  to  make  an 
inquiry,  as  to  the  position  which  professional  men  occupied,  and  the  remuneration  paid  to 
thorn.  The  answerto  our  first  enquiry  so  surprised  us,  that,  from  curiosity— and  also  to  ascer- 
tain if  the  answer  to  our  first  inquiry  was  general— we  made  further  notes  as  we  went 
along,  on  the  same  subject.  As  a  few  of  these  may  prove  interesting  to  many  in  Great 
Britain,  we  annex  them  for  general  information- young  men  in  the  learned  professions 
there  being,  in  many  cases,  as  ignorant  concerning  matters  ih  America,  as  many  of  their 
less  educated  brethren  are. 

As  stated  elsewhere,  men  engaged  in  some  of  the  professions,  find  it  absolutely  necessa- 
ry  to  eke  out  an  existence  by  acting  the  part  of  postmaster,  reeve,  general  storekeeper, 
and  magistrate.    This  applies  more  particularly  to  medical  men.    Fortunately  for  such,  it 


72 


CLKUaYMKN   IN'   AMKKICA. 


U  iiol  oonMdored,  in  ('uninlii,  or  in  «MHintrv  dlKtrli'tK  in  tlic  riiitcd  Stiitoo,  lii/i-a  dirf,  for 
them  ti)  exerolsc  f  jii-ir  nlillitlcH  out  of  tliu  rt'K'uliir  jmtli  of  ((urj,'i'ry,  iiml  iiicdlcliic,  etc,  etc. 

Clf  ri.'jtncn,  from  tlidr  |M)?iilion,  imd  tlie  ctnliiirjio  wtilcli  Iiiik  I n  Iniil  upon  tlieiu  in  tlmt 

respiet,  arc  li'ft  to  oxcri'ii*e  tlnir  iiiiiliiy  in  llxir  own  |Miriiriiliir  cidierc,  dipfndiiif;  for 
thei  •  renniiifriition  u|ion  llicir  talent,  ami,  to  some  extent,  upoii  llie  iionour  of  tlie  eonj^re- 
fjnt'ons  will)  employ  tliem. 

"  The  eleriry  are  at  a  dii-oount,  in  Canada,  and  no  mistake,"  wn*  llie  remark  of  a  pentle- 
lYin  1 — whom  wi'  nut  then — well  entitled  to  Kpeiik  upon  the  suljeet.  "  All  the  youn^;  men 
of  promise,"  he  added,  "are  hludyinji,  eitlier  for  ineilieine.  or  for  tlie  har."  "  Faets  are 
Btubboi.i  ehiels  and  wiiuia  dinjf,"  and  facts  and  fitrnre^,  moreover,  ln'ar  out  the  assertion  of 
our  friend's  oliservation  and  experience  reirardim;  tlie  prini'ipal  professions. 

"  The  Clergy  Reserve,"  as  tlu'  i,'rants  of  hind  orii;iii«lly  appropriate.!  hy  the  rrovineifll 
Oovornment  for  the  mipport  of  the  elerfiy  of  the  Estalilislu'd  Churtdi  of  England  and  Scot- 
land, as  Well  as  of  the  Itoman  ('atholie  Church,  wife  called,  have  Immmi  eoinniutcrl  ;  that  is 
to  sav,  tlieliinds  have  tiecn  sold,  and  tlw  iirnci'cds  have  lieen  invested  in  laiid-i,  the  interest 
yielilcd  hy  which  is  inanau;ed  and  administered  hy  the  several  churches  for  the  sup]i()rt,or, 
rather  supplement  of  the  ch'r;:y  eonnoeted  with  theni;  and,  of  course,  every  addition  to 
their  nmnlicrs,  re(luces  the  tteneral  dividend.  We  cannot,  therefore,  vouch  for  the  exr.et 
Ptiliend  ]iaid  to  the  clerL'V,  either  of  the  I^slaMishcd  Cinirehes  of  KnL'land  and  S<'otlani1,  or 
of  the  llonnm  Catholic  Church.  The  salaries  of  the  I'rcsliyterian  ministirs,  except  in 
larj;e  cities  where  they  rise  to  C.'iOn,  ranije  from  £100  to  £\T>{S  stg.  As  for  the  paltry  pit- 
tance paiil  to  Methodist  mini-^tirs — uidess  weare  misinforined — CDh,  in  adilition  to  his  hoard 
in  the  house  of  some  fatniiy  where  he  is  temporarily  located,  is  iloled  out  to  "  a  yoiins,'  nnin 
without  nny  encumlirnnces,"  and  {.Tdi  to  the  man  who  carrii's,  like  I'ctcr,  "a  wife,  a  sis- 
ter," alont;  with  him  in  his  itinerancy,  with  the  aiMilioii  of  a  consideration  for  every  child 
in  his  family. 

From  pul)lished  documents  we  find  that  the  entire  staff  of  elcrpymen  of  iill  denoininn- 
tions  in  Caiuida,  numliers  somewhere  ahout  2,270.  Composed  of  as  follows; — l^pi-^copal 
Church,  'MM\\  Itoman  Catliollc  Church,  hetween  700  and  Kimi;  Kstaldishcd  Church  of  Scot- 
land, 1»0  ;  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  l.'iii;  I'nited  Pre^^liyterian  Cliurch,  Sii;  Weslcyan,  New 
Connexion,  Episcopal  and  rrimitive  Methodists,  CidO;  Congrcijatioinil,  7o  ;  na|itist,  I8(t. 

"  The  pastonil  tie  is  a  very  iirittle  one,  in  Canada,  as  well  as  in  the  United  States,"  is  a 
clerical,  as  well  as  a  common  ri'inark.  When  a  conitrecration  hear  a  popular  mini-fer,  a 
mcetint;  is  summoned,  a  vote  taken,  and  if  lie  offers  no  olijection  to  the  salary,  hoard  is 
provided  instanter,  and  the  Preshytery  is  requested  to  proceed  with  his  ordination  or  intro 
dnction  without  delay.  The  ju'ocess  of  dismission  is  eipially  siiniiiiiiry.  If  he  has  dared 
to  attack  some  social  vice,  or  irivcn  olfcnee,  no  matter  how,  to  the  "  sovereir^n  people,"  a 

meeting  is  called,  the  r<'soliition  passed  that  Mr.  's  services  are  no  loni;er  reijuired, 

and  lie  is  accordinirly,  nolens  volcns,  cashicri'il.  fJreater  attention,  it  is  true,  is  paid  to  ec- 
clesiastical forms  amoiiLTst  the  ])resliytci'ians  in  Canada,  hut  demissions  are  very  freiiuent, 
and  perpetual  change  is  the  law  that  holds  almost  universally,  which  cannot  excite  sur- 
prise to  those  who  arc  .iwarc  that  a  con!jrei;ational  "promise  to  pay"  of  £1(M),  to  the  min- 
ister, on  his  settlement,  very  often  dwindles  down  to  three-tpiarters,  or  one-half  of  the 
stipulated  sum  before  the  end  of  the  year.  "  Why  rlon't  the  clergy  remind  the  people  of 
their  duty?"  an  old  country  dcriryman  would  say.  What  do  our  readers  su])pose  would 
be  the  re])ly  when  thus  ajipealcd  to,  to  remind  the  "sovereign  people"  of  their  duty? 
"Have  you  the  impertinence  to  tell  me  to  my  face,  in  my  own  house,  that  I  have  not  kept 
my  word  V"  roared  out  one  of  their  number,  to  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  when  the  subject 
was  complained  of  by  a  hard-working  ininistei.  "  Walk  out,  sir!"  and  suiting  the  action 
to  the  word,  he  threw  open  the  door.  "Walk  out,  sir !  my  house  is  my  castle,  and  I 
won't  submit  to  be  called  a  liar  in  my  own  house.  Walk  out,  s-ir!  you  won't  long  remain 
in  connection  with  the  church,  I  guess,  if  you  try  that  tnck !  Walk  out,  sir!"  AVe  must 
confess  we  were  more  astonished  with  the  answer  the  honest  minister  got,  than  he  was. 
Talking  on  ecclesiastical  matters  one  Jay,  u  friend  said,  "  The  Associate  lieformed  Congre- 


PUOKKSSIONAL   MEN  IN  AMERICA. 


73 


gntton  at wUhcl  to  t-nsnuo  tlio  nervlci'*  of  tlio  Rev.  Mr. ,  wlio  hail  detiillto.l 

IiIh  cliiirK-  in  .•.iiiiuM'tiun  will,  |1„.  ll„l|..,l  I'lvgl.yt.Tiiui  Clmroli.  l.iit  thoy  .muiI.!  lu.t  vwh:  to 
Urrw,  iiiul  lie  iilliriiiit.ly  l..f|  \m  „wii  lio.ly  mid  occciitrd  tlif  otr.T  of  tho  con^npitioii 

I"  * iK'i'tioii  with  tlic  Ki*tiil)li»li('d  Cliuivli  of  Scotland  ot ,  wIkto  he  1»  mill  ex- 

crciiiiiK  till'  fiiiutioiiH  of  th,.  iiilidHtry."  TIml  win  ),y  no  inoiiiot  a  ninmiliir  inHtimci  of  u 
din«.'ntiM({  cl.TKynmn  .•(inn.Tlini,' hiinsidf  fillior  with  tlui  Kstiil.lHhcd  Chiiroii  of  Kntfliiiid, 
or  Scoiliuid,  iioih  .if  wliicli  hold  out  llit!  indiifciufnt,  if  not  n  pernmncMit  endownu-nt  at 
U'OKt,  of  the  tiuit  of  a  toWnilde  Hii|i|pl.'iii»'nt  to  the  Ktipeiid  offered  hy  the  foni{reitiition. 
Analn  we  were  frriively  nmwod  that  yoii  niity  hid  "  Kood-hyo"  to  your  elerieal  friend,  a 
jiliiin  IVeKhyliriiin,  and  Htmke  hniuh  with  him  on  your  return,  hutted,  gowned,  mid  apron- 
ed, aK  a  poniiMiUrt  IJinhoii  in  full  canoniealH.     The  story  ^oes  that  a  Scotch  elernyman,  who 

had  undert^one  the  almve  Iransfornialion,  met  hl«  old  friend — another  Scoteliman a  I'rea- 

hyteriun  worthy,  in  the  street,  laid  his  hand  upon  the  liiti  ■!  of  his  coat,  and  remarked  that 
it  wan  rather  hare  for  a  Doctor  to  wear,  upon  which  tli  I'reshyterian  took  up  the  corner 
of  the  HishopV  ajn'on,  aiul  twirling  it  In  his  finger*,  responded,  "  Very  true,  Johnny,  mon  ; 
l)iit  r  wadna  m'll  mi/  xoiil  for  a  daiUe!"  (Scottice  for  an  ajirou).  Frotn  tliis  it  would  ap- 
pear tliat  the  new  World  of  ller  MajeKty'rt  dominions  has  not  escaped  the  tainted  touch  of 
de(,'radini;  simony. 

Su<di  lieini,'  the  cceleMasiioal  comlition  of  Canada,  tlie  Icijal  and  medical  profoBsiong, 
freipu'iitly,  hoM  out  tiie  fairest  pros|)<'ets  of  remuneration  and  success,  and  sutticit^ntly  ao- 
eounts  for  the  fact  that  niimliers  of  younij  tiien  who  have  stiulied  for  the  ehiireh,  have  ul- 
limat»'ly  hetaken  Ihemselves  to  the  study  of  law,  medicine,  or  the  practice  of  teaching  in 
the  common  or  grammar  schools  of  the  province,  liarrister's  fees  are  no  less  in  I'anadn 
tliiin  ill  iM'ciit  Uritaiu,  and  the  inedi(Uil  tariff  is  prodigiously  hi}{h ;  consequently,  med- 
ical iiu'u  sometimes  realize  fortunes.  It  is  fnid  that  the  peojjle  are  notorious  for  suing 
each  other  on  the  most  trilling  occosiona,  and  if  one  may  judgf-  from  the  space  allotted  to 
putriim  ((uaek  medicines — all  of  them,  of  course,  "  Infallilde  Uenicdies"  for  "  all  the  ills  that 
tlesli  is  lieir  to" — in  the  jirovineial  papers,  John  Bull,  junior,  appears  to  be  as  gullible  aa  hU 
portly  pa]ia  in  the  old  country. 

The  same  remarks  api>ly,  In  u  great  measure,  with  regard  to  professional  men  in  the 
United  States,  It  was  only  In  December  last  we  met  with  an  instance,  where  a  clergyman, 
in  connection  with  u  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  hod  commenced  to 
sue  (for  bnlnnce  of  salary)  the  managers  of  the  congregation,  who  had  dismissed  him  with- 
out assigning  any  particular  reason. 

From  a  statement  pul)lished  some  time  ago,  it  appears  that  the  salaries  of  some  clergy- 
men In  the  United  States  (such  aa  Rev.  II.  W.  Beecher,  and  Rev,  Dr.  Chapin,  of  New  York,) 
readi  as  much  as  $5000  (£1000  »tg.)  per  annum — and  be  it  observed,  on  the  "  voluntary" 
iirinciple — a  proof  that  clergymen  of  sterling  ability  are  as  much  appreciated,  and  as  well 
paid  by  the  jjcople  In  the  United  States,  as  any  other  quarter  of  the  globe. 

Medical  men  in  cities  In  the  States  realize  largo  incomes,  from  the  high  fees  they  charge. 
We  have  met  several  surgeons,  who  have  been  practitioners  in  England  and  Scotland,  and 
who  have  great  reason  to  be  satisfied  in  having  transferred  their  services  to  the  United 
States.  They  are  unanimous  in  announcing — much  better  fees,  and  fewer  bad  debts,  than 
they  were  accustomed  to  in  Great  Britain. 


1   i'J 


74 


EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS, 


THE  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS  OF  AMERICA. 

Look  into  the  face  of  every  chi'.d  you  meet  with  from  Maine  to  Florida,  or  from  New 
York  to  San  Francisco,  for  uuglit  you  know  you  may  be  gazing  upon  the  president  of  the 
United  States  in  embryo.  To  be  sure,  it  may  be  only  upon  the  future  governor  of  a  single 
State.  Be  tiiat  as  it  may,  th ;  child  is  father  of  the  man,  and  the  American  people  are  as 
fully  conscious  of  the  fact,  as  they  are  aware  that  the  diffusion  of  general  knowledge  is  the 
sole  preparative  for  the  proper  exercise  of  the  rights,  as  well  as  the  performance  of  the 
dutieA  of  citizenship.  And  thoroughly  determined  as  ihey  are  to  perpetuote  their  political 
institutions  to  latest  posterity,  they  have  resolved  to  establish  a  sj-stem  of  cunimon  school 
education,  v/ell  calculated  to  accomplish  their  noble  and  national  ,jurpose  ;  a  brief  outline 
of  which  is  all  that  we  can  pretend  to  furhish  within  our  narrow  limits.  Take  the  Consti- 
tution of  any  State  you  ple^se,  you  will  find  that  it  embodies  an  enunciation  of  the  advan- 
tages and  objects  of  educatiun — provision  for  suitable  school  accommodation  and  furniture, 
as  well  as  for  the  support  of  the  teachers,  the  e-xpenses  of  which  are  defrayed  by  revenues 
derived  from  l.inds  appropriated  for  school  purposes,  and  general  taxation ;  and  the  devolution 
of  the  general  manageticnt  upon  a  committee  of  gentlemen  elected  by  the  people.  We  can 
only  point  to  the  iniporlance  attached  to  the  selection  of  a  healthy  site  for  the  school-room 
to  the  attention  paid  to  ventilation,  temperature,  and  lighting;  to  the  wisdom  disi)lnyed 
in  the  classification  of  pupils,  and  in  their  coui'ses  of  study,  as  well  as  in  the  regulations  of 
schools  and  committees,  and  must,  therefore,  refer  the  reader  to  the  numerous  volumes, 
reports,  and  blue  books  professeil  y  pulilished  to  diffuse  general  information  regarding  the 
management  o*"  the  educational  institutions  of  America. 

There  is  a  regular  gradation  of  schools — primarj',  intermediate,  grammar,  and  high 
schools — througli  which  the  pupil  p.isses  during  the  course  of  instruction,  preliminary  and 
preparatory,  to  mat.  iculation  in  the  college. 

When  a  child  arrives  at  4  years  of  age,  he  can  obtain  admission  into  the  p-iman/ schools, 
wiiich  are  generally  taught  i)y  ladies,  a  class  of  teachers  who  "  are  considered  l)y  the  peo- 
ple," as  Miss  Bremer  correctly  remarks  in  her  "  Homes  of  the  New  World,"  "  as  more  skil- 
ful than  men  in  the  training  of  early  youth,"  and  receive  a  remuneration  ranging  from  300 
to  500  dollars  per  annum.  If  pupils  have  been  detained  by  sickliness,  delicate  health,  or 
by  the  negligence  of  parents,  and  other  causes,  from  attendance  at  the  primary  schools  for 
a  length  of  time,  they  are  sent  Uj  the  "  intermediate"  schools,  from  both  of  which  they  are 
drafted  on  the  report  of  satisfaotory  progress,  at  7  years  of  age,  into  the  "grammar"  schools, 
where  they  remain  under  the  tuition  of  a  master,  and  a  male  and  female  assistant — if  boys 
— until  they  are  14;  and,  if  girls,  until  they  have  reached  their  10th  year.  Ijistly,  the 
"  high"  schools  are  provided  for  the  instruction  of  those  who  have  undergone  a  criditable 
examination,  and  aspire  to  matriculation  in  the  college;  to  whose  character  Sir  Chui'les 


Lyell  boars  the  following  high  testimony  :- 


."  T|, 


high  sciiools  of  Boston,  supported  by  the 


State,"  says  ho,  in  his  "  Second  Visit  to  the  United  States,"  "  are  now  so  well  managed, 
that  some  of  mj'  friends,  who  woi.ld  have  grudged  no  expense  to  engage  for  their  sons  tlio 
best  instruction,  send  their  boys  to  them,  as  superior  to  any  of  the  private  ostablishments 
supported  by  the  rich  at  great  cost."  "  1  was  surprised  to  find,"  is  the  statement  of  the 
Hon.  Mr.  Baxter,  M.  P.  for  Dundee,  "  that  the  masters  of  the  Latin  and  English  High 
Schools  in  Boston,  get  each  $2400  a  year,  or  only  $100  less  than  the  Governor  of  the 
State."  In  New  York,  also,  we  have  met  with  gentlemen  largely  engaged  in  meroantilc  and 
manufacturing  operations,  who  prefer  sending  their  children  to  tlie  cotumon  schools  of  li>o 
city — free,  although  they  are — feeling  convinced  of  their  superiority  to  any  private  acade- 
mies they  are  acquainted  with. 

The  enormous  sum  of  £5,000,000  sterling  has  been  contributed  by  voluntary  taxation 
for  educational  purposes  alone  throughout  the  United  States.  According  to  a  late  account 
20  schools  of  law,  40  schools  of  medicine,  and  no  fewer  than  200  universities,  with  12,000 
matriculated  students,  and  700  public  libraries,  contoining  2,500,000  volumea,  have  been 
established  throughout  the  Union. 


EDUCATION  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA. 


76 


A  stranger,  on  visiting  one  of  tlie  public  schools  in  any  of  the  large  cities,  cannot  but  be 
struck  with  the  excellence  of  the  arrangpnsents  and  system  generally  adopted.  In  the 
class-rooms  of  these  institutions  -will  be  found  the  most  complete  attention  on  the  part  of 
all,  the  order  Pud  decorum,  in  all  their  movements,  being  equal  in  precision  to  that  of  a 
well-drilled  regiment,  as  each  little  male  and  female  pupil  marches  out  or  in,  in  regular 
file,  to  the  sound  of  the  piano,  played  by  another  young  pupil  of  8  or  10  years  of  age. 
There,  instruction  is  made,  as  far  as  possible,  a  pleasure  instead  of  a  task,  whilst  it  is  of  a 
character  which  the  most  fastidious  could  not  but  appreciate.  We  can  attest  to  the 
superiority  of  the  method  by  wliich  information  is  conveyed,  having  heard  scholars  of  8  or 
10  years  of  age  answering  questions,  in  mental  calculations,  which  Avould  put  thousands  of 
individuals,  three  times  their  age,  to  the  blush  in  answering.  Specimens  of  writing  and 
drawing,  also,  we  have  seen  equally  surprising. 

Whilst  such  an  cxcellei  t  education  is  afforded  to  all,  free,  it  mast  not  be  supposed  that 
no  interest  is  taken  wheUier  scholars  attend  regularly  or  not.  If  one  should  happen  to  be 
ubsent  a  single  morning,  a  messenger  is  dispatched  to  the  residence  of  the  pupil  to  ascer- 
tain the  cause  for  non-attendance,  whilst  equal  strictness  is  observable  in  the  pupils' 
punctual  attendance  at  the  proper  hours. 

The  foregoing  remarks  apply  to  the  common  or  public  schools  of  the  United  States.  In 
Canada  the  common  schools  art  similarly  conducted,  and  also  free,  so  that  education  is 
brought  to  the  very  doors  of  the  people,  not  only  in  large  cities,  but  in  every  section 
throughout  the  province,  and  altogether  the  educational  institutions  of  the  province  are 
alike  creditable  to  the  council  which  established,  and  the  government  that  sanctioned 
tlieni. 

Toronto  is  the  seat  of  a  university  possessed  of  a  talented  staff  of  professors ;  of  a  normal 
school,  in  which  teachers  receive  a  scientific  training  for  their  profession  from  efficient 
masters ;  and,  at  the  same  time,  of  a  model  grammar  and  common  school.  T!ie  province  is 
not  only  divided  into  counties,  but  is  also  sub-divided  into  townships  (corresponding  to  a 
Scotcii  parish)  and  school  sections,  in  the  centre  of  each  of  which  last  sub-divisions  a  com- 
mon school  is  situated  and  managed  by  a  local  board  of  trustees.  Grammar  schools  have 
been  established  in  the  principal  cities  and  towns,  in  which  cb'^ical  and  mathematical  in- 
struction is  communicated  by  a  highly  educiited  and  intelligent  class  of  teachers,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  elementary  branches  of  an  English  education,  sometimes  combined  with  natural 
philosophy,  tiuight  in  the  common  schools.  Both  grammar  and  common  schools  are  ex- 
amined by  inspectors  appointed  for  the  purpose,  and  the  management  of  the  system  U 
entrusted,  by  the  provincial  gevernmcnt,  to  a  council  of  education,  Rev.  Dr.  Ryerson  at 
present  being  the  general  superintendent 

A  sch>  1-tax  is  levied  by  the  trustees  for  the  support  of  the  teacher,  from  which  a  salary 
is  provided  ranging,  in  proiwrlion  to  the  wea'/'-  of  the  section  and  the  number  of  the 
pupils,  from  £(«  or  £70  in  the  common  schools,  to  £200  and  upwards  in  the  grammar 
Bchooll;  and  the  only  defect  discoverable  in  the  system  is.  that  dwelling-houses  are  not 
attached,  as  in  Scotland,  to  tlie  school^a  defect  which  will  probably  be  removed  by  their 
erection  in  the  course  of  the  progressive  prosperity  of  the  province  by  the  people. 

We  have  thus  presented  an  outliue-a  meagre  outline  only,  it  is  true-of  the  educational 
institutions  of  the  United  Stiites  an.l  Canada ;  institutions  which,  notwithstanding  the 
diversity  of  sentiment  that  exists  on  political  as  well  as  ecclesiastical  subjects,  have  been 
establisiied,  and  are  supported  witn  cordial  unanimity;  from  whicl-,  it  must  be  evuleut  to 
every  intelligent  reader,  that  they  forn.  at  once  the  "foundation  of  the  nation  s  greatness, 
and  a  fitting  theme  for  the  children's  song  and  prayer:— 

"  Then  blessings  on  our  common  schools 

Wherever  they  may  stand; 

Tliey  are  the  people's  colleges, 

The  bulwark  of  the  land, 
'lis  a  happy  theme ;  like  a  golden  dream  its  memory  seems  to  be, 
And  I'll  sing,  while  I  have  a  voice  or  tongue,  'The  Common  School  for  me. 


I 


76 


ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA. 


ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA. 


Readers  in  Great  Britain  have,  no  doubt,  read  or  heard  of  tlie  Republican,  or,  it  may 
be,  the  Democratic,  or  American  "  Ticket,"  in  connection  with  elections  in  America.  Dif- 
fering as  the  mode  of  electintj  niembers  for  Congress  does  from  that  of  members  for  Par- 
liament, we  subjoin  a  few  particulars  which  may  prove  interesting  to  those  unacquainted 
with  the  modus  operandi  of  voting  by  ballot — or  popular  elections  in  the  New  World. 

First  of  all,  then,  we  may  explain  that  there  is  no  "  non)ination  day"  in  connection  witli 
elections  in  America — but  the  formation  of  what  is  designated  a  party  "Tieke;"  appears 
to  be  the  same  sort  of  proceeding,  only  carried  out  differently.  The  "  Ticket"  consists  of 
a  list  of  say,  four  candidates,  who  are  nominated  at  a  pi-elimi'.iary  meeting  of  some  of  the 
leading  men  of  the  party,  and  decided  upon  as  "  fit  and  proper  persons"  to  represent  the 
party  and  their  principles  faithfullj'  in  Congress,  and  are  submitted  for  the  support  of  the 
party.  For  example,  the  Republican  party,  meet  and  fix  upon  their  men,  and  have 
their  names  printed  on  a  small  slip  of  white  paper — not  much  larger  tlian  a  railroad  ticket 
— issue  them  to  all  true  Republicans  to  support,  and  carry  the  election  of  one  out  of  the 
four  names  chosf-n.  Only  one  can  bo  elected,  but  four  are  submitted  for  the  people's 
choice,  as,  although  all  Republicans,  electors  may  hove  their  prodclietioiis  in  favour  of  iv 
particular  man — to  any  of  the  other  three — consequently,  the  elector  takes  his  choice  and 
votes  accordingly,  for  one  man,  scoring  out  tlie  names  of  the  other  three,  when  he  goes  to 
vote.  The  meetin<T  roferred  to,  is  called — the  "  primary  election" — and  the  list  of  names 
(which  mUj  be  two,  three,  four,  or  six)  is  termed  the  "  Republican  Ticket"  or  the  "  Dtmo- 
cratic  Ticket,"  as  the  cose  may  be,  the  chief  men  in  each  party  noniiuatingor  forming  their 
ticket  in  the  manner  described. 

We  may  here  remark,  that  the  party  ticket,  properly  speaking,  consists  of  a  scries  of 
tickets,  representing  the  different  offices  for  the  Legislature  of  tlie  State,  as  well  as  for 
niembers  for  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  that  nearly  all  such  elections  take 
place  on  the  same  day,  so  that  the  names  whicli  comprise  the  Republican  ticket  or  tickets, 
as  a  whole,  include  the  names  of  different  eondidates  for  the  different  offices  in  the 
State  Legislature,  in  the  same  manner  as  already  described  for  the  election  of  members  of 
Congress.  An  elector,  therefore,  lias  to  provide  himself  with  a  series  of  tickets,  suitable, 
to  enable  him  to  vote  for  the  officers  of  State,  and,  if  a  Republican  in  polities,  he  will  in 
all  probability  provide  himself  with  Republican  tickets  throughout,  and  vote  accordingly 
for  the  man  he  deems  the  best  for  each  office  to  be  filled. 

To  simplify  the  matter  in  illustration  of  the  electoral  system,  we  will  refer  more  par- 
ticularly to  the  election  of  members  for  Congress,  the  principle  of  election  iu  all  other 
offices  being  the  same. 

When  the  Republican  ticket  (or  list  of  names)  is  fixed  upon,  as  already  explained,  the 
party  at  once  sot  to  work  to  secure,  by  every  means  in  their  power,  tlie  election  of  a  Re- 
publican candidate  over  the  Democratic  one.  The  names  of  the  candidates  may  be  seen 
a  week  or  two  previous  to  election  day,  printed  in  large,  square  banners,  which  are  sus- 
pended from  the  roofs  of  houses  across  the  principal  thoroughfares  in  the  city,  as  a  sort  of 
standing  advertisements  of  their  claims  for  support ;  so  that  for  some  time  the  streets  pre- 
sent rather  a  novel  appearance,  from  the  number  and  variety  of  the  banners  thus  ex- 
hibited. 

To  keep  alive  the  excitement,  and  advance  the  interest  of  the  respective  candidates,  public 
meetings  are  held  regularly,  and  in  the  open  air  sometimes,  in  the  different  wards  of  the  c'ty, 
which  Jitter,  present  a  few  novel  features.  In  the  afternoon  or  evening,  a  small  hustings — 
"£[■..1)16  of  containing  from  60  to  60  persons — is  erected  in  the  street — in  a  square,  or  vacant 
place,  convenient  for  the  purpose.  At  about  8,  r.  m.,  the  meeting  assembles.  On  the  hustings 
the  friend?  and  supporters  of  tlie  party  are  to  be  seen.  At  one  corner,  on  the  platform,  a 
pyrotechnist  is  ploced,  with  a  good  supply  of  fireworks.  In  front,  five  or  six  large  flam- 
beaux are  kept  blazing.     Some  dozen  or  so  of  paper  lanterns  are  hoisted  on  long  poles, 


ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA'. 


77 


may 
Dif- 


of 

the 

the 

the 

have 


each  one  having  printed  on  their  sides  the  names  of  the  party  candidates,  in  whose  inter- 
est the  meeting  i.  held.  On  the  ground,  at  one  end  of  the  hustings,  is  placed  a  piece  of 
ordnance,  generally  about  a  12  or  16  pounder,  which,  with  the  speakers  on  the  platform, 
and  the  people  in  front,  form  the  component  parts  of  a  polidcal  meeting  in  the  City  of 
New  York. 

Thus  "  fixed  up."  us  the  Americans  would  say.  the  speakers  address  the  audience  amid 
the  smoke  and  glare  of  the  burning  flambeaux.  Should  there  be  disapprobation  from  any" 
part  of  the  meeting,  the  services  of  the  pyrotechnist  are  called  into  play,  who  at  once 
sends  a  few  rockets  whizzing  up  into  the  air.  The  variegated  forms  displayed  by  them 
as  they  explode,  has  the  effect  of  attracting  the  attention  of  the  audience,  and  quiet  is 
again  restored.  By  this  means,  tlie  speaker  proceeds  as  before,  when,  after  a  hearing  for 
some  time,  another  burst  of  opposition  breaks  forth— this  time  more  powerful  than  previ- 
ously—the fireworks  are  once  more  put  in  operation,  but  this  time  with  doubtful  effect, 
when  the  artilleryman  in  charge  announces  a  salvo  of  blank  cartridge  from  h!«  12  or  18 
pounder— the  smoke  and  sound  of  which,  repeoted  two  or  three  times,  at  last  silences  the 
noise  of  all  opposition,  and  thus  ogain  restores  order.  By  such  means  the  speokers  are  not 
kept  waiting  long  until  silence  is  restored.  In  this  way  the  meeting  proceeds,  interrupted 
now  and  then  by  the  dissentient  part  of  tlie  meeting,  with  other  sundry  displays  of  fire- 
works, and  a  little  more  harmless  thunder  from  the  "  dog  of  war"  at  hand. 

The  excitement  and  interruptions  alluded  to,  as  witnessed  by  us  at  a  ward  open-air 
meeting  in  New  York,  last  November,  were  exceedingly  mild  from  what  we  expected  to 
meet  with,  and  nothing  in  comparison  with  the  scenes  we  have  witnessed  on  "  nomination" 
days  in  England  and  Scotland. 

As  we  have  stated,  the  hustings  were  erected  in  the  afternoon  or  early  in  the  evening, 
the  meeting  is  held  at  8.  r.  m.,  and  by  10.  or  10  30,  p.  m..  it  has  separated,  '.he  hustings  are 
taken  down  and  cleared  off,  and  not  a  vestige  remained  of  what  was  a  scene  of  excite- 
ment, only  one  hour  before.  Each  party  holds  its  meetings,  in  this  manner,  on  different 
evenings  in  the  several  wards  of  the  city,  and  pays  its  own  expenses. 

The  day  of  election,  however,  arrives,  ond  brings  with  it  much  of  the  quiet  appearance 
of  n  Sunday  morning.  All  the  liquor  stores  are  closed — by  law — and  many  other  places 
of  business  are  not  opened  from  choice.  Men  are  not  at  work.  Throughout  the  early 
part  of  the  day.  there  is  a  feeling  of  dullness  in  many  ports  of  the  city.  Towards  noon, 
however,  things  begin  to  appear  more  lively.  In  the  different  wards  there  is  a  polling 
booth,  about  tlie  doors  of  which  are  congregated  a  small,  i.nd  apparently  listless  crowd  of 
on-lookers,  with,  perhaps,  a  couple  of  policemen  in  the  midst.  Inside  the  polling  booth, 
are  stationed  the  "  Inspectors  of  Elections." 

Tiie  voter  who  has  obtained  his  ticket,  and  scored  out  the  names  of  the  candidates  he 
does  not  wish  to  vote  for — leaving  one  name  not  scored  out — proceeds  to  the  polling 
place,  and  on  entering  is  osked  by  tiie  Inspectors  of  Elections  his  name,  business,  and  ad- 
dross,  all  of  which  is  written  down  in  the  books,  in  the  possession  of  the  Inspectors,  which 
being  done,  the  voter  hands  his  ticket  folded  up,  to  the  Inspector,  who  deposits  it  in  the 
b.'iUot  box — in  the  presence  of  the  voter — no  one.  not  even  the  Inspector,  knowing  for 
whom  the  vote  has  been  given.  Thus  ends  a  transaction,  which,  in  the  minds  of  some 
men,  amount  to  a  sort  of  mysterious  bugbear,  but  which  in  reality  is  nothing  of  the  sort, 
but  tiic  performance  of  a  privileged  duty  executed  in  an  exceedingly  quiet  and  becoming 
manner. 

The  reason  why  the  inspector  deposits  the  ticket  in  the  ballot-box  is.  that  on  election  day 
there  are  a  variety  of  ballot-boxes  in  use  that  day — one  for  every  officer  of  State,  as  well 
as  for  members  for  Congress ;  so  that  when  the  voter  gives  perhaps  six  or  eight  tickets  into 
the  hands  of  the  inspector,  he  arranges  tl  em,  and  places  each  one  in  its  proper  ballot-box. 
He  knows  which  box  each  ticket  is  fo.',  as  although  the  tickets  are  given  in  all  folded  up, 
yet  the  denomination  of  the  office  Is  printed  on  the  ouUide  of  the  ticket  or  slip  of  paper, 
whilst  the  names  of  the  candidates  are  printed  inside,  and  unseen  by  him.  Thus,  therefore, 
the  ticket  for  member  for  Congress  has  "  Member  for  Congress"  printed  on  the  outside,  see- 


s' 


78 


ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA. 


ing  whicli,  the  Inspector  deposits  it  in  its  proper  box,  and  so  on  with  the  ticket  marked 
"For  Governor  of  State,"  or  "For  Comptroller  of  State,"  etc.,  etc.,  into  their  proper  ballot- 
boxes. 

We  have  observed,  that  a  small  crowd  is  generally  collected  about  the  doors  of  the  poll- 
ing-booths. Amongst  such  is  recognized  the  "  scouts"  belonging  to  the  opposition  political 
party,  who  there  watch  the  opportunity  to  challenge  the  vote  of  any  one  presenting  a  ticket 
who  is  not  a  voter.  "When  a  vote  is  challenged,  the  voter  is  sworn  by  the  inspector  of  elec- 
tions as  to  his  having  tlic  right  to  vote,  after  which  he  is  allowed  to  vote ;  but  if  it  can  be 
afterwards  proved  that  he  has  sworn  falsely,  he  is  then  handed  over  to  be  prosecuted  for  a 
serious  misdemeanour.  If  it  can  be  proved  in  the  polling-booth  that  he  has  no  right  to  vote, 
he  is  then,  probably,  handed  over  to  the  police  who  are  in  waiting. 

In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  polling-booths,  outside,  are  erected  two  temporary  offices 
on  the  pavement — one  belonging  to  each  of  the  two  political  parties.  At  such  places  elec- 
tors are  supplied  with  tickets,  if  they  have  not  been  provided  beforehand  with  them. 

The  scenes  which  take  place  on  election  days  in  some  of  the  wards  in  the  city  of  New 
York  are  dangerous  as  well  as  disgraceful.  These  occur  in  some  of  the  most  rowdy  or 
lowest  wards  in  the  city — where  it  is  a  notorious  fact,  the  Irish  largely  predominate,  and 
to  whom  are  attributed  many  of  the  riots  which  occur,  and  which  sometimes  terminate 
fatally. 

Whatever  may  be  wiid,  however,  of  elections  in  America,  and  voting  by  ballot  there,  in 
general,  it  is  well  that  we  should  remember  the  working  of  the  boasted  electoral  system 
enjoyed  by  the  "  free  and  independent  electors"  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland — more  par- 
ticularly in  the  "  pocket  boroughs"  in  England,  the  manufacture  of  "  faggot  votes"  in  Scot- 
land, and  where  honesty  in  open  voting  in  Ireland,  is  often  followed  by  agrarian  despotism 
and  outrage.  And  when  we  hear  also  of  riots,  and  the  free  use  of  revolvers  in  some  of  the 
rowdy  wards  in  the  city  of  New  York,  we  should  recollect  that  these  wards,  all  put 
together,  form  only,  after  all,  a  mere  atom  of  sand  on  the  great  electoral  shores  of  the  vast 
continent  of  America. 

Readers  who  are  in  the  habit  of  measuring  their  standard  of  electoral  affairs  in  America 
commit  a  grave  error  in  taking  their  cue  from  what  passes  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  con- 
nection with  such  matters ;  and  disgraceful  as  the  scenes  are  even  there,  we  question  if 
they  are  excelled  by  what  passes  in  manufacturing  districts  even  in  England,  where  the 
"  bottling  up"  system  is  carried  out  occasionally  under  the  auspices  of  some  cotton,  wooleni 
or  worsted  lord,  where  his  workmen,  or  those  of  his  committee,  are  engaged  to  play  the  part 
of  ruffians  in  securing  the  votes  of  needy  or  imbecile  voters  by  the  basest  of  means;  where 
voters  are  held  as  prisoners  in  their  own  homes  on  the  night  of  nomination  day,  and  there 
filled  drunk  to  overflowing,  or  forcibly  bundled  off  in  cabs  to  the  head-quarters  of  the  elec- 
tioneering camp,  where  the  "  bottled-up  voters"  are  congregated  like  a  herd  of  '.;ogs  ready 
for  the  butcher,  and  where,  between  the  fumes  of  tobacco  and  the  immoderate  use  of  intox- 
icating drinks,  they  are  secured,  and  half  poisoned  (and  sometimes  wholly  poisoned)  with 
liquor,  and  next  morning,  or  election  day,  driven  in  cabs  to  the  polling-booths  to  register 
their  names  in  favour  of  a  particular  candidate,  unless  it  be  that  they  are  considered  not  al- 
together "  good  men  and  true"  by  the  previous  night's  debaui  h, — in  that  case  they  are 
driven  off  to  the  country  for  an  airing,  in  the  charge  of  keepers,  till  after  the  polling-booths 
close  at  4,  p.  m. 

As  well  may  we,  with  truth,  apply  the  "  bottling"  system  as  applicable  to  all  the  elec- 
tions in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  as  we  may  those  of  brawling  and  riotous  voters  in  New 
York  to  the  elections  all  over  America. 

With  all  their  faults,  we  believe  that  the  Americans  in  general  display  a  spirit  of  inde- 
pendence, and  require  the  protection  of  the  ballot  a  great  deal  less  tlian  it  is  required  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  that  they  are,  in  general,  above  demoralizing  influences, 
6uch  as  the  "  bottling  up"  system  referred  to,  and  that  the  American  workmen  who  enjoy 
the  franchise,  will  not  be  so  easily  bought  over,  by  either  the  bland  smiles  or  the  hypocrit- 
ical despotism  of  an  employer,  and  who,  in  the  exercise  of  their  electoral  privilege,  act  a 


ELECTIONS  IN  AMERICA— THE  SHAKERS. 


ted 
lot- 


79 


more  manly  and  independent  part  compared  to  shopkeepers  in  country  towns  in  Britain, 
who,  in  tendering  their  votes,  act  only  the  part  of  a  sort  of  doormat,  foot-stool,  or  lackey 
to  tlie  influential  lord  of  the  manor,  or  it  may  be  to  the  manufacturing  lord  of  the  village, 
whose  chief  qualifications  for  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons  are  frequently  only  a  heavy 
purse  and  local  influence,  by  means  of  which  alone,  such  have  been  knowp— however  un- 
popular to  the  people— to  succeed  in  defeating  some  of  the  most  accoraplislied,  popular,  and 
valued  of  British  statesmen. 

"We  selected  New  York  as  the  place  where  we  should  see  the  system  of  electing  by  bal- 
lot cariicd  out  under  the  most  disadvantageous  circumstances,  and,  so  far  as  our  experience 
goes,  we  felt  somewhat  agreeably  disappointed  that  it  did  not  turn  out  more  in  accordance 
•with  our  previous  erroneous  ideas  of  the  matter,  and  pleased  that  it  is  conducted  in  a  man- 
ner, upon  the  whole,  vastly  superior  to  the  open  voting  system  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
— where  bribery  and  intimidation,  in  innumerable  instances,  defeat  the  ends  of  honesty  and 
fair  play. 


THE  SHAKERS. 

"Shaker  seeds  and  herbs,"  and  "Shaker  flannels,"  are  amongst  the  multifarious  signs 
exliibited  at  doors,  and  in  tlie  windows  of  retail  stores  throughout  the  United  States — the 
excellence  of  these  articles,  as  sold  by  a  section  of  tlie  Society  of  Friends  in  America — gen- 
erally known  as  "The  Shakers" — having  rendered  them  famous  throughout  the  country. 
The  stranger  in  America  wIjo  is  desirous  of  seeing  something  of  one  of  the  "Institutions" 
peculiar  to  this  country,  may  easily  visit  one  of  the  Shaker  villages  when  at  New  York, 
by  taking  the  railroad,  or  steamboat  up  the  Hudson,  to  Hudson  City,  118  miles  from  New 
York,  and  thence  for  a  few  miles  per  rail  to  Lebanon  Springs,  in  the  County  of  Columbia, 
State  of  New  York.  In  this  trip,  the  tourist  can  enjoy  the  trip  up  the  Hudson — visit 
Lebanon  Springs,  and  tlie  Quaker  Settlement,  two  miles  from  there — the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains, in  tlie  vicinity — noticed  elsewhere — and  all  in  the  course  of  a  few  days,  at  compar- 
atively little  expense. 

The  Society  whose  establishment  we  at  present  purpose  noticing,  reside  at  the  Shaker 
village  of  New  Lebanon,  as  we  have  said,  two  miles  from  Lebanon  Springs,  in  a  beautiful 
and  fertile  agricultural  district.  The  village  is  situated  on  the  face  of  a  hill,  and  com- 
mands a  line  view  of  tlie  valley  in  the  vicinity  and  surrounding  country. 

Tlie  village  is  exclusively  tenanted  by  the  members  of  the  Community.  The  principal 
building  consists  of  a  large  Meeting-llouse,  where  the  devotional  exercises  are  conducted,  and 
in  the  summer  time,  on  Sundays,  in  the  presence  of  vast  numbers  of  strangers  who  are  sojourn- 
ing at  the  Springs.  The  Extract  House  is  another  of  the  chief  buildings.  In  it  is  the  La- 
boratory, where  the  herbs,  and  tinctures  from  them,  are  pressed  by  means  of  crushing  mills, 
vacuum  pan,  etc.,  under  a  skillful  chemist,  one  of  themselves.  The  estimation  in  which 
such  are  held,  may  be  judged  of  from  the  fact,  that  in  one  year  about  14,000  pounds'  weight 
have  been  sold — the  extracts  of  butternut  and  dandelion  forming  two  of  the  principal  ones 
sold.  In  another  part  of  the  village  is  the  Seed  House,  formerly  the  old  Mceting-House, 
near  which  is  the  Tannery,  Dairy,  and  workshops  where  wooden-ware,  door-mats,  etc.,  are 
made.  Tlie  Herb  House,  with  its  drying  rooms,  store  rooms,  etc.,  is  another  portion  of  the 
manufacturing  premises.  There,  about  70  tons  of  herbs  and  roots— the  produce  of  about 
75  acres  of  their  garden  land— are  pressed  annually,  by  means  of  a  hydraulic  press  of  300 
tons  pressure.  In  various  parts  of  the  building  may  be  seen  both  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren busily  engaged  in  the  different  processes  of  manufacturing  the  articles  named,  or 
packing  them  up  ready  for  market. 

The  Community  at  New  Lebanon  consist  of  about  500  persons,  divided  into  eight  fami- 
lies, as  they  are  called,  each  family  being  presided  over  by  two  elders  and  two  elderesses, 
each  of  whom  have  an  equal  position  in  the  management,  and  to  whose  orders  the  members 
yield  perfect  obedience. 

The  management  of  the  temporal  affairs  of  the  Society  is  entrusted  to  trilstees,  „flo  are 


;i^ 


80 


THE  SHAKEKS- 


-COSTUME,  ETC. 


elected  by  the  miuistry  and  elders,  and  who  are  legally  in  possession  of  all  real  estate 
belonging  to  the  community.  The  chief  business  tri'stee  is  a  Mr.  Edward  Fowler,  a  man 
of  about  65  years  of  age. 

Tli<»  principles  they  profess  are  Christian,  although  their  views  of  Christianity  are  pecu- 
liar. It  would  take  up  too  much  of  our  space  to  go  into  detail  respecting  these ;  but  wo 
may  briefly  eay  that  they  believe  the  millcuniura  has  come;  tiiat  tlieirs  is  the  millennial 
Church  ;  timt  marriage  prevents  people  from  being  assimilated  to  tiie  clinracter  of  Christ; 
that  the  wicked  are  punislicd  only  for  u  season  ;  that  tlie  judgment-day  has  begun  in  tlieir 
Church  being  estaldished  ;  and  that  their  state  of  existence  is  the  beginning  of  heaven. 
They  entertain  the  doctrines  of  the  H[)iritualists  to  a  certain  extent,  and  profess  to  have 
had  tlieir  regular  "  manifestations  of  the  spirit"  for  many  years  past,  and  lliat,  for  instance, 
the  hymns  they  sing — both  words  and  music — are  revealed  to  tiicm  every  week  in  time  for 
devotional  exercises  on  Sunday. 

In  the  Meeting-House  they  asiscmble  at  about  half  post  10  o'clock  every  Sunday  morn- 
ing, and,  Quaker-like,  the  sexes  are  seated  separately,  witlj  tlie  men  and  women  facing 
each  otlier  ;  all  the  men,  exce|)ting  the  eiders,  being  in  tlieir  shirt  sleeves,  and  wearing  blue 
cotton  and  woolen  trowsersand  vests,  with  calf-skin  shoes,  gray  stockings,  and  large  turned- 
down  collars,  as  seen  in  figure  1  in  engraving  of  coftume.  The  women  wear,  for  the  most 
part,  pure  white  cotton  dresses,  with  white  cotton  liaiulkerchiefs  spread  over  their  necks 
and  shoulders,  with  a  white  lawn  s(ju;ire  tied  over  their  lieads,  with  boots  similar  in  ni)- 
pearanee  to  the  high-heeled  boots  lately  in  fashitm — the  fiisliion  of  the  time  when  the 
Society  was  established — and  made  of  a  light  blue  prunella.  See  figure  7  in  engraving  of 
costume. 


til 
til 
tl; 

m 
fo 
Bt 


J 


SHAKER  COSTUME. 

The  above  enp-nvlng  represents  the  various  costumes  worn  t)y  the  .Shakers,  both  at  home,  and  wlien  from 
home.  Figures  1  ami  7  represent  the  worslilp  cosluiiu-,  anil  altltuili:  of  man  and  woman.  Figure  2,  that 
of  a  field-labourer,  or  storekeeper's  assisfaiil.  Figure  .1,  an  elder.  FiBunjs  4  and  5,  travelling  costume,  and 
Figure  6,  a  half-Uress  costume. 


After  sitting  a  short  time  in  silence,  the  memliers  from  the  extreme  ends  of  the  room 
approach  the  centre,  when  the  seats  are  removed,  and  the  whole  congregation  place  them- 
Belves  in  marching  order  it  serried  rows,  three  or  four  men  and  women  alternately.     Whilst 


estate 
man 

pecu- 
ul  we 
nnial 
lirist ; 
tlieir 
aven. 
Iiuve 
tnnce, 
tno  for 


TIIE   SHAKERS'    RELIGIOUS  DANCE.  ^ 

thus  standing  silenfly— the  women  with  their  eyes  looking  to  the  floor— one  of  the  clJers  in 
tlie  midst  of  them  mnk-cs  a  few  remfirks,  nftor  wliieh  a  hyum  is  sung  to  a  very  lively  tune, 
the  whole  of  tile  congregation  keeping  time  with  their  feet 

After  the  liymn  the  worshippers  commence  a  dance,  an  illustration  of  one  of  tlie  move- 
ments or  steps  of  wliicli  we  give  The  dance  consists  of  a  scries  of  evolutions  of  ditfcrent 
forms,  presenting  in  each  all  the  precision  of  well-trained  pupils,  moving  as  if  with  only  one 
Btep.     The  illustriition  will  give  an  ideo  of  a  backward  and  forward  dance  or  march,  with 


SHAKERS'  RELIGIOUS  DANCE.  .... 

them  keeping  time  to  the  hymns  they  sing,  at  the  same  time,  following  the  example,  an 
they  say,  of  David,  when  ho  danced  before  the  Lord  with  all  his  might.  After  this,  and 
when  nil  the  seats  are  replaced,  ond  the  congregation  seated  as  before,  one  of  the  elders 
delivers  a  discourse,  when  the  seats  are  removed  again  to  give  place  to  another  dance  of  a 
different  style,  and  to  another  hymn.  This  time  the  dance  is  of  a  more  lively  choracter, 
with  the  action  of  the  arms,  thrown  up  and  tlown,  and  clapping  of  hands  in  regular  order. 
In  this  way  are  several  hymns  sung  and  danced  to,  and  addresses  delivered ;  and  however 
much  parties,  on  reading  the  accounts  of  such,  may  be  disposed  to  smile,  no  one  can  wit- 
ness the  devotional  exercises  of  these  people,  such  as  they  are,  without  being  impressed 
with  feelings  of  the  deepest  respect  and  solemnity  ;  and  however  much  they  may  differ  from 
the  Shakers  in  opinion,  they  will  be  ready  to  give  them  full  credit  for  thorough  conscien- 
tiousness, and  faith  in  what  they  believe  to  be  right. 

Oceasionallj' the  "sjiirit  manifests  itself"  by  one  or  more  of  the  congregation  getting 
up  and  dancing  or  whirling  round  and  n.und  with  extraordinary  rapiditj",  and  the  parties 
apparently  being  perfectly  unconscious  of  every  thing  passing  around  them.  In  this  way 
will  they  continue  to  whirl  and  dance  for  nearly  an  hour  without  intermission. 

As  may  be  well  known,  all  property  belonging  to  the  Society  is  held  in  common  by 
the  members.  All  who  join  it  do  bo  voluntarily,  after  perusing  the  rules  and  regulations 
of  the  Society,  which  are  submitted  to  all  before  they  join.  Tlie  Society  is  divided  into 
three  divisions,  or  classes,  viz. :  the  senior,  junior,  and  noviciate  class.    The  senior  class 


82 


SHAKER  SETTLEMENT,   NEW   LEBANON. 


dedicate  therasolves  nnd  all  they  are  posgewed  of  "  to  the  service  of  God  and  the  support 
of  the  pure  gospel,  forever,"  after  they  have  had  time  for  reflection  and  experience.  After 
being  thu"*  n  1  milted  as  partners  in  the  Community,  the  relationship  is  binding  forever. 
Tut  second  class  of  members  are  those  who  have  no  faniiliea,  t><it  who,  iu  joi.ung  tlie  Ho- 
ciety,  retain  the  ownersliip  of  any  private  property  ..ley  hi  J  when  they  entered  if.  It  in 
according  to  the  laws  that  if  any  one  leaves  tlie  Community  lliey  can  take  nothing  with 
them  but  what  they  brought;  that  they  vceeive  no  wages  for  the  services  they  may  have 
performed,  and  cannot  recover  any  property  they  may  have  pres'-nted  to  the  Community. 
The  noviciates,  again,  are  those  who,  on  joining  the  Society,  choose  to  live  by  tliemselves 
and  retain  the  management  of  their  temporal  affairs  in  tlieir  own  hands.  Such  are  received 
as  sisters  and  brothers  so  long  as  they  fulfil  the  requirements  of  tlie  Society  in  every  other 
respect. 

Everyone — male  and  female — works,  fron>  the  pre«chor  down  to  he  youngest  child 
who  is  able;  and  .jot  a  moment  of  the  hourj  of  labour  is  occupied  but  by  the  busy  and 
attentive  performance  of  their  duties. 

Throiighout  their  workshops,  meeting-houses,  dwellings,  etc.,  the  utmost  order  prevails, 
accompanied  by  the  most  scrupulous  cleanl!-..j»s  of  place  and  person.  Although  they 
have  none  rf  the  anxieties  of  life,  or  taat  frightful  spectre— the  tear  of  want — ever  ttefore 
them,  and  w''h  no  pers^mol  or  private  ambition  to  carry  out,  yet  all  are  willing,  diligent, 
and  faithful  workers,  and  all  appear  to  be  cheerful  comfortable  and  happy. 

The  Community  at  New  Lebanon  are,  from  all  we  can  understand,  a  most  intelligent 
body.  They  pursue  the  same  system  o(  education  as  that  of  the  common  schools  of  the 
United  States,  for  although  they  lead  a  life  of  celibacy  after  they  join  the  body,  the 
children  of  those  who  come  from  the  "  outer  world"  are  regularly  taught  and  brought  up 
in  the  doctrines  and  with  the  ideas  of  the  Community,  and  from  that  source,  as  well  os  re- 
ceiving all  orphan  children  who  are  sent  to  them,  there  is  a  never-failing  supply  of  schol- 
ars. Tie  children  are  dressed  similarly  to  grown-up  members.  They  possess  an  excelhtnt 
library,  and  from  the  newspapers  regularly  received,  the  members  are  kept  "  posted  up" 
as  to  whatever  is  going  on  in  the  wicked  world  around  them, 

Their  conduct  and  character,  from  all  accounts,  is  nf  the  most  exemplary  kind,  living  up, 
in  a  high  degree,  to  the  principles  they  profess.  In  their  relatiuns  with  the  world  around 
them  their  business  character  for  honour  and  uprightness  is  most  'indoubted,  will.-',  the 
articles  they  manufacture  stimd  deservedly  high  in  pul'Ue  ertiraation,  the  very  terrr 
"Shaker"  Leing  a  sort  of  guarantee  that  the  article  ii  genuine. 

They  carry  on  their  botanical  and  all  other  operations  in  the  most  scientific  manner,  and 
have  machinery  of  the  most  improved  description  for  enabling  thew  to  produce  tlie  arti- 
cles manufactured  in  the  best  possible  manner. 

We  may  mention  the  somewhut  singular  fact,  of  this  society,  having  taVen  root  so  far 
back  as  exactly  one  hundred  years  ago,  iu  the  City  of  Manchester  (Eng.).  In  th  !  year 
1766,  a  woman  named  Ann  Stanley,  then  the  wife  of  a  blacksmith,  einbraced  the  view .,  of 
Shakerism  from  the  disciples  of  some  French  religionists  who  held  these,  or  similar  vie-vs 
there,  but  suffering  great  persecution  on  account  of  her  belief,  shu,  along  with  a  few 
others,  emigrated  to  America,  where  she  founded  a  Community  at  Niskayuna,  (Watervliet,) 
near  Albany,  where  the  sect  still  have  a  Community.  When  she  arri-  ed  in  America,  she 
took  her  maiden  name  of  Lee,  and  thus  the  name  of  Mother  Ann  Lee  is  devoutly  renem- 
bered  till  this  day  by  the  sect,  they  looking  upon  her,  as,  they  say,  the  revelation  of  the 
female  nature  of  God  to  man,  i:i  the  same  way  as  The  Christ  was  manifested  in  the  person 
of  Jesus,  ao  the  revelation  o/  the  male  nature  of  God  to  man.  During  a  great  revival 
movement  in  1780,  large  numbers  ji'.ned  Ann  Lee's  Community,  and  since  then  they  have 
spread  into  different  sections  of  .he  States — now  numbering  eighteen  Communities — with  a 
i^talof  about  4,000  jr. embers,  and  affording  a  curious,  interesting,  ond  instructive  leature 
in  social  economics, 


FURNITURE. 


83 


FURNITURE. 


mity. 


FunsiTunE  and  choir-making  is  in  America  what  coHon  manufacturing  is  in  certain 
diBtricts  in  England.    The  factories  ore  upon  an  immense  scale,  equalling  in  size  the  Oxford 
Road  Twist  Mills,  Manchester,  or,  in  fact,  any  of  the  rnills  of  Manchester  or  Preston,  or 
Samuel  Higginbotham  and  Sons'  cotton  mills  at  Glasgow  (Scotland).     Instead  of  employing 
girls,  however,  as  in  the  colton  mills  of  Britain,  all  are  men,  mostly,  who  are  employed  in 
the  furniture  and  chair  factories  in  America,  and  chiefly  Germans.     In  New  Yovk  and 
Cincinnati  alone,  there  are  six  or  eight  immense  establishuKiits  in  each,  in  "  full  blast," 
and  whether  it  is  turning  a  bed-post,  or  leg  of  a  chair,  carving  out  some  exqi'isito  scroll- 
work for  some  drawing-room  piece  of  furniture,  planing  the  rough  lumber  into  the  smooth 
table-top,  or  any  of  the  other  numerous  mattere  connected  with  producing  furniture,  fii  for 
either  kitchen,  bed-room,  parlor  or  drawing-room — the  saw,  plane,  turning  lath,  and  mor 
ticing  machine  does  all ;  consequently  there  is  not  the  number  of  hands  employed  which 
one  would  expect  to  find  in  one  of  these  large  mills.    The  great  wonder  is,  where  all  the 
furniture  goes  to.     Some  of  these  factories  turn  out  nothing  but  chairs,  and  whilst  you 
Btand  looking  at  their  great  proportions,  out  pops  a  chair,  newly  put  together  on  the  first 
floor,  with  rope  attached,  and  finding  its  way  outside  by  pulleys,  to  the  top  floor  of  the 
mill,  to  lie  there  finislied  off;  tlien  another  and  onother  follow  in  quick  succession.     "We  do 
not  think  tliat  any  people  in  the  world  beat  the  Americans  in  the  rich  and  handsome  fur- 
niture they  have  in  their  houses.     Mahogany  is  an  .very  day  material  in  the  better  class 
of  houses.     Tlie  very  doors  in  their  lobbies  and  out  side  doors  are  characterized  by  great 
massivencss  of  expensive  wood,  with  great  expense  bestowed  upon  carving  the  same,  giv- 
ing their  door-way  (with  outer  door  open  and  inner  one  shut)  a  most  palatial  appearance 
with  the  handles,  bell-pull,  and  name  plate  all  silver  gilt.     Wild  cherry  and  black  walnut 
wood  are  generally  used,  although  we  have  feen  very  little  use  made  of  the  "  black  birch," 
(although  an  American  wood,)  so  much  used  in  Great  Britain. 

In  connection  with  furniture  making,  we  have  noticed  at  several  cities  a  new  style  of 
furniture,  made  exclusively  for  schools.  The  youngest  to  the  oldest  scholar  sits  in  a  seat — 
in  some  cases,  by  himself,  or  along  with  another — with  a  handsome  little  desk  before  him. 
All  are  fixod  to  the  floor,  so  that  all  are  obliged  to  keep  their  scats  in  their  proper  places, 
and  there  is  no  shaking  of  desks  when  writing,  etc.  We  saw  a  school  in  operation,  so 
fitted  up,  and  could  not  help  thinking  it  was  a  very  great  improvement  on  the  old-fash- 
ioned system  of  forms  and  long  desks.  Plaoei  for  holding  books,  pens,  ink,  etc.,  are  fixed  to 
the  de?k8.  Such  furniture  making  is  carried  on  as  a  separate  business  in  several  of  the 
cities  in  the  United  States,  and  amongst  others,  at  Buffalo,  State  of  New  York,  by  Messrs. 
Chase  A  Son,  who  have  established  an  agency  for  its  sale  in  Glasgow,  where  samples  may 
be  seen  in  the  warehouse  of  Messrs.  Wylie  &  Loohead,  Buchanan  St. 


84 


EXEMPTION   LAWS. 


EXEMPTION  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED  8TATE8, 

Showing  wlint  doscviplion  of  property  i*  excinpt  from  nttnoliniont  and  execution  for  debt 
tlirouij;lioiit  tlio  (liffereiit  JSlntes,  uiul  tlif  Iftw,  as  applicable  in  eaeli  one. 


tlon. 


AI-ABAMA. 

The  homotend  law  exempts  from  execution  real 
esliite,  not  to  excceil  4n  iiciei,  or  In  value  |4(KI,  If  re- 
•erveil  for  llie  use  of  (he  fninlly,  and  not  Hituatc  witliln 
the  limits  of  uny  cor|)orale  town  or  city. 

ARKAN.'lAS. 

For  all  dehts  contracted  ulnce  December  8th,  ISft2, 
IflO  acre*  of  land,  or  one  town  or  elly  lot,  (villi  all  Im- 
Iirovementii,  without  reference  to  value,  are  exempt 
from  sale  under  execution.  A  widow  1»  "nlltled,  ua 
(lower,  to  one-third  of  the  personal  pi';);iei;v  on  hand 
Ht  the  death  of  her  husliand,  al)»oiMely  hi  against 
creditors;  also  to  one-third  of  the  real  estate  and 
slaves,  and  If  no  children,  to  one-half  of  both  real  and 
personal  property,  except  choses  In  action. 

CAUKOKXIA. 

The  law  exempts  from  forced  sale  or  execution,  or 
any  nlher  flnal  ju-ocess  from  a  court,  for  any  debt  or 
ilabilily  cnnlrai-ted  nr  Incurred  after  the  1st  day  of 
June,  isSl ;  or  If  cnntrac'ed  or  Incurred  at  any  lime, 
In  any  other  place  loan  In  this  Slate,  the  homestead, 
conslstlni?  of  a  (|uantily  of  land,  together  with  the 
dwelllnK-house  thereon  and  Its  appu-tennnces,  ami 
not  exceedluK  In  value  the  sum  of  I.^OOO,  to  "elected 
by  the  owners  thereof. 

This  exe-;.;'tlon  cloes  not  extend  to  mechanics'  or 
vendoi  i'  l.'.'iis,  or  to  any  mortgage  lawfully  obtained. 

COXSKCTICUT. 
Certain  personal  property  Is  exempt  from  execu- 

DKhAWAllE. 

Certain  household  goods  of  free  white  cllliens  are 
exempt  from  attachiiRiit  or  execnilon;  also  the  li- 
brary, tools  and  Impleiiienls  of  the  delitor  necessary 
for  carrying  (ui  his  profession  or  triide,  to  the  value 
of  irui.  It  is  proviiled,  however,  that  all  the  articles 
exempted  shall  not  exceed  ♦Km  in  value. 

DISTUICT  OK  coi.rMniA. 
There  Is  no  homestead  exemption. 

FLORIDA. 

Kvery  actual  housekeeper  with  a  family  may  claim 
as  exempt  such  portion  of  his  properly  as  may  be  ne- 
cessary for  the  support  of  hunself  ami  family,  to  the 
value  of  <llOii,  waiving  all  right  to  all  other  exeniplloiis. 
The  defendant  must  make  and  sign  a  fair  and  full 
stalenicnt  of  all  his  property,  verilleil  liy  alliilavll, 
whicli  must  accompany  the  return  of  the  prneess. 

A  farmer  owning  4t)  acres  of  hind,  of  wliiih  he  cul- 
tivates lit,  can  hold  the  same  exempt,  provided  the 
property  does  not  exceed  |2iK)  in  value.  Kvery  owner 
of  a  dwelling-house  In  a  city,  town  or  village,  pro- 
vided he  acluall.v  resides  in  the  house,  ami  that  it 
does  not  exceed  ♦^liK)  In  value,  may  hold  It  free  from 
execution,  attachment,  or  distress. 

(lEOIKilA. 

The  law  exempts  from  execution,  for  every  white 
citizen  of  the  State,  being  head  of  a  family,  .'Ml  acres 
of  land,  which,  including  ilwelling-hnnse  and  improve- 
ments, must  not  cxceecl  in  value  f'iiii);  also,  t>  acres 
additional  for  every  child  under  15  years  of  age.  If  in 
city  or  town,  lot  not  to  exceed  !f2(HI  In  value. 

The  statute  of  this  State  provides,  that  the  security 
on  a  note,  or  the  endorser,  can  give  notice  to  sue,  and 
unless  the  suit  Is  brought  In  three  months  after  matu- 
rity, be  released. 

Slerchanis  selling  goods  to  persons  In  (icorgla, 
should  rei|uirc  notes  in  every  Instance,  for  open  ac- 
counts bear  no  Interest. 

I.SmANA. 

Kvery  debtor  Is  entitled  to  .300  dollars'  worth  of  per- 
sonal or  real  properly  exenijit  from  execution,  except 
for  labourers'  and  mechanics'  liens. 

Kstates  of  dower  are  abolished,  and  in  lieu  thereof. 


I  the  widow  fakes  one-third  of  the  real  estate  In  fee 
simple,  in  ilejiauce  of  creilittnH  and  the  hushand'a 
will,  unless  llie  value  of  the  real  estate  he  more  than 
|ltl,lKlO;  If  more,  then  a  less  proportion.  This  Is  a  bad 
provision,  and  endangers  the  collection  of  debts,  In 
case  ()f  the  death  of  the  debtor. 

The  widow  Is  entitled  to  !l()0  dollars'  worth  of  per- 
sonal property,  as  against  creditors,  etc. 

Property  taken  In  exeiMitlon  cannot  be  sold  for  less 

than  twdtblrds  Us  appraised  value,  where  the  Judg- 

'  ment  was  obtal.ied  upon  an  open  account,  or  upon 

paper,  unlets  the  paper  contained  the  clause,  to  wit: 

"  Without  any  relief  whatever  from  valuallnu  or  ap- 

'  pralsement  laws,"  which  should  always  be  Inserted. 

The  debtor  cannot  waive  the  exemption  or  slay  laws 
In  a  binding  form. 

On  negotiable  paper,  (being  bills  of  exchange  and 
notes  payable  at  a  r/nirtereil  liiiiii\)  protested  for 
non-payment,  all  parties  thereto  are  Jointly  liable  to 
suit.  The  notary  should  aild  to  bis  protest  a  certi- 
ficate that  UdlicfH  of  protest  were  duly  si'iit  to  the 
several  parties— naming  them— which  is,  under  the 
statute,  all  the  proof  thereof  reipiired. 

UAASmH. 
The  law  exempts  from  levy  and  forced  sale,  undei 
any  process  or  order  from  any  court  In  the  Stale,  the 
lot  of  ground  ami  the  buildings  thereon,  nccupied  as 
a  residence,  atiil  owned  bv  the  debtor,  being  a  honse- 
holiler,  anil  having  a  fa;olly,  to  the  value  of  |l,IHIO 
Such  exemption  shall  coiillniie  after  the  death  of  such 
iioiiseholiler,  for  the  benefit  of  the  wiibiw  and  family, 
some  one  or  more  of  them  continuing  to  occupy  such 
homestead  until  the  youngest  child  shall  loMiime  'i\ 
years  of  age,  and  ui..'il  the  ileath  of  such  widow  -,  and 
no  release  or  waiver  of  such  exemption  shall  be  valid, 
unless  the  sauic  shall  be  In  writing,  subscribed  by  such 
householder,  and  acknowledged  in  the  same  manner 
as  conveyances  of  real  estate. 

IOWA. 

The  law  exempts  from  judicial  sale  nut  of  the  prop, 
erty  of  residents,  or  of  any  person  coming  to  this  State 
with  the  intention  of  reiuaining,  the  ciist  Miiary  articles 
necessary  to  the  living  of  the  family,  ii.'liiding  pro 
visions  and  fuel  for  six  monllis'  use  ;  also  li  •!  earnings 
of  the  debtor  for  his  personal  services,  or  th,  se  of  his 
family  for  ninety  days;  and  as  a  honiest' ad,  any 
ipiantity  of  land  not  exceeding  III  acres,  use  i  for  agri- 
cultural purposes,  the  dwelling  thereon  anil  appurten- 
ances, or  instead  thereof,  a  lot  not  exceedi.ig  one-half 
of  an  acre,  being  within  a  recorded  towi.  lot,  city,  or 
village,  the  dwelling-house  thereon,  at  <l  the  appur- 
tenances, owned  and  occupied  by  any  resident  of  the 
I'liite,  provided  that  "iich  exem|''eu  homestead  or 
li.  vn-lot,  and  dwelling  house  the'von,  shall  in  nii  case 
exCL-d  In  value  if.'iiHi.  This  ex-  uiptioii  Is  not  to  alTect 
any  lnhoiirers'  or  mech".:.'ics'  lien,  or  mortgage,  law- 
fully obi. .'tied,  whic'-  shall  expressly  stipulate  that  the 
homestead  '. '  lijil  '.e.  A  mortgage  or  conveyance  of 
the  homestead  is  void  unless  joined  by  both  husbanil 
and  wife.  The  exemption  descends  to  the  surviving 
head  of  the  family,  or  to  their  Issue.  The  debtor  must 
select  his  own  homestead,  and  have  It  marked  out, 
plotted,  and  recorded  In  the  homestead  book  ;  or  the 
onUer  having  an  execution  must  have  it  done,  and 
add  the  expenses  to  the  writ. 

KKNTIICKy. 

About  $100  worth  of  household  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture Is  exempt  from  attuchmeiit  and  execution. 

I.Ol'ISIAW. 

Ity  the  Act  of  IS50,  widows  and  minor  children  were 
allowed  $1,IHKI  out  of  the  decedent's  estate,  if  left  in 
necessitous  circumstances. 

No  homestead  exemption  laws  in  this  State. 

MAIXK. 
A  few  articles  of  household  furniture,  tools,  pro- 


EXEMPTION  LAWS. 


(Icl)t 


if  per- 

tr  Ii"<B 
J'l.lg- 
iipnn 
o  wit: 
r  lip- 
I'll. 

ij  IllWS 


Tlitnnn,  etc.,  aro  not  llnhle  to  he  Uken  on  attacliment 
or  execiitliin  ;  bIiio,  any  one  nmy  Imve  real  I'sliile  to 
the  value  of  IfidO  cxeriipti!cl,  jirovlded  he  Hhiill  lUe  In 
the  rcjjUlry  of  ileedn,  In  the  county  where  It  h  situate, 
a  certlHcate  for  that  purpone,  he  being  a  houieholder 
in  actual  possension  liiureor. 

MAKVLAND. 

The  Conntltutlon  directs  the  l.cKlslalure  to  pnia  laws 
cxemptlnR  from  Jiullcliil  dales  property  not  exceeding 
tfttHl,  but  no  LeKUluturu  has  yet  acted  upon  the  sub- 
ject. 

MISSISSU'l'I. 

The  law  exempts  furniture,  etc.,  of  a  head  oi  a 
family,  to  the  value  of  if.Mli,  the  agrlciillural  lm|)le- 
nients  of  a  farmer,  the  tooU  of  a  mechanic,  the  lllirary 
of  an  attorney,  phjiilclan,  or  mliiUter,  to  the  value  (if 
lifttl;  also,  to  the  head  of  a  family  llid  acres  of  land, 
with  the  dwellliin  and  Improvements  theron;  (ir.  If  In 
a  town  or  city,  the  resldeii-e,  not  exceedlnK  In  value 

Widows  arc  entitled  to  the  same  amount  of  properly 
out  of  the  deeeuiied  husband's  estate  that  la  exempt 
from  sale  under  an  execution  against  an  Insolvent 
delitor,  which  Is  |,'>(K)  worth  of  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  etc.,  and  have  as  her  dower  onelhird  Inter- 
est In  all  the  lands  of  which  her  husband  died  seized 
tnd  possessed. 

MAS8A('I1UHETT8. 

The  homestead  of  a  debtor  to  the  value  of  |S00, 
waring  apparel,  certain  articles  of  household  furni- 
ture. In  value  suy  from  ♦Ion  to  |l.')d ;  provisions,  $.V) ; 
the  stock,  tools,  etc.,  of  a  iiiechanlc  or  handliTafts- 
man,  ♦•JitO;  bonks,  ♦'«) ;  1  cow,  ti  sheep,  1  swine,  2 
tons  of  hay,  fuel  %M. 

MICIIKJAN. 

Ilousehnld  goods,  furniture,  etc.,  not  exceeding  In 
value  If'.'.'HI;  tnnls,  stock,  etc.,  to  enable  anyone  to 
carry  on  his  occupation  or  business,  not  exceeding 
I'J.Ml  111  value;  library  not  exceeding  1(11511  In  value, 
and  other  minor  articles  usually  uniimeriitcd,  are  ex- 
empt from  sale  on  execution;  and  the  debtor  cannot 
waive  such  exemption. 

The  statute  also  exempts  to  householders  a  home- 
stead consisting  of  any  ijuantlty  of  land  not  exceed- 
ing forty  acres,  anil  the  dwelling-house  thereon,  and 
Its  appurtenances,  to  be  selecteil  by  the  owner  tliero- 
of,  and  not  Included  In  any  recorded  town  plot,  or 
city,  or  village;  or,  instead  thereof,  at  the  option  of 
the  owner,  a  quantity  of  land  not  exceeding  in 
amount  one  lot,  being  within  a  recorded  town-plot, 
or  city,  or  village,  and  the  dwelling-house  thereon 
and  its  appurtenances,  owned  and  occupied  by  any 
resident  of  this  fitate,  (not  exceeding  In  value  f  IStHt, 
by  the  Constitution  of  IS.M.) 

ifald  homesteiid  Is  exempt  during  the  minority  of 
Ills  children,  and  the  occupation  of  his  widow. 

Any  person  owning  and  occupying  any  house  on 
land  not  his  own,  and  claiming  such  house  us  his 
huinesteail,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  exemption. 

Mis.souni. 

The  law  exempts  the  usual  articles  of  domestic  use, 
and  also  property,  real  or  personal,  not  exceeding  In 
value  ttlM,  chosen  by  tlie  debtor.  If  he  Is  the  head  of 
a  family,  with  the  usual  bedding,  and  other  necessary 
iiou.sehiild  and  kitchen  furniture,  not  exceeding  |'i5 
In  value  ;  lawyers,  |)liyslclans,  and  ministers  may 
select  books  necessary  to  their  profession  In  place  of 
oilier  iiropcrty,  at  their  option,  and  physicians  also 
nmy  select  their  nieilidnes.  The  husbaiid"s  property 
Is  exempt  from  all  lialiilitles  contracted  by  the  wife 
before  marriage. 

NEW  YOIIK. 

In  addition  to  the  household  articles  usually  enu- 
merated as  exempt  from  sale  under  execution,  and 
the  tools  of  anv  mechanic,  not  exceeding  ♦2.'),  there 
Is  exempted  to  the  value  of  4\M,  other  furniture, 
tools,  or  team  ;  also,  the  lot  and  buildings  thereon  to 
flic  value  of  pillion,  the  same  being  occupied  as  a 
residence,  and  owned  by  the  debtor,  he  being  a  house- 
holder, and  having  a  family.  Such  exemption  to  lie 
continued  after  the  deatli  of  said  householder,  for  the 
benefit  of  his  wiilow  and  children,  some  or  one  of 
them  continuing  to  occupy  such  homestead  until  the 
youngest  child  becomes  21  years  of  age,  and  until 


the  death  of  the  widow.  And  no  relenie  or  waiver 
of  such  exemotlon  shall  be  valid  unless  the  same 
shall  be  In  writing,  bul.ocribed  by  such  householder, 
and  acknowledged  In  the  same  manner  aa  convey- 
ances of  real  estate  are  by  law  re(iulred  to  b«  ao- 
knowledged. 

To  entitle  any  property  to  such  exemption,  the  con- 
veyance of  the  same  shall  show  that  It  Is  designed 
to  be  held  as  a  homestead  under  this  act,  or  if  already 
purchased,  or  the  conveyance  does  not  show  such  de- 
8  gn,  a  notice  that  the  same  Is  designed  to  be  so  held 
■hall  Ije  executed  and  acknowledged  by  the  person 
owning  the  said  properly,  which  shall  contain  a  full 
description  thereof,  anil  shall  be  recorded  In  the 
olllce  of  the  clerk  of  the  county  In  which  tlie  said 
property  Is  situate,  in  a  book  to  lie  provided  for  tliat 
purpose,  and  known  as  the  "  Homestead  Kxemptlon 
Hook."  But  no  property  shall,  by  virtue  of  this  act, 
1)0  excmjit  from  sale  for  non-payment  of  taxes  or  as- 
sessments,  or  for  a  debt  contracted  for  the  purchase 
thereof,  or  urior  to  the  recording  of  the  aforesaid 
deed  or  notice. 

NEW  IIAMIVmUE. 

There, Is  a  homestead  exemption  law  In  the  value 
of  fMHI,  which  descends  to  the  widow  or  minor  chlW 
dren,  and  a  mechanics'  lien  law. 

There  '.%  no  waiver  of  right  to  the  exemption  ex 
cept  by  dc-il. 

NEW  JEIL^EV. 

Personal  jToperty  to  '.he  value  of  1200,  the  prop- 
erty of  a  resi itiil  head  of  a  family  is  exempt  from 
sale,  ap;  ralscu,  ■•inour  ..ith,  by  three  persons  ap- 
pointed by  the  shcriii ;  under  certain  strhigent  statu- 
tory provisions,  the  lot  and  buildings  thereon  occu- 
pied as  a  resldMice  and  owned  by  the  debtor,  being 
a  householder  and  having  a  family,  to  the  value  of 
♦  KKMI  :  such  exemption  shall  continue  after  the  death 
of  such  householder,  for  the  benefit  of  the  widow  and 
family,  some  or  one  of  them  conllniilng  to  occupy 
such  homestead  until  the  youngest  child  shall  becoma 
21  years  of  age,  and  until  the  dcalli  of  the  widow; 
and  no  release  or  waiver  of  such  exemption  shall  ba 
valid. 

The  act  provides  for  the  sale  or  division  of  the 
homestead  on  execution,  when  its  value  exceeds 
11000. 

The  widow  or  administrator  of  a  deceased  person 
may  claim  the  same  exemption  of  personal  property 
to  the  amount  of  $2lH),  as  against  llie  creditors. 

NORTH  OAKOLINA. 

In  addition  to  the  wearing  apparel,  etc.,  exempted, 
there  Is  also  exempt  from  seizure  the  following  prop- 
erty, provided  the  same  shall  have  been  set  apart  be- 
fore seizure,  to  wit. ;  I  cow  and  calf,  10  bushels  of 
corn  or  wheat,  ."iO  pounds  of  bacon,  beef,  or  pork,  or 
1  barrel  of  llsh ;  all  necessary  farming  tools  for  1  la- 
bourer, I  bed,  bedstead  and  covering,  for  every  2 
members  of  the  family,  or  such  other  property  us  the 
freeholders  appointed  for  that  purjiose  may  deem 
necessary  for  the  comfort  and  support  of  such  debtor's 
family ;  sudi  other  property  not  to  exceed  in  value 
♦•^U  at  cash  valuation. 

OHIO. 

The  family  homestead  of  every  head  of  a  family 
not  exceeding  In  value  $500,  Is  exempt  so  long  as  the 
debtor,  the  widow,  or  th'.  uninariied  minor  cliild  shall 
reside  thereon,  although  the  title  to  the  land  shall  be 
in  another.  In  case  there  is  no  family  homestead, 
|H0O  additional  personal  property  to  be  selected  by 
appraisers  Is  allowed  to  the  head  of  a  family. 

The  earnings  of  the  debtor  for  his  personal  services 
at  any  time  witliln  )i  months  next  preceding,  cannot 
'>e  applied  by  law  towards  the  satisfaction  of  ajudg- 

'iit,  If  necessary  for  the  use  of  a  family  supported 
tt.  oily  or  partly  'iv  his  labour. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

The  law  exempts  from  execution  property,  either 
real  or  personal,  to  the  value  of  ^--Hm,  if  claimed  by 
the  debtor,  exclusive  of  all  wearing  apparel,  bibles, 
and  scliool  books  in  the  use  of  the  family.  This 
privilege  may  be  waived  by  the  debtor  in  the  body 
of  a  note  or  In  a  confession  of  judgment. 

The  widow  or  cliildren  of  any  decedent  may  retaiu 


86 


EXEMPTION   LAWS — ^TIME  INDICATOR. 


the  same  mldltlonal  amount  frum  the  eitate  for  her 
or  thvir  use. 

TKNNKi<t<KK. 

The  usual  simple  urtlclrs  of  liousi'liold  rurnllurc, 
fttriiiiiiK  utensllH,  hikI  iiu'cliiiiiIrM'  tiinl.4,  cli'. 

Alsi)  tin-  liniiR'atciiil  cif  I'vriy  hi'iiil  iif  ii  fiiiiilly,  ti) 
the  value  of  |MHI,  provlilcd  hi'  Ihih  IiiiiI  it  (li'c'liiriitliin 
unci  due  iiutlee  of  such  iiiti'iillnii  Hiifiied,  Heiiicd,  uiiij 
witnessed,  and  duly  reKlHti'icd  In  the  nfllce  of  the 
KfKlster  of  the  County,  iind  pi'miiini'iilly  ri'Klilcn  iin 
the  lioinenti'iid.  The  widow  of  ii  houm'kei'iicr,  iin<l 
the  children  durhiK  their  minority,  uru  entitled  to  all 
the  benettts  of  the  exemption. 

TK.XAS. 

The  law  exempts  from  sale  on  execution,  and  en- 
titles the  widow  of  decedent  to  U(K)  acres  of  land,  or 
any  town  or  city  lot,  or  lots,  not  to  exceed  In  value 
I'.'IHMI,  on  the  homei^tead  of  a  fandly.  Iiouxi'lmld  and 
kitchen  furniture,  not  to  exceed  In  value  |'2iHI.  All 
im[ilemenlj<  of  husbandry,  etc.,  etc.  Ily  a  recent  de- 
cision of  the  Su|irenie  Court,  an  uniiiarrli-il  man  Is 
entltleil  to  the  same  exemption,  except  the  'iiNl  acres 
of  lan<l.  lie  nniy  retain  a  town  lot  and  luipruve- 
mentji  to  the  value  of  |5U<). 

VEKMONT. 

The  Ilnmestead  Kxemptlon  Law  b  for  the  value  of 
|AUU.    Alechanlcs  have  u  lien. 

VIIUilNIA. 
Ill  the  caie  of  a  husband  or  parent,  a  few  house- 


hold articles  of  furniture  and  provisions;  and  In  case 
III  a  mccliaiilc,  the  toids  and  utennlls  of  his  traile,  not 
to  exceeil  I'JA  In  value.  Kandly  portraits  anil  en- 
KravUiKs  are  expressly  exempted  rniin  distress  or 
levy.  !<lave»,  also,  without  llie  debtor's  consent, 
where  there  are  ntlicr  ((ooils  and  ehattelii  of  rjuth 
debtor  sulllcient  for  the  purpose. 


WISCONSIN. 

The  law  exempts  from  forced  sale  a  homestead  eon- 
slstlii(iof  any  i|iianllty  of  iand,  not  exciedinK4ii  acres, 
iisi'il  for  a)irlculluriil  purposes,  and  the  dweliinx- 
lioiiwc,  and  lis  appurtenances  thereon,  to  lie  siiecleil 
liy  (he  owner  thereof,  and  not  Included  In  any  town- 
pint,  or  city,  or  viiiaKc;  or  liiNtead  tiiereof,  at  tlio 
opilon  of  tile  OH  her,  a  lot  of  land  not  exceediiiK  one- 
i|iiarli'r  of  an  acre,  lieiiiK  Mitidii  a  recorded  town- 
plot,  or  clly,  or  vliiiiKe,  and  the  dwellinnliouse  there- 
on, and  its  appurtenances.  This  exeiiipllon  does  not 
alFict  any  laboiiriT's  or  inccliaiiic's  ileii. 

Tile  law  also  exeinpis  the  dweliiiiKhouse  owned  by 
any  person  and  situate  on  land  not  his  own,  but 
wliicli  land  he  Is  riKbtruliy  in  posses.iion  of  by  lease 
or  otherwise,  jirovlded  he  claims  such  house  as  his 
honu'Stead. 

Owners  of  homesteads  may  remove  from  and  sell 
the  same,  and  such  removal  or  sale  shall  not  render 
the  honieslcad  siiliject  to  forced  sale  on  execulion 
hereafter  i.ssued  in  the  State  or  I'lilled  Slates  (  ourts 
against  the  owner,  except  in  Jiid|;inent  for  fore- 
closure of  morlKiiKes.  The  lioinestead  to  descend  to 
the  widow,  who  shall  hold  it  during  widowhood. 


COMPARATIVE  TIME  INDICATOR, 

Showing  th«  Time  at  the  Principal  Citien  of  the  Vnited  Staten  and  Canada,  compared  with  Noon 
at  \Va«hiit<jtoii,  Xiw  Yink  and  J/imt/ral. 

There  is  no  standnrd  railfond  time  in  America  ns  in  Great  I5ritnin.  Each  railroad  com- 
pany adopts  the  time  of  its  own  locality. 

Travellers  are  apt  to  experience  coiisideralile  annoyance  in  consequence  of  such  difference. 
The  only  way  is  to  oliserve  what  difference  there  is  between  the  time  in  each  particular 
place,  and  arrange  accordinj.;ly. 

For  difference  of  time  hetween  Wasliington  and  the  chief  cities  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  see  Time  Indicator  on  following  jMige: — 

NOOX    AT    MONTREAL. 

At  II  mil  hi 

Hoston 12  1'.'  I".  M. 

Hllfl'lllo 11  40  A.  M. 

Colliiigwood,  (".  W 113;!    " 

(Jmlerich,  C.  W 11  28    " 

Hamilton,  0.  W 11  .O')    " 

Kingston,  C.  W 114!)    " 

London,  ('.  W 11  SO    " 

.\c\v  Voik  Citv 11  .'"iS    " 

Ottawa,  C.  W" 11  ,•)•->    " 

I'aiis,  C.  W 1137    " 

I'elerboroiigh,  C.  W 11  40    " 

Port  Hope,  C.  W 1140    " 

I'ortlnnd,  Me I'i  14  p.  m. 

tjucbec,  C.  K 12  10    " 

Richmond 12    0    " 

.Surnia,  C.  W 1 1  2.">  a.  M. 

St.  Tiiomas,  C.  E 12  13    " 

Three  Rivers,  C.  E 12    4  r.  M. 

Toronto,  C.  W 11  30    " 

Windsor,  C.  W 11  23  a.  m. 


NOO^f  AT   NEW  yoiiK. 
At  U  witt  ht 

Augusta,  Ga 11  SO  a.  m. 

Baltimore,  Md 11  .10    " 

Boston 1 2  1 2  p.  M. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 11  40  A.  M. 

Charleston,  S.  C 11  30    " 

Chicago,  111 11    0    " 

Cincinnati,  0 11  is    " 

Cleveland,  0 1130    " 

Columbus,  0 11  24    " 

Detroit,  Mich 11  >\    " 

Indianapolis,  Ind 1114    " 

Louisville,  Kv 11  U    " 

New  Orleans",  La. 10  .'i4    " 

Philadelphia 11  ,'i.5    " 

Pittsburg,  Pa 11  3r)    " 

Portland;  Me 12  16    " 

Richmond,  Va 1146    " 

St.  Louis,  Mo 10  .").")    " 

at.  Paul,  Min 10  45    " 


DIFFERENCE   OF  TIME  BETWEEN  ElIROrE  AND  AMERICA. 

WHEN   IT   IS    NOON    AT    NEW  YOUK, 


At  ,  _  II  trill  bt 

London- .•.• 4  5.5  p.  m. 

Liverpool 4  44    " 

Dublin 4  30    " 

Edinburgh 4  43    " 

Glasgow. . . . , 4  44.   " 


At  It  Kill  bt 

Madrid 4  4o  p.  m. 

Rome .I  40    " 

Hamburg 5  3.")    " 

Constantinople 6  51    " 

Paris " 


88 


BUSINESS — PAST,   PRESENT,   AND   FUTURE. 


BUSINESS— PAST,   PRESENT,   AND  FUTURR 

As  upon  the  conmiercial  position  erf  affairs  gcnernlly  depends  tlie  progress  of  the 
country,  and  happiness  and  comfort  of  the  people,  we  purpose  noticing  here,  brieflj', 
the  Lading  oharacteristics  of  the  business  done  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  during 
tlie  year  1857,  conii)aring  its  disasters  with  those  of  1858,  and  ascertain  something,  if  pos- 
sible, of  the  future. 

P'rom  statistics  publislied,  we  find  that  in  1857,  tiiroughout  the  entire  United  States, 
there  were  4,932  failures,  involving  an  amount  of  liabilities  of  $291,750,000,  (or  about 
£58,:io0,000  stg.,)  against  which  we  find  tliat  in  1858  there  were  4,225  failures,  with  lia- 
bilities of  $95,749,062  (or  about  £19,149,932  stg.).  This  shows  a  difference  of  £39,210,- 
068  stg.,  between  the  amount  failed  for  in  1857  and  that  in  1858,  but  in  reality  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  amounts  of  both  years'  failures  are  connected  with  the  trade  of  1857,  and 
that  wliich  was  done  previous  to  the  panic  which  set  in  in  October  that  year — tlie  elTects 
of  which  were  carried  into,  and  throughout  the  most  part  of  the  year  1858 — thus  showing 
u  grand  total  of  $387,499,662,  or  within  a  trifle  of  seventy-seven  milliuns  and  a  half  of 
pounds  sterlir.tj  of  liabilities. 

The  only  natural  conclusion  is,  as  we  liave  stated,  that  this  large  amount  of  monej',  has 
accriK-d  nearly  entirely  from  the  panic,  as  it  is  well-known  that  the  bona-fide  trade  done 
during  the  year  1858,  has  been  characterized  by  the  greatest  caution,  and  there  has  been 
no  business  done  of  a  speculative  kind. 

As  one  of  the  pleasing  features  connected  with  the  panic  of  IBS'?,  is  the  undoubted  fact, 
of  an  immense  amount  of  debts  due  by  parties  with  whom  coinpromis  's  were  nnide,  and 
to  otl)ers,  agair,  to  whom  time  was  granted  during  the  pressure — having  ,^nid  up  i!i  full — 
and  even  now,  houses  are  to  be  found  anticipating  the  time  in  paying  u])  tlu'ir  dividt  Is, 
and  paying  in  full.  Independent  of  large  concerns,  we  believe  that  amongst  the  sniull- 
er  class  of  tradesmen  the  honourable  ond  independent  spirit  of  paying  u])  every  cent  for 
the  dollar  past  due,  has  been  largely  carried  out,  .ind  speaks  well  for  the  confidence  which 
is  mutually  exchanged  between  parties,  which,  after  oil,  is 'more  valuable  in  commercial 
communities,  Jian  bank  bills. 

i'jghte  n  hundred  ond  fifty-eight,  then,  nioy  be  said  to  have  seen  the  end  of  the  great 
commercial  disasters,  which  broke  out  first  in  Cincinnati  in  September,  1857,  (in  the  fail- 
ure of  the  Ohio  Life  and  Trust  Company,)  and  which  has  extended  to  very  nearly  every 
corner  of  the  earth.  No  doubt  but  that  in  some  districts,  particularly  in  the  large  cities  of 
the  Northern  and  Wester:i  States,  a  large  amount  of  old  outstanding  debts  are  yet  to  col- 
lect, where  possible ;  but  people  now  know  the  extent  of  the  ini:K"hief  which  has  been  done, 
and  are  regulating  accordingly.  The  trode  of  the  past  year,  1858,  has,  therefore,  been  the 
commencement  of  another  new  era  in  commercial  afl'airs,  and  which  will,  no  doubt,  for 
some  time  at  least,  exhibit  more  caution  than  was  shown  for  some  years  ])revious  to  tlie 
panic. 

That  the  country  is  already  exhibiting  signs  of  reviving  health  and  strength  in  its  manu- 
facturing, agricultural  and  commercial  departments  is,  undoubtedly,  a  cheering  fact,  de- 
spite those  complaints  which  now  and  then  appear  on  the  surface,  v/hen  balancing 
the  books  of  some  of  the  public  companies,  or  fast  young  cities  in  the  west — rising, 
like  the  excrescences,  from  an  unhealthy  body,  to  get  cured,  and  thereby  leaving  the  great 
parent-system  sounder  and  healthier  than  before. 

In  some  of  the  manufacturing  concerns  of  New  England,  two  to  three  months'  orders 
are  in  hand  for  goods  at  present  rates,  and  more  orders  refused,  excepting  at  the  market 
prices,  when  the  goods  ore  ready  for  delivery. 

In  commercial  circles,  wholesale  men  are  looking  forward  to  doing  a  moderately  large 
and  safe  trade  throughout  the  j'ear,  as,  from  the  mauiier  in  which  oil  classes  of  store-keep- 
ers have  been  running  down  their  stocks  for  the  last  fifteen  months,  their  shelves  are  com- 
paratively bare  of  goods.    i  that  on  ordinary  supply  must  be  had;  ond  judging  from  the 


BUSINESS— PAST,    PKESENT,    AND   FUTUUE. 


89 


indications  which  the  spring  trade  ah-eady  gives,  there  is  every  rei.son  fur  encouragement 
for  tlie  future. 

The  emigration  from  Europe  during  1858,  lias  fallen  off  very  consideraoly  compared  with 
previous  years,  no  doubt  owing  to  tlie  general  stagnation  of  affairs,  together  wilh  the  in- 
ducenunts  liitlierto  held  out  for  emigrating  to  the  Australian  colonies ;  but  as  the  policy 
of  emigrating  even  there  at  present,  is  questionable,  we  have  no  doubt  but  that  in  the 
natural  course  of  events  the  United  States  and  Canada  will  bo  enjoying  as  large  a  share  of 
European  emigration  as  ever  tliey  have  done,  as,  what  wi.h  the  banks  full  of  "idle  capital, 
the  recuperative  powers  of  the  country,  the  character  of  the  people,  and  the  favourable 
commercial  prospects  for  tiie  future,  every  thing  bids  fair  to  see  an  early  revival  of  tiie 
time  when  things  will  be  going  "  ahead,"  as  usual,  in  '•  full  blast," 

We  invite  attention  to  the  very  valuable  table  of  statistics,  drawn  up  by  Messrs.  B. 
Douglass  &  Co.,  of  the  Mercantile  Agenoj-,  given  elsewhere,  in  which  will  be  found  some 
interesting  particulars  in  connection  with  the  failures  of  IS.'iV  and  1858.  From  it  we  ex- 
tract ihc  following  statistics,  respecting  the  failures  in  Canada : — 


;    . 


CANADA.       TOTAL   NUMBER   OF    FAILURES   FROM    IST  OF  JANUARY   TO    25rU   DECEMBER. 


JViimher  of  Failures. 
18r.7.  1858. 


In  Toronto,  C.  W 25  Hi 

Remainder  of  Canada  ^\  est 109  211 

In  Montreal,  C.  E 15  40 

Remainder  of  Canada  East. ....  15  22 


Total  LiMlities. 

1857. 


[£542,800]  I 
[£4;)4,400]  I 


Total  Lialilities. 

185S. 


12,714,000. 
2,172,000. 

Increase  of  failures  in 'Canada  West  in  1858.  'J.I 
Increase  iu  Canada  East  in  1858 32 


$383,376.    r  £7C,fi75] 
1,305,879.    [£261,175'| 


F-oni  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  business  has  been  more  healthy  in  Toronto  in  1858 
than  in  1857,  there  being  a  decrease  there  of  9  failures  during  the  12  months  just  ended. 
Whilst  throughout  the  other  portions  of  Canada  West,  there  has  been  an  inctease  of  109 
failures,  during  the  same  period.  This  may  be  accounted  for  from  the  fact  of  many  of  the 
failures  in  Toronto  during  the  panic  of  the  latt  3  months  of  1857  having  oc  urred  before 
their  effects  reached  the  country  towns  in  the  province  of  Canada  West. 

In  Montreal  again  the  case  is  reversed,  tliere  having  been  25  more  failures  in  1858  than 
there  were  there  in  1857,  owing  probably  to  the  same  cause  as  already  alluded  to — that  the 
failures,  during  the  panic  of  1857-8,  were  not  announced  in  Montreal  until  after  1858  came 
in,  and  thus  have  been  included  in  the  returns  for  1858.  In  the  remainder  of  the  province 
of  Canada  East,  the  number  of  failures,  announced  as  being  22  in  number  for  1858,  also 
shows  an  iacroa~e  of  7  over  the  previous  year  (1857). 

Although  these  facts  show,  in  1858,  an  increase  of  failures  in  Canada  West  to  the  extent 
of  si-xty-two  per  cent.,  and  in  Canada  East  of  one  hundred  per  cent,  over  those  of  1857,  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  such  increase  is  to  be  entirely  attributed  to  the  effects  of  the 
great  panic  which  set  in,  in  October,  1857 — and  that  that  increase  more  properly  belongs  to 
the  trade  of  1857  than  that  of  1858,  as  the  trade  of  1858  has  been  characterized  by  extreme 
caution — and  what  has  been  done,  has  been  done  saftly — to  a  very  great  extent.  During 
that  time  the  fraudulent  and  weak  in  business  have  been  pretty  well  weeded  out— and  had 
the  last  wheat  crop  not  proved  to  a  very  large  extent  a  failure,  things  would  have  been 
much  better  throughout  Canada  for  the  last  six  months  than  they  were.  Business  matters 
are  now,  however,  upon  a  sound  footing — the  principal  thing  requred  being  good 
crops  for  the  next  few  years  in  Canada— ami  more  particularly  if  the  crops  prove  short 
in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland— this,  together  with  aii  addition  to  the  capital  of  the 
country,  is  what  is  wanted  to  render  things  in  Canada  bs  lively  and  prosperous  as  ever 
tliey  were. 


STATISTICS  OF  FAILURES. 


FAILURES  IN  AMERICA  IN  1857  AND   1858. 

TiiE  following  tiibles  of  Statistics  regarding  the  nun-ber  of  failures  which  have  occurred 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  have  been  compiled  by  Messra.  B.  Douglass  &  Co.,  of  the 
Mercantile  Agency,  New  York,  from  the  immense  mass  of  information,  which  the  magni- 
tude of  tiieir  establishment  and  business  relations  has  placed  them  in  possession  of. 

Apart  from  the  facts  with  which  they  are  pregnant,  they  will  form,  in  all  time  coming, 
interesting  memento  of  a  most  eventful  cqpnmercial  epoch. 

STATISTICS  AS   TO  FAILUUE8  FKOM   DEC.    25,    1857,   TO   DEC.    26,    1858. 


Localities. 


New  York — 

N.  Y.  City  (incl.  Brooklyn  and  W'msburg.) 

Albany 

Buffalo 

Oswego 

Rochester 

Syracuse 

Trov 

Utica 

Balance  of  State 

Pennsylvania — 

Pliihulelpbia 

Pitlsburg 

Balance  of  State 

Ohio — 

Cincinnati 

Cleveland 

Balance  of  State 

Indiana 

Michigan — 

Detroit 

Balance  of  State 

Illinois — 

Chicago 

Balance  of  State 

Iowa— 

Dubuque 

Balance  of  State 

Wisconsin — 

Milwaukee 

Balance  of  State 

Minnesota  and  Territories 

Delaware  AND  District  of  Coldhbia 

Massacucsetts — 

Boston 

Balance  of  State 

Rhode  Island — 

Providence 

Balance  of  State 

Connecticut 

Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

New  Jeksey 

Louisiana — 

New  Orleans 

Balance  of  State 

M1S.S0UKI — 

St.  Louis 

liulancc  of  State 

Maryland — 

Baltimore 

Balance  of  State 


J 


No. 

915 
35 
U 
13 
31 
2U 
24 
20 

447 

280 

28 

22() 

96 

30 

2-20 

139 

34 

98 


s 


^3? 

V2 


No. 


Is 
I'll 


Dots. 


400  147,682 

22    23,943 

86'   f)H,«67 

Si   12,.38.5 

151  27,419 

l.'),034 

60,9.')8 

29,250 

15,188 


19: 

10 

10 

340, 


5 « 


Dols. 

43,777 
15,714 
16,665 
9,20U 
23,000 
21, .WO 
27,857 
21,222 
12,693 


109!ll7,693  91,765 


22 
232 

51 

17 

214 

127 

27 
120 


42,2.50  27,761 
10,102,20,033 

40,603126,883 


20,433 
10,714 
11,769 

44,530 
10,246 


117   87  56,171 
199  305  13,900 


36 

108 

19 

101 

63 

20 

253 
230 

35 
4 

61 
81 
70 
67 
86 

58 
5 

49 
29 

58 
41 


26 
94 

21 

137 

90 

46 


15,000 

7,>sl7 
9,092 

38,812 
14,429 

41,272 
16,322 


20,417  81,733 
12,342  23,363 


20,000 
12,316 
27,063 
13,050 


14,975 

17,779 

15,176 

6,025 


123  162,095'33,975 
128  11,352  15,139 


17 
13 
H9 
61 
37 
40 
60 


130,400,22,000 
26,250  21,071 
1»,508  24,870 
13,087 1 10,591 


13,257 

8,299 

13,279 


10,896 

6,968 

12,930 


45  108,362:77,000 
13    49,200,26,300 

22  11^094  3.5,.590 
29    14,93121,000 


76 
92 


■5,'>,275'32,U0 
17,6,83!  5,663 


E.S 


Dols. 

135,129,000 
838,000 

4,224,000 
161,000 
850,000 
436,000 

1,607,000 
585,000 

6,7«9,000 

32,954,000 
1,183,000 
2,283,000 

3,898,000 

61.'i,000 

2,357,000 

1,636,000 

1,, 514,000 
1,004,000 

6,572,000 
2,766,000 

735,000 
1,333,000 

380,000 
1,244,000 
1,705,000 

261,000 

41,010,000 
2,611,000 

4,564,000 
105,000 

1,129,000 

1,0()0,000 
92,S,000 
473,000 

1,142,000 

6,285,000 
246,000 

5,522,000 
433,(100 

8,206,000 
725,000 


Tit 

r: 


Dols. 

17,773,462 
345,708 
599,940 
73,600 
345,000 
40S,,500 
27h,570 
212,220 
4,315,620 

10,002,385 

610,742 

4,647,656 

1,.345,,533 

255,000 

1,672,838 

1,154,684 

1,047,924 
1,731,480 

3,.590,664 
4,978,210 

825,058 
2,196,122 

314,475 
2,435,723 
1,365,840 

277,150 

4,178,925 
1,937,792 

874,000 
273,923 
2,213,430 
646,051 
403,152 
27H,720 
775,800 

3,465,000 
341,900 

782,980 
609,000 

2,442,640 
520,996 


STATISTICS  OP  FAILURES. 

8TATI8TI08  AS  TO  FAttUBES    FROM    DEC.    25,    1857,   TO   DKC.    25,    1858. 

[Continwd,'] 


01 


LocaliUea. 


Kentucky— 

Louiaville 

Balance  of  State 

ViRfllNIA — 

Richmond 

Bnlnnco  of  State 

Georoia 

Arkansas 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Tennessee 

Texas 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina — 

Charleston 

Balance  of  State 

Florida 

Total  United  States 

Canada  West — 

Toronto 

Balance  Canada  West 

Canada  East — 

Montreal 

Balance  Canada  East 

Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brusnwick 

Total  United  States  and  British  Provinces. 


19 
31 

30 
90 
32 

7 

le 
11 

40 
lo 
6-> 

31 
24 

7 


4'.I32 

109 

1") 
1") 

22 


511? 


18 
62 

25 
244 

71 
17 

48 
30 

lo;ii 

2S[ 
90 

20 

211 

6 

42251 


■i 


39,842 
32,484 

26,033 
10,911! 
28,906 
44,143 
18.437 
40,455 
17,800 
26,200 
18,887, 

29,742 
12,708 
35,7  Id 


30,859 
11,000 

19,965 
8,950 
19,1133 
43,500 
42,474 
29,250 
15,505 
16,694 
16,660 

28,909 
11,900 
23,740 


16  108,560  23,961 
2111  ly,926|  6,189 

40  34,866  27,751 

22  84,466  28,035 

23  [  02,500  44,423 


4537  i 


757,000 
1,007,000 

781,000 
982,000 
925,000 
309,000 
295,000 
445,000 
712,000 
393,000 
1.171,000 

922,000 
305,000 
250,000 


291,750,000 

2,714,000 
2,172,000 

523,000 
1,267,000 
1,375,000 


555,402 
682,000 

499,125 

2,183,800 
1,415,243 

739,500 
2,038,752 
1,053,000 
1,597,015 

407,432 
1,499,400 

578,180 
249,900 
142,440 


95,749,662 

383,376 
1,305,879 

1,110,040 

010,770 

1,021,844 


299,801,000  100,187,571 


states  in  which  failures  increased  in  1858. 

Michigan 15 

IMinois 76 

Wisconsin 38 

Minnesota  and  Territories 27 

Delaware  and  District  of  Columbia 26 

Connecticut 28 

Marvland (i9 

Kentucky 30 

Virginia 149 

Georjfia 39 

Arkansas 10 

Alabanni 32 

Mississipi)i 25 

Tennessee 63 

Texas 13 

North  Carolina 28 

Canada  West 93 

Canada  East 32 

Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick 1 


states  in  wiitcii  failures  decre.«ed  in  1858. 

\ew  York  City  and  State 720 

Pennsylvania 171 

Ohio." 04 

Indiana 12 

Iowa 24 

Massachusetts 232 

Kliodc  island 9 

Maine 20 

New  Hampshire 33 

Vermont 17 

New  Jersey 26 

Louisiana 5 

Missouri 27 

South  Carolina 14 

Florida 1 


92 


FARES  AND  DISTANCES  FliOM  NEW  YORK. 


DISTANCES  AND  FARES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 


In  the  following  tables  will  be  found  the  fares  and  distances — as  near  as  can  be  ascer- 
tained— from  New  York  to  the  principal  cities  and  towns,  more  particularly  in  the  north 
and  north-west  districts. 

The  fares  given,  are  first  class,  as  well  as  emigrant  fares  per  railroad  all  the  way  ;  also, 
per  railroad  and  steamboats,  where  the  latter  run. 

Although  the  fares  from  New  York  to  the  north  and  west,  are  professedly  the  same,  by 
all  the  different  routes,  yet  the  railroad  companies  object  to  publish  emigrant  fares,  which 
renders  a  compilation  of  such  more  tiiau  usually  difficult.  Tiie  faros  as  stated,  however, 
we  believe  will  be  found  correct,  or  ony  difference  there  may  be,  will  be  trifling.  The 
summer  fares  are  lower  than  those  now  stated. 

To  the  north  and  west,  the  following  are  the  great  leading  routes: — 

TiiE  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad. — (Station,  West  street,  foot  of  Duane  street,)  extend- 
ing to  Buffalo  and  Dunkirk. 

The  Hudsox  River  Railroad. — (?:ation,  corner  of  Warren  street  and  College  Place,)  or 
Line  of  Steamers  to  Albany — thence  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  and  others,  from 
there. 

TuE  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  by  way  of  IMiiladelphia  and  Pittsburg,  one  of  the 
beat  made  lines  in  the  country,  and  through  a  beautiful  district,  now  connected  right 
through  to  Cliicago. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ouio  Railroad,  through  the  far-famed  scenery  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  one  of  the  finest  routes  wliich  can  be  taken  by  tourists. 

Parties  at  a  loss  for  amount  of  fares  to  any  given  point,  may  calculate  at  the  rate  of  3 
cents  per  mile  first  class,  and  one  cent  a  mile  for  emigrant  class. 

Strangers  will  observe  that  tlie  fares  are  stated  in  ($)  dollars,  and  (cts.)  cents.  For 
every  dollar  count  4s.  Id.  stg.,  and  for  every  cent,  one-halfpenny  stg.,  which  will  give 
travellers  from  Europe  an  idea  of  the  fares  in  British  money. 

Tile  fares  in  the  second  emigrant  column,  do  not  include  meals  on  board  the  steamers 
on  the  Ohio,  Mispouri,  and  Mississi[)pi  rivers. 

Emigrants  proceeding  from  New  York,  are  booked  at  Castle  Garden,  or  at  Uie  office  252 
Canal  street,  near  Washington  street. 


A 


M 


HAIIE  OF  FLACK. 


STATE. 


Auburn New  York 

Aurora Illinois 

Alton "         

Albany New  York 

Aua  Arbour MichlKun 

Atchison Kansas  Territory. . 

liatavia New  York 

Burlington Vf  nnont 

Booneville Missouri 

lialliinore Maryland 

Boston Massachusetts 

lirunswick Missouri 

Belloit Wisconsin 

Bellefontaine Ohio 

Hurllngton Iowa 

Illoomington Illinois 

Buffalo New  York 

Brockville Canada  West 

Cincinnati Ohio 

t  ainden Missouri 

Chariton Iowa 

Cayuga New  York 

Crestlin* Ohio 

Collingwood Canada  West 

Chatham |  "  .... 

Cobourg "  


DI.I.   froi«   Firat  clBM     KMIBRANT  PARES. 

N.Ynrk.   ;  Fairs  |wr  o  ,,  — iTTi r 

Ruiloa.l,      Railro»,l.      1'"  Rail-     lUllro«a 
>      roatl.       .A  Sttner. 


Miles. 

810 
9hl 

1058 
144 
716 

1606 
40.5 
805 

1305 
188 
342 

1372 

■  1071 

690 

1148 

1036 
442 
478 
7.56 

1461 

1260 
329 
630 
623. 
630 
606 


$  cts. 

6  48 

25  85 
80  25 

8  (M) 

17  10 
44  00 

8  25 

7  60 
89  00 

9  00 

8  00 
41  00 

26  .36 

18  15 
30  00 

27  00 

9  00 
10  90 
21  00 
41  00 
88  10 

6  70 
16  25 
14  82 
14  U) 
13  82 


$  Cl9. 

11  00 
18  50 

1  50 
9  00 
20  00 
6  00 
6  00 

6  00 
6  00 

12  50 
8  50 

14  00 

12  .50 

6  00 

C  50 

10  00 


4  00 
7  75 

5  25 
7  50 

6  00 


(  cts. 

9  60 
12  00 

7  00 
19  00 


2  60 

It  00 

7  50 

12  50 

11  00 


9  00 


6  76 
760 


FARES  AND  DISTANCES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 


93 


Continuation  of  the  preceding 

page. 

HAMS  or  PLACE. 

STATE. 

DUt.  from 
N.  York. 
Railroail. 

Flrat  cluH 
Kilru  iwr 
HHllroH.!. 

EMianANT 

Per  Riiil- 
road. 

FARES. 

RiTirraiid 
ai  Stea'er 

Copetown 

Canada  West 

New  York 

Ohio ....'" 

Miles. 

802' 

CSU 

8fi6 

693 

685 

91)8 

91)9 

1400 

705 

678 

989 

991 

1096 

ItMW 

495 

1142 

1204 

459 

995 

497 

1278 

761 

1044 

1064 

1029 

1198 

1270 

499 

834 

1076 

1079 

520 

596 

1237 

6tt3 

885 

864 

474 

509 

1044 

490 

1260 

1150 

818 

999 

843 

1198 

821 

943 

1480 

1193 

870 

854 

8;« 

454 

1568 

360 

,566 

1006 

1198 

897 

401 

996 

766 

250 

729 

906 

1115 

1480 

1211 

993 

1166 

1184 

401 

10S5 

1939 

1638 

17 

622 

2219 

1950 

447 

(    cts. 
10  65 

8  60 
7  46 

14  00 

18  00 
24  00 
81  00 
68  60 

19  60 

16  (K) 
24  iW 

26  75 
29  60 

27  00 
10  44 
29  85 

28  85 

10  10 
28  50 

11  60 

85  10 

19  75 

28  00 

29  60 

27  60 

81  15 
89  85 

10  66 
7  00 

29  00 
29  10 

11  40 
13  47 

40  00 
18  83 

20  70 

21  60 

9  81 
10  86 

28  25 

10  50 

82  50 
80  60 

22  50 

27  00 

24  25 

86  00 

20  00 

25  65 

41  00 
82  75 

9  10 
24  85 

22  00 
9  50 

42  00 

23  00 

12  76 

26  00 
82  60 
23  00 

11  00 
26  70 

17  40 
10  60 

16  25 
22  00 

21  60 
40  00 
37  00 
26  60 

28  60 

29  90 
9  85 

29  60 
61  00 
47  no 
00  25 

17  26 
54  00 
61  00 

9  00 

t     CtB. 

6  25 
600 
460 
6  60 

8  60 

10  00 
14  50 

9  60 

8  60 

11  60 
10  00 
16  00 

12  65 
6  25 

26  00 
18  00 

5  00 
18  50 

6  00 

9  50 
18  75 
16  50 
18  50 
16  00 

625 

4  50 

13  50 

14  50 

7  00 
650 

18  00 

800 

10  00 

10  00 

6  00 

6  76 

13  IH) 
6  25 

16  00 

14  00 

10  60 

13  00 
12  00 

17  00 
960 

12  00 
20  00 
17  00 

11  00 
10  50 

6  00 
20  00 
10  75 

7  75 
U  50 

17  00 

12  00 

6  00 
12  00 

8  60 

8  no 

10  00 

14  00 

15  00 

12  50 

18  60 

13  75 

7  no 

13  50 
15  00 

00  13 

8  65 
20  00 
15  00 

5  00 

%  cts. 

560 

7  60 
-  60 

18  00 

860 
600 

9  50 

8  60 

18  60 
11  26 

13  60 

11  50 

12  60 

T  60 
12  26 

14  00 
12  00 

12  00 

13  00 

17  00 

860 
860 

12  00 

14  60 
12  60 

9  60 
11  60 
11  00 
16  00 

800 
960 

19  00 

15  00 
6  00 

10  00 
860 

19  00 

8  75 

10  00^ 

16  60(1 

11  00 

10  60 
760 

860 

12  60 

18  00 

13  00 

9  60 
12  00 
12  76 

11  60 

17  78 

18  00 

Cape  Vincent 

Canandalgua 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

a 

Chicago 

Illinois 

Cairo 

n 

Council  Bluffs 

Iowa 

Dayton  

Ohio 

Detroit 

Danville 

Michigan 

Illinois 

Decatur 

it 

Dunleith 

ti 

Dixon 

it 
Canada  West 

Dundas 

l>avenport 

Dunkirk 

ti 

New  York 

Indiana 

Pennsylvania 

Kvansville 

Krie 

Eddyvllle 

Fort  Wayne 

Indiana 

Fulton 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Illinois 

Freeport 

Kairtield 

Iowa 

Flamborough..S 

(ieneva 

Canada  West 

New  York 

Illinois.   

it 

(lalena 

Canada  M'est 

Missouri  .         ... 

(ilasgow 

GodiTlcli 

(irand  Kaplds 

(■rami  Haven 

Canada  West 

Micliigan. 

Canada  West 

Wisconsin  ........ 

Canada  West 

Missouri  .. 

(irlinsby 

Ilarrisburg 

Hamilton 

Hannibal 

loua  t'itv 

Indianapolis 

Janesville 

JelTersonville 

Jefferson  City 

Kalamazoo 

IndianL 

Wisconsin  ,...,.  . 
Indiana 

Missouri 

Michigan  . 

Wisconsin 

Kansas 

Kansas  City 

Keokuk 

Kingston 

Lexington 

Canada  West 

Kentucky 

Logansport 

Leiviston 

Leavenworth  City 

Lafavette 

Indiana 

New  York 

Indiana 

Canada  West 

Illinois 

Lasalle 

La  Crosse 

Wisconsin 

Kentucky 

Louisville 

Montreal 

Mendota 

Mount  Vernon 

Mount  Vernon 

Mansfield  

Michigan  City 

Macomb 

Memphis,  via  St.  Loula  . . . 

"         via  Cairo 

Milwaukee 

Madison 

Muscatine 

Newburg 

Canada  Kast 

Illinois 

Ohio 

Virginia 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Tennessee 

ti 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 

Canailtt  West 

Hllnois         

Natchcii 

Mississippi 

Newark 

Newark 

New  Orleans,  via  St.  Louis 

"          "        via  Cairo  . . . 

Niagara  Falls 

New  Jersey 

Ohio 

New  York 

w 


u 


FARES  AND  DISTANCES  FKOM   NEW  YORK. 


Continuation  <if  preceding  page. 


NAMB  OF  PLACB. 

BTATR. 

DIat.  fWim 

N.  Yiirk. 
Kiiilron.1, 

FInt  rliiM 
Faros  iMT 
Kutlruwl. 

KMIQRANT 

'I'cr  K«ll- 
n>itil. 

9  cts. 

4  60 

'e'io 

0  90 
12  60 

10  26 
9  00 

16  26 

14  (H) 

1  00 

i'm 

6  00 

7  00 

15  75 

15  50 

5  00 
12  26 
18  00 

5  00 
12  50 

8  60 

18  00 

7  ,50 

7  78 

8  00 
12  76 

9  (M) 
8  75 
8  .50 

5  00 
14  00 
21  00 
18  26 

2  .50 

6  .50 

8  25 

11  60 

9  00 
2  .50 

12  .50 

16  Oo 
14  00 

4  00 

13  (K) 

11  60 
18  00 

8  50 

8  00 

9  25 
9  00 

FARES. 

Riiilroiiil 
ii  Stfii'ijr 

t   Cts. 

7  60 

11  00 

8  25 

8  00 
14  75 
18  00 

7  00 

7  00 

6  00 

14  25 
14  00 

9  60 
11  60 

2  75 

17  00 

6  00 

11  00 

8  00 

12  00 
16  75 

«  00 

10  50 

11  50 

12  50 
11  60 

9  00 
10  60 

6  00 

8  26 
8  00 

New  York 

Canada  West 

New  York 

Pennsylvania' 

Illinois 

Miles. 

277 

450 

463 

90 

1069 
840 
7*1 

1128 

1456 
602 
405 
619 
609 
419 
44-3 

ll(X) 

1196 
304 

1160 
.3.57 
993 

1096 
803 

1000 
2,'U 
289 

14,50 
607 
073 
6.50 
240 

1030 
728 
242 
405 
447 

1078 

15S9 

1.899 
182 
629 
090 
886 
74t 
2.39 
944 

1658 

1038 
325 

104;^ 

13(H) 
993 

1316 
226 
676 
507 

1529 
686 
602 

$  Ota. 

7  00 
11  87 
10  28 

3  00 

28  00 
21  50 
20  60 

81  26 

40  50 
10  86 

10  50 

11  16 
13  86 

10  60 
18  00 
37  (H) 

29  76 

8  26 

82  00 

9  00 
26  00 

25  .86 
7  60 

26  76 
5  20 

5  50 
SO  60 
.50  10 

15  86 

16  (H) 

6  06 
28  00 
18  90 

6  (H) 

15  00 
9  00 

81  00 
44  (M) 
42  (M) 

4  00 

11  .50 

17  IMI 

24  75 

18  70 
4  90 

26  76 
49  00 
28  00 

7  70 
28  25 

41  60 

25  00 
86  60 

7  50 

16  87 
1.5  ,50 

42  00 

19  50 
16  75 

Ottawa 

Pliiladelplira 

Piqua 

Ohio 

Wisconsin 

Canada  West 

II 

II 

41 

Preston 

Paris 

Port  Hope 

Portland 

Pittsburg 

Providence 

Portage  City 

Plattsburg 

Quincy 

House's  Point 

Pennsylvunlo 

Wisconsin 

Vermont 

Illinois 

New  York 

Wiscoasin 

Illinois 

Rock  Island 

llochester 

New  York 

Illinois 

Kockford 

New  York 

VoriuoDt.   . 

Itutland 

Red  Wing 

Minnesota 

Inwa 

Sidney 

Sandusky 

Slielby 

Springfield 

Springfield 

Springfield 

Ohio 

L( 

Miissachusetta 

Ohio 

Steubenville 

Suspension  Bridge 

St.  I,ouls 

St.  .Joseph 

Ohio 

Missouri 

11 

St.  Paul 

Minne.sola 

New  York 

Canada  West 

Ohio 

Saratoga 

Toronto 

Toledo 

Terre  Haute 

Ohio 

Utica 

Vincennes 

New  York 

Indiana.        .    . 

Mi.^sisslppi     

Watertown 

Wisconsin 

New  York 

Wisconsin 

Inwa 

Watertown 

Whitewater 

Winterset 

Wisconsin 

.Minnesota 

Dlst.  of  Columbia. 

Canada  West 

Virginia 

Mi-isouri. 

Winona 

Washington 

Windsor 

Wheeling 

Weston 

jKenia 

Ohio 

II 

FARES,   DISTANCES,   AND  ROUTES  FROM  QUEBEC. 


DISTANCES  AND  FARES  FROM  QUEBEC. 


EXPLANATION   OF   THE   INITIALS   IN   THE    ROI.'TKS. 


95 


O.  'i.  R.— Grana  Trunk  Railway. 

0.  8.  i  II.  U. — Ontario,  Slincoe,  and  llurou  Railway, 

G.  W.  R.— Great  Western  Railway. 


C.  &  P.  R.— Col)nr(f  anil  Peterborough  Railway. 
P.  &  O.  R.— Prescott  and  Ottawa  Railway. 
E.  T.— Eastern  Townaliips,  Lower  Canada. 


Emigrant  Fare 
by  Railway. 

Sterling.  '  $  ct9. 


PLACES 
IN   CANADA, 


14a. 
S2«. 
Vin. 
16«, 
22». 


24«. 
18», 
2S«. 
18«, 
2S». 
10», 
17«. 

68, 


•.Us. 


2n». 

208. 


26». 
]6«. 
14«, 
IN). 
22«, 

27«, 
8«, 

22«. 
8«. 
4s. 

128. 

22«. 

168. 


128. 

248. 
148, 
10«. 

188, 
188, 

298, 
208. 

128. 

238. 

168. 

188. 
228. 
248. 
228. 


f)  mi 

c  no 

H  .M) 

5  t,» 
8  00 
4  00 

6  60 
U  25 


C  00 

4  rx) 

7  00 
4  fiO 
7  00 
2  50 
4  25 
2  00 
2  75 


5  75 

6  00 
660 


6  60 
8  75 
8  60 
3  75 
6  60 

8  75 
2  00 
5  50 

2  00 
1  00 

3  00 

5  60 

4  00 


8  00 

6  00 
8  50 

3  75 

4  60 

8  25 

7  25 

5  00 

3  (10 

5  75 

4  00 

4  60 

6  .50 
6  00 
6  50 


Acton,  West 

Ilarrie 

Ilellevlile 

llondhead 

llrockviile 

lirighton 

Urampton 

Berlin 

Baltimore 

Bradina 

Bradford 

Ilowmanvilie 

C'liathani 

COltOURU 

(.■OI.USOWOOD 

Cornwall 

(.'olborne 

Conipton 

Dickenson's  Landing 

Dullin's  t'reek i 

Davenport  

Kckfried 

KiIm  ardsburg { 

(ianano(|ue ; 

(ieorgetown i 

Onelpii 

(iioiicester j 

(Jail ! 

tirafton ! 

HAMILTO.V : 

llainl)urg j 

i Holland  Lnnding 

jllarri^iburg 

illarwootl I 

;  Inilian  Village i 

Ingersoll 

KINGSTON I 

KemptviUe i 

Kelley's ; 

Keenu ' 

King 

LONDON I 

Lennoxville 

I.efroy 

Lancaster 

MONTRKAL 

.Matilda 

Morgan's 

Niagara  

Napanee 

NcwtonviUe 

*  Neivciistie 

Norton 

Newmarket 

OTTAWA 

Oliver's  Ferry,  (Rideau  Canal) 

Osiiawa 


Oxford.. 


Osgoode 

Owen  Sound 

Oakville 

Prescott 

Paris 

Pertb,  (Bathurst  District). . 


8   . 


50' 

586 

5(!5 

888 

498 

293 

410 

622 

603 

486 

444 

644 

457 

679 

481 

693 

286 

417 

lfl4 

245 

478 

frtl7 

680 

278 

8'.i8 

630 

560 

324 

570 

424 

r>39 

570 

6S3 

bos 

440 

449 

892 

840 

804 

316 

452 

609 

016 

123 

603 

222 

108 

267 

456 

637 

807 

448 

454 

157 

642 

835 

353 

467 

298 

812 

6;}0 

518 

281 

505 

830 


ROUTES, 


Emigrant  Fare 

by  Steamer 

and  Railway, 


Sterling. 


By  (1.  T.  R.  from  Toronto 

I  ''  O.  8.  and  U.  R.  from  Toronto. 

"  U.T.R 

"       '•       and  Steamer 


PORT   HOPE.. 

Peterboro 

Preston 

I  Richmond  Hill. 


from  Toronto. 


Railway  from  Cobourg. 


"       from  Toronto 

O.  T.  R. 

'  O.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

(!.  T.  R.  and  Steamer 

0.  S.  and  H.  It.  from  Toronto. 
G.  T.  R 


2l8. 
2l8. 
158. 

178. 
108. 


288. 

168. 
108. 
2(18. 

138.  M. 
248.  6(1. 
1.88.  Gd. 
228.  6(/. 

78.  aa. 


4  eta. 


via  Richmond 

or  Steamer  from.Montreal. 


0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto. 

(}.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

O.  T.R 


from  Toronto. 


5  26 
5  26 

3  76 

4  26 
2  60 


5  76 

3  78 

4  00 

5  00 
3  87 

0  12 
8  87 

6  62 

1  87 


"  G.  T.  and  P.  and  0.  R.  [risburg. 
From  Hamilton  by  G.  W.  R.  via  Har- 
By  Steamer  on  G.  T.  R 


437 
459 
573 
517 
Continued  on  neietjiaye. 


"  G.  T.  R.  from  Toronto 

"  O.  S.  and  H.  R 

"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton.  , . . 
"  G,  and  P.  R.  from  Cobourg. 


W.  R.  from  Hamilton.  . . , 

T.  R.  or  Steamer 

anil  0.  R.  from  Prescott. , 


I 

and  P.  R.  from  Cobourg ' 

S.  and  II.  R.  from  Toronto. 

W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

T.  R.  via  Richmond 

S.  and  II.  R.  from  Toronto. 
T.  R.  or  Steamer 


"  C.  and  P.  R.  from  Cobourg. 

From  Toronto  by  Steamer 

By  G.  T.  R 


98. 

2  26 

198. 

4  75 

228. 

6  50 

288, 

7  00 

98, 

2  25 

108. 

2  60 

228. 

5  60 

208. 

5  00 

128. 

8  00 

198. 

4  75 

178. 

0(/. 

4.87 

288. 

5  75 

21 8. 

5  26 

228. 

6  50 

188. 

460 

188. 

4  60 

22». 

5  60 

Via. 

8  00 

128. 

3  00 

138. 

3  28 

198. 

4  76 

288, 

6  76 

248, 

0  00 

198. 

6d. 

4  87 

68. 

I-J. 

1  62 

S.s. 

0  76 

108, 

260 

188. 

• 

4  80 

198. 

4  76 

138.  6(/.  1  8  87 


"        "        via  Richmond 

"  0.  S.  and  H.  R.  from  Toronto.  , 

"  P.  and  0.  R.  from  Prescott 

"  "  via  KemptviUe.... 

"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer 

"  P.  and  O.  R.  from  Prescott.  . . . 


"  0.  S.  and  II.  It.  from  Toronto. 
"  Steamer  or  G.  T.  R 


"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton 

"  Railroad  from  llrockviile,  nearly; 

opened i 

"  G.  T.  R.  or  Steamer | 

"  C.  and  P.  It.  from  Cobourg I 

"  G.  W.  R.  from  Hamilton  via  Gait.  I 
"  0.  S.  and  H.  It 


238. 

5  76 

118.  6rf. 

2  87 

Il8. 

2  76 

168. 

4  00 

12s. 

3  00 

13s. 

826 

26s.  M. 

6  72 

168.  6rf. 

4  12 

108. 

2  60 

20s. 

6  00 

148. 

3  80 

188.  M. 

8  87 

Ifls. 

4  76 

228.  6rf. 

5  62 

198.  6rf. 

4  87 

06 


DISTANCES  FROM   QUEBEC   AND  ROUTES  ON   ST.   LAWUENCE. 


Continuation  (\f      ctding  r 


Emigrant  Van. 
by  itullway. 

Bterllni;. 

$  cts. 
1  00 

4*. 

Sn. 
22«. 

2  00 
660 

2C«. 

8  60 

10«. 

4  00 

inn. 
81«. 

6  00 
6  25 

16». 
26«. 

8  75 
4  75 
6  60 
2  75 

2S<(.  0(1. 

7  12 

86«. 
40<. 

9  00 
10  00 

PLACES 
IN  CANADA. 


Richmond,  K.  T 

Komanville 

Sherbrooke 

8t.  Cutharlne's 

Shakespeare 

Htratford  

S|)cneervUle 

Shunnnvllle 

Scarborough 

TOKONTO  

Thornhlll 

Ty andenaga 

Trenton 

Whitby  

Woodstock 

Williamsburg j 

Weston - 1 

Windsor,  (opposite  Detroit). .  i 

St.  Andrew's,  (N.  lirunswlck)' 
St.  John's,  "  I 


h 


96 
4M 
121) 
.^•10 
5S2 
5S!> 
21)  1 
881 
4S8 
6<H) 
612 
877 
4IN) 
471 
687 
200 
610 
631 

629 
678 


lU.I  TEB. 


Hy  Q.  T.  U 


From  Hamilton  by  0.  W.  K. 
Uy  G.  T.  It.  from  Toronto.. .. 


"  P.  and  0.  It.  from  Prescott., 


"  O.  T.  U.  or  Steamer 

"  ().  S.  and  II.  11.  from  Toronto. 
"  I).  T.  U 


O.  T.  It.  or  Steamer 

(i.  W.  U.  from  Hamilton 

(1.  T.  It.  or  Steamer.  [ronto. 
«.  T.  or  0.  S.  and  H.  K.  from  To- 
O.  W.  U.  from  Hamilton 


J  lly  O.T.  It.  to  Portland, and  thence 
I         by  Steamer. 


Kmlg'aiit  fare 

by  Steamer 

and  Itullway. 

•  cts. 


6  00 

6  28 

3  00 


4  87 

6  50 

8  78 
4  12 
r>  75 
2  12 
4  62 
0  28 


Sterling. 

20». 

28«. 

1 

12». 

1 

17k. 

0(/. 

22». 

1 

l.Vi. 

10*. 

6(/. 

23k. 

8k. 

«</. 

IHk. 

«</. 

28k. 

1 

I  Ilrltaln. 

.lie.    Through  fares— to 


The  fares  quoted  above  are  emlgriint  fares — equivalent  to  the  third  clasn    i  i 

The  first  class  fare  from  Quebec  to  any  station,  jier  rail,  Is  about  three  cents  pc 
Montreal,  I|I6 ;  to  Toronto,  ifilO. 

Sefond  uUiko  carriages  are  run  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad.    Fare  about  two  cents  per  mile. 

Fares  being  s^"'ject  to  alterations,  we  cannot  guarantee  the  absolute  correctness  of  the  flguret  siated  for 
the  whole  yei.r,  but  any  difference  there  may  h<!  will  be  trilling. 

Children  under  12  years  of  age,  half  fare ;  under  3  years,  free. 

All  enilgrauts'  baggage  is  carried  free  along  the  railroads  In  Canada,  whereas  only  50  lbs.  weight  U  allowed 
free  on  the  liues  ir  the  United  States. 


STEAMBOAT  ROUTE  ON  THE  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


[Down  the  Hirer  from  Lewiston,  (Niagara,) 
to  Quebec.] 

From 
Placefl.  MilM.  Lowiitoii. 

Lrwiston 0  0 

Youngstown 0  8 

Niagara,  Canada 1  7 

Charlotte,  or  Port  Genesee..  80  87 

Pultneyville ...  20  107 

Sodus  Point 10  in 

Oswego 80  147 

Stoney  Point  and  Island... .  3.3  ISO 

Sacket's  Harbour 12  192 

Grand,  or  Wolfe  Island 23  220 

KiNOSTo.N,  Canada 10  280 

(Thousand  Islands.) 

Clayton,  or  French  Creek  . .  24  254 

Alexandria  Hay 12  266 

Ilrockville,  Canada 22  28tS 

Morrlstown 1  2S9 

OUI)KX.«nUHU,  or  PllR.tCOTT  . .   11  300 

Qallop  lOttlds 6  806 

PointlrdBols 6  812 

M.4T11.I.A 2  814 

Rapid  Plat 5  819 

WlI.LUMSlllJRQ 2  821 

Fairen's  Point 11  832 

Dickenson's  Landing 4  386 

(Long  Saut  Rapid.) 

CoRNw.»Li. 10  346 

St.  Regis 8  849 

(N.  Y.  State  Line.) 

Lancaster 13  862 

COTEAu  Du  Lac 16  878 

Cedar  Rapids 6  883 

Split  Rock  Kapids 2  888 

Cascade  Rapids 8  888 

Beauharnols 1  889 

La  Chine 18  407 

MONTUKAL 9  416 

William  Henrv 45  461 

LakeSt.  Peter 10  471 

Three  Rivers 86  608 

Richelieu  Rapidi 85  641 

QUEBEC 45  686 


[Up  the  River  from  Quebec  to  Lpwinton, 
(Niagara).] 

From 

Plai-M.                                       Miles.  QuttM-c. 

QUEBEC 0  0 

lUcheiieu  Rapids 45  48 

Three  Rivers f(5  80 

LakeSt.  Peter 80  110 

William  Henry 18  125 

MONTREAL 45  170 

La  Chink,  riit  Canal 9  179 

lieauharnois IS  197 

Cascade  Rapids 1  198 

Split  Rock  Rapids 8  201 

;  Cedar  Rapids 2  203 

j  c;<>teau  iiu  Lac 6  208 

Lanca-tter 16  224 

1  St.  Regis 18  237 

I         (N.  Y.  State  Line.) 

j  CoRSWALi 3  240 

I  (Long  Saut  Rapid. 

Dickenson's  Landing. 10  2.'50 

I  Farren's  Point 4  254 

I   WlLLlAMSULRQ 11  265 

I  Rapid  Plat 2  267 

Matilda 5  272 

1  Point  Iroquois 2  274 

!  Gallop  Rapids 6  280 

Prkscott,  or  Oodenkbiru  . .     6  2S6 

Maitland 7  293 

Brockvillk 6  298 

(Thousand  Islands.) 

Alexandria  Bay 22  832 

Clayton,  or  Frencli  Creek . .  12  844 

Grand,  or  Wolfe  Island 

KiNOSTON,  Canada 24  868 

Sacket's  Harbour 38  892 

Stoney  Point  and  Island... .  12  401 

Oswego 33  416 

Sodus  Point 80  446 

Pultneyville 10  4.^6 

Charlotte,  or  Port  Genesee.  20  476 

Niagara,  Canada 80  656 

Youngstown 1  687 

LiwiSTOH 6  508 


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